Methods for solving the problem of social orphanhood. Ways to solve the problem of orphanhood in Russia. The main causes of social orphanhood

The reason for the increase in the number of social orphans, in our opinion, is not so much economic factors as social and psychological ones. Scientific and technological progress and measures for the social protection of the population also lead to the possibility for a person to live without a family (at his own pleasure) without fear for his old age, which reduces the responsibility of people for the younger generation. Thus, dependent attitudes and the lack of the need to take care of providing for oneself in old age by raising one's children lead to the loss by society as a whole of responsibility for their children. That is why the problem is getting bigger.

The solution to the problem of social orphanhood depends on the concentration of efforts of two main "players":

1. The state should distribute social benefits more targeted and justified, gradually reducing their number and explaining to citizens that, first of all, they themselves are responsible for themselves and their children. And also that grown and properly educated children are an investment in a secure old age;
2. Society itself as a whole must make efforts to increase people's responsibility for themselves, for their future, for their children. Solving the problem of social orphanhood seems possible only with the comprehensive assistance of the state and all public organizations. Two solutions are distinguished: preventive and corrective, with the help of which it is possible to partially solve this problem.

The primary task of state importance in the prevention of orphanhood is the priority of supporting and strengthening the status of a socially healthy family, which gives societies a healthy, able-bodied, well-mannered, literate generation capable of solving issues of development and prosperity. This will eliminate one of the most serious problems that pose a threat to national security: the uncontrolled growth of social orphanhood, the production of asocial families, prostitution, drug addiction and other antisocial phenomena. Prevention of orphanhood today is a solution to complex problems.

When developing programs to prevent and reduce social orphanhood, social services build their work in a comprehensive manner, according to three levels of intervention and influence on the situation:

- primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary, preventive measures target the general population;
- secondary ones are aimed at those who are considered as a risk group in order to eliminate or narrow the scope of the problem in this case (child abuse, child abandonment, child abandonment);
- tertiary are intended for that part of the population where the gap has already occurred, and it is necessary to return the child to the family.

A concept has been developed for the prevention of social orphanhood and the development of educational institutions for orphans and children left without parental care. As a result of the implementation of the concept, the following results should be achieved:

- a comprehensive program of state and public support for the modern family has been developed, aimed at overcoming social orphanhood;
- guaranteed family education in its various forms for the majority of orphans and children left without parental care;
- disaggregation of institutions for orphans has been ensured, the number of boarding schools has been reduced, new forms of institutions have been created that ensure the construction of a child's life activity according to the family type;
- new programs for training, retraining and advanced training of all specialists included in the system of work with orphans and children left without parental care have been introduced;
- created Better conditions for the development and receipt of all types of education by orphans, a system of psychological, pedagogical and medical and social support for orphans has been built, which guarantees assistance and protection to children in difficult problem situations;
- new technologies for the education and upbringing of orphans have been developed, stimulating the creation of the most effective conditions their development and socialization.

Currently, attempts are being made to reform the system of guardianship and guardianship bodies.

In particular, on the initiative and with the direct participation of the Ministry of Education, a draft “Law on minimum standards in the activities of guardianship and guardianship bodies” was developed and submitted to the State Duma, in which, on fundamentally new grounds, the tasks of identifying families and children in need of support, their social protection, as well as the realization of the child's right to a family.

Thus, at present, three groups of tasks facing the education system can be distinguished, the solution of which will significantly improve the situation of orphans and children left without parental care:

- social assistance and support for the prestige of the family;
- development of forms of family arrangement and education of orphans and children left without parental care;
- development of a system of institutions for orphans and children left without parental care.

Others most difficult way reducing social orphanhood is becoming a corrective path. It builds on existing experience, support for initiatives, gradual scaling up to the development of regional models system solution orphanhood problems. The corrective method of solving social orphanhood is based on two levels of intervention.

The first level of intervention includes:

- changes aimed at preventing “background” impacts affecting the family;
- a wide range of measures - the elimination of poverty and all forms of social deprivation, ensuring a high standard of living for the entire population and special assistance to large and young families - basic conditions that are very essential for preventing social orphanhood;
- Creation of a network of nurseries and kindergartens;
- child sick leave;
- free meals in schools;
- organization of vacations and free time for children;
- support and implementation at all levels of measures for the social, psychological, financial support of all families with children.

The second level of prevention of social orphanhood is carried out by identifying and working in families belonging to the high-risk group.

The article is devoted to one of the most acute social problems modern Russia- social orphanhood. The most important in modern conditions are the causes of the appearance of social orphans, methods and ways to solve the problem, research on the socio-institutional aspect of the problems of social adaptation, social protection, social support for orphans as a relatively independent group of the population, analysis of the social content of orphanhood. Along with the analysis of the existing forms of work, new effective models and technologies of work related to various aspects of the problem of orphanhood are described. Modern Russian society is clearly faced with the objective need to solve the problem of social orphanhood in connection with the intensive increase in the number of social orphans. Based on their own experience in the field of social orphanhood in various regions of Russia, the authors describe the technology of sustainable regional changes in the field of social orphanhood.

homelessness

homeless children

neglect

social orphan

social orphanhood

society

1. Aristotle Works [Text] - in 4 volumes. - M., 1984. - S. 628-629.

2. Brutman V.I. Causes of social orphanhood [Text] / V.I. Brutman //Social work - 1994. - No. 2.- P.3 6.

3. Breeva E.B. Social orphanhood: the experience of sociological research [Text] / E.B. Breeva // Sociological research. - 2004. - No. 4. - S. 44-51.

4. Bryntseva, G. Neotchiy house. [Electronic resource] // Russian newspaper - Stolichny issue. - No. 5660 (284). URL: http://www.rg.ru/2011/12/16/detdom.html.

5. Nikandrov N.D. Russia: socialization and education at the turn of the millennium [Text] / N.D. Nikandrov - M: Pedagogical Society of Russia, 2000. - P. 7.

6. Osipova L.B., Serbina E.A. Domestic Violence as a Phenomenon of Family Trouble - [Text]: / L.B. Osipova, E.A. Serbina // News of higher educational institutions. Sociology. Economy. Politics - 2014. - No. 1. - S. 71-75.

7. Plutarch. Selected biographies [Text] - M., 1990. - P. 11.

8. Toman Josef, Tomanova Miroslava. Socrates. - M., 1983. - S. 104.

9. Ustinova O.V., Osipova L.B. Features of the formation of the personality of adolescents in various types families - [Text]: / O.V. Ustinova, L.B. Osipova // Bulletin of the Vyatka State University for the Humanities. - 2014. - No. 2. - S. 14-19.

10. Cicero. Selected works [Text] - M., 1975. - S. 291.

11. Chepurnykh E. Overcoming social orphanhood in Russia in modern conditions [Text] / E. Chepurnykh // Public education. - 2001. - No. 7. - P. 35.

Radical transformations in all spheres of Russian society that began at the end of the 20th century led to a number of significant changes in the social life of society, in particular, they led to an increase in crisis processes in the institution of the family, manifested in the weakening of parental functions, the reduction of parental responsibility for the maintenance and upbringing of children. . In addition, society has become highly polarized due to social stratification. All this provokes social and psychological maladjustment of people, contributes to the deterioration of the public health of the nation. The lifestyle that many parents lead forces the state and municipal authorities to restrict or deprive them of parental rights and let the children choose the appropriate shape of the device. In 2012, the number of children taken from parents deprived of parental rights amounted to 64.7 thousand people. Recently, Russia has been acquiring yet another paradoxical characteristic - it is turning into a country that exports its children. A lot of young Russians got into the zone of social trouble. The number of children engaged in vagrancy has increased. According to statistics, 16% of Russian citizens under the age of 16 live in families with incomes below the subsistence level. In them, children are deprived balanced nutrition, the ability to meet the most basic basic needs. In addition, more than 80% of children do not have parental care - although these are not orphans in the truest sense of the word. Unfortunately, the younger generation is losing quality characteristics reflecting the level of physical, mental and moral health. Various forms of deviant behavior are common among adolescents: alcoholism, drug addiction, crime. The processes noted above take place in almost all regions of Russia.

The first approaches to understanding the relationship between the state and the family, within family relations contain extant scientific works ancient Greek philosophers. Thus, Plato associated the ideal social mechanism with the well-being of the family. In accordance with the real Russian situation, Aristotle's position that "education must correspond to each state system, which is reflected in the laws on education" seems methodologically interesting. The idea of harmonizing parental responsibilities was expressed by Socrates, who noted that “children come out of the hands of the mother, adults come out of the hands of the father.” For Plutarch, the true goal of education is the correction of morals. The shortcomings of education are manifested in the absence of high moral qualities, pushing people "on a bad path." In the dialogues of Cicero, the topic of child abuse is also touched upon: “Children are punished by parents or mentors, and not only in words, but also with rods, making them cry ...”. Thus, the ancient ideas about the institution of the family, the sphere of family relations, identified the key areas in which further research of these issues should go.

The problem of social orphanhood arose in the 1950s. The rapid urbanization of society, social upheavals, intensive migration of the population exacerbate this problem. At this time, the first abandoned children appeared. Modern Russian society is faced with the objective need to solve this problem in connection with the intensive increase in abandoned children. Academician N.D. Nikandrov stated that "the main reason for the emergence of this social phenomenon is the loss of a common goal, in a vacuum of values" . Since the middle of the XX century. social orphanhood began to acquire menacing proportions. During this period, actively entered the research field scientific knowledge the category of "social orphanhood", reflecting the condition of children, their characteristics, ways of life, different from the generally accepted for this age group.

Today, two concepts are widely used in theoretical studies: "orphan" ("orphanhood") and "social orphan" ("social orphanhood"). Social orphan- this is a child who has biological parents, but for some reason they do not raise the child and do not take care of him. In this case, society and the state take care of the children. social orphanhood- a social phenomenon due to the presence in society of children left without parental care due to the deprivation of their parental rights, the recognition of their parents as incapacitated, missing, etc. . A qualitatively new phenomenon was also discovered - "hidden" social orphanhood, which is spreading under the influence of the deterioration of the living conditions of a significant part of families, the fall of the moral foundations of the family.

The report "Children in Difficult Life Situations: Overcoming the Social Exclusion of Orphaned Children", prepared in 2012 by the Children's Support Fund, cites Rosstat data. In 2007, the number of orphans in Russia reached its maximum value - 727.1 thousand. To date, official statistics show that the number of "social orphans" is 655 thousand people. It can be seen that the issue of "social orphanhood" can be traced, albeit insignificant, but positive dynamics. Over the past 5 years, the number of cases of deprivation of parental rights has decreased by 20%. However, the number of juvenile victims is still high.

The above facts confirm that the problem of social orphanhood of children in Russia is aggravated, becoming the object of increased attention not only from society, but also from the President of the Russian Federation. According to Pavel Astakhov, Commissioner for Children's Rights under the President of the Russian Federation, "as of January 1, 2015, there are 106,000 orphans and children left without parental care in the state data bank." Despite the fact that every year this figure decreased - by 7-8%, and in 2014 - by 14%, almost half of the children in our country continue to be at social risk. Social orphanhood is a multifaceted concept, including several categories of children, which can be conditionally systematized according to the following indicators: by place of stay; residential institutions; street (homeless children, runaway children); family (neglected children).

The sharp change in value orientations taking place in modern society, the psychological maladaptation of a significant part of the population, and the decline in moral standards have a negative impact on the process of socialization of children and adolescents. Today there is a dysfunctional family - a family in which the structure is broken, the basic family functions are devalued or ignored, there are obvious or hidden defects in education, as a result of which "difficult children" appear. Measures to prevent social orphanhood should include work with this category of families. The cruelty of the attitude towards children in families leads to terrible consequences. Often children end up in the walls public institutions who are not able to replace their family. In modern realities, the spectrum of causes of children's trouble is very wide. Crisis phenomena in the family should be singled out among the significant factors:

violation of its structure and functions;
an increase in the number of divorces and the number of single-parent families;
antisocial lifestyle of a number of families;
falling living standards;
worsening conditions for children;
an increase in psycho-emotional overload in the adult population, which directly affects children;
spread of child abuse in families.

Prevention of social orphanhood and work with dysfunctional families are carried out by guardianship and guardianship authorities. However, this system cannot be said to work effectively.

With the emergence of a class society, social orphanhood occurs when children are deprived of parental care due to the unwillingness or impossibility of the parents to fulfill their duties, abandoning the child or removing him from his upbringing. The most common reasons for abandoning a child are his serious illness (60%), as well as difficult financial and living conditions families (about 20%). Thus, most often the refusal of parents is caused by the need to place a seriously ill child in full state care.

This article presents the results of the author's study on the topic "The causes of social orphanhood", conducted in 2014. 145 parents and 95 adolescents were subject to the survey. So, in the course of the survey, the question was asked “What is the reason for the emergence of social orphanhood?” (3 answers were chosen) (Table 1)

Table 1

Causes of social orphanhood, in %

Answer options	results
Economic instability, declining income
Family crisis (growth of divorces, incomplete families)
Military conflicts, natural disasters
The spread of alcoholism, drug addiction, crime
The decline of morality in society and the family
Flaws in the education system
Other (specify)
Difficult to answer

The respondents' assessment of the reasons for the emergence of social orphanhood reflects General characteristics the social mood of the population of modern Russia, which include social pessimism, a negative socio-economic situation in the country, increased anxiety, and an increase in poverty. It is characteristic that, among other reasons, the respondents name “a certain indifference on the part of the state”, “disunity of interests between the government and the people”, “weakening of Russia”, “dissoluteness”, “there is no order in the country”, etc. These answers confirm the specifics of social mood. An expert survey showed that a quarter of the respondents attribute the emergence of social orphans to the insufficiently adjusted policy of the state and regions, 12% believe that the fault is the poor economic situation of individual regions, 9% say that the reason is the lack of a clear legislative framework, 54% of respondents justify the occurrence of social orphanhood by all the above circumstances.

Often the cause of social orphanhood is family violence. Consequences of domestic violence - the departure of children from the family. Answering the question: “Why are children punished in families you know?”, the respondents named the following reasons: for wrongdoing - 26%; disrupting irritation - 29%; when there is trouble in the house - 20%; show stubbornness - 4.0%, ignore the remark of adults - 2.0%, when they cannot cope with them in another way - 19%; because they are not loved - 5%; it is done by the mentally unbalanced - 14%; alcoholics do it - 29%. Parents do not know any other way to deal with unwanted behavior of the child, except by humiliating him. However, a third of parents tend to see the reason not in the child, but in the pedagogical helplessness of adults. At the same time, the teenagers gave an answer to the question: “Tell me, how often did your parents or other adults criticize or insult you?” The respondents' answers are stunning: "always" - 36%, "often" - 24%, "rarely" - 17%, "never" - 13%, found it difficult to answer - 10%.

Answering the question: “What feelings did you experience when being abused?”, adolescents noted the following feelings: fear - 33.1%, anger - 18.5%, hatred - 13.4%, insecurity - 5.9%, guilt - 4.7%, depression - 2.5%, shame - 11.2%. At the same time, every third teenager believes that adults punished him, guided by their emotional state than justice. The results indicate the child's exposure to constant or frequent psychological pressure, which exposes the child to the risk of further detrimental socialization, manifested in the inability to build healthy relationships with other people. It is also noteworthy that more often children recognize both parents as guilty (94.2%), violent methods of upbringing are more often allowed by women (60.8%) than men (39.2%). Birth mothers are guilty of 66% of cases of physical violence and 75% of the facts of poor care and neglect of children, biological fathers - in 45 and 41%, respectively. Solving the problem of domestic violence against children in Russia at the national level comes down to such radical measures as depriving parents of legal rights to a child and its subsequent placement in an orphanage or in a closed state educational institution (boarding school, orphanage). It should be noted that in 2010 a nationwide campaign was launched to combat child abuse and violation of the rights of the child.

It is known that the role of the family for a person is very great. It is in the family that attitudes and value orientations, ideas and expectations are laid, aimed at the self-realization of the individual in various social roles and functions in the future. It should be noted that children deprived of a permanent full-fledged emotional and tactile contact with parents, grow apathetic, lack of initiative, suspicious and conflict, up to aggressiveness. Long-term observations allow us to conclude that in the development of the intellectual and affective-need spheres, a certain specificity is revealed, which manifests itself in the unformed internal plan of action, the connectedness of thinking, and the motivation of behavioral reactions. The living conditions of orphans who are on state support form a dependent position, lead to a lack of thrift and responsibility.

A significant part of orphans reproduce life path your parents. The parents of these children suffered from alcohol or drug addiction and did not work. The experience of children living first in dysfunctional families and then in institutional institutions determines their low labor motivation and a distorted understanding of models of family and marriage relations, which in turn reproduces family trouble and social orphanhood in future generations. The reasons for failures on the “family front”, typical for most orphans, are due to the specific features of their personality and life, these are:

alienation, distrust of people, unfriendly, hostile-aloof attitude towards them, inability to communicate, which makes it difficult to establish contacts;
underdevelopment of the culture of feelings and social intelligence;
a poorly developed sense of responsibility for one's actions;
selfishness, consumer attitude towards loved ones;
low self-esteem, self-doubt.

At the beginning of the XXI century. the problem of social adaptation of graduates of institutional institutions for orphans was not only not resolved, but even worsened. Thus, in 2010, the proportion of graduates who left an orphanage or boarding school, who managed to get on their feet and establish a normal life, was 20%, and today it is only 10%. 40% of graduates of orphanages become alcoholics and drug addicts, another 40% commit crimes. Some of the guys themselves become victims of crime, and 10% commit suicide. Against this background, orphans have an insufficiently formed need for work and individual professional self-realization. In 2011, 38.2 thousand orphans and children left without parental care turned to the employment service for assistance in finding jobs, of which 22.4 thousand citizens (58.6%) found a job. Unfortunately, at this crucial moment in life, young people do not have friendly support from their relatives - neither moral, nor material, nor practical help. The results of a study of the life arrangements of graduates of these institutions, conducted in 2011 by a specialist from one of the Moscow boarding schools, showed that almost half (46%) of the graduates could not adapt to an independent life: 26.3% did not work and did not study; 11.6% committed criminal acts; more than 8% lost their homes. It was found that young people who had a positive experience family life, after leaving the boarding school demonstrate more high level social adaptation compared to those who did not have this experience. This demonstrates the low adaptive ability of graduates to live independently, which proves the inefficiency of public education in boarding schools. This problem did not go unnoticed at the state level, which was reflected in the set of measures aimed at solving it. According to the Minister of Education of the Russian Federation D. Livanov, “the country needs more effective tools to solve the existing problems in the field of child care, which will become the locomotive for achieving the goal of “Russia without orphans””. The main ways to overcome social orphanhood in society: stabilization of socio-economic and political processes in society; the revival of the spiritual culture of the nation; economic, legislative, social support for the family, motherhood and childhood; improvement of the system of placement of orphans. State and public organizations are introducing sets of training programs aimed at overcoming social orphanhood for adolescents and young families. Unfortunately, this work is not carried out everywhere. Thus, the problem of social orphanhood in Russia should be resolved in stages, with the involvement of various services and departments, including through the implementation of legislative initiatives. On present stage this direction of social policy is characterized by processes of decentralization of social sphere management, delegation of powers to regional and municipal governments. The ongoing social activities are designed to ensure the mobilization of financial, material and other resources to solve the priority tasks of children's life support, including improving the quality of life, creating favorable conditions for their development.

Reviewers:

Mekhrishvili LL, Doctor of Social Sciences, Professor of Tyumen State National University, Tyumen;

Barbakov O.M., Doctor of Social Sciences, Professor of Tyumen State National University, Tyumen.

Bibliographic link

Goreva O.M., Osipova L.B., Serbina E.A. PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL ORPHANAGE IN MODERN RUSSIA // Contemporary Issues science and education. - 2015. - No. 1-1 .;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=18234 (date of access: 02/19/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

Traditionally, the following ways to solve the problem of orphanhood are distinguished:

· stabilization of socio-economic and political processes in the society, improvement of living standards;
· the revival of the spiritual culture of the nation, the rehabilitation of the institution of the family;
· creation of a system of economic, legislative, social support for the family, motherhood and childhood;
· revival, development and promotion of the best educational traditions based on love, humanism and respect for the child;
· reorganization of the life of the system of institutions for orphans, educational systems of these institutions;
· Improving the system of placement of orphans.

It is possible to distinguish state and non-state ways of solving this problem.

The activities of the state to address the issue of social orphanhood include the issuance of various legislative acts, as well as the provision and maintenance of orphanages and boarding schools, including control over their activities. On the problem of social orphanhood in Russia, government meetings, conferences and round tables. The priority of social policy at present is the prevention of social orphanhood.

Currently, the federal authorities are developing a number of programs and regulations that are aimed at solving the problem of social orphanhood. Andrey Fursenko, Minister of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, promised that the number of orphanages would be gradually reduced and in 10 years they would be half as many.

The non-state way of solving the problem of social orphanhood includes the activities of public organizations, as well as individual citizens.

Often the voluntary impulses of citizens result in social movements. This is how the social movement of caring parents “The Solar Circle” arose. This movement helps to awaken people's desire to act, namely, participation in the public life of the house, courtyard, and then the whole country begins with it, it also encourages a person to civic activity, which contributes to the formation of civil society.

Public non-governmental organizations lead a productive and efficient work for the prevention of social orphanhood. An important point this work is the cooperation of government agencies and non-governmental organizations. It is this policy that can lead to the desired results. Because if the parties act separately, the problem will not be completely resolved, these will only be temporary measures.

In our country, the solution to the problem of orphanhood is only initial stage, and not everything still works as the situation requires. Therefore, laws are needed, the reconstruction of boarding schools is necessary, close cooperation between the state and society is necessary, and only then can the problem of social orphanhood be solved.

1.2 The main ways to solve the problem of social orphanhood

1. The state should distribute social benefits more targeted and justified, gradually reducing their number and explaining to citizens that, first of all, they themselves are responsible for themselves and their children. And also that grown and properly educated children are an investment in a secure old age. (This is exactly the path followed by some Western developed countries: for example, Germany, which abolished state pensions, thus shifting the problem of pension provision to the citizens themselves and their children).

2. Society itself as a whole must make efforts to increase people's responsibility for themselves, for their future, for their children. Solving the problem of social orphanhood seems possible only with the comprehensive assistance of the state and all public organizations. Two solutions are distinguished: preventive and corrective, with the help of which it is possible to partially solve this problem.

The primary task of national importance in the prevention of orphanhood in our republic is the priority of supporting and strengthening the status of a socially healthy family, which gives society a healthy, able-bodied, educated, literate generation capable of solving issues of development and prosperity for the republic. This will eliminate one of the most serious problems that pose a threat to national security: the uncontrolled growth of social orphanhood, the production of asocial families, prostitution, drug addiction and other antisocial phenomena.

Prevention of orphanhood today is a solution to complex problems. By order of the Ministry of Education of Belarus, a concept was developed to prevent social orphanhood and develop educational institutions for orphans and children left without parental care. As a result of the implementation of the concept, the following results should be achieved:

A comprehensive program of state and public support for the modern family has been developed, aimed at overcoming social orphanhood;

Family education in its various forms is guaranteed for the majority of orphans and children left without parental care;

Better conditions have been created for the development and receipt of all types of education by orphans, a system of psychological, pedagogical and medical and social support for orphans has been built, guaranteeing assistance and protection to children in difficult problem situations;

The disaggregation of institutions for orphans has been ensured, the number of boarding schools has been reduced, new forms of institutions have been created that ensure the construction of a child's life activity according to the family type;

New programs for training, retraining and advanced training of all specialists included in the system of work with orphans and children left without parental care have been introduced;

New technologies have been developed for the education and upbringing of orphans, stimulating the creation of the most effective conditions for their development and socialization.

Prevention is one of the promising and important areas of activity in social work to overcome social orphanhood. Modern preventive activities contribute to a significant reduction in costs social work with already taking place "taken place" deviations.

Prevention is science-based, timely actions taken to prevent possible physical, psychological or socio-cultural conflicts in individual individuals at risk, to maintain, maintain and protect a normal standard of living and health of people, to assist them in achieving their goals and unlocking their internal potentials.

Often, primary prevention requires an integrated approach that puts in place systems and structures that can prevent possible problems or solve problems.

Preventive activities carried out at the state level through a system of measures to improve the quality of life, minimize social risk factors, create conditions for the implementation of the principle of social justice, is called social prevention.

Social prevention creates the necessary background against which all other types of prevention are more successfully carried out: psychological, pedagogical, medical and socio-pedagogical.

In addition, L.S. Strakulina identifies the following types of preventive activities:

· Primary;

· Secondary;

· Tertiary.

Primary prevention is a set of measures aimed at preventing the negative impact of biological and socio-psychological factors that influence the formation of deviant behavior.

It should be noted that it is primary prevention (its timeliness, completeness and constancy) that is the most important type of preventive measures in the field of preventing deviations in the behavior of children and adolescents.

Secondary prevention - a set of medical, socio-psychological, legal and other measures aimed at working with minors with deviant and asocial behavior.

Tertiary prevention is understood as a set of measures of a socio-psychological and legal nature, aimed at preventing the commission of a repeated offense by a teenager who left a specialized institution for adolescents.

In the literature, researchers R.N. Voitlev, O.N. Chalov, there are several levels of preventive activities in relation to social orphanhood:

1. The general social level (general prevention) provides for the activities of the state, society, and their institutions aimed at resolving contradictions in the field of the economy, social life in the moral and spiritual sphere.

2. A special level (socio-pedagogical, socio-psychological activity) consists in a targeted impact on negative factors associated with certain types of deviations or problems.

3. The individual level (individual prevention) is a preventive activity in relation to persons whose behavior has features of deviations or problems.

The main goal of preventive activities in social work is to identify the causes and conditions leading to deviations in the behavior of social objects, to prevent and reduce the likelihood of manifestation of deviations with the help of socio-economic, legal, organizational, educational, psychological and pedagogical measures of influence.

In preventive work, for a social work specialist, the ability to correctly and flexibly navigate in each specific situation, to objectively, with scientific certainty, generalize the factual material, having carefully studied all the causes of the established deviations in which they became possible, is of paramount importance.

Prevention is aimed at:

1. Prevention, elimination or neutralization of the main causes and conditions causing social deviation of a negative nature.

2. Prevention of possible physical, mental and socio-cultural deviations in various individuals and social groups.

3. Preservation, maintenance and protection of the normal standard of living and health of people.

Prevention of family troubles as a factor of social orphanhood is one of the most important types of prevention used in the practice of social work. Various literary sources indicate two stages of preventive work. The first ones are connected with the identification of minor families in a difficult life situation.

In the process of prevention, the completeness of the detection of the prevented contingent should be ensured. This will be possible only if all the subjects of prevention designated in the law participate in this process. It is important that bodies and institutions that work with the family at the early stages of the formation of the personality of a minor take part in this process - institutions of social protection of the population and health care, preschool and school educational institutions.

The next stage of preventive work is the rehabilitation of the prevented person. The success of rehabilitation depends, first of all, on the completeness of the study of the personality of the prevented person, the characteristics of the minor, his attitude to studies, parents, work, health conditions, including mental health, the nature of deviant behavior and its causes.

Based on the above, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Prevention of social orphanhood is a real need, where the general organization of preventive work on certain territory in relation to the entire contingent of minors and their families.

· Prevention of social orphanhood includes a system of measures aimed at suppressing the negatively influencing factors on the formation and development of the individual.

· Work on the prevention of social orphanhood in preparing the younger generation for responsible parenthood should begin to form positive parental attitudes through the development and implementation of programs that would contribute to the formation of the right approach to creating a family among young people.

Currently, attempts are being made to reform the system of guardianship and guardianship bodies. In particular, on the initiative and with the direct participation of the Ministry of Education, a draft “Law on minimum standards in the activities of guardianship and guardianship bodies” was developed and submitted for consideration, in which, on fundamentally new grounds, the tasks of identifying families and children in need of support, their social protection, as well as the realization of the child's right to a family.

Social assistance and support for the prestige of the family;

Development of forms of family arrangement and education of orphans and children left without parental care;

Development of a system of institutions for orphans and children left without parental care.

Another most difficult way to reduce social orphanhood is the corrective path. It relies on existing experience, support for initiatives, and a gradual increase in scale up to the development of regional models for a systematic solution to the problem of orphanhood. The corrective method of solving social orphanhood is based on two levels of intervention.

The first level of intervention includes changes to prevent "background" impacts affecting the family; a wide range of measures - the elimination of poverty and all forms of social deprivation, the provision of a high standard of living for the entire population and special assistance to large and young families - basic conditions that are very essential for preventing social orphanhood; creation of a network of nurseries and kindergartens; sick leave for a child; free meals in schools; organization of holidays and free time for children; support and implementation at all levels of measures for the social, psychological or financial support of all families with children.

The second level of prevention of social orphanhood is carried out by identifying and working in families belonging to the high-risk group. The main forms of placement of children left without parental care:

Adoption;

foster family; family-type orphanage,

An institution for children in need of state support.

These forms are enshrined in the family code, but there are others that are also included in the range of issues under study: foster care, SOS children's villages, family boarding houses, various forms of post-boarding adaptation of graduates of institutions for orphans. In the prevention of social orphanhood, invaluable assistance is provided by institutions for family assistance and temporary placement of children who cannot remain in the family.

Thus, social orphanhood in modern society has become widespread. The task of each teacher is to conduct preventive work on work with the family. Issues relating to the family and the child, relations with the child in the family, etc. should be considered.

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