Bikes and reinforced concrete structures general course. Baikov - Reinforced concrete structures. General course
Technology of construction of buildings and structures from monolithic reinforced concrete. Anpilov S.M. 2010
The manual outlines the main provisions on the technology of erection of buildings and structures from monolithic reinforced concrete. The provisions on the main aspects of formwork, reinforcement, concrete, geodetic works, heat treatment of concrete and quality control at the construction site are systematized. The main issues are highlighted: qualification and requirements for formwork; formwork elements and structures; technology of installation and dismantling of system formwork; its calculation method; types and classes of reinforcement; connection of reinforcing elements; conditions for the joint work of concrete and reinforcement; preparation, transport and serving concrete mix; mechanical and heat treatment concrete; safety requirements in the production of work. Reflected modern methods erection of buildings and structures from monolithic reinforced concrete, technology for performing construction and installation works.
Reinforcement of elements of monolithic reinforced concrete buildings. Design guide. Tikhonov I.N. 2007
The guide consists of two parts. The first part presents the results of research by the Center for Design and Expertise of NIIZhB in the field of development and implementation of effective rod and rebar supplied in coils of strength class 500 MPa. It also provides an assessment of the consumer properties of new types of reinforcement in comparison with the known ones, as well as recommendations for their use in construction. The second part, in the form of appendices 1 and 2, contains design requirements for the reinforcement of the main elements of buildings made of monolithic reinforced concrete, as well as examples of working documentation for the reinforcement of the main structural elements of monolithic buildings with different structural schemes, built in Moscow and developed by PIK Design and Architectural Workshop CJSC, Trianon CJSC, KNPSO Center " Polikvart ", as well as in NIIZhB.
Construction of monolithic buildings. Mazov E.P.
This training manual gives structural and technological principles for the construction of monolithic buildings, the technology for the production of monolithic concrete, formwork and reinforcement works is given; the necessary data for the selection and calculation of concrete pumping plants are given, examples of application are given various types formworks, issues of formless concreting, on-site polygons and monolithic housing construction bases, as well as winter concreting methods are considered.
Reinforced concrete structures. General course. Baikov V.N., Sigalov E.E. 1991
The physical and mechanical properties of concrete and reinforced concrete are described. The fundamentals of the theory of resistance of reinforced concrete elements and methods of their design are given. Ed. 4th came out in 1985. Ed. 5th revised and supplemented in accordance with the current regulatory documents and the new curriculum. For students of higher educational institutions students in the specialty "Industrial and civil construction".
Reinforced concrete structures. Sigalov E.E., Strongin S.G. 1960
The book outlines modern methods for calculating and designing reinforced concrete structures - both conventional and prestressed - in relation to the program of construction technical schools. The structures of buildings and structures are considered mainly prefabricated. The selection of sections of structural elements, the design of a prefabricated floor and the design of the frame of a one-story industrial building are illustrated with examples.
Calculation of sections and design of elements of conventional and prestressed reinforced concrete structures. Lopatto A.E. 1966
The book outlines methods for calculating the sections of the main elements of reinforced concrete structures in accordance with SNiP I-V. 1-62. The technique and rules for their design are given. The second edition of the book differs from the first edition in an abbreviated presentation of the rules for designing monolithic reinforced concrete structures, the removal of calculations for oblique bending and oblique eccentric compression, as well as the introduction of the calculation and design of elements of prestressed reinforced concrete structures.
Monolithic concrete. Work production technology. Khayutin Yu.G. 1991
The domestic and foreign experience in the production of monolithic concrete and the erection of their structures are outlined. The processes of preparation, transportation and laying of the concrete mixture, as well as the care of concrete are considered. Modern methods of quality control of concrete mix and concrete, issues of mechanization of individual processes are covered.
Problems of concrete technology. Lermit R. 2007
The book discusses the issues of practical efficiency of the main processes of concrete technology - the preparation of a concrete mixture, its transportation, laying, compaction, and their theoretical assessment is given in the light of the mechanics of an elastic-viscous-plastic medium. A significant place is given to the problems of shrinkage and creep of concrete, the features of its deformation under load (elastic and plastic), as well as a review and critical analysis of theories of concrete strength.
concrete technology. Bazhenov Yu.M. 1979
The textbook aims to acquaint students with the modern theory and practice of concrete technology, to teach how to make technological and technical and economic calculations, taking into account modern mathematical methods, to choose correctly, produce and apply different kinds concrete.
Design of beamless roofless slabs. A. E. Dorfman, L. N. Levontin
The book outlines the main provisions of the static calculation of building frame structures with beamless roofless ceilings. Recommendations for the calculation are confirmed by experimental studies, short description which are given. Calculation examples and new constructive solutions for reinforced concrete frames with no-capital ceilings are given, some of which are made in real structures. Ceilings with hidden capitals - "collars" and prestressed reinforced concrete liners are considered only in the review part, since in a constructive sense they cannot be classified as capitalless.
Beamless floors. M. Ya. Shtaerman, A. M. Ivyansky
The book is a guide to the design of beamless floors; it reflects domestic achievements in the field of calculation and design of beamless floors; the industrial method of reinforcing with welded meshes; new types of beamless slab structures without strapping beams and beamless slabs with consoles; calculation of floors taking into account the redistribution of forces due to plastic deformations, etc.In addition, the book discusses the features of the construction of beamless ceilings, formwork, etc.
Reinforced concrete spatial coverings. Gorenstein B.V.
The book discusses the selection methodology and the basic principles of the layout of prefabricated and prefabricated-monolithic coatings of spatial structures, as well as provides information on the choice of general dimensions, calculation and design of the most common types of such coatings. A number of already implemented structures are described.
The book is intended for design engineers and builders.
Calculation and design of prefabricated reinforced concrete floors. Sonin S.A., Amelkovich S.V., Ferder A.V.
The tutorial discusses the basic provisions of the calculation and design of prefabricated floors. An example of calculation of a ribbed plate is given. The manual is intended for students of the specialty " city building and economy”, “Architecture of residential and public buildings”, “Industrial and civil construction”.
Formwork systems for monolithic construction. Anpilov S.M. 2005
The book systematizes provisions on the main aspects of formwork. Contained system overview numerous types of formwork used in construction for the construction of objects made of monolithic concrete, including those used in the construction of walls, ceilings, supports, beams, etc. The main issues are covered: classification and requirements for formwork; the materials used and the loads on the formwork; formwork elements and structures; domestic and foreign methods for calculating the pressure of freshly laid concrete on formwork elements; technology of installation and dismantling of system formwork and its calculation method; safety requirements when working with formwork. In addition, the book contains the author's proposals for the construction of formwork for monolithic slabs with a construction lift.
Technology of monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete. Evdokimov N.I. and others. 1980
The book deals with the complex technological processes for the erection of structures of civil buildings and structures from monolithic and precast-monolithic reinforced concrete and brief analysis economic indicators of this type of construction. The publication is intended as a textbook for the course "Technology of construction production" for students of the specialty "Industrial and civil construction", it can also be used by students of other construction specialties.
Design of reinforced concrete structures. Reference manual. Golyshev A.B. etc. 1990
Methods for calculating and designing elements and structures made of ordinary and prestressed reinforced concrete for all types of impacts are systematized. Examples of designing prefabricated, precast-monolithic and monolithic structures of various types of buildings and structures, the necessary graphics, tables and other auxiliary materials that facilitate the work of designers are given. The publication is supplemented with information on pile foundations and properties of raw materials.
Calculation of concrete and reinforced concrete structures for changes in temperature and humidity, taking into account the creep of concrete. Aleksandrovsky S.V. 2004
The book considers a number of practically important engineering questions about the calculation of temperature and humidity distribution, as well as the associated stress-strain state of concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Particular attention is paid to increasing the practical value of the resulting solutions. The results of extensive experimental studies of creep, humidity and temperature deformations of concrete, as well as temperature-shrinkage stresses in it are presented. Contains illustrative material and the necessary numerical examples of calculation that meet the requirements of current design standards; tables are given, as well as a bibliography on the problem under consideration.
Technology of concrete and reinforced concrete products. Bazhenov Yu.M., Komar A.G. 1984
The structure and basic properties of concretes, the influence of the quality of raw materials, their composition and manufacturing method on the properties of concretes and reinforced concrete products are considered. The physical and chemical processes occurring during the molding and hardening of concretes are outlined. Described modern technology reinforced concrete structures, efficient technological lines, reasonable modes of the main processes, as well as the organization of factory production of products, structures and volumetric elements for industrial and civil construction.
Bezraskosnye reinforced concrete trusses for covering industrial buildings. Gershanok R. A., Klevtsov V. A.
The book contains descriptions of bezraskosnyh reinforced concrete roof trusses, the main provisions of the calculation are considered and recommendations are given for determining the optimal geometric dimensions and purpose constructive solutions farms during design. The most important results of experimental studies of trusses and fragments of units under load are presented. The experience of manufacturing and using bezraskosnyh trusses in industrial construction is highlighted.
Vatin N. I., Ivanov A. D.
The calculation and design of the junction of a column and a ribless, capitalless, monolithic reinforced concrete floor are considered. The dependence of the stressed state of the slab on the geometric characteristics of the frame is established. Recommendations are given on the use of the finite element method in determining the transverse forces in the floor slab. A calculation algorithm is proposed using modern engineering tools.
Formwork for monolithic concrete. O. M. Schmitt (Oscar M. Schmitt), 1987
The book by an author from Germany contains a systematic review of numerous types of formwork for monolithic concrete used in construction, including those used in the production of foundations, supports, walls, squirrels, ceilings, etc. Examples of movable, sliding and spatial formwork are given. The book is illustrated with drawings and diagrams of various types of formwork.For engineering and technical workers of construction organizations.
Calculation and design of structures of high-rise buildings from monolithic reinforced concrete. Gorodetsky A.S. and others. 2004
The book is intended for specialists designing structures of high-rise buildings from monolithic reinforced concrete. The features of the work of structures of high-rise buildings are considered, possible options individual constructive solutions, recommendations for drawing up design schemes. Issues related to the modeling of individual processes are discussed. life cycle structures, including the processes of erection and the processes of adaptation of the structure, preventing progressive destruction. The basics of the finite element method are briefly outlined from the point of view of an engineer who evaluates the validity of the solution obtained. Recommendations are given on the construction of finite element models. The main stages of computer-aided design of high-rise building structures based on the MONOMAKH software package are described.
Monolithic reinforced concrete coffered floors. Loskutov I.S. 2015
Description, history of development and application. Design of caisson floors. Principles for determining the geometric dimensions of coffered ceilings. Calculation of caisson floors. The choice of grid for the design of coffered ceilings using a computer. Features of the design of coffered floors. Technological features of the construction of coffered ceilings. Prospects and possible directions for the development of coffered ceilings.
Calculation of reinforced concrete structures with complex deformations. Toryanik M.S. (ed.). 1974
On the basis of experimental studies developed practical ways calculation of ordinary and prestressed reinforced concrete structures subjected to complex deformations: oblique eccentric compression, oblique bending, oblique bending with torsion, the action of a transverse force in oblique bending, oblique eccentric compression in the manufacture of precast prestressed reinforced concrete structures with asymmetric reinforcement. The given nomograms and tables make it possible to reduce the calculation for complex deformations to simple operations, as in ordinary bending.
Reinforced concrete structures (calculation and design). Ulitsky I.I., Rivkin S.A., Samoletov M.V., Dykhovichny A.A., Frenkel M.M., Kretov V.I.
The book is a manual on the design of reinforced concrete structures of civil, industrial and engineering structures. It outlines methods for calculating and designing reinforced concrete elements with non-stressed and prestressed reinforcement for all types of impacts. The static calculation and design of slabs, beams, trusses, racks, frames and foundations are considered. Much attention is paid to the issues of systematization of calculations and reducing the complexity of settlement operations. For complex calculations of elements of reinforced concrete structures, rational sequences for performing calculation operations have been developed. Detailed examples of calculation and design of prefabricated and monolithic structures are given. The examples highlight the issues of designing modern structures of roofs, ceilings, frames of industrial buildings, crane beams and various types of foundations. Given a large number of tables, formulas and other materials for the static calculation of reinforced concrete structures. Data on loads and impacts on structures are given.
Reinforced concrete structures. Calculation examples. Lysenko E.F. and others. 1975
The manual contains basic information on the layout of structural diagrams of the cross-sections of one-story industrial buildings. Examples of the calculation of reinforced concrete structures of a one-story industrial building with three spans of 18 m each and a step of extreme columns of 6 m, and middle ones of 12 m are presented. Examples of the calculation of structures of the same building with a step of extreme and middle columns of 12 m, as well as a calculation of the structures of a one-story industrial building are given. with a span of 36 m. The layout of the structural diagram of the cross section of a multi-storey building is considered. Examples of calculation of elements of interfloor overlapping, columns and foundations in monolithic and prefabricated reinforced concrete are given.
Technology of concrete aggregates. Itskovich S.M., Chumakov L.D., Bazhenov Yu.M. 1991
The textbook discusses information about the sources of raw materials for obtaining aggregates, their production technology, technological requirements for aggregates, their properties and test methods, and features of their use in concrete. Attention is paid to more affordable and cheaper aggregates, as well as their production from local raw materials and industrial waste. The main issues of reducing material consumption, saving fuel and energy resources and improving the quality of aggregates are considered.
Concrete. Part I. Properties. Design. Tests. Reichel W., Konrad D. 1979
The book, written on the basis of the latest theoretical developments, talks in a popular way about the properties, design and testing of concrete. The problems of dosage and mixing of raw materials, strength of hardened concrete, methods of testing raw materials, concrete mix, hardened concrete are considered. The book is well illustrated. Designed for a wide range of builders.
Concrete. Part II. Manufacturing. Manufacturing jobs. hardening. Reichel W., Glatte R. 1981
The book, built on the material of the latest scientific studies, popularly talks about the technology of manufacturing concrete mix and concrete, production concrete works and hardening of concrete various conditions. The issues of manufacturing monolithic concrete and prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete products and information about the mechanisms and equipment used in this are described in detail. The book is intended for a wide range of builders and students of industrial and technical schools and technical schools of the construction profile.
Reinforced concrete beamless ceilingless floors for multi-storey buildings. Glukhovsky A. D.
The book is devoted to the results of studies of constructive solutions for beamless roofless floors of residential and industrial buildings. Methods for calculating these structures are given, as well as data on the features of their design and construction when implemented in precast and monolithic reinforced concrete.
Interfloor ceilings made of lightweight concrete. Baulin D.K.
The main conditions and rational ways of using lightweight concrete in the structures of interfloor floors of residential large-panel buildings are considered. The results of studies of the properties of structural lightweight concretes on various porous aggregates are presented. Recommendations are given on taking into account their features in the design and manufacture of floor elements. Considerable attention is paid to the issues of sound insulation and rigidity of structures. Based on experimental studies and experience in the use of lightweight concrete floors, recommendations are given for their design and calculation. The ways of further improvement of design solutions are outlined. It is shown that the use of lightweight concrete makes it possible to increase the factory readiness of floors and reduce the consumption of reinforcing steel.
Monolithic ceilings of buildings and structures. Sannikov I. N., Velichko V. A., Slomonov S. V., Bimbad G. E., Tomiltsev M. G.
The book discusses the design of floors from monolithic reinforced concrete slabs reinforced with steel profiles, their scope. Calculation methods grouped by limit states, calculation algorithms on a computer and calculation examples are given. Information about the features of the construction technology and economic efficiency was obtained on the basis of a generalization of construction experience. For specialists of design and construction organizations.
INTRODUCTION
1. The essence of reinforced concrete
Concrete, as tests show, resists compression well and stretches much worse. A concrete beam (without reinforcement) resting on two supports and exposed to transverse bend, experiences tension in one zone and compression in the other (Fig. 1a); such a beam has a low bearing capacity due to the weak resistance of concrete to tension.
The same beam, equipped with reinforcement placed in the tension zone (Fig. 1.6), has a higher bearing capacity, which is much higher and can be up to 20 times greater than the bearing capacity of a concrete beam.
Reinforced concrete elements working in compression, such as columns (Fig. 1, b), are also reinforced with steel rods. Because steel has high tensile and compressive strength, incorporating it into concrete as reinforcement increases the load-bearing capacity considerably.
the ability of the compressed element.
The joint work of concrete and steel reinforcement is determined by an advantageous combination of physical and mechanical properties of these materials:
1) when concrete hardens, significant cohesive forces arise between it and steel reinforcement, as a result of which both materials deform jointly in reinforced concrete elements under load;
2) dense concrete (with a sufficient content of cement) protects the steel reinforcement enclosed in it from corrosion, and also protects the reinforcement from the direct action of fire;
3) steel and concrete have similar temperature coefficients of linear expansion, therefore, when the temperature changes within the range of up to 100 ° C, insignificant initial stresses arise in both materials; no sliding of reinforcement in concrete is observed.
Reinforced concrete is widely used in construction due to its positive properties: durability, fire resistance, weather resistance, high resistance and dynamic loads, low operating costs for the maintenance of buildings and structures, etc. Due to the almost universal presence of large and small aggregates, in large quantities going to the preparation of concrete, reinforced concrete is available for use almost throughout the country.
Compared to others building materials reinforced concrete is more durable. With proper operation, reinforced concrete structures can serve indefinitely. long time without reducing the bearing capacity, since the strength of concrete increases over time, unlike the strength of other materials, and the steel in concrete is protected from corrosion. The fire resistance of reinforced concrete is characterized by the fact that during fires of medium intensity lasting up to several hours, reinforced concrete structures in which reinforcement is installed with the necessary protective layers of concrete begin to be damaged from the surface and the decrease in bearing capacity occurs gradually.
For reinforced concrete structures under load, the formation of cracks in the concrete of the stretched zone is typical. The opening of these cracks under the action of operational loads in many structures is small and does not interfere with their normal operation.
However, in practice, often (especially when using high-strength reinforcement) it becomes necessary to prevent the formation of cracks or limit the width of their opening, then the concrete is subjected to intensive compression in advance, before the application of an external load - usually by tensioning the reinforcement. Such reinforced concrete is called prestressed.
The relatively high mass of reinforced concrete is a positive quality under certain conditions, but in many cases undesirable. To reduce the mass of structures, less material-intensive thin-walled and hollow structures, as well as structures made of concrete on porous aggregates, are used.
2. Applications of reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete structures are the basis of modern industrial construction. Industrial one-story (Fig. 2) and multi-story buildings, civil buildings for various purposes, including residential buildings (Fig. 3), agricultural buildings for various purposes (Fig. 4) are erected from reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete is widely used in the construction of thin-walled coatings (shells) of industrial and public buildings with large spans (Fig. 5), engineering structures: silos, bunkers, tanks, chimneys, in transport construction for subways, bridges, tunnels on roads and railways; in energy construction for hydroelectric power plants, nuclear installations and reactors; in irrigation and drainage construction for irrigation devices; in the mining industry for overhead structures and fastening of underground workings, etc.
The production of reinforced concrete bar structures consumes 2.5–3.5 times less metal than steel structures. For the manufacture of decking, pipes, bunkers, etc. reinforced concrete structures, metal is required 10 times less than for similar steel sheet structures.
A rational combination of the use of reinforced concrete, metal and other structures with the most rational use The best properties of each material is of great economic importance.
According to the method of execution, prefabricated reinforced concrete structures are distinguished, manufactured at construction industry plants and then mounted at construction sites, monolithic, erected at the construction site, and precast-monolithic, which are formed from prefabricated reinforced concrete elements and monolithic concrete.
Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures to the greatest extent meet the requirements of the industrialization of construction. The use of prefabricated reinforced concrete can significantly improve the quality of structures, reduce the labor intensity of installation work by several times compared to monolithic reinforced concrete, reduce, and in many cases completely eliminate the consumption of materials for the installation of scaffolds and formwork, and also drastically reduce construction time. Installation of buildings and structures from prefabricated reinforced concrete should be carried out in winter period without a significant increase in its cost, while the construction of structures from monolithic reinforced concrete in winter requires significant additional costs (for heating concrete during hardening, etc.).
Due to the huge scale of construction in our country, more progressive, highly productive construction methods were required.
The Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of August 19, 1954 "On the development of the production of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and parts for construction" and subsequent measures in this area determined the rapid growth in the production of prefabricated structures and parts. A developed heavy industry and a powerful machine-building industry made it possible to provide the construction industry with machines and mechanisms for the prefabrication and installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures. This led to a fundamental change in the use of precast concrete and marked the beginning of a new phase in construction.
In a short period, a new branch of the construction industry was created in the USSR - factory production of products from prefabricated reinforced concrete (Fig. 6). In terms of production of prefabricated reinforced concrete, the USSR ranks first in the world. In-situ reinforced concrete in all sectors of construction in the country is produced annually in approximately the same amount as prefabricated
...Preface 3
Introduction 4
Part I. Reinforced concrete resistance and elements of reinforced concrete structures 9
1. Chapter 1. Basic physical and mechanical properties of concrete, steel reinforcement and reinforced concrete 9
1.1. Concrete 9
1.1.1. General information 9
1.1.2. The structure of concrete and its effect on strength and deformability 10
1.1.3. Shrinkage of concrete and initial stresses 12
1.1.4. Concrete strength 14
1.1.5. Deformability of concrete 24
1.1.6. Deformation modulus and measure of concrete creep 31
1.1.7. Features of physical and mechanical properties of some types of concrete 35
1.2. Armature 36
1.2.1. Purpose and types of fittings 36
1.2.2. Mechanical properties of reinforcing steels 37
1.2.3. Rebar classification 42
1.2.4. The use of reinforcement in structures 44
1.2.5. Reinforcing welded products 45
1.2.6. Reinforcing wire products 48
1.2.7. Rebar connection 49
1.2.8. Non-metallic fittings 52
1.3. Reinforced concrete 53
1.3.1. Features of factory production 53
1.3.2. Average density of reinforced concrete 55
1.3.3. Prestressed concrete and methods for creating prestressing 55
1.3.4. Adhesion of reinforcement to concrete 58
1.3.5. Anchoring reinforcement in concrete 60
1.3.6. Protective layer of concrete in reinforced concrete elements 65
1.3.7. Reinforced concrete shrinkage 66
1.3.8. Creep of reinforced concrete 69
1.3.9. Effect of Temperature on Reinforced Concrete 71
1.3.10. Corrosion of reinforced concrete and measures of protection against it 72
1.3.11. Some special types of reinforced concrete 73
2. Chapter 2. Experimental foundations of the theory of resistance of reinforced concrete and methods for calculating reinforced concrete structures 76
2.1. Experimental data on the work of reinforced concrete under load 76
2.1.1. The Importance of Experimental Research 76
2.1.2. Three stages of the stress-strain state of reinforced concrete elements 77
2.1.3. The process of development of cracks in tension zones of concrete 80
2.2. Development of methods for calculating sections 81
2.2.1. Calculation method for allowable stresses 81
2.2.2. Method of calculation for breaking forces 83
2.3. Method for designing structures for limit states 86
2.3.1. Essence of method 86
2.3.2. Two groups of limit states 86
2.3.3. Estimated factors 87
2.3.4. Classification of loads. Normative and design loads 88
2.3.5. The degree of responsibility of buildings and structures 91
2.3.6. Normative and design resistance of concrete 91
2.3.7. Normative and design resistances of reinforcement 93
2.3.8. Three categories of requirements for crack resistance of reinforced concrete structures 95
2.3.9. The main provisions of the calculation 98
2.4. Prestressing in reinforcement and concrete 101
2.4.1. Prestress values 101
2.4.2. Prestress loss in reinforcement 103
2.4.3. Stresses in non-stressed reinforcement 108
2.4.4. Concrete precompression forces 108
2.4.5. Reduced section 109
2.4.6. Stresses in concrete during compression 110
2.4.7. Sequence of change of prestresses in elements after loading by external load 110
2.5. General method for calculating the strength of elements 115
2.5.1. Strength conditions 115
2.5.2. Boundary relative height of the compressed zone 117
2.5.3. Limit percentage of reinforcement 119
2.6. Stresses in non-stressed reinforcement with conditional yield strength with mixed reinforcement 120
3. Chapter 3. Bending elements 125
3.1. Design features 125
3.2. Calculation of strength by normal sections of elements of any profile 135
3.3. Strength calculation for normal sections of rectangular and tee profile elements 138
3.4. Calculation of the strength of elements in normal sections at oblique bending 147
3.5. Calculation of Strength of Elements on Inclined Sections 150
3.5.1. Experienced data 150
3.5.2. Calculation of strength on inclined sections on the action of transverse force and bending moment 151
3.5.3. Calculation of transverse bars 157
3.6. Strength conditions for inclined sections on the action of a bending moment 159
4. Chapter 4 Compressed Elements 162
4.1. Design features of compressed elements 162
4.2. Calculation of elements of any symmetrical section, eccentrically compressed in the plane of symmetry 168
4.3. Calculation of eccentrically compressed rectangular elements 174
4.4. Calculation of eccentrically compressed elements of tee and I-sections 178
4.5. Calculation of elements of the annular section 181
4.6. Compressed members reinforced with indirect reinforcement 182
Control questions for self-study of the material Ch. 4 187
5. Chapter 5 Tensions 187
5.1. Design features 187
5.2. Calculation of Strength of Central Tension Members 190
5.3. Calculation of the strength of elements of a symmetrical section, eccentrically stretched in the plane of symmetry 191
Control questions for self-study of the material Ch. 5 193
6. Chapter 6. Elements subject to torsion bending 193
6.1. General information 193
6.2. Calculation of elements of rectangular section 196
7. Chapter 7. Crack resistance and displacement of reinforced concrete elements 199
7.1. General provisions 199
7.2. Crack resistance of centrally stretched elements 199
7.3. Crack resistance of bending, eccentrically compressed and eccentrically tensioned members 200
7.3.1. Calculation for the formation of cracks normal to the longitudinal axis of the element 200
7.3.2. Determination of Mcrc in the elastic work of concrete of the compressed zone 201
7.3.3. Determination of the moment Mcrc during inelastic operation of concrete in the compressed zone 204
7.3.4. Determination of Mcrc by the method of sound moments 206
7.3.5. Calculation for the formation of cracks inclined to the element axis 208
7.4. crack opening resistance. General calculation provisions 209
7.5. Crack Opening Resistance of Central Tensile Members 211
7.5.1. Determination of the coefficient 211
7.5.2. Determination of stresses in tension reinforcement 213
7.5.3. Determining the distance between cracks 214
7.6. Crack opening resistance of bending, eccentrically compressed and eccentrically tensioned elements 215
7.6.1. Determination of coefficient fs 215
7.6.2. The value of the coefficient fb 218
7.6.3. Determination of stresses in concrete and reinforcement in sections with a crack 218
7.6.4. Determining the distance between cracks 223
7.6.5. Closing cracks 224
7.7. Curvature of the axis during bending, stiffness and displacement of reinforced concrete elements 225
7.7.1. General calculation provisions 225
7.7.2. Axial curvature in bending and stiffness of reinforced concrete elements in areas without cracks 226
7.7.3. Curvature of the axis during bending and stiffness of reinforced concrete elements in areas with cracks 227
7.7.4. Reinforced concrete elements handling 229
7.8. Rigidity of eccentrically compressed elements, bending elements under alternating loading 233
7.8.1. Rigidity of eccentrically compressed elements taking into account cracks in tension zones 233
7.8.2. Rigidity of bending elements under sign-variable loading 234
7.9. Accounting for the influence of initial cracks in concrete of the compressed zone of prestressed elements 236
Control questions for self-study of the material of chapter 7 237
8. Chapter 8. Resistance of reinforced concrete to dynamic influences 238
8.1. Vibrations of structural elements 238
8.1.1. Dynamic loads 238
8.1.2. Free vibrations of elements taking into account the inelastic resistance of reinforced concrete 239
8.1.3. Forced vibrations of elements 243
8.1.4. Dynamic stiffness of elements of reinforced concrete structures 245
8.2. Calculation of structural elements for dynamic loads by limit states 246
8.2.1. General provisions 246
8.2.2. Limit states of the first group 247
8.2.3. Limit states of the second group 250
9. Chapter 9. Basic design of reinforced concrete elements of the minimum design cost 252
9.1. Dependencies for determining the cost of reinforced concrete elements 252
9.2. Design of reinforced concrete elements of minimum cost 255
Part II. Reinforced concrete structures of buildings and structures 262
10. Chapter 10 General principles design of reinforced concrete structures of buildings 262
10.1. Layout principles for reinforced concrete structures 262
10.1.1. Structural diagrams 262
10.1.2. Movement joints 264
10.2. Design principles for prefabricated elements 266
10.2.1. Typification of prefabricated elements 266
10.2.2. Unification of dimensions and structural schemes of buildings 267
10.2.3. Consolidation of elements 269
10.2.4. Manufacturability of prefabricated elements 269
10.2.5. Design schemes prefabricated elements during transportation and installation 271
10.2.6. Joints and end sections of elements of prefabricated structures 273
10.2.7. Feasibility study of reinforced concrete structures 279
11. Chapter 11. Flat floor structures 280
11.1. Classification of flat floors 280
11.2. Beam prefabricated floors 282
11.2.1. The layout of the structural scheme of the floor 282
11.2.2. Floor slab design 283
11.2.3. Crossbar design 292
11.3. Ribbed monolithic slabs with beam slabs 305
11.3.1. 305 Floor Structural Layout
11.3.2. Calculation of slab, secondary and main beams 306
11.3.3. Design of slab, secondary and main beams 310
11.4. Ribbed monolithic slabs with slabs supported along the contour 312
11.4.1. Structural floor plans 312
11.4.2. Calculation and design of slabs supported along the contour 314
11.4.3. Analysis and design of beams 317
11.5. Ceilings with slabs supported on three sides 319
11.5.1. Structural floor plan 319
11.5.2. Design and calculation of plates supported on three sides 319
11.6. Beam prefabricated-monolithic ceilings 321
11.6.1. The essence of the prefabricated monolithic structure 321
11.6.2. Structures of prefabricated monolithic floors 322
11.7. Beamless floors 323
11.7.1. Beamless prefabricated floors 323
11.7.2. Beamless slabs 326
11.7.3. Beamless prefabricated-monolithic floors 331
12. Chapter 12. Reinforced concrete foundations 334
12.1. General information 334
12.2. Single column foundations 335
12.2.1. Prefabricated foundation structures 335
12.2.2. Structures of monolithic foundations 336
12.2.3. Foundation calculation 340
12.3. Strip foundations 346
12.3.1. Strip foundations under bearing walls 346
12.3.2. Strip foundations under rows of columns 347
12.3.3. Calculation strip foundations 350
12.3.4. Interaction of structures with foundations on a deformable foundation 365
12.4. Solid foundations 366
12.5. Machine foundations with dynamic loads 369
13. Chapter 13. Structures of one-story industrial buildings 372
13.1. Structural diagrams 372
13.1.1. Structural elements 372
13.1.2. Overhead cranes 372
13.1.3. Building layout 375
13.1.4. Cross frames 377
13.1.5. Lanterns 382
13.1.6. Communication system 382
13.1.7. Crane beams 385
13.2. Cross frame calculation 390
13.2.1. Design scheme and loads 390
13.2.2. Spatial work of the frame of a one-story building under crane loads 392
13.2.3. Determination of forces in columns from loads 396
13.2.4. Features of determining forces in two-branch and stepped columns 400
13.2.5. Determination of the deflection of the transverse frame 405
13.3. Coating structures 405
13.3.1. Floor slabs 405
13.3.2. Cover Beams 409
13.3.3. Cover trusses 413
13.3.4. Roof structures 423
13.3.5. Arches 424
13.4. Design features of one-story frame buildings made of monolithic reinforced concrete 428
14. Chapter 14. Thin-walled spatial coatings 432
14.1. General information 432
14.2. Design features of thin-walled spatial coatings 438
14.3. Coatings with cylindrical shells and prismatic folds 440
14.3.1. General information 440
14.3.2. Long casings 442
14.3.3. Short casings 457
14.3.4. Prismatic pleats 461
14.4. Coatings with shells of positive Gaussian curvature, rectangular in plan view 462
14.5. Coatings with shells of negative Gaussian curvature, rectangular in plan view 468
14.6. Domes 472
14.7. Wavy vaults 481
14.8. Hanging covers 483
15. Chapter 15. Structures of multi-storey frame and panel buildings 491
15.1. Structures of multi-storey industrial buildings 491
15.1.1. Structural schemes of buildings 491
15.1.2. Multi-storey frame structures 495
15.2. Practical calculation of multi-storey frames 501
15.2.1. Preliminary selection of sections 501
15.2.2. Force from loads 502
15.2.3. Design forces and selection of sections 507
15.3. Structures of multi-storey civil buildings 508
15.3.1. Structural schemes of buildings 508
15.3.2. Basic vertical structures 512
15.4. Design schemes and loads 516
15.4.1. Design schemes 516
15.4.2. Design loads 519
15.4.3. Designations 519
15.5. Frame systems 520
15.5.1. Shear stiffness of multi-storey frame 520
15.5.2. General equation of a multi-storey system 523
15.5.3. Multi-storey frame movements 524
15.5.4. Compliance of joints 525
15.6. Frame-braced systems 527
15.6.1. Frame-braced systems with solid diaphragms 527
15.6.2. Frame-braced systems with combined diaphragms 531
15.7. Connecting systems with the same type of diaphragms with openings 533
15.7.1. Diaphragms with one or more rows of apertures 533
15.7.2. Relationship between the displacements of the diaphragm and the transverse forces of its bridges 537
15.8. Determination of deflections and forces in design sections 538
15.8.1. Data on parameters L and v2 from design experience 538
15.8.2. Calculation using tables 539
15.9. Systems with different types of vertical structures 544
15.9.1. General calculation provisions 544
15.9.2. Systems with two different types of vertical structures 545
15.10. Influence of compliance of bases, bending of floors in its plane on the operation of a multi-storey system 551
15.10.1. Influence of compliance of bases 551
15.10.2. Influence of floor bending in its plane 555
15.11. Dynamic characteristics of multi-storey buildings 559
15.11.1. Frame systems 559
15.11.2. Frame-braced systems 561
15.11.3. Communication systems 563
15.11.4. Systems with different types of vertical structures 565
15.11.5. Waveform factor 566
15.12. wind load 567
15.12.1. Average component of wind load 567
15.12.2. Ripple component of wind load 568
15.12.3. Oscillation Acceleration 569
16. Chapter 16. Structures of engineering structures 571
16.1. Engineering structures of industrial and civil construction complexes 571
16.2. Cylindrical tanks 572
16.2.1. General information 572
16.2.2. Structural solutions 574
16.3. Rectangular tanks 583
16.3.1. Structural solutions 583
16.3.2. Settlement 586
16.4. Water towers 588
16.5. Bunker 596
16.6. Silos 601
16.7. retaining walls 610
16.8. Underground channels and tunnels 614
17. Chapter 17. Reinforced concrete structures erected and operated in special conditions 622
17.1. Structures of buildings erected in seismic regions 622
17.1.1. Features of design solutions 622
17.1.2. The main provisions of the calculation of buildings for seismic effects 626
17.2. Features of constructive solutions for buildings erected in areas with permafrost 630
17.3. Reinforced concrete structures operated under conditions of systematic exposure to high process temperatures 631
17.3.1. Design characteristics of concrete and reinforcement during heating 631
17.3.2. Determination of deformations and forces caused by the action of temperatures 635
17.3.3. The main provisions of the calculation of structures, taking into account temperature effects 637
17.4. Reinforced concrete structures operated under conditions of exposure to low negative temperatures 638
17.4.1. Requirements for the use of reinforcing steels and concretes 638
17.4.2. Features of calculation and design of structures 639
17.5. Reinforced concrete structures operated in an aggressive environment 640
17.5.1. Classification of corrosive environments 640
17.5.2. Requirements for concrete and reinforcing steel 641
17.5.3. Structural analysis 643
17.5.4. Anti-corrosion protection of structures 643
17.6. Reconstruction of industrial buildings 644
17.6.1. Tasks and methods of building reconstruction 644
17.6.2. Strengthening of structural elements 646
17.6.3. Features of the production of works 651
18. Chapter 18. Examples of designing reinforced concrete structures of buildings 1 652
Example 1. Design of floor structures of a frame building 652
1. General data for design 652
2. Layout of the structural scheme of the prefabricated floor 654
3. Calculation of a ribbed plate according to the limit states of the first group 654
4. Calculation of a ribbed plate according to the limit states of the second group 660
5. Calculation of a multi-hollow slab according to the limit states of the first group 665
6. Calculation of a multi-hollow slab according to the limit states of the second group 668
7. Determination of forces in the crossbar of the transverse frame 672
8. Calculation of the strength of the crossbar in sections normal to the longitudinal axis 677
9. Calculation of the strength of the crossbar in sections inclined to the longitudinal axis 678
10. Designing the reinforcement of the crossbar 679
11. Determination of forces in the middle column 681
12. Calculation of the strength of the middle column 683
13. Column reinforcement design 686
14. Column foundations 687
15. Structural scheme monolithic floor 690
16. Multi-span monolithic floor slab 691
17. Multi-span secondary beam 692
Example 2. Structural design of the transverse frame of a one-story industrial building 696
1. General data 696
2. Cross frame layout 696
3. Determination of frame loads 698
4. Determination of forces in the columns of frame 701
5. Compiling a table of design forces 714
6. Calculation of the strength of the two-branch column of the middle row 715
7. Calculation of the foundation for the middle two-branch column 720
8. Data for the design of a truss truss with parallel chords 725
9. Determination of truss loads 726
10. Determination of forces in truss elements 727
11. Calculation of sections of truss elements 729
Annex 1. Design resistance of concrete 735
Annex 2. Coefficients of working conditions for concrete 736
Appendix 3. Normative resistance of concrete 737
Annex 4. Initial modulus of elasticity of concrete in compression and tension 738
Appendix 5. 1. Normative and design resistances, modulus of elasticity of bar reinforcement 739
Appendix 5. 2. Regulatory and design resistances, modulus of elasticity of wire reinforcement and wire ropes 740
Annex 6. Estimated areas cross sections and mass of reinforcement, assortment of hot-rolled rod reinforcement of a periodic profile, ordinary and high-strength reinforcing wire 741
Annex 7. Assortment (reduced) of welded meshes 742
Annex 8. Reinforcing rope schedule 743
Appendix 9. Relations between the diameters of the welded rods and minimum distances between rods in welded meshes and frames produced by resistance spot welding 744
Appendix 10. Bending moments and transverse forces of continuous three-span beams with equal spans 745
Annex 11. Tables for the calculation of multi-story multi-span frames 747
Appendix 12. Formulas for calculating two-branch and stepped columns 750
