Stairs: requirements, classification, design solutions. Staircase to the second floor: what are the materials and the main stages of construction

There are a huge number of options for arranging stairs in country houses. Not only the attractiveness of the premises, but also the safety of residents depends on their competent design.

Below are the details of the types of modern stairs, their standards and the rules for drawing up an individual project.

Features and security requirements

Stairs for a private house can be marching, spiral or combined. Design options are chosen based on the features of the layout of the rooms, the total area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe apartment and the height of the ceiling in the cottage.

Before installation, you must familiarize yourself with the design features of each type:

1. marching stairs. The design is easy to install and long service life. The flight of stairs consists of several marches. March - fragment rectangular shape, with steps attached to it. The number of steps in each such fragment should not exceed twenty.
2. Spiral staircase. The design includes a support rod, to which steps are attached in a spiral. Modern options do not exceed one meter in width. This design allows you to place a spiral staircase in small spaces.
3. Combined ladder. The building combines both of these options. The structure is built according to a unique design.

Before purchasing one or another option, you must familiarize yourself with the requirements for dimensions prescribed in the regulatory documents of the Russian Federation.

The depth, width of the march and the height of the steps are selected based on the features of the layout of the room. At the first stages of drawing up an individual drawing, it is necessary to take into account the height between the floor and the ceiling of the first floor. It is important to fix on the plan the placement of walls and doorways . The peculiarity of the layout of the room and its area also play a leading role in the selection of the model.

The height between the steps of the stairs must be the same throughout the length of the structure.. A change in this indicator can adversely affect the comfort during descents and ascents. The dimensions of the landing should be similar to the width of the step. The length of each fragment should not vary from one and a half to those meters.

The size of each individual part depends on the total number of steps. The span length also dictates the width of the object. The linear size of the structure is determined by its throughput. For each person, the width of the stairs should be up to 0.7 meters.

Comfortable ascent and descent of the stairs depends on the height of the step. This indicator should fall in the range from 12 to 20 centimeters. The depth of the step on average should reach 28–30 centimeters.

Each indicator requires an individual calculation based on the dimensions of the room. pre-measured internal walls, doorways. The total number of residents of the house and the frequency of use of this staircase are taken into account. The design dimensions are largely determined by the functional area in which the system will be installed.

The angle of inclination of each step must ensure unhindered movement of a person. The final value of the angle is determined from the ratio of the height of the march and the width of the step.

As the slope increases, the dimensions of the stairs decrease. This design can take a lot less space than similar in design, but with a smaller angle of inclination. A slope of more than forty degrees can make stairs a challenge for some family members.. An inclination angle of less than twenty-three degrees allows the replacement of steps with a ramp.

Before installing the stairs, you must also calculate the dimensions of the railing. It is customary to determine the height of the handrail above the level of the step, its length and width. Count and record the number of support posts. The recommended railing width is 100 millimeters.. This size is optimal for adult use.

Comfortable handrail height - 900 millimeters. The height of the baluster in this case reaches 800 millimeters. It is important to first familiarize yourself with the methods of attaching the handrail. If balusters are installed in special grooves, then the design height of the railing should be increased. To the design value of the height of the baluster, it is necessary to add the depth of the groove.

The height of the support column depends on how it is mounted. The length of the structure installed on the tread corresponds to the dimensions of the baluster. The railing must completely cover the length of the flight of stairs.. Some craftsmen choose handrails slightly larger than the spans. Crossbars can be of any complex configuration - to create a complex design device.

Types and main structural elements

The main types of staircase designs for private houses were listed earlier. The marching model remains the most popular option today. The steps of this object are located evenly and combined into straight marches. Long spans require a large area in the room. The main advantage of a marching ladder is the ease of descending and ascending it.

Each flight of stairs has no more than fifteen steps. Their minimum value for one span is 3. The standard staircase has 8–11 stepsbetween which platforms are mounted. Its dimensions are a multiple of the average step. Failure to comply with these standards leads to a violation of comfort when using the stairs.

Marching systems are open and closed. In the stairs of the second type, the steps are installed on the risers. If there is not enough space for the location of the stairs, then the masters advise using the open option. Details are fixed on stringers and bowstrings. Mounting elements are made of boards with a thickness of 45 to 70 millimeters.

Stairs more than 9 steps must be divided by a platform. This will provide the structure with the necessary stability.

If one span is displaced relative to the second, forming a turn, then the craftsmen call the design a turntable. Instead of a platform, steps can be arranged at the turning point. They are called runaways.

Depending on the number of displacements, the models are divided into four-turn, half-turn and circular. Rotation angle of the first type - 90 degrees. Such unusual options arrange on the border of two walls perpendicular to each other. Half-turn deviate from the horizontal by 180 degrees. Circular stairs are the most original among the options listed. The marches of such a system sequentially rotate 360 ​​degrees. A semi-circular staircase requires less space compared to a four-turn counterpart.

Bolts stairs - original variants for a bold design solution. Bolzen means bolt in German. Each step of this design is fixed with a long pin with threaded ends. The bolt connects the step and the fence, attaches them to the wall. The design on the bolts looks lightweight. It can be freed from risers. Such a mount allows you to stretch the ladder in one area and compress it in another. The system looks fragile, but it is reliable and durable. Bolts can withstand several hundred kilograms. Every year such designs become more and more popular.

It is not customary to calculate the ladder on the bolts on your own. It is much easier and more profitable to purchase ready-made kits. When installing, it is important to understand that the entire load falls on the wall. The base material must be strong. Fixing the ladder is difficult to do on your own - it is better to seek help from professionals. Before buying, it is necessary to evaluate the possibilities of load-bearing walls.

The spiral staircase takes up less space than any other model. This option is perfect for installation in small spaces. The model can be either high or low. Thanks to its unusual shape, it can be made the center of the composition. This design should not be attached to the wall. so it can be placed anywhere in the room.

The standard scheme of a spiral staircase is a rack with wedge-shaped steps. The rack performs a supporting function, so it is made of metal or durable wood. Its base is fixed on the floor of the first floor, and also fixed in the interfloor ceiling.. On the narrow side, steps are attached to the brackets. Pillars and railings are installed on the steps along the wide side. The shape of the railing follows the contour of the span.

The downside of this model is the difficulty of lifting, lowering and moving the load up the steps. It will be difficult to lower a piece of furniture that is too massive down such a ladder. The floor opening for such a system must be large.

Reducing the opening leads to a narrowing of the stairs and an increase in its steepness. The angle of rotation of such a design is inversely proportional to the comfort of moving along it.

A spiral staircase is easy to design on your own. To do this, you need to measure the area in the room where the stairs will be located. The center of the opening is the place where the rack is to be installed. Next, a measurement is made from the rack to the far edge of future steps. The resulting dimension is the width of the flight of stairs. It is equal to the length of the step. The middle of the step must be at least 200 millimeters, and its broadened part can vary from 400 to 420 millimeters.

Such a design can be assembled independently. The ability to work with a tree and knowledge of the algorithm for calculating loads is important. In the absence of these skills, work should be entrusted to the masters. Errors in calculations and installation technology can lead to serious consequences.

Popular materials

Stairs for country house made of wood, metal and reinforced concrete. Materials must withstand a load of 150 kg. Some ladders must withstand an increased load of 250 kilograms.

The most affordable material on the market today is wood.. This material is perfect for those who want to assemble a staircase with their own hands. The tree is easy to work with, so beautiful unique designs are most often made from it. Coniferous wood has the lowest price. But such material shrinks over time: the steps begin to stagger, and the coating creaks.

The advantage of a wooden staircase is that it is practically not associated with walls. This allows you to repair and dismantle the structure without interfering with the structure of the room. In this case, there is no need to arrange a major overhaul.

High density hardwood products can last 100 to 300 years. Such wood is carefully dried and treated for pests, which significantly increases the price of the material. The cost of long-length hardwood lumber is several times higher than that of softwood counterparts.

Hardwood is susceptible to fungus. At self-manufacturing such material, it must be impregnated with a composition from pests.

Masters advise choosing stairs from coniferous trees in some cases:

1. Staircase to the attic. The advantage should be given to folding and retractable structures. The climatic conditions of the attic increase the life of coniferous wood. Such stairs can last up to 100 years.
2. Stairs to the attic or to the one and a half floor. The lower temperatures of these rooms increase the operational life of the wood.
3. Mezzanine. This design can be treated with an emulsion with polymers. Subsequent painting or varnishing will protect the wood from drying out. Ladders to the mezzanine are produced small-sized, so changing them in case of destruction is not very difficult.

Modern design technologies allow you to print templates for a future wooden structure. Creating such patterns does not take much time. The configuration and shape of parts can be quite unusual. You can take a ready-made project or develop your own. The price of such solutions is affordable. Such programs help to save time and design best option for small rooms.

It is important to understand that design requirements in the program - average indicators according to SNiP or DIN. The program for creating a structure uses the same parameters for all projects.

While creating own project experts recommend doing a test calculation under the guidance of a specialist.

Benefits wooden structures the following can be distinguished:

• Plastic. Thanks to this quality of wood, any decorative detail can be carved from the material. Wood products are distinguished by their versatility and complexity of design.
• light weight. Wood structures are easy to install and do not require complex fasteners.
• Environmental friendliness. wooden stairs suitable for connoisseurs of natural materials.

Another common material for making stairs is metal. Most often, this material is combined with others. Metal is suitable for creating a frame structure. decorative trim any metal skeleton can be: wood or polymers.

Combined construction - steel frame with wooden steps. The cost of such stairs is 65 percent more than that of a monolithic wooden one. The metal skeleton is able to withstand heavy loads for a long service life. Wooden panels can be detached and replaced as needed. The system does not require major repairs.

Monolithic metal constructions rarely used in everyday life. They do not have aesthetic appearance, but it can be decorated with linoleum, corrugated rubber or carpeting. The steel structure is fixed on the floor slabs with anchor bolts.

The surface of metal steps must be completely or partially covered with corrugated material so that the coating is not slippery.

Concrete and iron concrete stairs - a distinctive feature of typical mass construction. The structure is cast and brought to the site ready-made. The ladder is mounted simultaneously with the remaining elements of the prefabricated structure.

In country houses, two types of stairs are erected: monolithic concrete and combined with metal. In the second case, a steel frame is pre-assembled, which is subsequently poured with concrete. Reinforcement is placed in the steps. The construction process of such a structure is quite laborious than that of a steel system.

The concrete mass for the ebb of the stairs must be resistant to bending. The solution cannot be kneaded with a hand mixer - you must use a concrete mixer. Only such a technique will allow short term get a uniform composition.

The composition of concrete includes one part of cement with a strength of 400, two parts of fine sand, two parts of marble chips, 0.7 parts of water and a plasticizer - 0.01 parts.

The advantage of the composition is increased plasticity and the ability to withstand a variety of finishes. Concrete does not work well in tension, so to prevent the appearance of fatigue cracks in the coating, it is necessary to lay reinforcement.

IN modern interiors you can find stairs made of glass. This material is fragile, therefore it is unconventional in construction. The strength factor of the glass structure is increased using triplex technology: layer-by-layer bonding of glass layers. The resulting material is additionally processed with polymers, which significantly increases the strength of the product.

Additional reinforcement is produced when the reinforcing layer is installed. A step made of impact-resistant glass can weigh about fifteen kilograms. The cost of such a design is also not small. In addition to the cost of consumables, the cost of processing the material must be included in the receipt.

Staircase made of natural stone materials usually massive. The stone differs in wear resistance and high service life. Such a staircase can only be arranged in spacious apartments. Steps are made of stone. Railings, balusters and decorative elements are made of wood and metal.

To reduce the cost of such a design, elements that are not load-bearing are replaced with artificial materials.

Styles

The ladder structure is installed at the very end of the repair. This object is quite large, so it requires additional decoration. The staircase is an additional structural element of the room. The design of the stairs depends on the stylistic decision of the room in which the structure is located. Style defines the shape, appearance and appearance of an object.

Historical styles have not lost their relevance today. The main goal of this design is to create an image of a certain era through facing materials and furniture. Each historical style has traditional materials: stone, metal and wood. Simple forms are important. Among the historical styles in the interior of a country house, the following can be distinguished interesting options:

Roman style

The stairs are spiral or L-shaped. The design is made of durable wood, painted in warm colors. Traditional colors are light. The crossbeams are streamlined, mostly made of dark wood. Less commonly, metal is used to create handrails. Balusters are decorated with carvings. The staircase is decorated with a carpet with the appropriate ornament.

Gothic

Black spiral staircase bizarre shape - the highlight of this design direction. Metal, stone and natural wood are chosen as materials. The steps are not covered. The railings are decorated with voluminous floral patterns.

Renaissance

Classic stairs in this style are structures with a platform and large hardwood handrails. The crossbars are decorated with a symmetrical pattern.

It is customary to decorate any Renaissance staircase with a carpet.

Baroque

Baroque structures are made only of wood. Railings and balusters are decorated by hand. This style is suitable for wealthy residents.

Classicism

The staircase has only one flight, winder steps are mounted on both sides. The structure is made of stone or wood. The classic does not need excessive decoration of balusters.

Modern

Country

Japanese

Modern styles differ from historical ones in their conciseness. Widely used modern materials: steel, glass.

The device of such stairs is simple, and the cost of construction is affordable. Among modern trends the most prominent are:

Constructivism

A staircase with a platform made of stone or concrete is decorated with wood. The shape of the structure is strict, mostly square. The railings repeat the clear forms of the steps, and the balusters are not decorated.

High tech

High-tech style requires maximum space savings. The advantage is given to the modular ladder with fastening on the bolts. Railings are simple. Steps can be made of any material that suits the interior in terms of color.

Minimalism

Single-flight staircase of simple straight shape. Steps can protrude from the wall, the base and supports are removed. Small stairs may not have railings. In interfloor stairs, handrails are small crossbars.

Kitsch

This style creates the brightest interiors. Stairs can be cumbersome. Complex designs, an abundance of decor and bright colors. The red staircase will be the color accent in the room.

Ready-made solutions: pros and cons

To make a staircase for a country house in accordance with the standards is a complex process that requires a reserve of time and effort. Masters recommend purchasing a ready-made version. But the question of choosing a competent manufacturer has its own subtleties.

Before choosing a finished product, it is necessary to study the exhibition sample. Inspection requires the connection of parts: at the junction there should be no gaps, cracks or chips. The quality of grinding and finishing is checked. Visually assess the dimensions and appearance of the product.

The object should fit the room in size, not look bulky. Style should not conflict with interior design.

You should not order a ladder from a company whose catalog does not contain similar models. th. As a rule, each organization produces a design according to a certain technological option. Companies rarely deviate from the usual scheme, so the final product may differ from the expectations of buyers.

Modular stairs have become very popular.. They represent finished structure which you need to install yourself. Thanks to the collapsible system, such a staircase can be built into any interior. During installation, the shape of the stairs can be changed, adjusting to the characteristics of the room.

The bearing parts of the stairs are made of durable materials: stainless or structural steel. The metal is coated on top with polymers. The steps are made of wood, but you can also purchase Italian stone and porcelain stoneware counterparts.

The advantage of such ladders is the ease of assembly. Depending on the complexity of the design, modular stairs vary in price category. The most budget options are a design with a mounting type "module to module". Easy to assemble design is mounted very quickly: the metal tubes of the modules are inserted into each other. Among the minuses of such a model, one can single out the presence of a backlash between the blocks. Also, with prolonged use, the modules begin to move away from each other, the structure sags.

Modules with a threaded connection type have a higher cost. The structures do not sag during operation, but the fixing bolts can unwind. For safety reasons, the condition of the module joints must be checked regularly.

The most expensive options have a complex assembly method. The structure cannot be connected without the help of a specialist. The work of the master will require additional payment. The advantage of such ladders is high reliability.

During the installation process, you can independently adjust the pitch of the steps. It is important to ensure that the design is not too steep.

Making a project for a finished modular staircase is very simple. To do this, you need to know the height of the room and determine the step size. According to the given values, the required number of modules is selected. Another plus of the finished model is that it does not require designing during the construction of the building. Convenient design can be installed at any stage of construction.

Repair of this design is simple: the stairs can be dismantled at any time. It is important to understand that to the manufacture of a modular system put forward uniform requirements. The design of such a staircase is simple and the same for each model. The design cannot be additionally decorated with ornaments or carvings.

The main advantage of the modular ladder - affordable price. This system saves money and time. Self installation design allows you to reduce the cost of the work of the master. The ladder is also small in size, so it is suitable for a device in small rooms. The modules are great for decorating a room in the style of minimalism and hi-tech.

Custom: advantages and disadvantages

The advantage of purchasing stairs to order is the almost complete absence of manual labor. Saving time for the manufacture and installation of the structure. All calculations and drafting of the project are carried out by the masters, but their work must be controlled. Buying such a ladder will be much more expensive, self assembly and installation.

Before choosing a ladder, you need to consider some points:

• Construction dimensions. It is important to be aware of exactly how much space the ladder will occupy. It is necessary to measure the distance from the floor to the ceiling, estimate the width of the opening.
• Frequency of use. On how intensively the ladder will be used, its material depends. For a house with permanent residence of a large family, it is better to opt for steel and stone materials. The stairs in the summer country house can be made of wood.
• Mounting types. The installation method depends on the type of load-bearing structures and the staircase model.
• Interior style. The design should be part of the design idea. Before buying a staircase, you need to draw up a color scheme for the future room with a detailed study of the elements.

When contacting a company, you must first familiarize yourself with its work. The name of the company is better to choose well-known. Elite ladders, as a rule, are produced by eminent companies. The price of the finished product with installation depends on the choice of the company by the client.

It's important to know that the company must enter into an agreement. This procedure is mandatory and will save both parties from incompetent work. Next, you need to draw up a complete design of the stairs. This material is included in the contract. main part must include a detailed drawing. All dimensions are recorded on paper: the width of the passage, the number of steps and their dimensions.

Further, all the characteristics of the future design are prescribed. Stair type, design of each structural element. Specifies the color palette of the product. In some cases, you can specify the manufacturer of paints and varnishes and individual marking of the shade. As a savings, paint can be purchased independently and provided to the company.

The contract must specify all the terms of the work performed. Enter the date of commencement and completion of construction.

During the preliminary acceptance of works, it is necessary to check the quality of the work. Surfaces must be carefully sanded. It is necessary to check the dimensions of the structure. Experts advise measuring the product with a tape measure. If the product is in the manufacturer's workshop, then some inaccuracies can still be corrected.

It is important to pay attention to the accuracy of manufacturing parts. There should be no gaps between adjacent elements.. Details must be attached to special tenon grooves. If the technology is broken, then the entire load will act on the screws. In this case, the ladder will not last long.

During the preliminary control it is necessary to test the ladder for load. The client must climb several steps and evaluate the quality of the work. The design should not creak during ascent and descent. If you are afraid of climbing the upper steps, you can ask the masters to do it.

Quality finishing works checked after installing the stairs in the house. During acceptance, only constructive can be evaluated. If a defect is found, the company must be informed about it. The inconsistencies must be corrected. If it is necessary to drill additional holes in the stairs, for example, for conducting electricity, then this should be reported to the workshop. Otherwise, builders will have to drill the finished structure during installation.

Basic calculations

When designing a staircase, three principles must be followed:

1. The height of each step must be the same. The error should be less than 0.5 cm. Altitude violations can result in injury.
2. Stairs can only be installed between rooms with the same microclimate. Temperature regime affects the state of the structure. Uneven cooling and heating of the product will lead to destruction. This can negatively affect the bearing capacity of the house.
3. After the calculation, it is necessary to draw a drawing with all meanings and details. The plan is drawn to scale. The sketch is necessary to control the production and installation work at each stage.

The total area under the stairs is calculated as the total floor area under the stairs on the upper and lower floors. The height of the passage is a normalized indicator equal to 185 centimeters. Masters advise increasing the value to a range of 195 to 200 centimeters. The lower edge of the upper opening can be slightly beveled.

The width of the passage is taken from 1200 millimeters if the staircase is located between floors. This dimension for the sleeping floor can be taken equal to 900 millimeters. For mezzanines or special stairs, the passage can be from 700 millimeters.

The distance from the step to the handrail is 800-900 millimeters. However, this value can be changed depending on the height of the residents of the house. If there is a child in the family, then the distance between the balusters is made no more than 100 millimeters. For adult families, the figure can be increased to 170 mm.

Masters advise to make the lower railing of the stairs solid - this will increase safety.

In the calculation of steps, the most important part is the determination of the dimensions of one panel. The optimal slope of the stairs should be 32 degrees. The ratio of the height of the step to the value of its tread should be equal to the tangent of the slope. The slope can be determined through the length of the structure. The step height can vary from 140 to 180 millimeters. The length of the tread can be about 280 millimeters.

The peculiarity of spiral staircases is that the angle of divergence of the steps is always less than sixty degrees. good decision will decrease it to 20 degrees. Radial stairs are calculated through the remainder of the total rise height.

There are two ways to save stair space without violating the design features of the system. The first is called "Russian planning". The ladder is placed in a large corridor, turning one march relative to the other by 180 degrees.

The ladder can also be placed on the veranda, shifting the marches by 90 degrees. The first block of such a system is much larger in length and height. Under the platform of such stairs, you can place a bathroom or boiler room. Under the stairs arrange a descent to the basement.

The second way to save space is called the "Spanish layout". The country house is made one and a half storey. The bedroom is located on the mezzanine floor above the built-in garage space, shifting it to the side by 1 meter. The resulting room can be divided into two. One-and-a-half-story layout allows you to reduce the length of the stairs. In this case, the design can turn out to be single-march.

The attic stairs do not take up a large area. If you want to hide it, the structure is fixed on the rail. This allows you to fold the structure and slide it behind pieces of furniture. Widespread sliding stairs for the attic- the structure is pulled out when opening the door in the ceiling.

Project creation and installation stages

Before you carry out the installation of the stairs, you must select the location of its placement. Based on the area and dimensions of the room, a calculation is made and a drawing is drawn up. It is necessary to fix the dimensions of the future staircase, the number of spans, design and material of manufacture. Next, the stairs are made separately from the rest of the repair. You can install the structure after finishing finishing work.

The linear dimensions of the stairway and the position of the stairs are taken into account when drawing up a general plan for the repair of premises. According to preliminary calculations, experts cut through the opening, mark the location of the railings and beams. The strengthening of the stairs is thought out in advance.

It is necessary to draw up a drawing of the stairs in accordance with safety regulations. Be sure to put on the plan enclosing structural elements.

The installation method of the stairs should be optimal for the selected room. Professionals advise to choose metal fasteners: The system will not squeak during operation. When the stairs are moved away from the walls, the object is attached from above and below. After the complete drying of the facing materials on the walls and floor, you can proceed with the installation of the stairs. It is better to entrust the work to professionals, because unstable steps can lead to serious injuries.

Mounting a spiral staircase is several times more difficult than assembling a marching or bolt structure. Steps must be placed at clear angles with equal distances.. Steps can be cut from wooden blocks. To do this, a rectangular board is marked diagonally and sawn. The edges of the resulting fragment are processed by rounding them.

Stone steps cannot be made by hand, they are ordered in workshops. To make steps out of concrete, you need to prepare a mold. Reinforcement is laid in it, concrete is poured. The part can be removed after the composition has completely solidified.

To begin with, a vertical rack is installed - the main load-bearing element of the stairs. The element can be monolithic or typesetting. The second option involves the installation of a middle tube with a diameter of about 50 millimeters, on which steel rollers are alternately strung. Between each bushing it is necessary to lay a rubber calcination.

Holes must be cut in the monolithic rack. Steps are subsequently laid in these grooves. The fragments are strung one by one and fanned out. The steps are interconnected with special brackets. This approach will make the structure stronger. If the ladder is adjacent to the wall, then it can be additionally fixed with bolts.

Mid-flight stairs are a little easier to install than spiral ones. Do not forget that you cannot deviate from the calculations. Design features of the selected type of stairs, prescribed in the plan, allow you to regulate the work and monitor the quality of its implementation.

The manufacture of a marching staircase begins with marking the tread and risers on the original material. The tree is sawn, the edges of the fragments are processed. The surface must be smooth and even. Next, cut out the support beams. They mark the grooves and cut them out. Treads will be installed in the holes.

First install the landing. If it is not provided for in the project, then the installation begins with the fastening of the support beams. The collection of steps begins with the installation of risers and ends with the addition of treads. Fasteners in this case are self-tapping screws. When fixing wooden steps on metal carcass, role fasteners do the corners. They are welded to the base. The steps are fixed on the corners also with the help of self-tapping screws.

Bolt ladder installation is the easiest. This type of construction is the most advantageous, since dismantling is as simple as installation. The fixing points of the fastener are marked on the walls. Next, holes are drilled into which the bolts are placed. The installation of steps starts from the lowest. One side of it is attached to the wall, and a bolt is screwed to the second.

Fastening of balusters and installation of handrails is carried out after fixing all the steps. This sequence of work is also inherent in the system with marches.

It is much easier to install ready-made block structures than to assemble all the elements of the stairs yourself. But this method will be much more expensive.

Masters give some tips for installing stairs in a private house:

• Stairs without intermediate supports look very interesting. It is important to understand that such a design requires a reinforced frame. If you do not take measures to strengthen the stairs, then during operation it starts to stagger.
• The simplest and reliable option- two direct marches and an intermediate platform.
• The frame can be assembled in the process repair work. First, temporary steps are fixed to it. After the completion of finishing work, they are replaced by permanent ones.
• To increase the functionality of the stairs, you can build shelves, a cabinet with drawers or niches into it. Lighting can be provided through the structure.
• The optimal width of the stairs is 800 millimeters. This size is enough for two people to climb it at the same time.

Before designing, you need to familiarize yourself with some interesting design solutions. The ideas of the masters will help determine the style and design of the future stairs.

Elegant option

The use of bolts in the construction of stairs visually facilitates the design. The combination of wood and steel looks restrained and elegant. Thin crossbars make the design airy. This option is great for complementing the interior in a modern style.

Simplicity and clarity of forms do not weigh down the stairs. She literally floats in the air. Illumination is carried out between the steps: lamps square shape complete the image, fill the room with bright colors.

Spiral staircase

This design is distinguished by the complexity of forms and smooth lines. The steps practically do not take up space, but they look unusual and bold. The wooden staircase competently fits into classic design interior. Despite the apparent tightness, the design allows people to move freely.

The noble dark colors of the stairs match the furnishing of the room. Each step is carpeted. This not only gives the object a zest, but also ensures the safety of the movement of residents: varnished wood is very slippery, this can lead to injuries.

Classic Solution

A standard staircase with two flights and a platform between them is the most convenient option. This model has an elegant design. Light treads in combination with a dark frame look lively and unusual. Wood goes well with the light finish of the room.

Even metal handrails look easy, do not clutter up the space. The structure is filled with air. A picture in a dark frame, hanging above the platform, complements the overall composition. The staircase is an accent in the room, but does not weigh it down.

Built-in wardrobe

Staircase with built-in wardrobe great solution for a small space. Drawers help save usable space. The first step of this ladder is a small bedside table that can be moved if necessary.

The staircase, like the rest of the furniture, is made of wood. The owners appreciate the environmental friendliness of the material, so the structure was not painted. Wood retains its natural smell and texture. It is important to understand that the material is well treated from pests and moisture, varnished in several layers.

This design is suitable for houses with low temperatures - critical heating can lead to a fire.

Multi-span staircase

This design consists of several marches with a small number of steps. The middle span is suspended, a small chest of drawers is installed under it. Due to the large number of blocks, the viewer does not observe a sharp difference in heights. The staircase ascends smoothly to the second floor.

Massive dark wood handrails look unusual on thin white balusters. The color of the railing matches the shade of the steps, so the design looks like a single whole. The stairs look massive, but White color gives it lightness.

Combined design

The presented design combines a screw and marching system. This solution is unusual and bright. A spiral staircase is set on a small podium. This height difference complicates the perception of the system. Shapes with soft edges and smooth lines are very harmonious.

The color combination of the stairs is very nice. Dark brown turns to cream. The steps of the podium seem massive, but the treads on the spiral part of the stairs give the structure lightness. Balusters of an unusual shape make the image unusual.

complex texture

This design is distinguished by an unusual bas-relief on the treads. Bronze styling looks noble. Dark colors give the stairs restraint. Twisted handrails combined with intricate patterns on the steps complete the picture.

This solution is great for a baroque country mansion. The abundance of details gives a simple design splendor. The combination of metal and wood looks advantageous and rich. A nice advantage of such a staircase is that there is no need to cover the steps. rough material. The traditional spiral staircase with varnished wooden steps is very traumatic.

In a two-level apartment or a two-story house, the staircase is one of the main elements.

Private houses of two or more floors, as well as multi-level apartments, have long ceased to be considered a luxury. Today, many property owners value convenience and comfort. Traditionally, ladder structures are used to organize transitions between floors. different types. Stairs for the house are mounted in accordance with the developed projects and drawings. Their development should be carried out at the stage of building a house. This order of work guarantees compliance with all necessary norms, rules and standards, and also allows you to build a comfortable and safe staircase in the house. Installation of stairs in a multi-level apartment is carried out by the developer. Such designs are more of a draft version.

How to choose the right type of stairs

When deciding on the construction of stairs in a private house or apartment, you need to take into account the features and specifics different types structures. The choice of stairs is a responsible matter, because the result will remain for years. Therefore, you should take care of the functionality and aesthetic appeal of such an important element.

The staircase should harmoniously fit into the interior, without cluttering up the room.

The choice of the type of stairs is influenced by many factors:

• Location and purpose (primary or secondary for occasional use).
• The total area of ​​the premises.
• The space that can be allocated for the installation of the structure.
• Features of the location of walls, windows, ledges, niches, columns and other architectural elements.
• The preferences of the owners regarding the overall style of the interior.
• Desired level of safety and comfort.

An example of a competent location of the stairs in a two-level apartment.

The last point is of great importance for families with children and the elderly. Some types of stairs may be somewhat inconvenient for them due to lack of railings, steep angles, narrow steps, or other reasons.

If the issue of security is really important to you, this design is not for you.

The main types of stairs

Among the most common staircase structures located inside a house or apartment, the following types can be distinguished:

• Marching lines.
• Swivel with platforms or winder steps.
• Screw.

In some cases, a staircase is installed, in which all steps are running.

Each of these types of staircases can be made of wood, metal, concrete, stone, plastic, or a combination of several materials. Modern manufacturers offer a large number of options for the manufacture and installation of stairs in homes. Some of them can only be made to order, and installation is carried out by specialists. Others are a typical design that can be assembled on site and installed by yourself. Stairs for a house or apartment can be made by hand. For the development of the project, the correct manufacture of all structural elements and the high-quality performance of installation work, the master must familiarize himself with the basic requirements for the construction of stair structures.

Marching stairs

Marching stairs are considered the simplest, most convenient and practical stairs for an apartment and for private houses. Their feature is the presence of a straight inclined section with steps (march). Like other types of stairs, indoor marching structures take into account the anatomical features and mechanics of movements. human body. The safe and comfortable movement of people is regulated by the norms of SNiP. They relate to the angle of inclination of home stairs, the height and strength of fences, the length of the march, and other parameters.

The advantage of mid-flight structures is that even such a seemingly complex staircase can be built on your own.

The standards define the maximum number of steps in one march: no more than 18. With more steps, climbing the stairs can become too tiring.

The disadvantages of mid-flight structures include their massiveness and bulkiness. They are located on a fairly large area. Therefore, their installation is not possible inside houses and apartments with limited space. The solution is a turntable.

If the distance between floors is significant, then a straight staircase can occupy the entire wall in the room.

Rotary staircases

An internal ladder structure, the marches of which are located at an angle to each other, is called a rotary. Based on the angle of rotation of the main structure, there are quarter-turn (90 degrees) and half-turn (180 degrees). As a rule, home stairs consist of two or three straight flights. If the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room does not allow placing one large span, then it is divided into two marches and divided by a platform between them. The width of the platform should correspond to the width of the march, and the length should be commensurate with the step of an adult.

Important! The dimensions of the site must be calculated taking into account the possible movement of large objects up the stairs.

The rotary type of home stairs is usually located near the walls of the room. This placement allows you to save square meters, as well as use the space under the stairs. Depending on the needs of the owners, this place can be equipped with a pantry for household needs or a relaxation area with armchairs and a sofa. many people can do it, so this is a great option for creating with your own hands.

U-shaped stairs can also be installed in peculiar niches, such as staircase.

Winder steps in stairways

The landing is necessary to reduce the number of steps in each straight section of the stairs and to rotate the staircase structure. In some modifications of the turning stairs, the landings are replaced by winders. Their specificity is that the inner edge of such steps is significantly narrower than the outer one. The requirements of SNiP and GOST determine the depth of the inner and outer sides of the tread at the level of 10 cm and 40 cm, respectively. Otherwise, the winders will be too narrow for a stable foot position. It should be borne in mind that such a structure of stairs may not be very convenient for the movement of people with limited mobility.

Staircase with winder steps looks quite elegant.

Spiral or spiral staircases

Spiral stair structures should be attributed to the most interesting and attractive types of stairs. Their steps are arranged in an ascending spiral around a central support pillar. This type allows you to save as much living space as possible. In some cases, to install such a staircase in the house, two are enough. square meters. You can place this design almost anywhere in the room, but often it is transferred to a corner. The screw type is a universal staircase option for an apartment. However, experts recommend that you carefully study the features of operation and the specifics of this type. The disadvantages of the design include the small width of the internal opening (on average, the radius of the structure is about 100 cm) and the shape of the steps. The steps of the spiral staircases in the house have a characteristic structure. Their asymmetric shape provides for a narrow and wide edge (minimum depth 10 cm and 40 cm). An increase in the useful area of ​​the steps is possible by eliminating the riser (vertical element) or adding an overhanging ledge 2-3 cm wide to the horizontal plane.

Although in the mansion of a millionaire you can also find not quite compact “instances”.

Ways of fastening steps of stairs

Stairs for an apartment or for a private house can have one of several options for fixing steps:

Important! The apparent fragility of the structure is deceptive. The frame of bolt ladders is able to withstand up to one and a half tons.

This is perhaps the most effective way to fasten steps.

The choice of material for the manufacture of stairs

For the production of staircases, the following materials are used:

• Tree.
• Metal.
• Glass.
• Stone.
• Concrete.

The principle of combination has become widespread different materials to achieve high functionality and attractiveness of stairs and their railings.

This design combines metal, concrete, wood and glass.

wooden structures

Wooden structures are a recognized classic of style. Their presence in the interior gives it respectability and nobility. In addition to environmental friendliness, the material has an affordable price range. Wooden stair structures can be completely or partially made by yourself, which is the main argument for those who like to work with their hands. In addition to their main purpose (safety and comfort when moving up the stairs), balusters of wooden structures often play a role decorative elements. For their manufacture, various carving techniques are used, they are given different shades with the help of paints and varnishes.

True, such beauty will cost you a lot of money.

Metal constructions

Metal, as the strongest of all possible materials, is widely used in the production of staircases and their individual elements. Metal structures can be classic with wrought iron railings or have a more modern, minimalist look.

Minimalistic and very original designs are obtained from bent metal.

Stainless steel is extremely practical for stair railings. This technology allows manufacturers to develop new, improved and relatively inexpensive models that take their place in the interiors of a wide variety of stylistic trends. metal stairs have many advantages over other types. In particular, it is strength, wear resistance and durability.

Structures from other materials

Glass is increasingly used to create staircases and their individual elements. From durable tempered or laminated glass, not only fences are made, but also the steps themselves. Due to the transparency, glass gives the design lightness and elegance.

There are also completely glass structures, where only the fastening elements are made of metal.

Stone and marble buildings can afford only the owners of really spacious rooms. As a rule, such elements are appropriate in interiors. classical style. Massiveness and weight do not allow the use of these materials for the construction of ladder structures in apartments of multi-storey buildings.

Staircase from natural stone must be large and luxurious.

Elements made of plastic or PVC are also in demand. This is largely due to their lightness, low price and attractive appearance. Plastic balusters and plows can exactly imitate wooden surfaces, including the pattern and color of the wood. The strength and durability of PVC allows you to build stair railings that meet all norms and standards.

Usually PVC is used to create beautiful curved handrails.

Stair safety

According to the requirements that are regulated by GOST and SNiP, the construction of stairs in houses must be carried out in compliance with specific parameters. The development of standards governing their design and installation is designed to guarantee the safety and comfort of residents of apartments and private houses. A staircase containing more than three steps must have enclosing structures. The placement of the railing can be either on one side or on both sides. It all depends on the width of the span. Railings in the center are needed if the width of the stairs in the house exceeds 2.5 m. At the same time, the height of the building envelope should not be lower than 90 cm, for children - 110 cm. Special attention is paid to the distance between two adjacent railing balusters. In a house where there are children, they should be placed no further than 15 cm from each other. Also, for safety reasons, the filling of fences should consist exclusively of vertical or inclined elements. By horizontal supports children can climb onto the railing and fall down.

stair railing in children's institution.

To increase the comfort level of stairs in the house, experts recommend equipping them with local lighting sources (directly in the area of ​​​​the steps) and handrails along the wall (if the railing is placed on only one side). Properly designed and installed staircase structures become a guarantee of safety and provide comfort to any home. Some more beautiful stairs

The staircase is an integral part of the interior, consisting of two or more levels. This architectural detail has its own history of thousands of years.

The ancient Greeks and Romans created a whole cult of stairs, in in the Middle Ages they were treated consumerly, in the Baroque period they were made a luxury, and the architects of the era of Queen Victoria made the stairs as comfortable as possible.

Modern technologies and materials have made it possible to radically change the appearance of staircases, turning them into an architectural element worthy of admiration.

You a private house in the process of construction or redevelopment?

Most likely, not you, but “specially trained people” will carry out the staircase structure :) However, when designing a house, it is important to know the configuration and dimensions of the opening of the interfloor ceiling and the staircase itself.

That is why every self-respecting private developer should familiarize himself with the basic formula for calculating the size of stairs and all possible options for their configurations.

In order not to get confused in terms, I propose to remember the names of the structural details of the ladder structure.

Kosoura- these are inclined beams on which steps are attached. There may be two on the sides or one in the center. They are made of wood, reinforced concrete, metal.

Flight of stairs- this is a series of steps fastened with a kosour (string), from the beginning of the ascent to the horizontal platform and from it to the end of the ascent.

Horizontal venues the flight of stairs is divided at turning points or if the rise is too high (resting area).

railing- stair lift fencing for safety (made outside) or convenience (attached to the wall).

And now you can move on to the consideration and discussion of specific staircase structures.

TYPES OF STAIRS BY DESIGN

DIRECT (with a turn) - the most common and simple designs.

Simple and functional wood options are available for DIY, provided that you have great experience woodworking, welding specialist or the design is really simple.

Do you think that the calculation of the ladder structure is too complicated? Then take a look at the photo on the left.

Yes, it is important to choose a minimum tread (step depth) equal to 23 cm and above and a maximum height (up to 17 cm). But to make such a ladder is quite easy.

All the "salt" lies in the method of fastening the steps: on the one hand to the wall, on the other to a solid wooden kosour, and all with the help of a metal corner.

Steps should be purchased from glued wood, because it is such a material that retains its strength and shape for a long time.

CURVED (curvilinear) stairs - spectacular, but require more careful calculation and skill of the performer

Curved structures made of reinforced concrete are more available. Again, it is impossible for a beginner to complete them on their own.

But bending a tree is possible only with the appropriate equipment.

So this type of stairs can be safely called a luxury item.

SPIRAL staircases - occupy a minimum of space, but not everyone is comfortable. And when climbing to a great height (with a ceiling height of more than 280 cm), your head may spin :)

The design feature of any spiral staircase is simple: on the one hand, the step is "strung" on the rod, on the other hand, it is either attached to a curved stringer or connected to the upper and lower rack (link).

If you have the skills to work with metal and wood, love for accuracy and accuracy, you can design and build a spiral staircase yourself.

In addition to the well-known parameters (step height no more than 17, tread depth no less than 23), it is important to know that the width of the flight of stairs of a spiral staircase should not be less than 80 cm. The presence of a railing is mandatory.

LINKS - self-supporting structures that provide visual lightness of the stairs in the interior.

They are built according to all the laws of physics about the application of forces :)

At first glance, such a staircase seems unreliable, but if you climb it once, you will be convinced of the strength of the structure.

The structures made of links are convenient in that they do not clutter up the space visually with heavy stringers.

The configuration of the stairs depends on the place where the link joints are attached: on both sides of the step - for straight stairs, in the center - for curved ones, from one edge - for screw ones.

BUTTERFLY (duck step) - the steps are adapted for the right or left legs alternately, very compact, but not convenient for everyone.

Its main advantage is the possibility of a steep descent and ascent, subject to ergonomic requirements.

Most often it is used in small-sized suburban buildings and access to the attic.

CONSOLE ladders - an ultra-modern solution. These are steps that are attached to the wall with one edge, and the second just hangs in the air. These designs are often supplemented with a fence made of tempered glass, to secure movement between floors and at the same time maintain the illusion of a staircase floating in the air.

Cantilever structures are very reliable, because each step is mounted on a solid metal frame, which, in turn, is hung on the wall. Subsequently, the fasteners are disguised as cladding and it seems that the step "grows" from the wall.

A little more dry theory, without which it is impossible to plan one or another staircase design.

NORMATIVE

• Height stairs should not exceed 17.5-18 cm, otherwise the stairs will be very steep and traumatic.
• The tread (step depth) cannot be less than 23 cm, otherwise the foot may slip during the descent.
• There cannot be more than 15 steps in one flight of stairs, if there are more of them, then the staircase design should be divided by a platform. This item will provide comfortable movement up the stairs for the elderly, otherwise, at the first level, a sleeping room for the older generation should be included in the plan (we will all be them someday :)
• The minimum allowable width of the flight of stairs is 80 cm, provided that only one person can use the stairs at a time, for two this figure increases to 120 cm or more.
• Any staircase must be equipped with railings, these can be railings, walls on both sides, including glass ones.

The formula for calculating a straight staircase is as follows:

The thickness of the floor is added to the height of the room and this value is divided by 0.18 m (the maximum allowable step height), the resulting value is rounded up to a larger integer.

In this way, the number of steps is obtained.

Now it remains to make sure that all these steps will fit in the size of the room. We multiply their number minus one (the top one will be the "floor" of the second level and is not included in the calculation) by 0.23m (the minimum tread).

Example: the height of the room is 2.5 m, the thickness of the ceiling is 20 cm, the width of the wall to which the ladder will be attached is 4.5 m, but in order to approach it and start climbing, you need to leave at least the width of the flight of stairs from the corner (let us have this will be 90 cm) plus the same amount from the corner on the second level. Thus, 4.4-0.9 * 2 = 2.6 m remains.

We calculate the number of steps: (2.5 + 0.2) / 0.18 = 15

In this case, it turned out to be an integer, but if you have, for example, 16.2, it is better to round up, that is, 17.

Now we check if these 14 (15-1=14) steps will fit in the specified width dimension (2.9 m). We multiply 14 by 0.23 and get 3.45. This is much more than the declared value.

In this case, the design of the stairs will need to be done with a turn. Immediately a counter question: how to calculate such a ladder?

We take the entire width of the wall (4.4 m), subtract from it the width of the turn, which is equal to the width of the flight of stairs (at least 0.8 m, we have 90 cm) and another such width to exit the stairs at the upper level. We consider: 4.4-0.9 * 2 \u003d 2.6 m

Divide the resulting value by 0.23 and round down. It turns out: 2.6 / 0.23 \u003d 11.3, that is, 11 steps.

So, in the original size of the wall, a turn of 90 cm, an exit of 90 cm and 11 steps are placed.

In terms of height, we should have 14 steps, 11 of them we have already “attached”, 3 remain, but one step will be at the level of the site, which means 3-1 = 2, in total three steps should be attached to the turntable, but additional length will be required only two.

To find out whether it is possible to inscribe the turn of the stairs to the adjoining wall, we calculate its minimum size. It consists of the width of the turn (the width of the march), we have it 90 cm, and the total width of the remaining steps 0.9 + 2 * 0.23 = 1.36 m.

So, in order to make a staircase in the room in question, it is necessary that a 1.36 m turn be placed at the adjacent wall.

If we make a plan for the development of the walls in question, then our design will look like in the diagram above.

Another important point: The opening in the floor slab must be sized. sufficient for the safe lifting of a tall person, this is 2 m from the lower edge of the ceiling to the step located below it.

For this very reason, the design and location of the stairs are designed at the design stage of the house, and do not adjust to what is later.

Types of stairs with all the variety of their designs can be divided into three main varieties:

• Marching ladder
• The staircase is spiral or spiral, and its variant is a staircase with winder steps
• Bolts ladder

Consider each of the types of stairs in detail.

marching stairs

The classic staircase, the most common and familiar. It takes up a lot of usable space, but provides comfort and safety. It requires a calculation, for which the initial data will be not only the dimensions and height of the room.

Building codes regulate all dimensions and parameters of stairs - the depth and height of the steps, the slope and width of the marches, the height of the railing, the distance between the balusters. Calculations are carried out according to formulas. The results obtained for the stairs of the cottage should be adjusted - in the direction of convenience and safety, taking into account the height, weight, and of course, the age of the owners. If there are small children in the house, then it is worth making the staircase railing solid. Modern designs with the use of colored polycarbonates as stair railings look great in lobbies. If it is decided to put a railing on balusters, then the distance between the balusters should be set so that the child cannot crawl between them. You should also increase the clearance of the stairs and the depth of the treads if the owners are tall.

Although flights of stairs with a large number of steps are more economical in volume and more presentable, you should not take the number of steps in a flight more than ten, but even less is better. A ladder of nine or seven steps is comfortable both when ascending and descending, and in case of a possible fall, the risk of injury is much less. Two marching stairs, connected by platforms, are not in vain traditional, they are time-tested.

Marching, like other types of stairs, can be closed and open.

There may be no risers, while the stairs will look lighter, more delicate. And lose some of the security benefits. Open, or through stairs have their fans, but do not like people who prefer stability and security to the image.

Fastening of mid-flight stairs

According to the type of fasteners, mid-flight stairs are divided into stairs on stringers and stairs on a bowstring. Kosour is a beam with fastening in two levels, on which treads are mounted from the top, and risers are installed from the ends.

String beams made of wood look best, they go well with many styles, for example, Provence, country, historical.

A beam structure, called a bowstring, also runs along the entire length of the march. The treads and risers are laid and strengthened in the grooves located in the bowstrings, while the entire end of the march is closed.

By the number of flights, stairs can be one-, two-, three- and multi-flight. The choice depends on the planning features of the house, the number and height of floors and their purpose. Single-flight stairs are all straight, if there are two or more flights, the stairs will be turning and have intermediate platforms. Sometimes these sites are made in the form of steps emanating from the center of the turn, they are called running. This saves space, but for convenience and safety, narrow winder steps near the center do not the best option. Many people say that when walking on such steps they do not feel support for their legs, and experience discomfort. Typically, turning stairs with winder steps are installed along the wall, and the space under the stairs is used for decorative niches or even pantries.

Another subdivision of mid-flight stairs is at the corners of rotation. This angle can be half a turn, or 180⁰, a circle, or 360⁰, and a quarter turn, or 90⁰.

Circular stairs look great in the center of the hall, they play a major role in the designs.

Quarter-turn stairs are usually installed near adjacent walls.

Half-turn stairs. usually mounted along the walls.

Spiral or spiral staircase

In terms of comfort and safety, these stairs cannot be compared with marching stairs, but if you need to fit a staircase into a small room, a spiral one will do. The calculation of the stairs depends on the required minimum dimensions of the steps. The length of the steps, or the width of the march, can be from 0.5 to 1 or more meters. In this case, the volume is needed twice as much - from 1 to 2 meters. A narrow staircase is justified for the basement, attic and attic. The shape of spiral staircases can be very diverse - from a square and a polygon to a circle.

Material for spiral staircases

The material for spiral staircases is usually wood or metals. Wedge-shaped steps are mounted around a support column, usually - steel pipe. The narrow side of the step is attached to the column, the wide one is within the boundaries of the walls or is fenced with railings with balusters, another design of the fences is also possible - solid. As a rule, they do not make risers, the stairs are through.

Basic rules for the construction of spiral staircases

1. The width of the tread in its widest section should not be more than 0.4 m, and in the center the tread should not be narrower than 0.2-0.25 m. These parameters must be observed for safe movement on the future stairs.
2. As a rule, these types of stairs are auxiliary. They are good at saving space and attractive in terms of design, but it is better if they are additional, and a permanent staircase is a convenient gentle marching option. Spiral staircases can be built into small openings. The smaller the diameter of the opening, the steeper and more uncomfortable the staircase will turn out to be.
3. have spiral stairs against load-bearing walls or in the center of a lobby, where they look great and don't take up a lot of space. Yet most people prefer comfortable marches, and understandably so. After all, descending the screw "simulator" requires unremitting attention and accuracy, which does not go well with the principles of comfortable housing - convenience, peace and stability.

Bolts ladder

They have both supporters and opponents. Many experts believe that ladders on the rails are unreliable because they do not have a supporting frame. The steps are fixed with one end in the wall, and the other is supported - the upper step on the lower one by means of bolts - bolts. From the German word Bolzen (pin, bolt) the name of this type of stairs came from.

But another type of ladder is called a ladder on the bolts - the steps of which, installed in the wall, also have support on the previous, lower, step in the wall structure, and not only are attached with bolts along the free ends. This architectural design has been known since the 16th century, and many of the ancient staircases are intact and in use to this day. Their steps are made of whole piece stone. It is more correct to call these stairs - cantilevers. These structures work more in compression, while the ladders on the bolts are cantilevered, they experience mostly bending loads.

Stairs on the rails are good for their compactness, elegant design and amaze with their weightless airy design, an abundance of light in the room. This type of stairs has many fans, and their popularity is growing, but one of the reasons for this growth is still banal savings. Compared to mid-flight ladders on the rails, they are more economical not only in terms of volume, but also significantly in terms of material, often to the detriment of safety.

Plus stairs on the bolts - they only seem elegant, in fact, the structures are very durable. The maximum load per step for some types of such stairs is more than 1.5 tons!

In this article we will talk about such a necessary building in a private multi-level house as a staircase to the second floor, consider possible options by types, forms, types, we will help you to understand the materials and their compliance with the chosen design. Let's get acquainted with the issues of design and assembly in the manufacture of main and "attic" stairs, we will present the formulas by which you can calculate the construction of a circular staircase. This knowledge will help determine which particular staircase design is appropriate for a particular room, and will give confidence during construction.

Types of stairs

When designing a staircase, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room is initially considered. The project is the first stage in the construction, it is impossible to save on it. When developing a project, you need to determine the place where the staircase will occupy the minimum space, and then its type, dimensions, choose materials for the manufacture of the frame and decor. Based project documentation product parameters and costs for Construction Materials. After making the right calculations and functionally correctly placing the stairs, you can get original interior any residential area. Without design is always present high risk make a mistake, then it will be much more difficult or even unrealistic to solve the problems that have arisen.

The main elements of the stairs

The space between the upper and lower floors is united by a single structure consisting of steps - a staircase. There are various classifications of stairs. They take into account functionality, type of construction, material, shape, completeness and decorativeness. The following types of stairs are determined according to:

Designs:

marching;

mounted on the bolts;

screw;

Functionality:

main connecting floors of residential premises;

additional or auxiliary (lead up to the attic or down to the basement);

Production material:

monovariants: wooden, metal, concrete stairs, made of stone or glass);

combined.

Marching stairs are structures that consist of independent parts - marches. Each of them includes from 3 to 15 steps. Based on the number of flights, the stairs are divided into one - and multi-flight. They are designed with the obligatory consideration of biomechanics: the angle of elevation should be no more than 45 degrees. Feet can be made with or without risers - this will make the whole structure lighter both physically and visually. It should be borne in mind that the installation of this type of stairs requires a fairly large space, and this excludes its use in small areas.

According to the number of marches, the types of stairs are determined: single-flight and multi-flight.

One-flight ladder

One flight of stairs may be inherent in the following types:

straight - the simplest, but overall option;

Subject to technology, direct is the safest

modular - the metal frame is prefabricated, consists of separate parts and steps;

Modular stairs are assembled like a designer

goose step - steps from the middle have different depths, risers are located in a narrow place, this makes the stairs more compact, but also increases the steepness.

The stairs are compact but not safe

Multi-flight staircase

If the height of the room is high and one march is not enough, then a ladder with several flights is installed. To do this, the interfloor height is divided by the number of openings (usually two), then they are combined with a platform or corner steps (they are called runways) in an amount of 3 to 5 pieces at the corners. This will reduce the length of the ladder by 1 m). This design is called multi-march.

In mid-flight stairs, load-bearing elements are designed:

on supports - bowstrings. They have grooves on the inner surface and hold the steps from below and from the sides.

on the beams - stringers. This element only supports steps from below.

Fixing the ladder with bolts

On bolts (bolts), based on bearing wall and fastening to it, the steps of the stairs are installed, with the ability to adjust their height. So lining up general design, as if hovering in the interior of the room. Visual fragility is deceptive: the load capacity varies from 500 to 1100 kg, depending on the chosen material, design and technology. In the modern architecture of a private house, this type of fastening of the stairway is used quite often.

Steps attached with bolts

Spiral stairs - economical and convenient option for small spaces. This type of simple staircase design is very simple: a central rod is installed, wedge-shaped steps are attached to it in a spiral ( special case circular spiral staircase with an inner radius close to zero). For the outer radius, choose a value in the range from 0.8 to 1 meter.

The peculiarity of the shape of the stairs can make it the leading element of the interior, focusing on itself with external unusualness. A negative when choosing such a design is the need for increased caution when moving along it. Screw structures are made from various materials, often used and combined options.

It is advisable to use this type of stairway when providing access from the room to the attic. Then the installation of the attic stairs is carried out with the calculation of the height of the hatch opening, the total height of the room, the inclination of the structure (an angle of 45 degrees and steeper), the horizontal arrangement of steps, dimensions 30-70 cm wide and 15-18 cm high, bearing capacity (optimally 200 kg), taking into account the width of the march (60 cm and more).

On our site you can find the most popular - from construction companies presented at the exhibition of houses "Low-rise Country".

Spiral staircases to the second floor, examples of optimal sizes, calculation formulas

Perspective views are spiral staircases to the second floor, in the form of a regular segment, spiral hyperbola and curvilinear. Theirclassified according to the fastening of steps into options:

the wide end of the wedge-shaped steps rests on the wall, and the narrow end rests on the rod;

on the central support with the stairs indented from the walls;

to the bowstring (kosour), turning into supports - railings (stand and bowstring or both bowstrings - spirals). In the manufacture of the bowstring of such a ladder, the use of metal or wood is different. high cost. Spiral concrete stairs have become a popular economical solution. They are strong, but light visually.

Ladder, remote from the walls, mounted on a support

Optimal Conventional Parameters

Convenient for operation spiral staircase dimensionsin accordance with generally accepted parameters, it assumes the presence of:

span, width from 800 mm;

structures with a diameter of 2000 mm;

lifting height 3000 mm;

steps from 200 mm deep in the middle;

D support diameter 100mm, with D steps from the center 150mm;

D wide edge near the edge 400 mm or less;

D (total) of the entire staircase is not less than 1300 mm, but not more than 3300 mm;

D - handrail with inside 1200-3200 mm;

Opening in the ceiling D from 1300 to 3300 mm;

march, width 530mm - 1430 mm.

Assembly and connection of staircase elements schematically

Video description

For more information on what the stairs should be, see the video:

On our website you can find contacts of construction companies that offer the service. You can directly communicate with representatives by visiting the exhibition of houses "Low-Rise Country".

Formulas for calculations when building a spiral staircase

The proposed formulas will help to carry out spiral staircase calculation:

D (diameter) of the entire staircase; L (width) of one march; d (diameter) of the support post;

D = 2 L + d

R (radius) of lifting; r (radius) of the support;

R = H 2+ r

n (number) only steps of one turn; C (circumference equal to the length of the path, according to the geometric formula: 2 x 3.14 x R); l(depth) steps;

n = C: l

h (height) of one step; Hr(height) growth (accepted standard 2 m);

h = HR : n

N (total number) - all steps of the ladder; Hl - the height of the ladder structure itself;

N= Hl: h

It is more practical to make calculations using ready-made programs. They are provided on the Internet.

Example of calculating the number of stairs

Variety of stairs

The integrity of the design is achieved by matching the material of the product to the general style of the residential interior. There are many stairs, and they are all so different in style, material, shape.

Most common stair styles

There is a style for everyone:

Baroque is a white staircase, decorated with tassels of grapes in gilding;

Baroque - recognizable style

Art Nouveau: flowers, curls in smooth lines of transition;

Unusual lines and curls attract attention

English style: wide marches with carved balusters and handrails, with finials in the form of balls on top of the uprights;

Restrained English classic

Art Deco is a style of various geometric shapes with zigzags, straight lines, contrast of black and white colors, precious wood, expensive decor;

For those who love geometry and contrasts

Loft - "brutal" staircase, large width;

At first glance, the rough style is not without its "zest"

Hi-tech is a style in which all available materials can be combined;

Modern take on stairs

Japanese - the style is laconic, related to minimalism;

Provence - the style of the French hinterland. Technique of execution - the grace of an aged tree;

For those who love the comfort of a French country house

Scandinavian - style, the task of which is to take up a minimum of space, birch or pine wood is used;

The less space occupied, the better.

Chalet style - dark wood, comfortable marches and handrails, wide and safe;

The comfort of an alpine house extends to the stairs

Country - a classic style staircase, complete with a balustrade;

Classic rustic style also in vogue

Russian style - carved steps and balusters, smooth railings, material - wood.

Carved stairs are our native

Video description

Examples of stairs in the video:

The choice of material for the stairs

Depending on the chosen style and financial capabilities, the material is also selected:

Metal: the ladder is durable, when choosing stainless steel, not subject to corrosion. Chrome-plated or painted in need of restoration after about 6 years of use. The plasticity of the metal allows you to choose shapes. Sometimes they use perforation of metal sheets with a pattern or forged elements. Combines with all other materials.

Metal construction will last a long time

Concrete: reliability, ability to withstand very heavy loads, high operational stability, low cost, subject to decoration.

Concrete stairs are reliable, but not easy to make

Stone- this is naturalness, depth of texture, expensive look. Marble wears out quickly. Granite, quartzite high wear resistance. Artificial analogues are much cheaper. Beautiful combinations of stone and metal.

Expensive decor but worth it

Glass- material for steps of spiral staircases or if the steps are mounted on bolts. Outwardly fragile, but reliable. Use glass laminated, tempered, acrylic. During the operation of glass steps, scratches and cracks appear.

For modern styles

Tree- a favorite among materials: natural, aesthetic, economical. Treated wood does not change color, is not susceptible to insect damage, and is easy to restore. Wooden stairs to the second floor significantly change the space, masking elements of the dwelling that are undesirable for the general view or placing lockers, pantries, a wardrobe, a work table.

Wooden stairs create a special coziness

Forms of mid-flight stairs

Stairs to the 2nd floor must comply with engineering specifications. The marching option is convenient, safe. Forms are considered straight, curved And rotary.

Rotary are:

L-shaped: the building is compact, installed near the walls, has winder steps at the turn.

Used most often

U-shaped installed in bay windows, they are distinguished by a double turn.

Staircase with double turn

T-shaped there are three marches: one connects the first floor and the interfloor platform, the next two, parallel to each other, connect the platform with the second floor.

More suitable for houses with a large area

Video description

How marching stairs look like, clearly in the video:

Ladder assembly

Initially, we select a flat place for installing the stairs. The installation of the stairs must begin with the top and details that will be difficult to reach later. Consider the installation of a ladder installed along the walls, complete with rotary (at right angles) steps. If Vacation home has a small area, then this option can be considered as preferable.

The main stages of installation of the ladder structure:

A bowstring is made: grooves are cut out for fastening the steps and a beam is placed.

A vertical beam is installed - a support with a blind groove cut out to align it with the bowstring.

A vertical pole and a crossbar are installed.

The second bowstring is attached to the ceiling and fixed to the pole.

Supports are mounted: bars attached to the wall, with grooves for fastening steps for the subsequent installation of rotary steps.

The upper march ends with the installation of steps at a right angle.

The first march is attached to the wall, floor, support column of cut stringers.

It ends with the assembly of the remaining parts: steps, racks, railings.

In the finished staircase, no parts should hang out.

Winder assembly steps:

we fasten the kosour to the wall;

with anchor bolts (can be concreted) we fix the support pillars;

an external kosour is installed on them;

horizontally located steps, combine four corners with a bowstring and bars;

the stage of installing the corner steps to the support, and then we complete the risers, balusters, railings;

coloring or varnishing.

The layout of winder steps

Video description

Staircase from design to the last carnation in the video:

Conclusion

A staircase to the second floor is an obligatory component of a private house, which has at least an attic. If you follow the instructions, then the manufactured staircase will become a functional and comfortable part of the house. Properly selected style and material will make the stairs important element residential decor. Functionality, safety, convenience and beauty are arguments in favor of installing stairs to the second floor.