What boards are needed for overlapping between floors. Independent arrangement of wooden floors on the second floor. Connection of beams in length

In this article, we will consider the main types of floors and the materials from which these floors are constructed. So what are overlays? Ceilings are a structure that separates adjacent rooms in height, that is, it forms floors and separates them from attics and basements.

Basic requirements for floors

Ceilings must have sufficient strength to withstand the load both from its own weight and useful (furniture, equipment, people in the room, etc.).The value of the payload per 1 m2 of flooring is set depending on the purpose of the room and the nature of its equipment. For attic floors, the payload should be no more than 105 kg / m2, and for basement and interfloor floors - 210 kg / m2.
The ceiling must be rigid, that is, under the action of loads, it must not deflect (permissible value from 1/200 for attic floors to 1/250 of the span for interfloor floors).
When installing the ceiling, a sufficient degree of its sound insulation should be provided, the value of which is established by the norms or special recommendations for the design of buildings for one purpose or another. To do this, it is necessary to carefully close the gaps at the joints of the material, in order to avoid the passage of sound from neighboring rooms located above or below.
Ceilings separating rooms with a temperature difference of 10 Gdadus (for example, separating cold cellar from the first floor or attic from the first floor) must meet the requirements of thermal protection, that is, it is necessary to increase the thermal insulation layer.
No floor structure, especially wood, can withstand prolonged exposure to fire, but each material has its own fire resistance value. Fire resistance limit of reinforced concrete floors - 60 min; wooden floors with backfill and lower plastered surface - 45 min; wooden floors protected with plaster, about 15 minutes; there are even fewer wooden floors not protected by fireproof materials.

Types of floors at home

interfloor (separating residential floors, including the attic),
basement (separating the basement from the residential floor),
basement (separating the residential floor from the cold underground),
attic (separating the residential floor from the unheated attic).

According to its constructive solution, the bearing part of the floors can be divided into:

beam, standing from the bearing part (beams) and filling;
beamless, made of homogeneous elements (flooring slabs or flooring panels).

Types of floors for the house

Beam ceilings

In beam ceilings, the supporting base is made up of beams located at the same distance from each other, on which fill elements are laid that perform enclosing functions. Beams can be wooden, reinforced concrete or metal.

Ceilings from wooden beams

In private housing construction, wooden beam ceilings are most popular, usually used in wooden and frame houses.

For wooden beams there is a limitation on the width of the span (room). They can be used for:

interfloor ceilings - with a span width of 5 meters;
for attic floors (with an unused attic room) with a span width of up to 6 meters. Metal beams can be used for any span width.

Wooden flooring is made of wooden beams of coniferous and hardwood. On the upper side of the beams, a flooring is made, which at the same time is the floor. The design of the beam ceiling consists of the beams themselves, the roll, the floor and the insulation.

With a rectangular plan of the house, it is advisable to block the span in the direction along the short wall.

Scheme of laying floor slabs along a short wall

So that the beams do not bend under the weight of the floor, they must be laid at a certain distance (see table). The cross section of the beam is determined based on the load attributable to it.

For example: You need to build a ceiling with a size of 3.0 * 4.0 m. Wooden beams (section 6x20) are laid along a wall equal to 3.0 meters. If the floor is interfloor, the beams are laid at a distance of 1.25 m from each other, if the attic floor is 1.85 m. loads.

The thickness of the floor boards also affects the distance between the beams. If they are 28 mm thick or less, the distance between the beams should not exceed 50 cm.

Advantages of a wooden floor:

The main advantage is that the wooden floor is quickly and easily mounted in any (even difficult) place, without the use of any special tools, that is, you can do without a crane and other equipment. Wood flooring is light and relatively inexpensive.

Disadvantages of wood flooring:

The main disadvantage of wooden floors is the increased flammability, sometimes the possibility of decay and infection with bark beetle.

Technology of installation of wooden floors:

Beam installation: Before installing the beam, it must be treated with an antiseptic solution. If the beams are supported by stone or concrete wall, then its ends must be wrapped with two layers of roofing material. The beam is brought into the nest prepared during the construction of the wall. When inserted into the nest, the beam should not reach the back wall by 2-3 cm. The end of the beam is made bevelled.

Beam installation scheme

(1 - beam, 2 - roofing material, 3 - insulation, 4 - solution).

The free space remaining in the nest is filled with insulation, you can fill it with mounting foam.

Roll setting: Bars (section 4x4 or 5x5), which are called cranial, are nailed to the side faces of the beams.

Scheme of rolling wooden shields

(1 - wooden beam, 2 - cranial bar, 3 - roll-up shield, 4 - vapor barrier, 5 - insulation, 6 - clean floor finish, 7 - ceiling finish).

These bars are attached to the reel of wooden shields. The reel is made from boards from longitudinal boards or boards from transverse boards. The reel plates must be tightly pressed against each other. They are attached to the cranial bar with self-tapping screws. The roll serves as a preparation for attaching a "clean" ceiling.

Insulation pad: An integral part of the wooden beam ceiling is insulation, which in the interfloor ceiling performs, first of all, the role of sound insulation, and in the attic floor also the function of thermal insulation. First of all, you need to decide what material to use. Mineral wool, foam plastic, slag, perlite, expanded clay, as well as dry sand, sawdust, shavings, straw, tree foliage can serve as a material for insulation. Mineral wool - the material is light, easy to use, unlike polystyrene "breathes", has sufficient heat and sound insulation, in general, in most cases, wool is suitable for warming interfloor and attic floors. Expanded clay (fraction 5-10 mm) - the material is heavier mineral wool, which makes the structure heavier (the weight of 1 m2 of expanded clay is from 270-360 kg).

After fixing the roll, a layer of thermal insulation is placed on top of it. First, a layer of roofing paper, glassine or vapor barrier film is laid between the beams, bending it about 5 cm onto the beams and proceed to thermal insulation. The thickness of any insulation, for interfloor overlapping should be at least 100 mm, and for attic floor, that is, between a cold and a heated room - 200-250 mm.

Cost and consumption of materials: Timber consumption for traditional wooden floors is approximately 0.1 m3 per 1 m2 of floor at a depth of 400 cm. And the cost of the boards will cost you about $ 200 per cubic meter. Costs per 1 square meter of flooring wooden beams$70 and up.

Ceilings on metal beams

Compared to wooden ones, they are quite reliable and more durable, and also have a smaller thickness (save space), but such floors are rarely erected. To fill the openings between the beams, you can use lightweight concrete inserts, lightweight reinforced concrete slabs, wooden shields or wooden deck. The mass of 1 m2 of such an overlap often exceeds 400 kg.

Advantages:

A metal beam can cover large spans (4-6 meters or more).

The metal beam is non-combustible and resistant to biological influences (rot, etc.).

But overlappings on metal beams are not without drawbacks:

in places of high humidity, corrosion forms on the metal.

In addition, such ceilings have reduced heat and sound insulation qualities. To mitigate this shortcoming, the ends of the metal beams are wrapped with felt. In such ceilings, the supporting element is a rolled profile: I-beam, channel, corners.

Rolled profile

Prefabricated reinforced concrete hollow slabs 9 cm thick are laid between the beams. A layer of slag and reinforced concrete screed 8-10 cm thick is applied over the reinforced concrete slabs. Steel consumption is high - 25-30 kg / m2, depending on the steel grade from which the beams are made.

Scheme of the design of a precast concrete floor slab on metal beams

1 - "clean" floor; 2 - boardwalk; 3 - beam; 4 - prefabricated reinforced concrete slab; 5 - waterproofing; 6 - plaster mesh; 7 - plaster.

Material cost: The price of a steel profile is from 7 to 18 dollars per linear meter. The cost of lightweight reinforced concrete slabs - from $ 110 per piece. For 1 square meter of flooring on metal beams, you will spend from $ 100 and more.

Ceilings from reinforced concrete beams

Arranged on spans from 3 m to 7.5 meters. The work is complicated by the need to use lifting equipment. The weight of such beams is 175 - 400 kg.

Advantages:

With the help of reinforced concrete beams, it is possible to cover larger spans than with the use of wooden ones.

Flaws:

For installation of ceilings on reinforced concrete beams, it is necessary to use lifting equipment.

Installation: Reinforced concrete beams are laid at a distance of 600-1000 mm. The filling of the inter-beam space is arranged in the form of lightweight concrete slabs or hollow lightweight concrete blocks (with plank or parquet floors, slabs are used, and with linoleum or parquet floors, concrete base- hollow blocks).

Scheme of the design of a floor slab from a lightweight concrete slab on reinforced concrete beams

(1 - reinforced concrete beam, 2 - light concrete slab, 3 - cement strainer and substrate, 4 - parquet, laminate)

Scheme of the design of a floor slab from hollow blocks on reinforced concrete beams

(1 - reinforced concrete beam, 2 - hollow blocks, 3 - cement screed, 4 - linoleum)

The seams between the beams and slabs are filled with cement mortar and rubbed. Attic floors must be insulated, interfloor soundproofing, basement floors are also insulated.

Floor slabs from hollow blocks on reinforced concrete beams

Cost: For one linear meter of a beam, you will have to pay from $ 25. The price for one lightweight concrete block is from $1.5. As a result, you will spend from 65 dollars per 1 square meter of reinforced concrete beams.

Beamless floors

They are homogeneous elements (slabs or panels) laid close to each other or a solid monolithic slab, which simultaneously serve as load-bearing and enclosing structures. Depending on the implementation technology, beamless ceilings can be prefabricated, monolithic or precast-monolithic.

Precast concrete floors

The most popular, especially in brick houses. For the installation of reinforced concrete floors, two types of panels are used: solid (they are produced mainly from lightweight concrete) and multi-hollow. The latter have round holes, a kind of "stiffening ribs". Panels are selected depending on the width of the overlapped span and bearing capacity.

Advantages:

Reinforced concrete slabs have high strength and are designed for a payload of over 200 kg/m2.

Unlike wood, concrete is not afraid of moisture and does not require any maintenance.

Flaws:

When installing the ceiling of reinforced concrete slabs, lifting equipment is required.

Buy ready-made boards right size not always possible, as they are made in standard sizes at the factory.

Beamless floor scheme for the house

Installation: Floor slabs are laid on a layer cement mortar grade 100. The support of the plates on the walls (wall more than 250 mm thick) must be at least 100 mm. The seams between the slabs must be cleaned of debris and carefully filled with cement mortar.

Approximate cost of the material: The cost of one floor slab is from $110. For 1 square meter of reinforced concrete slabs, you will spend at least 35-40 dollars.

Monolithic reinforced concrete floors

They can be of various shapes. Monolithic reinforced concrete floors are a solid monolithic slab 8-12 cm thick made of concrete grade 200, based on load-bearing walls. Weight per square meter monolithic floor 200 mm thick is 480-500 kg.

Photo of reinforcement of a monolithic reinforced concrete floor

Installation of monolithic ceilings is carried out in four stages:

Installation of steel load-bearing beams in prepared places;
Installation of suspended wooden formwork from unedged boards (suspended from steel beams);

Hanging wooden formwork from unedged boards

At laying reinforcement (diameter 6-12 mm);
Concreting of the floor slab with M200 concrete.

Advantages of a monolith:

Lack of expensive loading and unloading operations and more high quality concrete surface that does not require grouting, as well as the possibility of implementing complex architectural and planning solutions.

The disadvantages of monolithic floors include the need to install wooden formwork over almost the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe future floor. However, this does not mean that the formwork must be set all at once. Overlapping can be done in separate spans, transferring the formwork as the concrete sets.

Installation: Before proceeding with the installation of the ceiling, it is necessary to build a formwork (it is bought ready-made or rented), which consists of telescopic racks, tripods, uniforks, beams, flooring and plywood. Formwork made of wooden and aluminum beams allows for the formwork of ceilings of any configuration - rectangular, cantilevered and even round. Top wooden part beams are superimposed with plywood sheets, forming a formwork for pouring concrete. Next, install and fasten the reinforcing cage. The ends of steel rods 60-80 cm long are bent and tied with wire with reinforcement. Then, over the entire floor area, concreting is carried out to a height of 10-30 cm. Complete adhesion of concrete occurs after 28 days.

Formwork for a monolithic floor slab made of wooden flooring and plywood

Installation of a reinforcing cage in the formwork for the installation of a monolithic reinforced concrete slab

Approximate material cost: The cost of slab formwork, with wooden and aluminum beams, is from $40. The approximate consumption of reinforcement per floor is 75-100 kg / m3 of concrete. The cost of 1 ton of rebar is $650. The cost of 1 cubic meter of finished concrete is from $130. As a result, the price for 1 square meter of a monolithic floor will cost you from $ 45 and more (excluding the cost of formwork).

Prefabricated monolithic ceiling

More modern solution on the device of overlappings. The bottom line is that the space between the floor beams is filled hollow blocks, after which the entire structure is poured on top with a layer of concrete.

Prefabricated monolithic ceiling for the house

Advantages:

Mounting without application lifting mechanisms, improvement of heat-insulating properties, the possibility of arranging complex-shaped ceilings, reducing construction time.

Flaws:

The disadvantages include that the prefabricated monolithic structure has a laborious (manual) laying process, which is not advisable when building a house of 2-3 floors.

Installation: During installation, the beams of the prefabricated monolithic floor are laid on the walls with a step of 600 mm. Weight running meter beams do not exceed 19 kg. This allows, in most cases, the installation of beams without the use of a crane. Hollow blocks are manually laid on the beams. Weight expanded clay concrete block- 14 kg, polystyrene concrete - 5.5 kg. As a result, the own weight of one square meter of the original floor structures is 140 kg for expanded clay concrete blocks and 80 kg for polystyrene concrete blocks.

The floor structure prepared in this way performs the function fixed formwork, on which a layer of monolithic concrete of class B15 (M200) is laid.

Before pouring concrete, it is necessary to reinforce the structure with a reinforcing mesh with cells measuring 100x100 mm from wire with a diameter of 5-6 mm.

The weight of one square meter of finished flooring is 370-390 kg for expanded clay concrete blocks and 290-300 kg for polystyrene concrete blocks.

Expanded clay concrete block for prefabricated monolithic floor

Approximate cost: The cost of prefabricated-monolithic floor structures (beams and blocks) will cost you 40-50 dollars / m2. The cost of structures of the finished floor (beams + blocks + mesh + concrete) - 70-75 dollars / m2.

Heat and sound insulation of floors:

The thermal protection of the ceiling must be such that the temperature on the floor surface is close to the temperature of the indoor air and does not fall below it by more than 2 ° C. To avoid dampness between heated and unheated rooms, to protect the insulation layer from moisture, a layer of glassine should be placed above the thermal insulation.

Scheme of laying heat and sound insulating materials in the ceiling

(1 - wooden beam, 2 - cranial block, 3 - rolling, 4 - insulation layer, 5 - vapor barrier film or glassine, 6 - boards)

In addition to good thermal protection, ceilings must also provide sufficient sound insulation of the premises. In accordance with current regulations (RF data), the insulation index Rw must be equal to or greater than 49 dB.

For hollow core reinforced concrete slabs with a thickness of 220 mm, the insulation index is Rw = 52 dB.

For wooden floors (insulation layer 280 mm + one layer of drywall 12 mm), the sound insulation index is 47 dB.

Now a little about heaters. Ready-made mineral wool slabs proved to be good as thermal insulation. In addition to the well-known insulation with ready-made mineral wool slabs, there are alternative options that are performed on site. For example: It is possible to pour slag or ordinary sawdust. By the way, they are 4 times lighter than slag and at the same time provide 3 times better thermal insulation with the same layer thickness. So, at a winter temperature of -20 ° C, the backfill from slag should be 16 cm thick, shavings - 7, and from sawdust - only 5 cm.

Sawdust concrete slabs for the same purpose can be made independently. To do this, you can take 1 volume part of sawdust, 1.5 parts of lime mortar or 4 parts of clay, 0.3 parts of cement and 2 to 2.5 parts of water. The finished slabs are dried in the shade, laid on a roofing material, the seams are sealed with clay or lime mortar. Square meter such a plate weighs about 5-6 kg with a thickness of 10 cm.

What flooring to choose for your home. It all depends on the type of house, as well as on the installation technology and the price of this floor. As a conclusion to this article, I will give a table in which you can compare different types overlays and choose the most suitable for yourself.

Attention: In this article the prices are presented for the period of 2008. Be careful!

In private low-rise construction, when constructing interfloor floors, massive reinforced concrete slabs are rarely used, preferring structures based on wooden beams. The advantage of such load-bearing structures is the relative simplicity of their construction, light weight and sufficient strength. Next, you will find out what material is needed to create the floor, and how the installation of the structure is carried out in practice.

The scheme of the interfloor partition - from the base to the finish

The basis of the floors constructed in private houses are based on. The following types of lumber can be used as them:

timber (massive, glued);
rounded (calibrated) log;
boards sewn together with nails, bolts or screws.

The lumber listed must be made from softwood, such as larch or pine. Spruce lumber is less durable due to great content branches, therefore they are used as beams of small length. Beams and hardwood logs are not used as the basis of floors, having low bending strength. The use of such a material will inevitably lead to deformation of the structure under the influence of a vertical load.

To create a continuous draft surface, the beams are sheathed on both sides with a board or slabs (OSB, plywood). From the side of the lower floor, the ceiling is further formed ( plastic panels, drywall, wooden lining) On the second floor. The floors of the second floor on wooden beams can be laid directly on the slabs, boards that sheathe the load-bearing elements of the floors, or on additionally installed logs.

The beams are mounted with a certain step, which causes the presence of voids between the floor cladding. This feature is used to lay materials with soundproofing and heat-saving properties into the empty space. If wooden floors separate living quarters, their thermal insulation is not necessary - noise isolation is more relevant in this case. When the interfloor partition divides the heated space with a non-residential attic, the task of reliable insulation of the floor is in the foreground.

The most reliable soundproofing material is low density mineral wool. To create a heat-insulating barrier, polymeric heaters (polystyrene, extruded polystyrene, polyurethane foam) or the same basalt wool are often used. When used as a heater or soundproofing material mineral (basalt) wool, a vapor barrier is necessarily arranged from the side of the lower room and waterproofing from above.

We calculate beams - section, step, length

In order for the wooden floor between floors to be reliable, safe in operation and withstand the expected loads on its surface, it is necessary to correctly calculate what section of the beams is necessary and with what step they should be placed. It is clear that the thicker the beam or log, the greater the bending strength they have. The strength of the entire interfloor structure depends not only on the cross section of the beams, but also on the frequency of their location. The normal step of the bearing elements of the floors is the distance from 0.6 to 1 meter. It is unsafe to place beams less often, more often it is not rational.

The strength of a beam with the same cross section decreases inversely with the distance between its supports, that is, load-bearing walls, so the thickness of the main elements of wooden floors increases along with their required length. The normal distance between the supporting walls is 4 m or less. With a larger span, it is necessary to use non-standard beams with an increased cross section or reduce their step. Sometimes additional support structures (columns) are installed to reinforce the floors.

As beams, bars are mainly used, having a rectangular shape at the end, and the installation of the load-bearing elements is carried out so that the large side of the section is vertical. The normal sections of the bars are considered to be 16-24 cm on the vertical side in the cross section and 5-16 cm - horizontal. The boards fastened together also form a beam, but the strength of such a tandem is somewhat lower than that of a solid one. wood detail, which is taken into account when calculating the load on wooden floors. The most irrational type of lumber used as load-bearing beams is considered to be a log, which has approximately the same strength as a conditional beam, which could be obtained when processing round timber, but at the same time much more weight.

Accurate calculation of the allowable load on floor beams is the lot of professional civil engineers. To calculate the design strength of floors, very complex formulas are used, which people with special education can operate with. However, there are tables with which you can approximately select the cross section of wooden beams, depending on the distance between the supports and the step of the bearing elements of the floor. For example, with a span of 2 m between the supporting walls, a beam with a section of 75x100 at a step of 60 cm and 75x150 with a distance between the beams of 100 cm is recommended. With the same distance between the supports, you will need logs with a diameter of 13 cm (1 m step) and 11 cm (0.6 step m).

The indicated sections of load-bearing lumber are valid for an operational load on floors not exceeding 400 kg / m 2. Such a load is calculated in the case of a device on the second floor of a full-fledged living space. If the floors separate the lower rooms from the non-residential attic, they proceed from a load of 160 kg / m 2, at which the cross-section of the supporting beams is correspondingly reduced. If an increased concentrated load is expected in a certain section of the floor of the second floor (installation of massive objects), additional floor beams are installed in this place.

Methods for attaching load-bearing elements to walls - reliable fixation

by the most the best way installation of wooden floors between floors is the institution of beams in special niches that are formed during the construction of walls. Bearing logs or beams are inserted into the walls at least 12 cm on each side, which ensures reliable support for covering. This method is relevant when building walls from any building materials - in a brick house, in a building made of building blocks or made of wooden materials.

Niches for installing beams or logs are made larger than lumber sections. This is necessary for them correct installation in nests and the possibility of exposure in one horizontal plane. Sections of the beams that are inserted into the walls are first treated with antiseptic impregnations, then coated bituminous mastic, after which they turn into a roll waterproofing material in two layers. The end part of the beam is cut at an angle and is not insulated. This is necessary to ensure the free exit of the steam formed when the wood is heated.

The processed and protected from moisture wooden beam is installed in a wall niche so that there is no direct contact with the building material used to build the walls. From below, a piece of wood treated with protective impregnations is placed under the log or beam, from the sides and from the side of the end, the gaps left for ventilation are filled with tow or glass wool. To increase the strength and reliability of the ceiling, every fourth or fifth beam is attracted to the bearing wall, using an anchor connection for this.

The institution of beams in wall niches is a classic method that has proven its reliability over many years of operation. But this method of fastening the load-bearing elements of interfloor ceilings can be applied only at the stage of building a house. To fix the beams to the built walls, special metal fasteners are now used, which are a kind of case for the end of the beam. Such parts are first attached to the walls, then load-bearing elements of the ceiling are inserted into them and fixed with bolts or self-tapping screws.

The second method of fastening wooden beams is considered more technological, the process of installing floors is faster. But if we take into account the reliability of the connection, the classic method, which involves supporting beams or logs directly on load-bearing walls, is unrivaled.

Creating floors between the first and second floor

The arrangement of wooden floors between floors takes place in several stages, separated by time. If the installation of load-bearing beams is done during the construction of walls, then their further rough sheathing, thermal insulation of floors, fine finishing of the ceiling on the first floor and the floor on the second - much later, when the house is built and covered.

The installation of beams is usually done when the walls are raised to the level of one floor. The masonry of the walls, made along the perimeter, and the erected load-bearing walls represent a horizontal base, on which it is convenient to lay out wooden bars with minimal adjustment to one level. First, install the extreme beams, which are laid, not reaching 5 cm to vertical surface walls. Their relative position during installation is controlled using a water level or a laser level. The intermediate load-bearing elements of the interfloor structure are set in a horizontal plane according to a reference point - a thread stretched between the extreme bars or a long bar installed on top.

Before installation, lumber is treated with antiseptics and solutions (over the entire surface), which reduce the ability of wood to burn. The edges of the beams laid on the walls are processed as described in previous section. To prevent the bars from moving, they are often fixed to the walls with clamps or wire, after which the laying of the walls of the second floor continues, during which the lumber is finally fixed. Not reaching one or two rows to the final level of the walls (depending on the masonry building material used), in the same way we lay the floor of the second floor along the wooden beams. After the masonry is completed, bypassing the installed beams, and on top we form a reinforced concrete reinforced belt, which is the basis for starting the roof structure (mounting the Mauerlat).

Beams are the basis of floors, their bearing part. To make the basis for fine finishing on both floors, it is necessary to create a continuous rough surface, not forgetting to insulate (soundproof) the floors and lay, if necessary, vapor barrier. This is done in this sequence.

1. We roll from below. To do this, it is better to use boards (you can not cut them), which are sewn solid across the beams, fixing them with self-tapping screws. If a layer of vapor barrier material (film) is required, it is attached to load-bearing bars overlap before the formation of the roll.
2. The next stage of work is carried out from the side of the upper floor and consists in laying thermal insulation material, which fill the spaces between the beams.
3. After laying the insulation (sound insulator), we form a layer of waterproofing and sheathe the beams. From the side of the upper floor, it is more profitable to sheathe the bars OSB boards or plywood, which will immediately create the basis for laying the finishing floor material. If you use low-quality boards, you will have to additionally install logs and already form a floor covering on them.

From the side of the lower floor, a crate is made on the basis of roll boards, which is sheathed with plasterboard, decorative or other finishing material. On the upper floor, flooring (laying) of a fine floor covering is carried out.

The tendency to increase the number of floors of private houses forces us to solve the problem associated with the construction of floors. The level of modern building technologies allows you not to become attached to certain conditions that are associated with the configuration and size of the premises of the house. This expands the possibilities for the implementation of plans and facilitates the work. Before you start building floors, you need to thoroughly understand how this is done. In this article we will describe in detail how and from what to make floors between floors.

Basic requirements for floors between floors

Overlappings form the number of storeys of the building

Overlapping is a structural element of a building that divides the building in a horizontal plane with the formation of floors, and also separates them from the attic and basement. The share of costs for the construction of this structure is about 20% of the construction estimate. Overlapping refers to critical structures, therefore, at the design stage, one should adhere to the basic requirements that apply to them:

Strength indicators should be at a level that allows you to withstand the load, which consists of its own weight and the mass of structural elements, objects and people. The strength of the overlap increases with a decrease in the level of its location.
The stiffness parameters are directly dependent on the strength and width of the structure. For wooden structures bending is allowed within 0.5-0.7% of their width, for steel beams - 0.25%.
The ceiling must provide sufficient sound insulation, at which the noise level is within the limits sanitary norms. The improvement of this indicator is achieved by increasing the tightness of the joints.
The structure must have adequate thermal insulation. If it is located between rooms with a temperature difference of more than 10 degrees Celsius, it is required to implement additional heat conservation measures.
To achieve the required fire safety, the floor material must have a certain fire resistance. This concept refers to the degree of protection of premises from the effects of fire for a certain time.
The combination of weight and thickness of the structure should be optimal.

How are floors classified?

Depending on the level at which the floors are located, the requirements for them differ.

The cover is:

Roof construction is serious business.

Interfloor ceilings: manufacturing options

In construction, there is a wide variety of solutions for organizing floors. They can be:

Beamless: prefabricated, monolithic and prefabricated-monolithic.
beamed: wooden, metal, reinforced concrete.
Wooden.
Wooden floors
This design is the most common in construction. country houses. This is due to the possibility of creating the overlap yourself. In addition, the material is affordable and has good sound and heat insulation properties.
Metallic.
This flooring option is usually used in the organization of the basement and basement. Metal constructions have high reliability and long service life, as well as their dimensions are smaller with the same bearing capacity.
Metal products do not have sufficient thermal insulation and are subject to corrosion. The structure can be constructed from channels or I-beams, which are laid at a distance of 500-1500 mm from each other. They are used to install reinforced concrete slabs of small sizes.
Reinforced concrete.
The use of this option necessitates the use of lifting equipment, since the mass of structural elements is significant. In addition, the foundation is subjected to heavy loads, which should be taken into account when designing.
Reinforced concrete floors
The indicators of sound and heat insulation of the material are at an average level, reinforced concrete is difficult to process and has increased labor costs during installation.
Coffered, arched and hipped.
Ceilings of caisson and tent types are a kind of ribbed panels. They are used in the construction of large facilities with complex architectural forms. Such ceiling structures are not relevant in the construction of private houses, as well as arched ceilings.

Overlapping on wooden beams: features

The construction of interfloor floors made of wood has several advantages:

the design is simple in execution, it can be done with your own hands. Installation does not take much time. The cost of work is significantly reduced, due to the absence of the need to use special equipment, and activities for lifting and moving material can be carried out with one or two assistants;
availability of wood. For the manufacture of beams, coniferous trees are used, which are widespread;
relatively low weight, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the mass of the structure as a whole. Thus, the cost of construction is reduced;
ease of installation of sound insulation improves the comfort of living in the house;
wooden structures have a lower cost, which in general gives significant cost savings;
the speed of creating the floor is comparable to the installation of the floor with slabs and is carried out in a day. In this case, the crane is not needed.

Ceilings on wooden beams

The disadvantages of wooden floors include:

the existing length limitation (4.5 m) does not make it possible to construct ceilings over rooms with a greater length without additional support;
high fire hazard of wood requires special processing of parts;
the tree is exposed to a number of biological factors, which is prevented by appropriate processing;
relatively low strength.

Monolithic flooring on corrugated board: what to look for

The difference between creating a ceiling on corrugated board and concrete is the fact that in the first case, special formwork is not required, and as a result they have a finished ceiling. In addition, the technology using corrugated board does not need to be finished or improved.

The profiled configuration of the material creates the necessary strength and rigidity of the floor, thereby reducing the need for reinforcement and concrete. This is possible due to the fact that the solution fills only the voids of the ribs, and does not occupy the entire surface of the sheet.

To create such an overlap, it is important to use only sheets intended for roofing.
The essence of the technology is the use of corrugated board as a formwork, which is not dismantled after pouring concrete. The resulting structure has a special structure as load-bearing supports, consisting of metal columns, beams, logs. As a result, the load is redistributed from the ceiling to the supports, while the walls are not loaded. Such constructive solution makes it possible to carry out lightweight walls.

Overlapping on corrugated board

In addition, the organization of the support system allows instead of expensive strip foundation use a glass type support. This will significantly reduce the construction cost.

Overlapping with slabs between the first and second floor: reinforced concrete

Slabs made of reinforced concrete are widely used. According to some parameters, when compared with the monolithic execution of the ceiling between the first and second floors, they have the best performance.

The organization of such an overlap requires a powerful foundation and involves the construction of walls from durable materials. As a rule, floor slabs are used for high-rise buildings.

Structures made of reinforced concrete slabs are reliable, durable and have a long service life. The magnitude of the loads that concrete can withstand is colossal. It is characterized by the property of increasing strength characteristics over time. In addition, the material fully meets the requirements for heat and sound insulation, and also have sufficient fire safety. The process of installing a ceiling from slabs does not require much time using special equipment and is not difficult.

The main disadvantages of reinforced concrete products include their significant mass and the need to use special equipment during the installation. In addition, such overlaps require the creation of a screed so that the load on them is uniform.

With all the shortcomings, reinforced concrete floor slabs are successfully used in the construction of private houses.

During the construction of private houses, wooden floors are arranged in the vast majority of cases, since they are lighter and cheaper than reinforced concrete, and you can handle their installation yourself. Such structures are erected at any level: above the basement, between residential floors, under the attic or attic. But depending on the position and purpose, they are subject to different requirements for strength and insulation. Having studied this issue, you will be able to design the floors yourself and control their manufacture.

Floor beams for the floor of the 1st floor Source coralz.ru

The choice of materials for the supporting structure

With the material going to the device of wooden floors, there are many requirements and restrictions regarding the quality of wood, and ultimate loads, and installation methods.

Material Requirements

Such floors are arranged on wooden beams, which take on the entire main load and are load-bearing elements, the strength of which determines the reliability of the entire structure. Therefore, floor beams must meet the following requirements:

be made of larch, pine or other coniferous wood with high bending strength;
have a humidity not higher than 14%, which is achieved chamber drying or in a dry, ventilated place within a year after manufacture;
not have obvious defects in the form of large deep cracks, many knots, tortuosity, oblique layer and traces of rot.

Source metasold.com

Advice! Treatment with antiseptics will help protect the tree from damage and preserve its strength characteristics for a long time.

Determination of the optimal section

Beams or logs for floors are made from timber, logs or thick boards mounted on the edge. The bearing capacity of each beam directly depends on the area cross section, and the whole structure - from the length of the spans without supports and the step between adjacent beams. All these quantities are interconnected. For example, the longer the span, the larger the section should be and the smaller the distance between the horizontal supports.

To determine these parameters, you need to know the total load, which is made up of the weight of the floor itself, finishing materials installed on the floor of furniture and living people. Of course, it is impossible to accurately calculate it, therefore, when designing, they are guided by the values \u200b\u200bspecified in building codes and rules (SNiP 2.01.07-85):

basement and interfloor overlapping on wooden beams is calculated for a total load of 350-400 kg / sq.m;
floors between the residential floor and the attic - by 250 kg / sq.m;
attic floors - by 130-150 kg / sq.m.

Source cf.ppt-online.org

In any case, the length of the span should not exceed 6 meters. Otherwise, in the absence of supports in the form bearing walls and partitions under the logs install support columns.

The cross section of the beams in millimeters for independent calculations is selected according to the tables. For floors with a load of 400 kg/sq.m. The following minimum beam and log dimensions are recommended:

Bar section

Step between timber beams, cm
Step between timber beams, cm	200	300	400	500	600
60	100x75	200x75	200x100	200x150	225x150
100	150x75	175x100	200x125	225x150	250x175

Log diameter

Step between log beams, cm	Unsupported span length, cm
Step between log beams, cm	200	300	400	500	600
60	110	140	170	200	230
100	130	170	210	240	270

Installation of load-bearing beams

Before making an interfloor or attic floor, it is necessary to correctly prepare the material for installation. Wood is a living material, and this must be taken into account. So that it does not rot, absorbing moisture from the supporting surface of the walls, the ends of the beams and the places where they intersect with partitions are coated with bitumen and wrapped with waterproofing material (roofing material, sheet rubber). At the same time, the ends are left unprocessed and not closed so as not to prevent the evaporation of moisture.

Advice! To enhance moisture circulation, the ends can be cut at an angle of about 70 degrees, increasing the evaporation area.

Source i.ytimg.com

But first, the beam is cut to length, which should be greater than the span by the value of the supporting part on both sides. As a rule, it is at least 10-15 cm, but depends on the thickness of the walls and cannot exceed 2/3 of this parameter.

The wooden floor between floors is mounted according to the same scheme, but there are nuances associated with the material of the load-bearing walls.

On wooden walls

You can fix the beams in the traditional way, laying them in the grooves cut in those crowns, the level of which corresponds to the ceiling of the underlying floor. Or use perforated steel pads for their fixation, which allow for reliable butt fastening without grooves.

In this case, the following conditions are met:

Having folded the walls to the desired level, the upper crown is marked in accordance with the lag step and the grooves for their installation are cut out in the marked places with an electric or chainsaw. In this case, the extreme beams should be located with an indent from the walls of at least 5 cm, which will subsequently be filled with insulation to cut off cold air from the outside.

Source master-sevastopol.rf

The first to lay the extreme beams, which serve as beacons for the intermediate ones, so they must be installed at the same level and strictly horizontally.
In order to raise the ends of the beam on the support platform to the desired level, they are placed under them with scraps of lumber impregnated with bitumen or resin. To lower it, they deepen the groove, but do not cut the beam itself.
The ends should not rest against the wall of the niche. A small gap is left between them for free evaporation of moisture, which can be filled with insulation.
There is no need to rigidly fix all elements of the supporting structure, since it will subsequently be connected with a boardwalk. It is enough to fasten the elements every 2-3 rows. It is carried out with metal brackets, corners, anchor bolts or wooden dowels.

Video description

How to cut beams into a blank wall is shown in the video:

To obtain the desired section, it is allowed to use boards spliced along the length, fastened with studs, as well as I-beams from boards and OSB.

Note! In case of wooden walls waterproofing is not required.

On brick and concrete walls

Niches are created in stone walls during their laying or pouring, since it will be difficult to do this later. Their dimensions are made such that ventilation gaps of about 50 mm remain around the supporting part of the beam, excluding the formation of condensate and wetting of the wood. After installation is completed, they are filled with insulation.

The depth of the supporting niche should not exceed 2/3 of the wall thickness. Its bottom is covered with roofing felt or sheet rubber for additional waterproofing. The rest of the installation technology is similar to that described above.

Source lestnitsygid.ru

On cellular concrete walls

Wooden floors between floors in a private house made of foam concrete or aerated concrete blocks cannot be mounted directly into the masonry, since these materials have a cellular structure and are not strong enough. They can collapse from a large point load. Therefore, before installation, perform the following measures:

under the installation level of the load-bearing beams, instead of the next row of masonry, a concrete reinforced belt is poured, installing formwork or special U-shaped blocks on the upper end of the wall. Having connected the entire perimeter, it will become a strong support and allow you to distribute the load from the ceiling evenly over all walls;
after the concrete has hardened, the next row is laid out, creating niches of the desired size with gaps for ventilation.

As in the previous examples, the extreme elements are first fixed, then the intermediate ones are aligned along them, observing the level, the parallelism of the lag and the equal distance between them.

Video description

This video tells about the device of the bearing part of wooden floors in houses made of aerated concrete:

Another mounting option is also possible - butt to the armo-belt by means of special metal plates. But in this case, the concrete belt is poured at the level of the ceiling, and not under it.

Floor installation

Having installed the supporting frame, it is sheathed from above and below, forming the floor of the upper floor and the ceiling of the lower one. Flooring designs can be different, and the technology of their construction depends on the type and purpose of the floors:

Attic flooring on wooden beams requires mandatory insulation if the attic is non-residential, since up to 30% of the heat in the absence of such insulation leaves the house through it. In this case, the device of the floor is not necessary here.
Thermal insulation is also needed for basement ceilings in the absence of a heated basement. Moreover, the insulation from below must be protected from moisture with a layer of waterproofing. If the basement or basement is heated, such an overlap is considered interfloor.
Interfloor ceilings are more in need of sound insulation, floor and ceiling arrangement with a finish corresponding to the premises.

The simplest is the design of the interfloor ceiling, in which the beams act as a lag for flooring.

Source tvoygarazh.ru

Insulation of the attic floor will require a thicker layer of thermal insulation, which may be greater than the height of the supporting beams. In this case, they are built up from above or logs are laid across them, and a second layer of insulation is laid between them.

It is very important to protect it from getting wet, isolating it from water vapor rising from living quarters and possible roof leaks. To do this, on the wooden flooring of the draft ceiling, nailed to the beams from below, a vapor barrier film is overlapped, then a heater, and on top of it a vapor-permeable membrane that does not allow water to pass through.

Video description

You can see how the attic floor is insulated on wooden beams in the video:

In addition to the almost weightless mineral wool, the cold attic ceiling can be insulated with other, cheaper, but heavy materials - expanded clay, clay coating, and even dry earth. The main thing is to take into account their weight when choosing a material for creating a flooring and ensure its reliable fastening.

If there is a desire not to hide the beams, but to use them as a ceiling decor, then cranial bars are hemmed to them along the entire length in the middle or flush with the upper edge, to which the ceiling filing is attached.

The cranial bars, fixed flush with the lower surface of the log, make it possible to perform high-quality insulation of the floor of the first floor of the house without a heated basement. On them, between the beams, a roll of edged boards treated with an antiseptic is laid, then a layer of waterproofing, insulation, vapor barrier and flooring.

Source k-dom74.ru

It is possible to sew up overlappings both with boards and with any sheet materials: OSB boards, chipboard, plywood.

Briefly about the main

Ceilings are not just floors and ceilings. This is a structure that gives the house additional rigidity, improves sound insulation between floors and reduces heat loss. Knowing how to select materials for it, mount load-bearing beams, insulate the attic and floor above the basement, you can build a reliable and warm house for your family.

When building any private house, you always have to make different kinds floors. These can be interfloor or attic structures, but in any case, their installation must be approached responsibly, and the most suitable materials must be chosen for this.

We can say that these structures are the same integral element of any home as walls, foundations or roofs.

Types of floors used in private construction

Depending on the type of buildings and the planned costs for their manufacture, the following can be used:

reinforced concrete;
foam concrete blocks and monolithic reinforced concrete beams;
I-beam rails and wooden draft flooring;
wooden joists.

Calculation of the section of wooden beams

During the construction of most private houses, developers make the floor of the second floor from a bar. This is a relatively inexpensive, but at the same time quite reliable material that has been used for such purposes for several centuries. Only necessary condition is the correct calculation of the cross section of such crossbars installed in the span as a log.

In order to more accurately determine the cross-section of a beam for overlapping, special formulas are used, which, among other things, take into account the resistance of the wood used and its moisture content. These parameters are defined in SNiP II-25-80, with which any developer or private master must be familiarized without fail.

You can also find the necessary formulas and tables there, with the help of which the parameters of the beams for specific interfloor structures are determined.

When calculating wooden floors, it is also necessary to take into account the span width, the distance between the beams, and the shape of their section. When calculating each cross member to be laid, it must be remembered that the value of its deflection under load should not exceed 1/250 of the span length.

Since it is quite difficult for a technically untrained person to correctly calculate the lag parameters using formulas and tables, special calculators can be used to independently select beams. In such a program, it is enough to enter a few basic quantities, and as a result, you can choose the correct dimensions of the bearing lag.

Calculation of the beam section

As an example, using one of these calculators, we will try to calculate which beam to use to cover 5 meters.

For data entry we need to know:

the material from which the crossbar is made (only coniferous trees are recommended);
span length;
beam width;
beam height;
type of material (log or timber).

In order to make the correct calculations, we substitute the span width equal to 5m to the input values, and set the beam type to the beam type. We will select the height and width empirically in the parameters “bar dimensions for floor beams”. Be sure to take into account such values as the load per kg / m, and the step between the crossbars.

For interfloor structures, the load value should not be less than 300 kg / m, since it is necessary to take into account not only the weight of furniture and people, but also the weight of the materials themselves from which the floor is made. This includes floor beams, rough and finishing floors and, of course, insulation and sound insulation.

Advice. For non-residential attic structures, a load value of 200 kg / m will be quite sufficient.

Possible options

In almost all bases that sell lumber, floor beams are sold mainly in several sizes. As a rule, these are beams from 100x100 mm to 100x250 mm, and from 150x150 mm to 150x250 mm. In order not to waste time and money on searching for logs with non-standard sizes, the price of which can be much higher than the standard ones, we substitute into the program those parameters that are commercially available.

To do this, you must first find out on the basis of lumber what sizes they sell. Thus, we obtain that for interfloor structures the minimum size of the beam should be approximately 100x250 mm, and for attic structures 100x200 mm will be quite enough, with a step between them equal to 60 cm.

If you do not trust software calculators and want to independently calculate the size of the floor beam, then you will have to use the formulas and tables given in the relevant technical documentation. Or you can use general rule, which states that the height of each lag should be equal to 1/24 of the length of the opening, and its width is equal to 5/7 of the height of the crossbar.

Installation of interfloor and ceiling ceilings on wooden logs

Interfloor ceilings in a house made of timber begin to be mounted by laying a log. To do this, a prepared beam is placed on the walls, which is pre-wrapped with roofing material. This will protect the wood from moisture penetration, and as a result, from decay.

The extreme beams should be laid no closer than 5 cm from the wall, and the distance between adjacent crossbars should not exceed the previously calculated values, which in our case are 60 cm.

An important condition is that the logs must be laid over the entire thickness of the walls, having maximum support and stability. The gaps between the lags on the wall are laid with bricks or building blocks, after which a draft floor is stuffed from above from edged boards 150x25 mm.

Ceiling ceilings made of timber are almost completely identical to interfloor ones, with the only difference being that the thickness of the beams can be less, and the step between them is several centimeters larger.

prefabricated timber

Let's say you need logs of 150x250 mm in size, but there are no such sizes on sale, but there are always plenty of boards with dimensions of 50x250 mm at any lumber base. In order to get a beam of the desired size, it is enough to buy 3 of these boards and fasten them together.

As fasteners, it is better to use not nails, but wood screws, because over time the wood dries out, and the nails do not hold the boards together so firmly.

As the instructions for self-manufacturing prefabricated logs, if you use them for basement or basement floors, then before tightening with self-tapping screws, it is worth treating each board with an antiseptic.

This will prevent the appearance of wood pests and significantly increase the life of the entire floor. If you use prefabricated timber for interfloor ceilings, then no pre-treatment of the boards is required.

The admissibility of using this type of lag is obvious and not questioned. This material is also environmentally friendly, like conventional timber, since no adhesives are used during assembly.

Attention!
The load-bearing capacity of prefabricated timber is even higher than that of solid lumber, while the cost is somewhat lower.
From the foregoing, it becomes clear that in some cases the use of prefabricated elements is even more preferable than solid ones.

Glued laminated timber

This type of lumber is an acceptable alternative if the desired solid logs cannot be found, or their price is high enough for you, and it is not possible to make a prefabricated structure yourself.

Floor beams in wooden house from glued beams are distinguished by good strength and resistance to stress, but they also have some disadvantages.

In view of the fact that adhesives are used in their manufacture, such material can no longer be called environmentally friendly.
In their manufacture, a fairly large percentage of low-quality lumber is used. Significant shrinkage is possible after several years of operation, which means that a laminated veneer lumber floor may "lead" over time.
And the main disadvantage of glued beams is their limited service life, which is determined by the manufacturer at 20 years.