Reference manual for snip 2.09 03 85. Design of retaining walls. Project documentation. How to order a fastening wall from long piles in our company

CENTRAL RESEARCH

AND DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONS (TsNIIpromzdaniy) of the State Construction Committee of the USSR

REFERENCE AID

to SNiP 2.09.03-85

Retaining wall design

and basement walls

Developed for SNiP 2.09.03-85 “Construction of industrial enterprises”. Contains the main provisions for the calculation and design of retaining walls and basement walls of industrial enterprises from monolithic and prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete. Calculation examples are given.

For engineering and technical workers of design and construction organizations.

FOREWORD

The manual was compiled for SNiP 2.09.03-85 “Constructions of industrial enterprises” and contains the main provisions for the calculation and design of retaining walls and basement walls of industrial enterprises from monolithic, prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete with calculation examples and the necessary tabular values of the coefficients that facilitate the calculation.

In the process of preparing the Handbook, certain calculation prerequisites of SNiP 2.09.03-85 were clarified, including taking into account soil cohesion forces, determining the slope of the sliding plane of the collapse prism, which are supposed to be reflected in addition to the specified SNiP.

The manual was developed by the Central Research Institute of Industrial Buildings of the Gosstroy of the USSR (candidates of technical sciences A. M. Tugolukov, B. G. Kormer, engineers I. D. Zaleschansky, Yu. V. Frolov, S. V. Tretyakova, O. JI. Kuzina) with the participation of NIIOSP them. N. M. Gersevanova of the State Construction Committee of the USSR (Doctor of Technical Sciences E. A. Sorochan, Candidates of Technical Sciences A. V. Vronsky, A. S. Snarsky), Fundamental Project (engineers V. K. Demidov, M. L. Morgulis, I. S. Rabinovich), Kiev Promstroyproekt (engineers V. A. Kozlov, A. N. Sytnik, N. I. Solovyova).

1. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1.1. This Manual was compiled to SNiP 2.09.03-85 "Constructions of industrial enterprises" and applies to the design of:

retaining walls erected on a natural basis and located on the territories of industrial enterprises, cities, towns, access and on-site railways and roads;

industrial basements, both detached and built-in.

1.2. The manual does not apply to the design of retaining walls of main roads, hydraulic structures, retaining walls for special purposes (anti-landslide, anti-landslide, etc.), as well as to the design of retaining walls intended for construction in special conditions (on permafrost, swelling, subsidence soils, on undermined territories, etc.).

1.3. The design of retaining walls and basement walls should be carried out on the basis of:

master plan drawings (horizontal and vertical layout);

report on engineering and geological surveys;

technological task containing data on loads and, if necessary, special requirements for the designed structure, for example, requirements for limiting deformations, etc.

1.4. The design of retaining walls and basements should be established on the basis of a comparison of options, based on the technical and economic feasibility of their use in specific construction conditions, taking into account the maximum reduction in material consumption, labor intensity and construction costs, as well as taking into account the operating conditions of structures.

1.5. Retaining walls built in settlements should be designed taking into account the architectural features of these settlements.

1.6. When designing retaining walls and basements, structural schemes should be adopted that provide the necessary strength, stability and spatial invariability of the structure as a whole, as well as its individual elements at all stages of construction and operation.

1.7. Elements of prefabricated structures must meet the conditions of their industrial production at specialized enterprises.

It is advisable to enlarge the elements of prefabricated structures, as far as the carrying capacity of the assembly mechanisms, as well as the conditions of manufacture and transportation, allow.

1.8. For monolithic reinforced concrete structures should provide for unified formwork and dimensions, allowing the use of standard reinforcing products and inventory formwork.

1.9. In prefabricated structures of retaining walls and basements, the structures of the nodes and the connection of the elements must ensure reliable transmission of forces, the strength of the elements themselves in the joint zone, as well as the connection of the additionally laid concrete in the joint with the concrete of the structure.

1.10. The design of structures of retaining walls and basements in the presence of an aggressive environment should be carried out taking into account the additional requirements of SNiP 3.04.03-85 “Protection of building structures and structures from corrosion”.

1.11. The design of measures to protect reinforced concrete structures from electrocorrosion should be carried out taking into account the requirements of the relevant regulatory documents.

1.12. When designing retaining walls and basements, as a rule, unified standard structures should be used.

The design of individual structures of retaining walls and basements is allowed in cases where the values of the parameters and loads for their design do not correspond to the values accepted for standard structures, or when the use of standard structures is impossible, based on local construction conditions.

1.13. This Handbook deals with retaining walls and basement walls filled with homogeneous soil.

2. STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

2.1. Depending on the adopted design solution, retaining walls can be built from reinforced concrete, concrete, rubble concrete and masonry.

2.2. Choice constructive material is determined by technical and economic considerations, durability requirements, conditions for the production of work, the availability of local building materials and mechanization.

2.3. For concrete and reinforced concrete structures, it is recommended to use concrete with a compressive strength of at least class B 15.

2.4. For structures subjected to alternate freezing and thawing, the design must specify the grade of concrete for frost resistance and water resistance. The design grade of concrete is set depending on temperature regime arising during the operation of the structure, and the values of the calculated winter temperatures of the outdoor air in the construction area and is taken in accordance with Table. 1.

Table 1

Conditions	Estimated	Concrete grade, not lower
structures	temperature	frost resistance			in terms of water resistance
freezing at	air, ° С	Building class
variable freeze and thaw
In water-saturated	Below -40	F 300	F 200	F 150	W 6	W 4	W 2
state (for example, structures located in a seasonally thawing layer	Below -20 up to -40	F 200	F 150	F 100	W 4	W 2	He is normalized
soil in permafrost areas)	Below -5 to -20 inclusive	F 150	F 100	F 75	W 2	Not standardized
	5 and above	F 100	F 75	F 50	Not standardized
In conditions of episodic water saturation (for example, above-ground structures that are constantly exposed to	Below -40	F 200	F 150	F 400	W 4	W 2	He is normalized
atmospheric influences)	Below -20 to -40 inclusive	F 100	F 75	F 50		W 2 He is normalized
	Below -5 to -20	F 75	F 50	F 35*	He is normalized
	inclusive 5 and above	F 50	F 35*	F 25*	the same
In conditions of air-humidity in the absence of episodic water saturation, for example,	Below -40	F 150	F 100	F 75	W 4	W 2	He is normalized
structures permanently (exposed to the ambient air, but protected from the effects of atmospheric precipitation)	Below -20 to -40 inclusive	F 75	F 50	F 35*	He is normalized
	Below -5 to -20 inclusive	F 50	F 35*	F 25*	the same
	5 and above	F 35*	F 25*	F 15**

______________

* For heavy and fine-grained concrete, frost resistance grades are not standardized;

** For heavy, fine-grained and light concrete, frost resistance grades are not standardized.

Note. The calculated winter temperature of the outside air is taken as the average air temperature of the coldest five-day period in the construction area.

2.5. Prestressed reinforced concrete structures should be designed mainly from class B 20 concrete; At 25; At 30 and At 35. For concrete preparation concrete of class B 3.5 and B5 should be used.

2.6. The requirements for rubble concrete in terms of strength and frost resistance are the same as for concrete and reinforced concrete structures.

2.7. For reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures made without prestressing, hot-rolled reinforcing steel of a periodic profile should be used. class A-I II and A-II. For mounting (distribution) fittings, it is allowed to use hot-rolled fittings of class A-I or ordinary smooth reinforcing wire of class B-I.

When the design winter temperature is below minus 30°C, reinforcing steel of class A-II grade VSt5ps2 is not allowed to be used.

2.8. As prestressed reinforcement of prestressed reinforced concrete elements, heat-strengthened reinforcement of the At-VI and At-V classes should be mainly used.

It is also allowed to use hot-rolled rebar class A-V, A-VI and heat-strengthened reinforcement of class At-IV.

When the calculated winter temperature is below minus 30°C, reinforcing steel of class A-IV grade 80C is not used.

2.9. Anchor rods and embedded elements should be made of rolled strip steel of class S-38/23 (GOST 380-88) grade VSt3kp2 at a design winter temperature of up to minus 30°C inclusive and grade VSt3psb at a design temperature of minus 30°C to minus 40°C WITH. For anchor rods, steel S-52/40 grade 10G2S1 is also recommended at a design winter temperature of up to minus 40°C inclusive. The thickness of the strip steel must be at least 6 mm.

It is also possible to use reinforcing steel of class A-III for anchor rods.

2.10. In prefabricated reinforced concrete and concrete structural elements, mounting (lifting) loops must be made of class A-I grade VSt3sp2 and VSt3ps2 reinforcing steel or grade AC-II grade 10GT steel.

When the design winter temperature is below minus 40°C, the use of VSt3ps2 steel for hinges is not allowed.

3. TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS

3.1. By constructive solution retaining walls are divided into massive and thin-walled.

In massive retaining walls, their resistance to shear and overturning when exposed to horizontal soil pressure is mainly ensured by the own weight of the wall.

In thin-walled retaining walls, their stability is ensured by the own weight of the wall and the weight of the soil involved in the work of the wall structure.

As a rule, massive retaining walls are more material-intensive and more labor-intensive to erect than thin-walled ones, and can be used with an appropriate feasibility study (for example, when they are built from local materials, the absence of precast concrete, etc.).

3.2. Massive retaining walls differ from each other in the shape of the transverse profile and material (concrete, rubble concrete, etc.) (Fig. 1).

1 - universal wall panel (UPS); 2 - monolithic part of the sole

3.3. In industrial and civil construction, as a rule, thin-walled retaining walls of the corner type are used, shown in Fig. 2.

Note. Other types of retaining walls (cellular, sheet pile, shells, etc.) are not considered in this Manual.

3.4. According to the manufacturing method, thin-walled retaining walls can be monolithic, prefabricated and prefabricated-monolithic.

3.5. Thin-walled cantilever walls of the corner type consist of front and foundation slabs rigidly connected to each other.

In prefabricated structures, the front and foundation slabs are made from prefabricated elements. In prefabricated monolithic structures, the front slab is prefabricated, and the foundation slab is monolithic.

In monolithic retaining walls, the rigidity of the nodal junction of the front and foundation slabs is ensured by the appropriate location of the reinforcement, and the rigidity of the connection in prefabricated retaining walls is ensured by the device of a slotted groove (Fig. 3, A) or loop joint (Fig. 3, 6 ).

3.6. Thin-walled retaining walls with anchor rods consist of front and foundation slabs connected by anchor rods (ties), which create additional supports in the slabs, facilitating their work.

The interface of the front and foundation plates can be hinged or rigid.

3.7. Buttress retaining walls consist of an enclosing front slab, a buttress and a foundation slab. In this case, the soil load from the front plate is partially or completely transferred to the buttress.

3.8. When designing retaining walls from unified wall panels (UPS), a part of the foundation slab is made of cast-in-situ concrete using a welded joint for the top reinforcement and an overlap joint for the bottom reinforcement (Fig. 4).

4. LAYOUT OF THE BASEMENTS

4.1. Basements should, as a rule, be designed as one-story. According to technological requirements, basements with a technical floor for cabling are allowed.

If necessary, it is allowed to make cellars with a large number cable floors.

4.2. In single-span basements, the nominal size of the span, as a rule, should be taken as 6 m; a span of 7.5 m is allowed, if this is due to technological requirements.

Multi-span basements should be designed, as a rule, with a grid of colonies 6x6 and 6x9 m.

The height of the basement from the floor to the bottom of the ribs of the floor slabs must be a multiple of 0.6 m, but not less than 3 m.

The height of the technical floor for cable distribution in tan areas should be taken at least 2.4 m.

The height of the passages in the basements (clean) should be set at least 2 m.

4.3. Basements are of two types: free-standing and combined with a structure.

CENTRAL RESEARCH

AND DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONS (TsNIIpromzdaniy) of the State Construction Committee of the USSR

REFERENCE AID

Retaining wall design

and basement walls

Developed for "Construction of industrial enterprises". Contains the main provisions for the calculation and design of retaining walls and basement walls of industrial enterprises from monolithic and prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete. Calculation examples are given.

For engineering and technical workers of design and construction organizations.

FOREWORD

The manual was compiled for “Constructions of industrial enterprises” and contains the main provisions for the calculation and design of retaining walls and basement walls of industrial enterprises from monolithic, prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete with calculation examples and the necessary tabular values of the coefficients that facilitate the calculation.

In the process of preparing the Handbook, certain calculation prerequisites were clarified, including taking into account the cohesive forces of the soil, determining the slope of the slip plane of the collapse prism, which are supposed to be reflected in addition to the specified SNiP.

1. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1.1. This Manual has been drawn up for “Constructions of industrial enterprises” and applies to the design of:

retaining walls erected on a natural basis and located on the territories of industrial enterprises, cities, towns, access and on-site railways and roads;

industrial basements, both detached and built-in.

1.3. The design of retaining walls and basement walls should be carried out on the basis of:

master plan drawings (horizontal and vertical layout);

report on engineering and geological surveys;

technological task containing data on loads and, if necessary, special requirements for the designed structure, for example, requirements for limiting deformations, etc.

1.5. Retaining walls built in settlements should be designed taking into account the architectural features of these settlements.

1.7. Elements of prefabricated structures must meet the conditions of their industrial production at specialized enterprises.

It is advisable to enlarge the elements of prefabricated structures, as far as the carrying capacity of the assembly mechanisms, as well as the conditions of manufacture and transportation, allow.

1.8. For monolithic reinforced concrete structures, unified formwork and overall dimensions should be provided, allowing the use of standard reinforcing products and inventory formwork.

1.11. The design of measures to protect reinforced concrete structures from electrocorrosion should be carried out taking into account the requirements of the relevant regulatory documents.

1.12. When designing retaining walls and basements, as a rule, unified standard structures should be used.

1.13. This Handbook deals with retaining walls and basement walls filled with homogeneous soil.

2. STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

2.1. Depending on the adopted design solution, retaining walls can be built from reinforced concrete, concrete, rubble concrete and masonry.

2.2. The choice of structural material is determined by technical and economic considerations, durability requirements, work conditions, the availability of local building materials and means of mechanization.

2.3. For concrete and reinforced concrete structures, it is recommended to use concrete with a compressive strength of at least class B 15.

2.4. For structures subjected to alternate freezing and thawing, the design must specify the grade of concrete for frost resistance and water resistance. The design grade of concrete is set depending on the temperature regime that occurs during the operation of the structure, and the values of the calculated winter temperatures of the outdoor air in the construction area and is taken in accordance with Table. 1.

Table 1

	Estimated	Concrete grade, not lower
structures	temperature	frost resistance	in terms of water resistance
freezing at	air, ??C	Building class
variable freeze and thaw
In water-saturated
state (for example, structures located in a seasonally thawing layer						He is normalized
soil in permafrost areas)	Below -5 to -20 inclusive				Not standardized
				Not standardized
In conditions of episodic water saturation (for example, above-ground structures that are constantly exposed to						He is normalized
atmospheric influences)	Below -20 to -40 inclusive				W2 He is normalized
	Below -5 to -20			He is normalized
	inclusive
In conditions of air-humidity in the absence of episodic water saturation, for example,						He is normalized
structures permanently (exposed to the ambient air, but protected from the effects of atmospheric precipitation)	Below -20 to -40 inclusive			He is normalized
	Below -5 to -20 inclusive

* For heavy and fine-grained concrete, frost resistance grades are not standardized;

** For heavy, fine-grained and light concrete, frost resistance grades are not standardized.

Note. The calculated winter temperature of the outside air is taken as the average air temperature of the coldest five-day period in the construction area.

2.5. Prestressed reinforced concrete structures should be designed mainly from class B 20 concrete; At 25; B 30 and B 35. Concrete of class B 3.5 and B5 should be used for concrete preparation.

2.6. The requirements for rubble concrete in terms of strength and frost resistance are the same as for concrete and reinforced concrete structures.

2.7. For reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures made without prestressing, hot-rolled bar steel of a periodic profile of class A-III and A-II should be used. For mounting (distribution) fittings, it is allowed to use hot-rolled fittings of class A-I or ordinary smooth reinforcing wire of class B-I.

When the design winter temperature is below minus 30°C, reinforcing steel of class A-II grade VSt5ps2 is not allowed to be used.

2.8. As prestressed reinforcement of prestressed reinforced concrete elements, heat-strengthened reinforcement of the At-VI and At-V classes should be mainly used.

It is also allowed to use hot-rolled rebar of class A-V, A-VI and thermally hardened rebar of class At-IV.

When the calculated winter temperature is below minus 30°C, reinforcing steel of class A-IV grade 80C is not used.

It is also possible to use reinforcing steel of class A-III for anchor rods.

2.10. In prefabricated reinforced concrete and concrete structural elements, mounting (lifting) loops must be made of reinforcing steel of class A-I grades Vst3sp2 and Vst3ps2 or from steel of class Ac-II grade 10GT.

When the design winter temperature is below minus 40°C, the use of VSt3ps2 steel for hinges is not allowed.

3. TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS

3.1. According to the constructive solution, retaining walls are divided into massive and thin-walled.

In massive retaining walls, their resistance to shear and overturning when exposed to horizontal soil pressure is mainly ensured by the own weight of the wall.

In thin-walled retaining walls, their stability is ensured by the own weight of the wall and the weight of the soil involved in the work of the wall structure.

3.2. Massive retaining walls differ from each other in the shape of the transverse profile and material (concrete, rubble concrete, etc.) (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Massive retaining walls

a - c - monolithic; g - e - block

Rice. 2. Thin-walled retaining walls

a - corner console; b - corner anchor;

c - buttress

Rice. 3. Pairing of prefabricated front and foundation slabs

a - with the help of a slotted groove; b - using a loop joint;

1 - front plate; 2 - foundation plate; 3 - cement-sand mortars; 4 - concrete embedding

Rice. 4. Construction of a retaining wall using a universal wall panel

1 - universal wall panel (UPS); 2 - monolithic part of the sole

3.3. In industrial and civil construction, as a rule, thin-walled retaining walls of the corner type are used, shown in Fig. 2.

Note. Other types of retaining walls (cellular, sheet pile, shells, etc.) are not considered in this Manual.

3.4. According to the manufacturing method, thin-walled retaining walls can be monolithic, prefabricated and prefabricated-monolithic.

3.5. Thin-walled cantilever walls of the corner type consist of front and foundation slabs rigidly connected to each other.

During the construction of various kinds of buildings on terrain with complex terrain (beams, ravines, etc.), a need often arises for a retaining structure. Such a reinforcing structure has one main task - to prevent the collapse of soil masses. The article will discuss the construction of retaining walls.

Decorative- effectively hide small differences of soil in the adjacent territory. If the levels differ slightly and, accordingly, the height of the wall is low (up to half a meter), then its installation is carried out with a slight depth of up to 30 cm.
Fortifying perform main function- restrain soil masses from slipping. Such structures are erected when the slope of the hill exceeds 8 °. With their help, the organization of horizontal platforms is carried out, thereby expanding the usable space.

Retaining wall photo

Retaining wall design

Regardless of the purpose, the retaining wall has 4 elements:

foundation;
body;
drainage system;
drainage system.

The underground part of the wall, drainage and drainage serve to implement technical standards, and the body - aesthetic purposes. In height, they can be low (up to 1 meter), medium (not higher than 2 meters) and high (over 2 meters).

The back wall of the structure can be with the following slope:

steep (with direct or reverse slope);
sloping;
recumbent.

The profiles of the fortification walls are varied, mainly rectangular and trapezoidal. The latter designs, in turn, may have different bias faces.

Acting loads on retaining walls

When choosing a material, and, accordingly, a foundation for lifting walls, they are guided by the determination of the loads that act on the structure.

Vertical Forces:

own weight;
top load, that is, the weight pressing on the top of the structure;
backfill force acting both on the wall itself and on part of the foundation.

Horizontal forces:

soil pressure directly behind the wall;
friction force in the places of adhesion of the foundation to the ground.

In addition to the main forces, there are also periodic loads, these include:

wind strength, this is especially true when the height of the structure is over 2 m;
seismic loads (in seismic hazard zones);
vibrational forces act in places where a road or railroad tracks passes;
water flows, in particular in the lowlands;
swelling of the soil winter period and so on.

Retaining wall stability

The construction of low retaining walls is carried out to a greater extent for decorative purposes, they do not need a careful calculation of stability. An increase in this property is indicative of retaining engineering structures.

You can prevent wall shifting or tipping over by applying the following measures:

significantly reduces ground pressure on the back face slight slope designed towards the hill;
the side facing the ground is roughened. Protrusions are made in stone, brick, block masonry, and chips are made in monolithic retaining walls;
a properly organized drainage system prevents the structure from being washed away;
the presence of a console in front of the wall provides additional stability, as it distributes part of the soil load;
lateral (vertical) pressure is reduced by backfilling hollow materials (expanded clay) between the back wall and the existing soil;
foundation walls are required for solid walls made of heavy materials. For clay soil, it is advisable to use a tape-type base, weak soil (sandy, especially quicksand) - a pile foundation.

Retaining wall construction

As for the material, its choice is based on many criteria, such as the height of the structure, water resistance, resistance to aggressive environments, durability, availability of building material and the possibility of mechanizing the installation process.

brick retaining wall

When calculating retaining walls made of bricks, the presence of a reinforced foundation is provided. Decorative qualities can be enhanced by using bricks that differ in size or color from the elements of the main masonry. A low wall (up to 1 meter) is laid out independently. In cases where an increased load is implied, you should resort to the services of professionals.

For work, ordinary red burnt brick or clinker with a high coefficient of strength and moisture resistance is used. As a rule, for the construction of retaining walls it is required strip foundation.
The width of the ditch under the base is equal to the triple width of the wall, that is, if it is planned to build in one brick (25 cm), then this parameter will be equal to 75 cm. The depth should be at least 1 m. But the bottom is covered with a 20-30 cm layer of gravel or crushed stone , then a layer (10-15 cm) of sand, each filling of the material is rammed.
The formwork is knocked down, its upper part should be 15-20 cm below ground level. For reinforcement, reinforcement bars are used, which are laid on broken brick or rubble stone. In any case, they should not just lie on a sand and gravel pad. Next, concrete grade 150 or 200 is poured.
The clinker is placed in the dressing on the solution. The second row provides for the laying of drainage pipes Ø50 mm. During installation, the slope of the pipes to the front of the face is observed, the recommended distance between them is 1 meter. It is important to monitor the displacement of the seams. To prevent this from happening, you can use brick halves.
It is worth noting that laying in one brick is possible for building a wall up to 60 cm, for higher structures it is recommended to build in one and a half, two bricks, with the expansion of the lower part of the wall. Thus, a construction resembling a console is obtained.

Stone retaining wall

Natural stone, like its artificial counterpart, has high aesthetic properties. Besides appearance the finished wall allows you to harmoniously fit into the surrounding landscape, creating a single ensemble with nature.

Both dry and wet laying methods can be used here. The first option is more time-consuming and requires some skill, since it is necessary to fit the stone in size, ensuring optimal fit to each other.
The base for a stone retaining wall is made in the same way as for a brick. A strip foundation is being carried out, followed by the laying of stone. If the construction of the wall is carried out without the use of mortar, then the seams are filled with planting material or garden soil. Later, plants with a fibrous root system are planted between the stones. As they develop, they will significantly strengthen the structural elements.

In this case, you can organize the drainage system in a simplified way - leave gaps of 5 cm in the first row between each 4th and 5th stone.
Walls made of stones are recommended for the construction of structures no higher than 1.5 m.

Retaining walls made of concrete

Such a construction of a monolithic type is carried out using wooden formwork or bored piles.
Factory retaining reinforced concrete wall
Installation of a factory-made plate is carried out using lifting equipment. It can be console or buttress. For the installation of finished products, a foundation with dense soil is not needed. It is enough to dig a trench with a width slightly larger than the size of the sole of the slab or console.

Prefabricated retaining walls photo

Gravel (crushed stone) and sand are laid at the bottom in layers of 15-20 cm. Thorough tamping is ensured by abundant watering. Reinforced concrete slabs installed strictly vertically. They are connected to each other by welding reinforcing embedded elements. Further, a longitudinal drainage system is installed and the space is backfilled with soil.
Reinforced concrete support wall on piles is recommended on weak (unstable) soils. The distance between the piles depends on the length of the slab, they can be located every 1.5, 2 or 3 meters. The pile diameter is usually between 300 and 500 mm.

Do-it-yourself concrete retaining wall

The console, made with a slope (10°-15°) towards the embankment, gives greater stability to the wall. If we take a wall 2.5 meters high as an example, then the height of the underground part of the structure will be 0.8-0.9 m, and the width of the body will be 0.4 m.
For the formwork, a trench 1.2 m wide is pulled out (here an allowance of 30 cm is provided on the front side and 50 cm for the rear face) and a depth of 1.3 m (taking into account the organization of the sand and gravel cushion). The required slope is carried out by manually excavating the soil, this parameter is checked both when installing the formwork and when pouring it with concrete. If necessary, the slope is adjusted.

The base must be reinforced both in the longitudinal and vertical directions. The height of the rods sticking out of the concrete should be at least half a meter. Allow the sole to gain strength; for concrete, this period is about a month. It is not recommended to carry out any work on the sole before this time.
For the convenience of building formwork for the body of the wall, moisture-resistant plywood is taken standard size 2440x1220x150 mm. For one blank, you will need 3 sheets, 2 of which will go to full faces, and one plywood should be cut to the appropriate width for 2 sides.

In subsequent works, one sidewall is not used, since it is the wall of the previous part of the structure. It is possible to prevent the divergence of the seam between the elements by means of reinforcement. In this case, after pouring the material, holes are drilled in the side part and metal bars are inserted. They can be placed in a checkerboard pattern 40-50 cm apart with an exit from the body of the wall by 30-40 cm.
To connect the edges of the frame, apply metal corners, since the weight of the concrete to be poured is high. An additional reinforcement will be bars 50x50 mm, which are nailed along the perimeter of the formwork. For reliability, spacers should be set on three sides.
If desired, the concrete surface can be decorated with natural or artificial stone.

Blocks made of foam concrete, expanded clay concrete, gas or cinder blocks greatly facilitate work and reduce construction costs. But the strength characteristics of such a wall will be an order of magnitude lower. In addition, masonry made of such material does not differ in an attractive appearance.

wooden retaining wall

From the point of view of landscape design, wood is optimally suited for these purposes, but a long service life is not its strongest strong point. To increase resistance to aggressive media, considerable efforts will have to be made for repeated treatment with impregnating agents.

In the design of a retaining wall, logs can be located both horizontally and vertically. There is no big difference in terms of strength characteristics here. Such material is used for the construction of walls with a height not exceeding 1.5 m. To prevent rotting of the buried part of the log, it is necessary to burn it or process it with liquid bitumen.

Vertical arrangement of logs in a retaining wall

The length of the logs can be different, it all depends on the height difference. For stability, they are buried to a depth equal to 1/3 of the total length of the beam, so if this parameter is 2 m, then the part to be dug in will be 60-70 cm.
Installation of calibrated wood is carried out in a previously dug trench. At the bottom, a 15 cm layer of rubble is poured and compacted. The logs are placed in a solid wall, close to each other, strictly observing the vertical. Fasteners are made using wire or nails driven in at an angle.

The maximum stability of the log wall is achieved by filling the trench with a sand-cement mixture. The back side of a kind of tyna is covered with a sealing material (roofing material, roofing felt, etc.), after which the soil is backfilled.

Horizontal arrangement of logs in a retaining wall

Support pillars are dug in every 1.5-2 or 3 m, the more often they are located, the stronger the retaining wall will be. The wood used is necessarily treated with antiseptic agents.

Horizontal fastening can be carried out in several ways:

longitudinal grooves are pre-cut on the pillars from two opposite sides, into which horizontal elements will be tightly inserted. In this case, the diameter of the supporting logs should be larger than the beams intended for the transverse position;
the second option involves fastening logs from the back of the pillars. In this case, the first beam is laid on the ground, so it is recommended to lay waterproofing material. The connection of horizontally located logs to the supports is carried out with wire and / or nails.

Gabion retaining wall

To install mesh structures, it is enough to level the surface and have coarse crushed stone (up to 150 mm) or small river boulders available to fill the sections. The main advantages of gabions are their flexibility and water permeability, which eliminates the need for a drainage system.
Such wire boxes are simply assembled, then installed on flat ground and covered with river or quarry stones. The following blocks are mounted in the same way. Between themselves, the sections are fastened with a wire with an anti-corrosion coating. This is a convenient method when you want to create many corner retaining walls.

If soil is poured between the stones and sown with plant seeds, then in a few years the wall will acquire an attractive appearance and organically fit into the surrounding landscape.

Retaining wall calculation

Before you make a retaining wall, it is important to carefully consider all the nuances. Otherwise, illiterate calculation and negligent attitude to building standards can lead to collapse.

Such walls with a height of not more than 1.5 meters are allowed to be erected on their own. For the size of the sole, a coefficient of 0.5-0.7 multiplied by the height of the wall is taken. Calculate the ratio of wall thickness to its height, you can be guided by the type of soil:

dense soil (limestone, quartz, spar, etc.) - 1: 4;
medium-density soil (shale, sandstone) - 1:3;
soft soil (sandy-clay particles) - 1:2.

If the height of the wall is large and the construction is planned on weak soils, then you should contact the services of specialized organizations. Calculations will be made in accordance with the requirements of SNiP.

In this case, many factors will be taken into account and based on limit state retaining walls, the following calculations will be made:

stability of the position of the wall itself;
soil strength, its possible deformation;
the strength of the wall structure, the crack resistance of its elements.

Calculations for passive, active and seismic ground pressure will also be performed; clutch accounting; groundwater pressure and so on. The calculation is carried out taking into account the maximum loads and covers the operational, construction and repair periods of the wall.

Of course, it will be possible to use online calculators specially designed for this purpose. But you need to know that such calculations will be advisory in nature. The absolute accuracy of the calculations is not guaranteed.

Drainage system for retaining wall

The organization of drainage and drainage requires special attention. The system provides collection and drainage of ground, melt and storm water, thereby preventing flooding and erosion of the structure. It can be longitudinal, transverse or combined.

Transverse drainage provides for holes Ø100 mm per meter of wall.

The longitudinal option involves the placement of a pipe located on the foundation along the entire length of the wall. For these purposes, apply corrugated pipes, due to its flexibility allow you to install them in difficult terrain. On straight sections, ceramic or asbestos-cement pipes are used, having holes in the upper part.

Retaining walls perform important tasks. Their construction should be entrusted to specialists, or at least consult with them on this issue. The slightest mistake in the calculations can have very sad consequences.

Project documentation - documentation containing textual and graphic materials and defining architectural, functional, technological, constructive and engineering solutions to ensure the construction and reconstruction of capital construction projects.

Types of work on the preparation of project documentation that affect the safety of capital construction facilities should be carried out only by individual entrepreneurs or legal entities that have certificates of admission to such types of work issued by a self-regulatory organization. Other types of work on the preparation of project documentation can be performed by any individuals or legal entities.

The person who prepares the project documentation may be the developer or an individual or entity. The person who prepares the project documentation organizes and coordinates the work on the preparation of the project documentation, is responsible for the quality of the project documentation and its compliance with the requirements of technical regulations. The person preparing project documentation is entitled to perform certain types of work on the preparation of project documentation independently, provided that such person complies with the requirements for the types of work, and (or) with the involvement of other persons meeting the specified requirements.

Some norms for the design of retaining walls: Code of Rules SP 43.13330.2012 “Constructions of industrial enterprises”. Code of rules SP 20.13330.2011 “Loads and impacts”. Code of Rules SP 22.13330.2011 “Foundations of buildings and structures”.

Material Requirements

The choice of material for a retaining wall and its foundation should be made taking into account many factors and requirements, among which the main ones are: the height of the wall, the required durability, water tightness, seismic resistance and resistance to chemical aggression, the quality of the base, the availability of local building materials, the conditions for the production of works, the means mechanization and conditions of interfacing with other structures.

Reinforced concrete thin-element retaining walls are the most economical; compared to massive concrete ones, they require approximately two times less cement with little reinforcement consumption. A significant advantage of reinforced concrete retaining walls is the possibility of using prefabricated structures and erecting them with direct pressure transfer to weak soils without an artificial foundation.

With a height of up to 6 m, cantilever reinforced concrete walls have a smaller volume than ribbed (buttress); for walls with a height of 6 to 8 m, the volumes are approximately the same, and for walls with a height of more than 8 m, a ribbed structure has a smaller volume of reinforced concrete than a cantilever structure. Thus, for walls of medium height and high, a reinforced concrete ribbed structure is most appropriate.

Concrete for reinforced concrete retaining walls must be dense, grades from 150 to 600. Steel rods with a diameter of up to 40 mm of a periodic profile of classes A-II and A-III serve as reinforcement, and for prestressed structures - high-strength wire.

For mounting fittings, as well as for off-design secondary parts of structures, steel of class A-I can be used.

For welding of reinforcement bars, electrodes with high-quality coatings of the E42, E42A, E50A and E55 types are used in accordance with GOST 9467 - 60.

The use of concrete retaining walls is advisable only when high cost and lack of reinforcement, since the strength of concrete in massive retaining walls is far from being fully used. For this reason, the use of high grades of concrete for them is impractical, however, according to the condition of density, concrete grades below 150 should not be used. To reduce the volume of masonry, concrete retaining walls can be made with buttresses. For concrete retaining walls of a constant profile, the most economical at a height of more than 150 m will be a profile with an unloading platform at a level of about ¼ of the height of the wall from the edge of the foundation. However, profiles with an inclined front edge, inclined towards the backfill, with a protruding front edge, with an inclined sole, and even rectangular at a height of 1.5 m, can also be used. The use of profiles with an inclined rear face, rectangular and stepped may be due to the requirement for the verticality of the front face, for example, for mooring walls. However, it must be borne in mind that the strictly vertical front face of the retaining wall gives the impression of leaning, so it is usually made with a slight slope to the vertical (1/20 1/50). The inclined front face is made with a slope of about 1/3.

Retaining walls made of rubble masonry require less cement consumption compared to concrete ones, and can be erected in a shorter time with a simpler organization of work. The use of rubble masonry walls is advisable if there is a stone in place.

Rubble masonry must be made of stone grade not lower than 150 - 200 per portland cement mortar grades not lower than 25 - 50, and preferably 100 - 200. Solutions, in addition to strength, must have plasticity and water-holding capacity. Why is it recommended to introduce plasticizing additives into their composition. For hydraulic walls, a rubble stone of a grade of at least 200 is used, a solution of Portland cement of a grade of at least 50.

When choosing a retaining wall profile from rubble, the same considerations should be followed as for concrete walls, but without complicating it. Retaining with a vertical or inclined front face and with unloading platforms are used. The back face is made vertical or very low in height, or with support at the top of the wall.

If there is a torn or small rubble stone in place, then rubble concrete masonry can be used instead of rubble masonry.

Brick walls are allowed up to 3-4 m high. In this case, it is recommended to use buttresses. Most often, brick walls of a rectangular or stepped profile are used for small underground structures (walls of channels, wells, etc.). For external retaining walls. exposed to atmospheric influences, brickwork is undesirable, and unsuitable for hydraulic walls. For brick retaining walls, well-burnt brick of a grade of at least 200 is used, on a solution of at least 25. The use of silicate brick is not allowed.

Hard rock, high-grade concrete and durable cladding are used if necessary to protect the wall from weathering, from the effects of high water velocities.

For concrete, cladding or the outer layer of masonry, it is allowed to use a material that can withstand freezing a hundred times.

If the structure is located in an area where the average monthly temperature of the coldest month is above 5 degrees Celsius. then the material must withstand only fifty-fold freezing.

When exposed to an aggressive environment, stone resistant to aggression, special cement for concrete and mortar, protective coatings or linings should be used.

For walls exposed to water, hydraulic concrete (GOST 26633-91 dated 1992.01.01 “Hydraulic engineering concrete”), as well as cement mortar masonry or waterproofing (cement grout, iron plating, shotcrete, asphalt paving, etc.) should be used.

Ribbed structures can be used for low retaining walls in the absence of stone and aggregates for concrete in place, as well as for temporary structures.

In seismic regions of high and medium height, retaining walls at the bottom with rocky and dense soils average 1/3 of the height, with soils of medium density - ½, with soft soils - 2/3, and with water pressure - up to the full height of the wall. The width of the foundation slab of a thin-element retaining wall of an angle profile is usually S2/3 of the height of the wall. However, these ratios also depend on other factors - on the profile of the retaining wall, its material, etc. Therefore, the figures given should be considered as rough estimates.

The top thickness must be at least:

for reinforced concrete walls 0.15 m,

for concrete walls 0.14 m,

for rubble and rubble concrete walls 0.75 m,

For brick walls 0.51 m

For concrete and reinforced concrete walls, the foundation, as a rule, is integral with the wall itself. At brick walls, the foundation is made in the form of an independent structure of rubble or concrete masonry, protruding beyond the edges of the wall and forming cuts with a width of at least 15 cm and no more than the height of the foundation. Foundation protrusions can be made stepped.

Calculation methods

Retaining walls should be calculated according to two groups of limit states:

the first group (by bearing capacity) provides for the performance of calculations;

on the stability of the position of the wall against shear and the strength of the soil base;

on the strength of structural elements and joints

the second group (according to serviceability) provides for checking:

grounds for allowable deformations;

structural elements to allowable values of crack opening.

Ground pressure for massive retaining walls (Fig. 2, a). Soil pressure for corner retaining walls should be determined based on the formation of a wedge-shaped symmetrical (and for a short rear console - asymmetric) collapse prism behind the wall (Fig. 2, b). Soil pressure is assumed to act on an inclined (calculated) plane drawn at an angle e at d = j ў.

The angle of inclination of the calculated plane to the vertical e is determined from condition (1), but is taken no more than (45° - j /2)

tg e \u003d (b - t) / h. (1)

The greatest value of the active soil pressure in the presence of a uniformly distributed load q on the horizontal surface of the backfill is determined when this load is located within the entire collapse prism, if the load does not have a fixed position.

Calculation of the stability of the position of the wall against shear

The calculation of the stability of the position of the wall against shear is made from the condition

Fsa J g c Fsr/ g n , (2)

where Fsa is the shear force, equal to the sum projections of all shear forces on a horizontal plane; Fsr - holding force equal to the sum of the projections of all holding forces on a horizontal plane; us - coefficient of working conditions of the foundation soil: for sands, except for dusty ones - 1; for silty sands, as well as silty-clay soils in a stabilized state - 0.9; for silt-clay soils in an unstabilized state - 0.85; for rocky, non-weathered and slightly weathered soils - 1; weathered - 0.9; heavily weathered - 0.8; g n - reliability coefficient for the purpose of the structure, taken equal to 1.2, 1.15 and 1.1, respectively, for buildings and structures of class I, II and III, assigned in accordance with the appendix. 4.

The shear force Fsa is determined by the formula

Fsa = Fsa, g + jsa ,q , (3)

where Fsa , g - shear force from the own weight of the soil is equal to:

Fsa, g = Pg h/2 ; (4)

Fsa , q - shear force from the load located on the surface of the collapse prism is equal to:

Fsa,q = Pqyb. (5)

Rice. 2 - Calculation schemes of retaining walls: a - massive; b - corner profile

The holding force Fsr for a non-rock base is determined by the formula

Fsr = Fv tg(j I - b) + b c I + E r , (6)

where Fv is the sum of the projections of all forces on the vertical plane

a) for massive retaining walls

Fv = Fsa tg(e + d) + G c t + g I tgb b 2 /2, (7)

G st - dead weight of the wall and soil on its ledges.

b) for corner retaining walls (for e Ј q 0)

Fv = Fsa tg(e + j ў) + g ў g f + g I tg b b 2 /2 (8)

where g f - load safety factor is assumed to be 1.2; E r - passive soil resistance:

Er = g I l r /2 + cIhr(l r - 1)/tg j I , (9)

where l r - coefficient of passive soil resistance:

l r =tg2(45° + j I /2), (10)

hr - height of uplift prism

hr =d + btg b (11)

The calculation of the stability of retaining walls against shear should be carried out according to the formula (15) for three values of the angle b (b = 0, b = j I /2 and b = j I).

With an inclined wall base, in addition to the indicated values of the angle b, it is necessary to calculate against the shear also for negative values of the angle b.

When shearing along the sole (b = 0), the following restrictions should be taken into account: with I Ј 5 kPa, j I Ј 30°, l r = 1.

The holding force Fsr for a rock base is determined by the formula

Fsr=Fvf+Er, (12)

where f is the coefficient of friction of the sole on the rocky ground, is taken according to the results of direct tests, but not more than 0.65.

Retaining wall: features of its structure
Popular building materials for retaining walls
Designing retaining walls and basement walls: ways to increase their strength

Not always the site for building a garage is perfectly flat. If the construction site is located on an inclined surface (the angle of inclination is more than 80), then for the safety of the erected structure, additional “preservation” of the moving soil should be taken care of. For this, retaining walls are used to prevent collapses and landslides of the earth on the slope. They play the role of reliable "shields" that balance the balance of power in places where the relief of the site drops. Supports are installed throughout the earthen "step", completely edging its depressions and ledges.

With the advent of new building materials, the design of retaining walls has changed markedly. Now, with the help of protective "bastions", a site with a difficult "character" can not only be strengthened, but also decorated. No wonder a decorative retaining wall is one of the most popular techniques in landscape design, allowing you to effectively delimit the areas of the site and make a certain emphasis on one of them.

The designs of retaining walls are different from each other, as they are designed for different degrees of influence of "warring" forces, trying to throw the support. But their “backbone” is unchanged and consists of the following main “spare parts”:

Ground part: BODY

The inner side of the wall is in contact with the ground, encircling the hill on the site. The front part of the "shield" is open, its shape can be even or oblique (with a slope towards the hill, cliff, ravine).

Underground: FOUNDATION

It compensates for the considerable pressure of the soil on the retaining wall. A massive drainage cushion 20-30 cm (sand + gravel) must be laid under the base

Protective engineering communications: WATER OUTLET and DRAINAGE

When designing retaining walls, protective measures must be taken to remove excess moisture and water, which inevitably accumulates behind their inner surface.

The installation of retaining walls is possible under certain favorable conditions. The main factors from which the homemade man should start in deciding whether or not to organize this type of strengthening on his site are: the level of groundwater and soil freezing.

Here are the favorable parameters for successful construction:

The underground part of the retaining wall structure directly depends on the type of soil: the softer and more unstable it is, the deeper you should “dive” into it. Here is an example of calculating the depth of a retaining wall foundation for self-design:

If the site has clayey dense soil, then the depth of the foundation is 1/4 of the height of the retaining wall
If the soil on the site is of medium looseness, then the depth of the foundation is 1/3 of the height of the retaining wall
If the site is soft, loose earth, then the depth of the foundation is 1/2 the height of the retaining wall

As for the ground part of the retaining walls, for their independent device there is a certain limitation: the height of the "support" should not exceed 1.4 m. For the construction of a shield "growth" higher, specialized specialists should be involved, since strong soil pressure on the retaining wall requires more complex calculations when designing it. Now on the Internet there is a huge selection of software products that calculate all the necessary parameters of this auxiliary structure. But there is one "but". They are also intended for "shields" up to 1.4 m high, since more massive structures require a special approach that does not fall under the standard calculation algorithm.

Another important parameter that is necessary for the stability of the protective "shield" is the thickness of the body of a massive retaining wall. It directly depends on the height of the structure and the type of soil: the higher the support and the softer the soil, the wider the supporting “leg” should be. And vice versa.

For do-it-yourselfers, an example of calculations for a retaining wall of this type for "all occasions" will be useful:

If the soil on the site is loose: the thickness of the massive retaining wall = 1/2 of its height
If the soil is in an area of medium density: the thickness of a massive retaining wall = 1/3 of its height
If the soil in the area is dense clayey: the thickness of the massive retaining wall = 1/4 of its height

Experience is needed to design and calculate the parameters of thin retaining walls, since numerous examples of home-made overturned "shields" indicate that the probability of their fatal end is too high.

Popular building materials for retaining walls

CONCRETE

This is the undisputed leader among the building materials used for these purposes. You can pour concrete retaining walls yourself, buy completely finished modules, or fold them from separate blocks. The strength and weight of the building material is main reason its mass use for the construction of high protective structures. Retaining walls made of concrete do not differ in aesthetic beauty and are rather monotonous, so they are trying to transform them with the help of decorative finishing coatings.

For homemade, the best option is the monolithic design of the "shield":

The foundation and the body of the retaining wall made of concrete are poured using a removable formwork according to the standard "scenario" (for more details, see the section "Foundation for the garage", "Walls for the garage")

The easiest way is to use ready-made factory models of retaining walls made of concrete, which are installed with the help of special equipment in the required place. But in this case, one should take into account the additional burden on the budget due to the delivery of blocks and the rental of lifting equipment.

Reinforcement of concrete retaining walls

Reinforcement of retaining walls is carried out taking into account the "problem" zones of the structure. The most dangerous stress points: the top and the line connecting the foundation and the body of the "shield". They require an increase in the density of the density of the iron frame.

To calculate the reinforcement of retaining walls, special programs are used, where you can accurately select the thickness, pitch and brand of rods. But for clarity, we will indicate the basic principles of the correct reinforcement of retaining walls, which will help homemade workers to properly strengthen the monolithic structure of the protective structure.

The main force that the iron mesh inside the body of the “shield” must fight is bending. The calculation of retaining walls indicates that the main reinforcement of their body is located in a vertical plane, and the transverse rods (transverse reinforcement) are thinner (20% of the main section) strictly perpendicular to it. In the foundation, the transverse rods are laid strictly perpendicular to the main reinforcement of the ground part of the shield.

Here is an example of a retaining wall calculation:

With its thickness of more than 25 cm, the pitch of the main reinforcement is no more than 25 cm.
With a “shield” thickness of 15-25 cm, the pitch of the main reinforcement is no more than 15 cm.
The transverse reinforcement is installed in increments of no more than 25 cm.

As for the brand of concrete, a solution of B10-B15 is prepared for the monolithic structure of the retaining wall.

BUBBLE CONCRETE

In an area rich in rubble stone (flat cobblestone), this type of retaining wall masonry is practiced. You should be meticulous in choosing consumable building materials, since for a high-quality “shield”, the butt must correspond in strength to the M150 brand. For pouring, concrete mortar B7.5 is used.

Reinforced concrete masonry is beneficial in that for the construction of a wall, homemade does not bother with reinforcement. The stone perfectly copes with the opposing forces that have arisen. It remains only to study all the features of rubble concrete masonry, the main of which are:

The ratio of solution and buta 50 to 50
The width of the stone should be equal to 1/3 of the width of the wall
Stones must be clean and damp for better adhesion to the mortar.
The stone is not laid close to the edges of the wall (gap ≈3 cm)

The optimal width of rubble concrete masonry is 0.6 m (more is irrational). More details on the technology of work can be found in the section "Concrete foundation".

STONE

This method is more laborious, since the technology of stone masonry is complicated due to the forced adjustment of work items. Stone masonry retaining walls are a spectacular decoration of the site. so if one of the homemade ones decides to take such a step, here are a few working recommendations:

Bandaging of masonry seams for rows of stones should be at least 10 cm, and for corner elements - at least 15 cm
For work, choose hard stones: basalt, quartzite, etc.
If laying is carried out on a mortar, then its grade must be at least M50
When laying dry, seal the gaps between the stones with soil

The optimal width of a stone retaining wall is 0.6 m.

BRICK

This classic building material is often used to build vertical retaining walls. Their thickness is 12 - 37 cm (floor - one and a half bricks, respectively). The design of brick retaining walls is simplified by the presence of ready-made calculation tables, where for each wall height there is a complete breakdown of the material consumption. The number of brick rows and the scheme of their laying are also indicated here, which is very convenient for a beginner homemade model.
For example, for a retaining wall 60 cm high and ½ brick thick, 8 rows of elements will be needed. For 1 sq. m. of the erected "shield" should be prepared 62 bricks.

TREE

A wooden support is the weakest "shield", but it looks most harmonious in the bosom of nature. But if your area has a humid climate, then this decor is not suitable for your site, as it will last one or two seasons at most.

For the construction of retaining walls made of wood, logs of the same section are used. They are dug in to the required estimated depth, having previously treated the tips with hot bitumen. Having laid vertical pillars in a trench in a dense row, connecting them together with nails or wire, the base of the “shield” is carefully cemented. This is the simplest scheme for making a wooden retaining wall. It is more difficult to perform horizontal laying of logs, where it is necessary to cut grooves in the elements for the correct connection of work elements.

Designing retaining walls and basement walls: ways to increase their strength

There are a sufficient number of types of retaining walls, the difference between which lies in the structural features of the main structural elements. We are talking about the type of foundation (shallow, deep), methods of finishing the front surface, features of the assembly of the structure. Let us first of all dwell on the fundamental differences in the methods of strengthening "different-sized" shields.

It is no coincidence that we have included in this chapter not only the design features of retaining walls, but also basement walls. After all, they are similar in their key function: opposition to the pressing force of the adjacent soil.

Retaining wall design: features of massive and thin wall construction

Retaining walls are massive and thin (the minimum thickness of a reinforced concrete support is 10 cm). The latter, due to the small thickness of the "shield", cannot adequately withstand the pressure of the soil. The balancing of forces occurs due to the special design of the foundation slab, the elongated part of which is directed towards the soil embankment, which makes it work as a counterweight. The ground part of the "support" is rigidly fixed in the underground "leg". Such a device of retaining walls has a special name - cantilever.

According to the method of fastening the ground and underground parts of the cantilever shield structure, there are:

Corner cantilever retaining wall

It consists of two plates rigidly connected to each other. If the retaining wall is prefabricated, then the connection of the ground and underground parts of the structure is carried out using a recess in the foundation slab or by the loop method. For a monolithic support, a close "connection" of two mutually perpendicular plates is carried out due to their internal reinforcement ties.

Anchored cantilever retaining wall

In such a retaining wall design, the connection of two slabs is carried out using anchor ties, which contribute to their additional stability. Fasteners can be made in a hinged or wedge way.

Buttress cantilever retaining wall

This type of "shield" consists of a foundation, ground slab and a buttress, which takes on a certain proportion of the soil pressure on the retaining wall.

Massive retaining walls take longer to build, but their "zest" is hidden in the reliability of the "armor". The pressure of the adjacent soil on the retaining wall is extinguished due to the considerable weight of the shield. To further strengthen them, the inner surface of the ground slab is made uneven: protrusions are formed in monolithic concrete, brickwork is protruded inward. The outer side of the shield is inclined towards the slope. The required angle is determined by the formula:

Where j is the angle of repose for different types soil.

The design of the basement walls is carried out by analogy with the calculation of the design of high retaining walls. Particular attention is paid to the reliability of the connection of the lower corners of the basement "box".

On average, the height of the basement in the garage is up to 3 m (a multiple of 0.6 m). For their construction, ready-made reinforced concrete blocks are used, or slabs are poured directly on the construction site. Independent design of retaining walls and basement walls of such a height is risky and dangerous. As mentioned above, the calculation algorithm is too complicated for a person who does not have specialized knowledge. Only a specialist will correctly and accurately calculate the soil pressure at the required level and select the optimal parameters of the basement walls. The same applies to ways to strengthen them.

Chapter 7. CALCULATION AND DESIGN OF RETAINING WALLS

7.1. TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS

Retaining walls according to the constructive solution are divided into massive and thin-walled. The stability of massive retaining walls against shear and overturning is ensured by their own weight.

Retaining walls: calculation and classification

The stability of thin-walled retaining walls is ensured by the own weight of the wall and the soil involved in the work of the wall structure, or by pinching the walls into the base (flexible retaining walls and sheet piles).

The cross-sectional shapes of massive walls are shown in fig. 7.1, thin-walled retaining walls of the corner profile - in fig. 7.2 and 7.3.

7.1. Massive retaining walls

A- with two vertical edges; b- with a vertical front and an inclined back face; V- with inclined front and vertical back face; G- with two sides inclined towards the backfill; d- with a stepped rear face; e- with a broken back edge

Massive and thin-walled walls can be arranged with an inclined sole or with an additional anchor plate (Fig. 7.4).

Flexible retaining walls and sheet piling can be made of wooden, reinforced concrete and metal sheet piles of a special profile. At low heights, cantilever walls are used; high walls are anchored by installing anchors in several rows (Fig. 7.5).

Rice. 7.2. Thin-walled corner retaining walls
A- console; b- with anchor rods; V- buttress

7.3. Conjugation of front and foundation plates
A- using a slotted groove; b- with a loop joint

Rice. 7.4. Prefabricated retaining walls
A- with anchor plate; b- with sloping sole

7.5. Schemes of flexible retaining walls
A- console; b- with anchors

Construction of buildings in major cities when buildings are located at short distances is always problematic. When digging a cave, it is very likely that the main structures of neighboring buildings, which were left without support from the ground, will begin to move.

The way out of this situation is a boring supporting wall. The fact is that they are boring, which are built in a row along the border of the foundation pit of a new house.

Specialists of PSK "Funds and Funds" offer installation of fastening walls from distant pilots in Moscow, Moscow and other regions of the Russian Federation.

Considering that this type of pier foundation can be cast to a depth of up to 50 m, it becomes possible to build retaining walls for deep excavations, which will then be organized, for example, by several levels of parks.

Depending on the characteristics of the work, the pilots are durable structures that can replace a thick layer of soil. However, when choosing a size, there are several indicators to consider:

type of soil at the construction site;
ground water level;
the value of active pressure in the soil;
its adhesion:
and so on.

A retaining wall with boring pilots is one or more types of accumulations that pour into the ground at a certain distance, both sequentially and between rows.

Funds can be ordered or ordered. In a load-bearing wall, all pilots must have the same depth and diameter.

To determine the value of the distance between the rays, called the gap, you need to do some calculations.

Do you need a wall to keep boring pilots out?
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Work experience - more than 10 years.

We include the installation of foundations of all types and recommend the most suitable option depending on the building conditions. And even in as soon as possible we will assemble the project and provide you with a ready estimate.

Retaining Wall Calculation

The diameter of the pilots must be at least 40 cm.

A specific indicator is calculated taking into account the land on the curve, taking into account the distance between the carriers and the base of the neighboring house and the type of soil. Therefore, preliminary geological studies are carried out at the construction site, which will show the type of soil.

An important indicator is the gap. When calculating supporting walls from long pilots, we consider two values:

Among the lines. This value should not exceed three bath diameters.
For example, if the support diameter is 0.5 m, the distance between the rows should not exceed 1.5 m. Increasing the parameters, pressing the retaining wall against the shoulder support in the horizontal direction, creates the conditions of the last bend.

Calculation of fixing walls

This reduces the quality of the building.
Among the clusters on the same line. Here we use a complex formula that has several values: b = 5.14 x LX C xD / E, where “I” is from the height of the passage, “C” is the value, “d” of the anti-slip pad is the diameter of the pile, “ e "- pressure on the ground (active).

The last formula is used in calculations if the floor is solid and durable at the construction site.

If the drilling process involves water or sediment, the distance should not be less than 0.7 m. If the design of the pilots is made without fixing or removing the casing wall, the distance between the supports should be at least 0.4 m.

The design of the retaining wall necessarily includes a mesh that integrates all the supports, making the structure more secure and reliable.

This is a conventional band-type concrete structure that is attached to drill pilots. In the case of a single-stage fastening of the fixing wall from long piles, it is allowed to install the grating on supports.

As regards the size of the band structure, it completely depends on the size of the pilots. However, there are certain standards that must be maintained when building a retaining wall.

The minimum size of the belt cover in relation to the brackets is 10 cm.
Net height (minimum) is 20 cm.
When building a wall in several types, the height of the saw structure is determined by the distance between the axes of the most distant beams, and stands stand here in the plane of the horizontal load.
Therefore, this parameter must be at least a quarter of this distance.

Wall fastening technology

Long Pilot Retaining Wall Design is the standard design of bearing wells by drilling the ground and overfilling the concrete mortar. The sequence of work is as follows:

The planning of pilots located along the excavation boundary is carried out by accurately displaying the drilling points.
Drilling holes through one pile.
Since the distance between the columns is not very large, it is not possible to drill two adjacent wells at the same time. The walls may collapse.
Rinse wells and fill with sand with sand.
The frame is made of reinforced steel.
The screws are vibration filled with concrete.
Intermediate wells were drilled, reinforced and filled with concrete.
The mounting frame for the grating is attached to the brackets, which are attached to the frame of the concrete shafts.
Formwork and concrete poured out.

Concrete is fed into the recess through a perforated steel tube that rises gradually as the fountain fills. In some cases inner part additional reinforcing cage remains.

Frame reinforcement

It is an important component in the construction of flying pilots.

The frame is made of a cylindrical shape, made of reinforcement with a diameter of at least 10 mm. The length of the structure should be equal to the length of the bowl.

The choice between transverse reinforcement is selected taking into account the diameter of the pipe.

If the diameter is in the range of 400-450 mm, the distance should be chosen based on d / 2, but not more than 200 mm.
If the diameter exceeds half a meter, the distance must be d / 3, but not more than 500 mm.

The range between longitudinal reinforcements is 50-400 mm, taking into account the number of rods.

It must be at least 6 pieces.

Additional services

Drain groundwater and containment walls that are built to divert water or sewage in the form of open ditches filled with sand, gravel or stone.

The length of the longitudinal slope of the wall is 0.04. In the wall itself, every 3 m, you must install pipes through which moisture flows.

If the supporting wall is the boundary of the pedestrian terrace, it is used to install protective structures. The minimum cabinet height is 1 m.

The outer parts of the pilots must face the fastening technology of the retaining walls. It can be monolithic or prefabricated concrete, stone or any decorative material.

Flat pilots facing the ground are waterproof. If there are no aggressive substances in the soil, waterproofing can be carried out using hot bitumen in two layers.

We install drilling, drilling, injection, drilling and drilling pilots

All work is turnkey!

We carry out all key works, from geological surveys to wired devices.

Benefits of fastening walls from long pilots

The advantages of long pilots when using supporting walls are the following elements.

Possibility of construction and reconstruction of the central part of the city, which is usually built frequently.
The possibility of building multi-storey buildings with the need to develop underground space.
Ensuring the reliability and stability of the walls of excavated excavations during the construction of the main and overlapping structures.
The technology of installing fastening walls from long pilots makes it possible to completely eliminate uneven drainage of the foundations of adjacent buildings and structures.
This eliminates emergencies.
This technology is economically justified and substantiated.
Possibility of construction of buildings on all types of soils.

How to order a fastening wall from long piles in our company?

At the service of our clients:

Trained workers;
high quality imported equipment;
the whole cycle of "key" works;
SRO certificate, approval for installation in critical facilities;
operational terms;
free consultation.

In each region of Russia, we install a fixing wall of long pilots.

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Design features of retaining walls

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2.1. massive walls .

V)	G)
e)

1 Types of massive retaining walls

a - rectangular, b - in the form of a parallelogram, c - triangular, d - curvilinear, e - sloping

Rectangular or in the form of a parallelogram.

As a rule, these walls are economically justified only at very low heights (up to 2-3 m), while walls with a section in the form of a parallelogram are more economical due to a decrease in backfill soil pressure on the wall (Fig. 1.a). The angle of inclination of the wall is selected from the condition of the stability of the wall without backfill.

7.3.3. Calculation of the bases of retaining walls by deformations

At the same time, when using inclined walls, part of the usable space is lost.

Triangular or trapezoidal.

These walls can be with an inclined front or rear face, or with both inclined faces (Fig. 1.b, c). Profiles with a back inclined edge are more economical, since in them the soil above the back edge participates in increasing the stability of the wall.

Walls with curved or stepped edges.

The thickness of walls of this type at each height corresponds to the pressure intensity of a pound of backfill (Fig. 1.d). These walls, also called "pressure curve" walls, are the most economical, but they are more difficult to manufacture and lose in use of usable space.

Walls sloping or recumbent type.

Such walls, located on a natural slope and practically not experiencing pressure from the backfill, are of limited use due to the large loss of usable space (Fig. 1.e).

Most often they are used as all kinds of fastenings of steep slopes from erosion and mechanical damage.

Thin wall structures.

By design features walls of this type are divided into corner (Fig. 2) and buttress (Fig.

Corner retaining walls are the simplest and most commonly used design. Actually, the wall is a vertical shelf of the corner, which perceives the horizontal pressure of the backfill soil.

The horizontal flange of the corner is turned towards the backfill and, under the weight of the backfill soil, ensures the overall stability of the wall. Corner walls are made of both monolithic and precast concrete. In the case of a prefabricated version, the foundation slab has a grooved part into which the vertical (front) slab is embedded.

The dimensions and shape of the groove allow you to install the foundation slab with an inclination (up to 7-9 degrees) towards the backfill, which increases the stability of the wall.

The selection of the section of the vertical slab of the corner wall is made on the basis of its calculation as a cantilever beam, pinched at the bottom and under the action of the horizontal pressure of the backfill soil, the temporary load on its surface and the dead weight of the wall.

The foundation slab is calculated as a cantilever beam loaded with the weight of 1 backfill soil and the reactive pressure (resistance) of the base soil. The width (overhang) of the foundation slab is determined from the condition of ensuring the stability of the wall against overturning and shearing along the sole.

Due to the fact that the ultimate shear resistance of soft clay soils is not high, the overhangs of the foundation slabs of the corner walls located on such foundations are, as a rule, very large (0.8-1.0 of the wall height).

To reduce this size, a wall construction with a foundation slab with an inclined cantilever is often used, the introduction of which significantly reduces the active soil pressure on the wall.

In general, corner walls with a smooth face vertical slab are usually economically feasible at heights of 5-8 m.

With a greater height, the pressure of the pound on the vertical part of the wall increases significantly, which leads to an increase in the size of the sections, the volume of reinforced concrete and, accordingly, to the high cost of the structure.

2 Monolithic retaining wall

Buttress retaining walls (Fig. 3).

Walls of this type, economically justified at heights greater than 8-10 m, usually consist of 3rd main elements: vertical slab, foundation slab and buttress.

The distance between the buttresses is assumed to be 2.5-3 m. The introduction of buttresses into the wall structure, connecting the front and foundation slabs, greatly facilitates the conditions for their static operation, since in the presence of buttresses, the foundation and front slabs work as continuous multi-span beams or as slabs , supported along the contour.

At the same time, the thickness of these wall elements is significantly reduced, which leads to a reduction in the volume of reinforced concrete and a reduction in the cost of the structure as a whole.

The buttresses work and are calculated as cantilevers with a tee section that varies along the height of the wall, loaded with horizontal and vertical loads transmitted from the front and foundation slabs.

Reinforcement of the buttress, as a rule, is carried out in three directions: in the horizontal and vertical direction - for reactive forces from the plates, and also in the oblique (along the rear face of the buttress) - for the bending moment.

Buttress walls can be made in both monolithic and prefabricated versions.

In the case of a prefabricated design, the rigidity of the connection of the wall elements is ensured by their embedding in specially arranged grooves.

Combined retaining walls may have different designs.

Combined walls with unloading platforms (Fig. 3.a) located on the wall from the backfill are widespread. Unloading platforms, horizontal or inclined, significantly reduce the backfill soil pressure, which leads to a decrease in both the transverse and overall dimensions of the wall.

Departure of unloading platforms with their constructive design in the form of a console usually take no more than 20-25% of the total height of the wall. If it is necessary to increase the overhang of the unloading platform, various support devices are used that reduce bending moments not only in the platform itself, but also in the front wall slab.

3 Types of combined retaining walls

a - with an unloading platform, b - with a screen, c - with a sail element.

Combined retaining walls also include structures with screening devices (Fig. 3.b) placed in the backfill directly behind the wall. Shielding devices (usually in the form of one or more rows of piles or sheet piles) lead to a decrease in backfill soil pressure on the wall and to an increase in its stability.

At the same time, a significant complication of the technology for the construction of such walls leads to the need for a feasibility study of the feasibility of their use in each specific case.

The desire to effectively use in construction high-strength and cheap artificial materials led to the creation of sail-type retaining walls (Fig. 3.c). The main structural elements of such combined walls are a flexible sail made of fiberglass or fiberglass, freestanding pile supports and horizontal anchor plate.

The sail, working under the action of the soil pressure of the backfill in tension, transfers only the axial compressive force to the piles, and only the shear force to the anchor plate.

The noted "separation" of the forces transmitted to the structural elements makes it possible in some cases to make the wall more economical than conventional structures. At the same time, the complication of the technology of work, as well as significant losses of usable space, limit the use of such structures.

Flexible retaining walls.

Bolver walls(Fig. 4.a) - these are the foundations of the structure, which are significantly buried in the ground, the strength of which is ensured by the resistance to bending, and the stability - by the resistance of the soil of the base to uplift.

The main elements of bolters are sheet piles or piles hammered into the ground of the base and thin-walled slabs covering the gap between the driving elements, forming the front face of the wall. Such structures are economically justified at heights up to 4-5 m.

4 Flexible retaining walls

a - bolted, b - anchor-bolted.

With a wall height of more than 5-7 m, in order to reduce the cross-section of the load-bearing driven elements, tensile rods that work well in tension are attached to the upper part of the wall, connecting these elements with special anchors placed in the backfill soil outside the collapse prism (Fig. 4).

These walls are called anchor bolter. Anchor rods can be located in one or more tiers along the height of the wall. They transfer the load from the backfill soil (perceived by the upper part of the wall) to the anchor devices and, as a rule, work only in tension, the rods are made of steel or reinforced concrete.

Anchor devices are beams, slabs or blocks buried in the ground.

Structurally interesting and, as a rule, economically justified in a wide range of heights (5-30 m) are fully anchored retaining walls of the type "reinforced soil".

Walls of this type (Fig.

5) consist of external cladding, flexible reinforcing elements connected to the cladding, and soil poured over the reinforcing elements to the entire height of the wall. The outer cladding can be made either from corrugated steel sheets (2-4 mm thick) or from flat reinforced concrete elements, 20-25 mm thick.

The economic efficiency of retaining walls made of reinforced soil increases as their height increases and, with an estimated height of 20–25 m, reaches 40–50% compared to conventional reinforced concrete walls.

5 Reinforced soil retaining wall

List of used literature

1. DSTU B A.2.4-4:2009. Main support for design and work documentation: –K. Ministry of Regional Bud of Ukraine, 2009. - 51 p.

5. DBN V.1.2-2:2006. Inject the vanity. Norm design. / Ministry of Bud of Ukraine. - K. 2006.

6. DBN V.2.6-158:2009. Constructions budіvel i sporud. Concrete and reinforced concrete structures made of important concrete.

Design rules. Minbud of Ukraine. -TO. 2010.

7. DBN V.2.6-160:2010. Constructions budіvel i sporud. Steel-concrete structures. Basic provisions. Minbud of Ukraine. -TO. 2010.

8. DBN V.2.6-161:2010. Constructions budіvel i sporud. Wooden structures. Basic provisions. Minbud of Ukraine. -TO. 2011.

9. DBN V.2.6-162:2010. Constructions budіvel i sporud. Kam'yanі and armokam'yanі designs.

Basic provisions. Minbud of Ukraine. -TO. 2011.

10. DBN V.2.6-163:2010. Constructions budіvel i sporud. Steel structures. Standards for design, preparation and installation. Minbud of Ukraine. -TO. 2011.

11. Advice of the designer. Typical concrete structures of houses and sporudzhen for industrial life. M.: Stroyizdat, 1981.- 378 p.

Mandrykov A.P. Apply a rozrahunka of concrete structures. M.: Stroyizdat, 1989. - 506 p.

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After creating the dimensions of the retaining wall consoles and clicking on the Next > button, the Retaining wall - Reinforcement dialog box appears on the screen.

The options for creating retaining wall reinforcement are on two tabs in the dialog box.

The first tab is shown in the figure above. The main reinforcement of a retaining wall can be created using:

reinforcing bars;
reinforcing bars and wire meshes.

The following vertical reinforcement parameters can be created in the upper part of the dialog box:

After finishing defining the parameters of the main reinforcement of the retaining wall and clicking on the Next > button, the dialog box shown below appears on the screen. This is the second tab used to create the reinforcement of the retaining wall.

The following options can be defined at the bottom of the dialog box:

The units of measure used when creating the geometry and reinforcement of the reinforced concrete pile are configured in the Job Preferences dialog box.

At the bottom of the dialog box there are pick lists that allow you to define the hierarchy of created projects and templates; the following rules apply:

in the hierarchy, the project is the highest component to the group;
Several different groups can be created in a project;
each group can include many templates.

This hierarchy makes it easier to manage the structural elements included in the project. It is also easier to copy a project between two users (computers used by users) - just copy the entire folder with the project name for the entire project hierarchy with all groups and templates.

The user can define an arbitrary hierarchy. As an example, the following hierarchy can be used:

Project - Structures;
Group - Foundations;
Template - Retaining wall 01.

The Templates list includes user-created templates (schemes) of retaining walls and their reinforcement.

After determining the geometric characteristics of the retaining wall and its reinforcement, you can save these parameters by specifying a name in the Template field and clicking the Save button ( Note: the template is saved in the selected group and the selected project). In the future, when creating a retaining wall reinforcement after selecting the name of the saved template (in the selected group and selected project); all parameters in the dialog box will be exactly the same as they were saved in the template.

Clicking the Load button opens the template saved in the selected project and selected group. Below is the Delete button. If you click on it, the selected template in the selected project and selected group will be deleted.

Saved templates are available in structural member formwork macros and can be loaded with the corresponding reinforcement macros.

As soon as the template is loaded, on the Geometry tab, the program will configure the geometry parameters of the structural element saved in the template.

The following buttons are located at the bottom of the dialog box.

Preview - you can preview the retaining wall and its reinforcement;
Back< / Далее >– opens the previous / next tab;
Insert - the created retaining wall and its reinforcement are inserted into the drawing.
You must specify the position number of the reinforcement and the location of the created element in the drawing. Along with the retaining wall drawing, the program also inserts a rebar schedule according to the settings in the Job Preferences dialog box.

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

"Ufa State Oil Technical University"

Department of "Building structures"

on the topic of: ".

Construction technology. Features of operation»

discipline: "Special sections of technical mechanics"

Introduction

Modern types of retaining walls

Gabions are box-shaped

Gabions with diaphragms

Mattress gabions

Cylindrical gabions

Retaining walls made of textile-reinforced soil

Geogrid

Retaining walls made of recycled car tires

Retaining walls made of metal mesh

Terramesh system

System "Green Terramesh"

McWall system

Conclusion

Introduction

Often sites are located on slopes, slopes of ravines, on the banks of rivers.

Often after construction works an artificial relief is formed on the site. The layout of such a garden will require the installation of horizontal surfaces for planting, but the complete leveling of the surface is impractical, therefore, the terracing method is used. Terracing a site is the formation of horizontal ledges (terraces) reinforced with retaining walls. Such a design solution will help protect the land from soil erosion, and retaining walls will prevent soil erosion.

Retaining walls perform both practical and decorative functions.

On a site with a slope or difficult terrain, they allow for terracing, on a flat surface, low retaining walls can highlight part of a raised garden. This will give the site a peculiar relief and volume and make it visually more interesting. The choice of material, configuration and dimensions of the retaining wall depend on the concept of the garden.

Any retaining wall consists of the following parts:

The foundation is the part of the wall that is underground and takes on the main load from the ground pressure.

The body is the vertical part of the structure (the wall itself).

Drainage - a drainage system necessary to enhance the strength of the wall.

<#»justify»>Modern types of retaining walls

A gabion is a gravitational (providing stability on the ground due to its own mass) structure, which is a spatial rectangular or cylindrical shape, consisting of a strong metal mesh filled with natural stone.

The main types of gabion structures include:

box gabion;

gabion with diaphragms;

mattress gabion;

cylindrical gabions (bags).

Note: In all types of gabions, a double twist mesh with a diameter of 2.7 and 3 mm with a zinc or galfan coating, filled with natural stone (crushed stone, pebbles, cobblestones, etc.) is used. The grid consists of hexagonal cells 10x12, 8x10, 6x8 or 5x7 cm.

In aggressive environments, a polymer (PVC) mesh coating is additionally used. The double torsion of the wire mesh ensures integrity, strength and even distribution of loads, prevents the wire from untwisting in the event of a mesh break. Wire for gabions, as well as a mesh made of it, must comply with GOST R 51285-99 "Twisted wire meshes with hexagonal cells for gabion structures"

Gabions are widely used for arranging areas of private suburban development - the construction of retaining walls, strengthening the banks of reservoirs, watercourses and other works on engineering protection and landscaping of territories

Gabions are box-shaped

Gabion is a rectangular spatial box-shaped structure, consisting of a metal mesh filled with natural stone (crushed stone, pebbles, cobblestones, etc.).

Box gabion block.

Gabions (blocks) are tied together with wire, resulting in a flexible retaining wall. Such a wall compares favorably with analogues made of concrete, reinforced concrete and allows you to rationally solve a number of engineering and landscape problems:

no special base and foundation required;

erected quickly and at any time of the year;

drainage is carried out due to the porosity of the block, the structure freely passes water through itself;

the ability to absorb sudden and localized loads caused by heavy precipitation or soil deflection due to the flexibility of the entire structure.

In this case, the destruction of the gabion structure itself does not occur;

an increase in the efficiency of gabion structures over time, since the voids of gabions are filled with soil in which vegetation grows, fastening the stone backfill with the root system;

easy to mount in hard-to-reach places for construction equipment;

useful planting areas are preserved;

gabion structures do not interfere with the growth of vegetation and merge with the environment.

Over time, they are natural green blocks that beautify the landscape.

Installation of gabions is carried out in the sequence of works:

installation of a metal mesh container on a prepared base (a simple horizontal leveling of the surface is sufficient);

a bunch of gabions among themselves with a knitting galvanized wire;

laying stone, such as flagstone, neatly along the front of the container.

Backfilling the rest of the volume with crushed stone, pebbles, cobblestones, etc. (up to 90% of the total volume).

Note: Over time, the free volume is filled with soil particles and the gabion structure is completely consolidated, after which it acquires maximum stability and can serve indefinitely.

installation of containers, like a wall of cubes, to the required height and length of the wall.

Containers are fastened together with galvanized wire. Filling them with stone;

the final bundle with wire of all the constituent elements of the structure.

Note: C inside gabion (on the side of backfill soil) a geotextile filter (thermally bonded geotextile) can be installed, instead of traditional sand and gravel filters.

Material - galvanized wire 2.7/3.0mm or PVC-coated wire 3.7/4.4mm.

Gabions with diaphragms

Gabions with diaphragms differ from box gabions in geometric dimensions.

They are flat grid structures in the form of a parallelepiped 0.5 m high and with a large base surface area. The internal volume is divided into sections (1 m in length) using mesh diaphragms.

Gabions are used in the base of retaining walls made of box-shaped gabions, as well as in landscaping.

At the same time, they perform the functions of a protective apron that protects the base of the structure from erosion.

Mattress gabions

Mattresses are rectangular structures of large area and low height, usually from 17 to 50 cm.

Mattresses (mattresses) got their name because of the small ratio of height to length and width.

For strength, mattresses of great length are also divided internally by transverse diaphragms (every 1 m) to ensure the rigidity of the mesh structure.

Filled with stones, forming a monolithic structure.

Mattresses are used as a base for retaining walls made of box-shaped gabions, protect the base of the structure from erosion, protect and stabilize the soil from erosion.

Mattress gabions.

Cylindrical gabions (bags)

Cylindrical structures made of metal mesh filled with natural stone.

For strength, boxes of great length are divided inside by transverse diaphragms. Cylindrical gabions are indispensable in the construction of retaining walls near water bodies as underwater foundations.

Dimensions of cylindrical gabions.

Wire diameter 2.7-3.0mm

Cylindrical gabion

Retaining walls made of soil reinforced with geotextiles

A technology for erecting a retaining wall from soil reinforced with synthetic materials has been developed and is being applied. Geotextile sheets are used for external cladding and wall reinforcement. The wall erection technology consists in the following sequence of works:

for the construction of the wall layer, a formwork is installed from steel corner elements and wooden racks with a height exceeding the thickness of the soil layer.

The pitch of the formwork elements is 1.5 m;

after the formwork is installed on top of it and the lower compacted soil layer, geotextile panels are laid with a length determined by the calculation;

the free outer edge of the geotextile is thrown over the formwork to the outside. Then a layer of bulk soil is laid (approximately 1.2 m along the width of the wall) and carefully compacted;

the free edge of the geotextile is turned away and laid on top of the compacted soil.

Then the rest of the soil layer is poured and compacted. The laying of the next layer is carried out with a slope of 2% along the width of the structure to ensure its stability;

then the formwork is removed and transferred to the top of the laid layer. The main purpose of the formwork is to ensure dense filling of the corners of the outer lining with soil during compaction.

To protect polypropylene-based geotextile exterior cladding from UV rays, it can be coated with a layer of shotcrete, bituminous coating or veneered with wood, covered with soil with outdoor landscaping.

The physical and mechanical characteristics of the geotextile must correspond to the loads acting on the wall.

The range of geotextile brands is quite wide, both domestically produced and imported.

Retaining walls built using this technology have the necessary strength, are economical in construction and are quite durable. Retaining walls built from soil reinforced with geogrids in combination with geotextiles have proven themselves well in operation.

Such walls are maximally adapted to uneven precipitation, compensate for temperature and shrinkage stresses.

Geogrid

Geogrid is a reinforcing geotechnical material. It is a set of sheet strips with a thickness of 1.35 mm to 1.8 mm and a height of 50 to 200 mm. Sheet strips are connected by seams to each other to the full depth, forming cells of the geogrid.

The depth and dimensions of the cells are selected depending on the design load criteria and the structure of the filler materials.

In expanded form, the geogrid forms a cellular structure, which is filled with mineral filler. Geogrid sections have high physical and mechanical characteristics and withstand the temperature conditions of all climatic zones.

Sections of geogrids are made from durable, and at the same time, flexible polyethylene tapes, which allows you to build retaining walls of various configurations, in areas with any terrain.

The steepness of the slope to be strengthened is not limited and may be vertical.

Retaining wall calculation

The retaining wall is a multilayer tiered structure with geogrids one above the other. In this case, the geogrids are laid with a horizontal shift relative to each other or without a shift. Geogrids are filled with sandy soil with the addition of stone materials and covered with geotextile panels.

To fill the cells of the geogrid, it is possible to use local soils, taking into account that the backfill material must have good drainage properties.

Extreme, free cells (when the tiers are shifted), are filled with plant soil, followed by sowing grass seeds.

Sprouted grass will additionally strengthen the surface of the retaining wall and decorate the overall landscape.

The main advantages of such retaining walls:

increasing (or ensuring) the reliability and durability of the structure;

reduction of material consumption;

reduction in the cost of structures;

improving manufacturability, quality of work

Geogrid installation technology for almost all types of soil stabilization (cones and slopes of subgrade and associated soil structures) includes the following operations:

preparation of an inclined or vertical surface by its planning, compaction or installation;

device additional elements in the form of laying geotextiles;

layout of geogrid sections and their joining together with brackets using a stapler;

fixing the geogrid to the ground with metal or plastic anchors to ensure longitudinal and transverse stability;

filling volumetric cells with various materials (soil, crushed stone).

Seeding of vegetation in cells (with horizontal shift), for example, by hydroseeding.

Installation of geogrids does not require high qualifications and is done manually.

Retaining walls from used car tires

The practice includes a new technology for the construction of retaining walls from used car tires. At the same time, the retaining walls are strong enough to keep large masses of soil from sliding down the slope. The cost of such walls compared to traditional methods significantly lower, construction time is reduced.

An analysis of the effectiveness of a retaining wall made of worn tires showed their cost-effectiveness: 10 times cheaper and 9 times less labor-intensive than a wall made of reinforced soil and one third cheaper than traditional concrete retaining walls.

In the construction of such retaining walls, options are used:

The coating is assembled from automobile tires arranged in steps along the slope and planted on vertically installed piles.

Tires are attached to piles as follows. The lower tires mounted on the piles with one edge of the inner diameter from the side of the slope abut against the piles, and the tires of the upper rows with their opposite edge of the inner diameter are attached to the piles with the help of flexible clamps. The intermediate tires are loosely mounted on piles, fastened together, and connected to the upper and lower tires by means of a filler (cobblestone) located in their cavities.

As fastening materials (clamps) for bus modules, fasteners are used in the form of strips made of a conveyor belt fastened with bolts.

Columns are formed from one, two or more rows of tires.

For stability, anchor piles are driven in the center of the columns. The tires are then filled (with tamping) with local soil. In the rows, the tires are fastened with clamps.

Perform a wall of tires with one cut-out side wall. Soil is rammed into the bottom row (up to the top). A strong sheet material is laid on this row to prevent spillage of soil from a row of tires located above. Subsequent rows of tires are laid in the form brickwork(in a bandage).

Their cavities are also filled with soil. Anchor piles (pins) are driven from the outer side of the wall to stop the bottom row and prevent horizontal displacement of the wall.

Tires are attached to each other both in a row and between rows using plastic wire or propylene ropes.

The heavier the filling soil, the more stable the retaining wall.

The frequency (step) of fastening the tires to each other is determined depending on the geometric parameters of the retaining wall.

Retaining walls made of metal mesh

A simplified design of retaining walls made of metal mesh has been developed and is being applied.

The retaining wall itself is a recessed into the ground metal pipes with an inclination towards the slope, to which a high-strength metal mesh with an anti-corrosion coating is attached using a metal wire.

Between the mesh and the retained soil, gravel is poured, with a fractionation greater than the cell size.

The design of such a wall is clearly visible in the above photos.

Retaining wall construction technologies

retaining wall gabion structure

The first stage in the construction of a retaining wall is digging a foundation pit.

In dry soils, a strip foundation is arranged, in marshy soils, a pile foundation. The thickness of the foundation should be 150-200 mm greater than the thickness of the masonry of the wall body. The foundation is laid on a cushion of well-compacted crushed stone of small fractions, separated from the parent soil by a layer of geotechnical textiles. The thickness of the cushion must be at least 50mm. The entire foundation is laid 150mm below ground level.

Regardless of the material of manufacture, the construction of the retaining wall ends with the installation of a drainage system from the side of the supported soil.

The system is built from layers of geotechnical textiles and coarse sand or fine gravel in between. The thickness of the gravel layer is 70-100mm. The drainage layer is laid out in parallel with the construction of the embankment.

The soil at the base of the retaining walls is reinforced with either a layer of turf or geogrids.

Such a well-built retaining wall will serve reliably and for a long time.

Terramesh system

retaining walls<#»171″ src=»doc_zip10.jpg» />

The double torsion of the grid, which is the starting material, guarantees uniform distribution of loads, integrity, strength, as well as prevention of untwisting in the event of a local rupture of the grid.

Gabions such as the Terramesh System are eco-friendly modular soil reinforcement systems used for slope strengthening<#»justify»>Green Terramesh system

Gabion system Green Terramesh is a modular design for soil reinforcement<#»208″ src=»doc_zip12.jpg» /> <#»195″ src=»doc_zip13.jpg» /> <#»234″ src=»doc_zip14.jpg» /> <#»164″ src=»doc_zip15.jpg» /> <#»164″ src=»doc_zip16.jpg» /> <#»164″ src=»doc_zip17.jpg» /> <#»164″ src=»doc_zip18.jpg» /> <#»justify»>Conclusion

Retaining walls solve an important problem in areas with uneven surfaces.

When developing landscaping projects, the terracing method is often used, since many areas have a complex uneven terrain. The construction of retaining walls helps to solve this problem, the main task of which is to keep the soil from sliding from the top of the terrace to the bottom. In addition, retaining walls give the site its own unique view and grooming.

By design, retaining walls can be completely different and depend most of all on the height of the terrace. With a small height of retaining walls, you can do without a foundation device.

The material for the construction of retaining walls can be not only concrete or a natural stone, but also many other materials such as wood, brick and others. Retaining walls made of natural stone, brick or wood, as a rule, do not exceed one meter in height.

When landscape planning, the use of retaining walls is almost mandatory, because this multifunctional element helps to prevent landslides, which are not uncommon near lakes and rivers, and sometimes even ponds.

If the site is adjacent to a ravine, retaining walls make it possible to reliably strengthen the slopes, saving the owner of the site from many troubles.

In addition to their direct purpose - to prevent soil from sliding - retaining walls help in matters rational use garden area, contribute to the creation of favorable conditions for the growth of trees and shrubs.

Bibliography

Budin A.Ya. Thin retaining walls. L.: Stroyizdat, 1974. 191 p.

Korchagin E.A. Optimization of retaining wall structures. Moscow: Stroyizdat. 1980.116 p.

Klein G.K. Calculation of retaining walls. M.: Higher school, 1964. 196 p.

Design Guide for Retaining Walls and Basement Walls for Industrial and Civil Engineering.

Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1984.115 p.

Handbook of the designer of engineering structures. Kyiv: Budivelnik, 1988. 352 p.

Saglo V.V., Sviridov V.V.

Experience in the construction of retaining walls on the SKZhd // Tez. report 2nd International scientific and technical conf. " Actual problems railway development transport". In 2 volumes. Volume 1. Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation. MSU PS. M., 1996. p. 75.

Sviridov V.V. Slope stability. Part 1. Soil slopes: Tutorial. RGUPS. Rostov n/D, 1994. 26 p.

Sviridov V.V. Slope stability. Part 2. Rock slopes: Study guide. RGU PS. Rostov n/D, 1995. 39 p.

Sviridov V.V. Reliability of foundations and foundations (mathematical approach): Textbook.

RGUPS. Rostov n/D, 1995. 48 p.

Sviridov V.V. Ensuring the reliability of retaining walls. Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific and Technical Conference. Part 1. Fundamental and applied research "Transport - 2000". Ekaterinburg. 2000. p. 313 - 314.

Tags: Modern types of retaining walls. Construction technology. Features of operation Abstract Construction

Reference manual for snip 2.09 03 85. Design of retaining walls. Project documentation. How to order a fastening wall from long piles in our company

Retaining wall design

Acting loads on retaining walls

Retaining wall stability

Retaining wall construction

brick retaining wall

Stone retaining wall

Retaining walls made of concrete

wooden retaining wall

Gabion retaining wall

Retaining wall calculation

Drainage system for retaining wall

Material Requirements

Popular building materials for retaining walls

Designing retaining walls and basement walls: ways to increase their strength

Chapter 7. CALCULATION AND DESIGN OF RETAINING WALLS

7.1. TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS

Retaining walls: calculation and classification

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Work experience - more than 10 years.

Retaining Wall Calculation

Calculation of fixing walls

Wall fastening technology

Frame reinforcement

Additional services

We install drilling, drilling, injection, drilling and drilling pilots

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Benefits of fastening walls from long pilots

How to order a fastening wall from long piles in our company?

Design features of retaining walls

7.3.3. Calculation of the bases of retaining walls by deformations

Retaining wall calculation

Do you need a wall to keep boring pilots out?
Please! Calculate and install!