If a high level of neuroticism where to work. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire EPQ. Definition of temperament, Eysenck circle

The Hans Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) will help you find out your temperament, determine the type of temperament, taking into account the introversion and extraversion of the personality, as well as emotional stability. Self-esteem diagnostics according to G. Eysenck is, perhaps, a classic method for determining temperament and one of the most significant in modern psychology.

By passing the Eysenck temperament test, you will be able to better know your own Self. You will understand what your character is like and will be able to take a more correct position in life. Knowing the temperament of your loved ones and friends will help you get along comfortably in the family and in the work team. For example, in some schools, applicants must pass a temperament test. In accordance with these tests, classes will be formed in the future. Many employers, when applying for a job, also offer to take a temperament test in order to choose one of the applicants who will successfully fit into the team.

Instruction.

You are asked to answer 57 questions. The questions are aimed at revealing your usual way of behaving. Try to imagine typical situations and give the first "natural" answer that comes to mind. If you agree with the statement, put a + (yes) sign next to its number, if not - a - (no) sign.

Stimulus material for G. Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire (EPI temperament test. Eysenck self-esteem diagnostics. Temperament determination method).

Do you like the revival and bustle around you?
Do you often have that uneasy feeling that you want something and you don't know what?
Are you one of those people who do not go into their pocket for words?
Do you feel sometimes happy and sometimes sad for no reason?
Do you usually keep a low profile at parties or in company?
Did you always do as a child what you were ordered to do immediately and resignedly?
Do you sometimes have a bad mood?
When you are drawn into a quarrel, do you prefer to remain silent, hoping that everything will work out?
Are you easily swayed by mood swings?
Do you like being among people?
How often do you lose sleep because of your worries?
Do you get stubborn sometimes?
Could you call yourself dishonest?
Do good thoughts often come to you too late?
Do you prefer to work alone?
Do you often feel lethargic and tired for no real reason?
Are you by nature a living person?
Do you sometimes laugh at dirty jokes?
Do you often get so fed up with something that you feel "fed up"?
Do you feel uncomfortable in any clothes other than casual?
Do your thoughts often get distracted when you are trying to focus on something?
Can you quickly put your thoughts into words?
Are you often lost in your own thoughts?
Are you completely free from any prejudice?
Do you like April Fools' jokes?
How often do you think about your work?
Are you a big fan of delicious food?
Do you need a friendly person to speak up when you are annoyed?
Do you find it very unpleasant to borrow or sell anything when you need money?
Do you brag sometimes?
Are you very sensitive to certain things?
Would you rather be alone at home than go to a boring party?
Do you sometimes get so restless that you can't sit still for long periods of time?
Do you tend to plan your affairs carefully and earlier than you should?
Do you have dizziness?
Do you always reply to emails immediately after reading them?
Do you do better when you think about it on your own rather than discussing it with others?
Do you ever get short of breath even if you haven't done any hard work?
Can you say that you are a person who does not care that everything is exactly the way it should be?
Do you prefer to make plans rather than act?
Do you sometimes put off until tomorrow what you need to do today?
Do you get nervous in places like elevators, subways, tunnels?
Are you usually the first to take the initiative when meeting someone?
Do you have severe headaches?
Do you usually think that everything will work itself out and return to normal?
Have you ever lied in your life?
Do you sometimes say the first thing that comes to mind?
How long do you worry after the embarrassment that happened?
Are you usually introverted to everyone except close friends?
How often do you get in trouble?
Do you love telling stories to your friends?
Do you prefer to win rather than lose?
Do you often feel uncomfortable in the company of people above you in position?
When circumstances are against you, do you usually think, however, what else is worth doing?
Do you often suck in the stomach before an important matter?

The key, processing the results of the G. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPI temperament test. Eysenck self-esteem diagnostics. Temperament determination method)

Extraversion - introversion:

"yes" (+): 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56;
"no" (-): 5, 15, 20, 29, 32, 34, 37, 41, 51.

Neuroticism (emotional stability - emotional instability):

"yes" (+): 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52 , 55, 57.

"Scale of Lies":

"yes" (+): 6, 24, 36;
"no" (-): 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54.

Answers matching the key are worth 1 point.

Interpretation of the results of the G. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPI temperament test. Eysenck self-esteem diagnostics. Temperament determination method)

When analyzing the results, the following guidelines should be followed.

Extraversion - introversion:

more than 19 - a bright extrovert,
more than 15 - extrovert,
more than 12 - a tendency to extroversion,
12 - average value,
less than 12 - a tendency to introversion,
less than 9 - introvert,
less than 5 - a deep introvert.

Neuroticism:

more than 19 - a very high level of neuroticism,
more than 13 - a high level of neuroticism,
9 - 13 - average value,
less than 9 - low level of neuroticism.

Lie:

more than 4 - insincerity in the answers, also indicating some demonstrative behavior and orientation of the subject to social approval,
less than 4 is normal.

Description of scales

Extraversion - introversion

Describing a typical extrovert, the author notes his sociability and outward orientation of the individual, a wide circle of acquaintances, the need for contacts. He acts on the spur of the moment, impulsive, quick-tempered, carefree, optimistic, good-natured, cheerful. Prefers movement and action, tends to be aggressive. Feelings and emotions do not have strict control, prone to risky actions. You can't always rely on him.

The typical introvert is quiet, shy, introspective and introspective. Restrained and distant from everyone except close friends. Plans and considers his actions in advance, does not trust sudden impulses, takes decisions seriously, loves order in everything. Controls his feelings, he is not easily pissed off. Possesses pessimism, highly appreciates moral norms.

neuroticism

Characterizes emotional stability or instability (emotional stability or instability). Neuroticism, according to some data, is associated with indicators of lability nervous system. Emotional stability is a trait that expresses the preservation of organized behavior, situational focus in normal and stressful situations. It is characterized by maturity, excellent adaptation, lack of great tension, anxiety, as well as a tendency to leadership, sociability. Neuroticism is expressed in extreme nervousness, instability, poor adaptation, a tendency to quickly change moods (lability), feelings of guilt and anxiety, preoccupation, depressive reactions, absent-mindedness, instability in stressful situations. Neuroticism corresponds to emotionality, impulsivity; unevenness in contacts with people, variability of interests, self-doubt, pronounced sensitivity, impressionability, a tendency to irritability. The neurotic personality is characterized by inadequately strong reactions to the stimuli that cause them. Individuals with high scores on the neuroticism scale in adverse stressful situations may develop neurosis.

Eysenck circle.

Explanation for the drawing "Eysenck circle":

Sanguine = stable + extroverted

Phlegmatic = stable + introverted

Melancholic = unstable + introverted

Choleric = unstable + extraverted

The presentation of the results on the scales of extraversion and neuroticism is carried out using a coordinate system. The interpretation of the obtained results is carried out on the basis of psychological characteristics personalities corresponding to one or another square of the coordinate model, taking into account the degree of severity of individual psychological properties and the degree of reliability of the data obtained.

Drawing on data from the physiology of higher nervous activity, Eysenck hypothesizes that the strong and weak types, according to Pavlov, are very close to the extraverted and introverted personality types. The nature of introversion and extraversion is seen in the innate properties of the central nervous system, which ensure the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition.

Thus, using survey data on the scales of extraversion, introversion and neuroticism, it is possible to derive indicators of personality temperament according to Pavlov's classification, who described four classical types: sanguine (according to the main properties of the central nervous system, it is characterized as strong, balanced, mobile), choleric (strong, unbalanced, mobile), phlegmatic (strong, balanced, inert), melancholic (weak, unbalanced, inert).

"Clean" sanguine(high extraversion and low neuroticism) quickly adapts to new conditions, quickly converges with people, sociable. Feelings easily arise and change, emotional experiences, as a rule, are shallow. Facial expressions are rich, mobile, expressive. He is somewhat restless, needs new impressions, regulates his impulses insufficiently, does not know how to strictly adhere to the established routine, life, and work system. In this regard, he cannot successfully carry out a task that requires an equal expenditure of effort, a long and methodical effort, perseverance, stability of attention, and patience. In the absence of serious goals, deep thoughts, creative activity, superficiality and inconstancy are developed.

Choleric(high extraversion and high neuroticism) characterized by increased excitability, actions are intermittent. He is characterized by sharpness and swiftness of movements, strength, impulsiveness, vivid expression of emotional experiences. Due to imbalance, carried away by business, he is inclined to act with all his might, to be exhausted more than he should. Having public interests, temperament manifests in initiative, energy, adherence to principles. In the absence of a spiritual life, the choleric temperament often manifests itself in irritability, efficiency, intemperance, irascibility, inability to self-control under emotional circumstances.

Phlegmatic person (high introversion and high neuroticism) characterized by a relatively low level of activity of behavior, new forms of which are developed slowly, but are persistent. It has slowness and calmness in actions, facial expressions and speech, evenness, constancy, depth of feelings and moods. Persistent and stubborn "worker of life", he rarely loses his temper, is not prone to affects, having calculated his strength, brings the matter to the end, is even in relationships, moderately sociable, does not like to chat in vain. Saves energy, does not waste it. Depending on the conditions, in some cases, a phlegmatic person can be characterized by “positive” traits - endurance, depth of thought, constancy, thoroughness, etc., in others - lethargy, indifference to the environment, laziness and lack of will, poverty and weakness of emotions, a tendency to fulfill just habitual actions.

melancholic(high introversion and high neuroticism). His reaction often does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus, there is a depth and stability of feelings with their weak expression. It is difficult for him to concentrate on something for a long time. Strong influences often cause a prolonged inhibitory reaction in a melancholic (hands down). He is characterized by restraint and muffled motor skills and speech, shyness, timidity, indecision. Under normal conditions, a melancholic is a deep, meaningful person, can be a good worker, successfully cope with life's tasks. Under adverse conditions, it can turn into a closed, timid, anxious, vulnerable person, prone to difficult internal experiences of such life circumstances that do not deserve it at all.

Section: psychology tests with answers.

Neuroticism is an identical concept to neuroticism - the quality of the individual, which manifests itself in excessive emotionality, restlessness and anxiety. This quality is considered by Eysenck in his psychological tests and approaches.

Neuroticism is a variable quality that depends on the structure and condition of the human nervous system. Some people overreact emotionally to external circumstances, while others continue to remain calm, and this is not done intentionally, but happens by itself. The response features are dictated by the nervous system, which is formed in humans mainly under the influence of a genetic predisposition.

Thus, neuroticism is passed from parent to child. If only one parent had neurotic disorders, then the chances of the child's tendency to neuroticism are less than if both parents are neurotic at once. Also follows the site reader psychological help site to know that at the gene level, predisposition is only transmitted, but it does not yet become a guarantee that neuroticism will develop necessarily. A person may be prone to the manifestation of neuroticism, but never develop the corresponding qualities in himself, which depends on the conditions in which a person grows and develops.

Many people make a problem out of something that is completely natural. One of these factors is the increased emotionality of a person. Often this is noticed only when a person is attacked by an opponent with a high-aggressive mood. And then it is easier to say that “a person is sick” than to understand the reasons for his behavior.

Heightened emotionality is quite normal. It is often seen in children. Watch how the kids play uncontrollably on the playgrounds, squeak, squeal, run and do not even think about the power with which they express their emotions.

Heightened emotionality is just a person’s inability to control their emotions at the time of their occurrence. Aggression in a person occurs when something threatens or displeases him. And some people carry negative emotions in themselves, while others direct them to those who caused them. And the level of emotionality will depend only on how much a person controls the manifestation of his own feelings.

Pay attention to situations when a person receives a desired gift or achieves a goal that has been striving for a long time. He expresses fun, happiness, wants to tell everyone about his joy, because he himself cannot bear it in such a large amount. At these very moments, a person cannot and does not even want to keep his emotions under control. Why keep them if they are positive? Moreover, not every day a person bothers to sincerely rejoice and be happy.

Therefore, increased emotionality is simply the unwillingness or inability of a person to keep their own emotions under control. This is not a disease, but simply a property or desire of the individual. And if someone's emotions interfere with you, then just move away from the other person at such a distance that his feelings do not hurt you.

What is neuroticism?

Neuroticism is a quality that manifests itself in anxiety, emotionality and anxiety of a person, which largely depends on the characteristics of the nervous system. A person with a high level of neuroticism overreacts emotionally to surrounding circumstances and stressors, because he has a pessimistic attitude, paints events in negative colors and does not know how to adapt to the world.

Neuroticism can lead to psychosomatic disorders:

Loss of appetite.
Sleep deterioration.
Headache.
Mental anxiety.
Mood variability.

Neuroticism is manifested in the lack of satisfaction of a person with his needs. Often, neuroticism manifests itself in children due to the inability to achieve success, power, superiority. A neurotic personality is easy to recognize because it is constantly disturbed by something. She is worried because she forgot to turn off something at home, she does not remember whether she closed the door. Often a neurotic personality is very concerned about his appearance, behavior in society, as well as the opinions of others about him.

Neuroticism is not considered a disease or mental disorder, since anxiety, restlessness and emotionality are inherent in all people. Much depends on the excitability of the nervous system, which provokes reactions in humans. However, neuroticism can lead to the development of neurosis and even psychosis. And these diseases will already have to be treated, since they will only exacerbate the symptoms that appear with neuroticism.

Neuroticism significantly complicates the life of the person himself, who feels that he constantly lives in stress, anxiety, is not able to calm down and trust the world. Life seems hard and unbearable.

Psychologists identify the causes of neuroticism in the internal dissatisfaction of needs, in particular, in the desire to dominate, as well as in the environment in which a person grew up from childhood. The child is helpless in relation to adults. If parents do not hear his desires and act in their own way, then a person gets used to carrying a feeling of inferiority and helplessness in himself all his life.

Neuroticism according to Eysenck

The concept of neuroticism was proposed by the psychologist Eysenck, who is known for his test for identifying extraversion and introversion in people. However, the psychologist singled out not two, but as many as 4 types of people:

Extraversion. A person of this category is directed at the people around him, he is used to being in society, making contact, making new contacts, being active. He likes to take risks, have fun and move towards the goal. Is quite impulsive, exaggerates, strives for leadership, is not able to control himself. Quite careless and fickle in a relationship.
Introversion. A person of this category is more calm, thorough, thoughtful. He is focused on his inner world, desires, thoughts, conflicts. He prefers solitude to the company of people. He would rather stay at home than go out with his friends. In order to perform an action, he will first think over its expediency and consequences for a long time. He is obligatory, reasonable, at the same time quite constrained and uncommunicative.
Neuroticism. A person of this category is suspicious, sensitive and easily excitable.
Psychoticism. The person has clear signs of psychosis.

If a person has increased neuroticism, which is also detected by passing the Eysenck questionnaire, then the help of a psychologist or psychotherapist is offered. Here you need to work out your fears, problems and experiences in order to eliminate subsequent manifestations of increased emotionality.

Feeling negative doesn't mean you've lost control. This is quite normal and helpful. However, when negative feelings turn into bad deeds, then it is not beneficial for the person. Already this understanding allows you to be an ordinary person who tends to pour out negative emotions on the people around him. After all, negative feelings are useful, if only they do not turn into bad deeds.

In this life, a person lives either from a position of love or from a position of fear. The less love, the more fear, and vice versa. If you love more, then you are less subject to negative feelings. If you often experience fear, then negative emotions are not long in coming.

Rejection of the situation leads to aggression. Selfishness does not desire certain developments, which leads to the desire to win back or manipulate others for gain. When human egoism does not like something, aggression occurs. In a fit of aggression, a person loses a sense of fear. So, he can tell the other everything that he really thinks. Notice what the person who is aggressive towards you talks about the most? Usually about what you need to do to neutralize the situation. In some situations, these demands are associated with benefits for both parties (for example, in order to stop physical violence, men go home), in others, the demands are aimed only at the benefit of the party that puts them forward (for example, “if you don’t buy me dresses, I won't have sex with you."

Disharmony of feelings and emotions leads to muscle clamps in the body. Tension comes from fear and the desire to consume. Note that not all people walk with their shoulders back, head held high, or walking straight. In modern society, you can see many people who stoop, look from under their foreheads, tilt to one side, etc. Such defects are often associated with those negative emotions that are experienced, and they, in turn, lead to certain clamps in the body.

How to deal with your negative emotions and feelings that make your life disharmonious? Track them down and they'll be gone. As soon as you begin to observe your negative emotions and sensations that are bubbling in your body, they gradually begin to disappear. Just follow them without rating or commenting. At the same time, allow yourself to be in this state. For example, the only way to deal with anxiety is to acknowledge your right to be anxious. Don't fight, let yourself worry. At the same time, remember that no one can offend you. It is not someone who offends you, but you yourself choose whether to be offended, whether to react to something with resentment.

How to finally get rid of neuroticism?

Neuroticism is not a disease, but it leads a person to a diseased state. To prevent this, a person must take responsibility for their own experiences.

Neuroticism has many causes for its manifestation, which may be based on a person's inability to receive. But acceptance is an adaptation to the world around us. To start living in real world Whatever he may seem and be, you need to accept him as he is. The world itself is no. He cannot give only bright and pleasant emotions. If a person does not know how to cope with stressful situations, then he digs a hole for himself, once in which, he will develop neuroticism.

Of course, this metaphor only superficially describes how a mental feature that causes anxiety and anxiety develops. However, it should be understood that the absence of any impact on your condition will lead to its development for the worse. After all, the neurotic will have more and more worries and reasons for anxiety, a pessimistic outlook on life and refusal to adapt to the world.

Introductory remarks. The author of the two-factor personality model, G. Eysenck, used extraversion-introversion and neuroticism as indicators of the main personality traits. In a general sense, extraversion is the orientation of the individual to the surrounding people and events, introversion is the orientation of the individual to her inner world, and neuroticism, a concept synonymous with anxiety, manifests itself as emotional instability, tension, emotional excitability, depression. Later, Eysenck introduced another dimension of personality - psychotism, by which he understood the subject's tendency to aggression, cruelty, autism, extravagance, demonstrativeness.

These properties, which make up the structure of personality according to Eysenck, are genetically determined. Their severity is associated with the rate of development of conditioned reflexes and their strength, the balance of excitation-inhibition processes in the central nervous system and the level of activation of the cerebral cortex from the reticular formation. However, the most developed of the two named properties at the physiological level in Eysenck's theory is the doctrine of extraversion-introversion. In particular, the differences between extroverts and introverts Eysenck and his followers were able to establish more than fifty physiological indicators.

So, an extrovert, in comparison with an introvert, develops conditioned reflexes more difficult, has a greater tolerance for pain, but less tolerance for sensory deprivation, as a result of which he cannot tolerate monotony, is more often distracted during work, etc. Typical behavioral manifestations of an extravert are sociability, impulsiveness, lack of self-control, good adaptability to the environment, openness in feelings. He is sympathetic, cheerful, self-confident, seeks leadership, has many friends, unrestrained, seeks entertainment, likes to take risks, witty, not always obligatory.

The following behavioral features predominate in an introvert: he is often self-absorbed, has difficulty establishing contacts with people and adapting to reality. In most cases, the introvert is calm, balanced, peaceful, his actions are thoughtful and rational. His circle of friends is small. An introvert highly values ethical norms, likes to plan the future, thinks about what and how he will do, does not give in to instant impulses, is pessimistic. An introvert does not like unrest, adheres to a routine life order. He strictly controls his feelings and rarely behaves aggressively, is mandatory.

At one extreme of neuroticism (high marks) are the so-called neurotics, who are characterized by instability, imbalance of neuropsychic processes, emotional instability, and also the lability of the autonomic nervous system. Therefore, they are easily excitable, they are characterized by mood variability, sensitivity, as well as anxiety, suspiciousness, slowness, indecision.

The other pole of neuroticism (low scores) is emotionally stable individuals, characterized by calmness, balance, confidence, and determination.

Indicators of extraversion-introversion and instability-stability are mutually independent and bipolar. Each of them represents a continuum between two poles of an extremely pronounced personality trait. The combination of these two properties, expressed to varying degrees, creates a unique identity of the individual. The characteristics of most subjects are located between the poles, more often somewhere close to the center. The remoteness of the indicator from the center indicates the degree of deviation from the average with the corresponding severity of personality traits.

The connection of the factor-analytical description of personality with four classical types of temperament - choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic is reflected in the "Eysenck circle" (Fig. 10.5.1): horizontally from left to right, the absolute value of the extraversion indicator increases, and vertically from bottom to top the severity of the stability indicator decreases.

G. Eysenck's questionnaire has two parallel, equivalent forms - A And IN which can be used both simultaneously - for greater reliability of the results, and separately, with an interval in time - to check the reliability of the questionnaire or to obtain research results in dynamics.

Purpose of the study: study of extraversion-introversion and neuroticism.

Material and equipment: Eysenck questionnaire form (form A). Form Questionnaire A contains 57 questions, of which 24 are associated with the extraversion-introversion scale, another 24 with the neuroticism scale, and the remaining 9 are included in the control L-scale (lie scale), designed to assess the degree of sincerity of the subject when answering questions.

Operating procedure:

The experiment is carried out individually or in a group. The experimenter tells the subjects instruction:“You will be asked to answer a series of questions. Answer only "yes" or "no" with a plus sign in the appropriate column, without hesitation, immediately, since your first reaction is important. Keep in mind that some personality traits are being examined, not mental traits, so there are no right or wrong answers here. Then the experimenter reminds that the subjects should work independently and suggests that they start working.

FORM A

1. Do you often feel cravings for new experiences, to shake things up, to get excited?

2. Do you often need friends who understand you, who can encourage or console you?

3. Are you a careless person?

4. Do you find it very difficult to say "no" to you?

5. Do you think before doing anything?

6. If you promise to do something, do you always keep your promises (regardless of whether it is convenient for you or not)?

7. Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?

8. Do you usually act and speak quickly without thinking?

9. Do you often feel like an unhappy person for no good reason?

10. Would you do almost anything for a dare?

11. Do you feel shy and ashamed when you want to start a conversation with a pretty stranger?

12. Do you sometimes lose your temper, get angry?

13. Do you often act under the influence of a momentary mood?

14. Do you often feel anxious because you have done or said something that you shouldn't have done or said?

15. Do you usually prefer books to meeting people?

16. Are you easily offended?

17. Do you like to be in the company often?

18. Do you sometimes have thoughts that you would like to hide from others?

19. Is it true that sometimes you are full of energy so that everything burns in your hands, and sometimes you are completely lethargic?

20. Do you prefer to have fewer friends, but especially those close to you?

21. Do you often daydream?

22. When someone yells at you, do you respond in kind?

23. Do you often feel guilty?

24. Are all your habits good and desirable?

25. Are you able to give free rein to your feelings and have fun in the company with might and main?

26. Do you consider yourself an excitable and sensitive person?

27. Are you considered a lively and cheerful person?

28. After doing something important, do you often feel like you could do it better?

29. Are you more silent when you are in the company of other people?

30. Do you gossip sometimes?

31. Does it happen that you can’t sleep because different thoughts come into your head?

32. If you want to know about something, do you prefer to read about it in a book than to ask?

33. Do you have palpitations?

34. Do you like work that requires constant attention from you?

35. Do you have bouts of trembling?

36. Would you always pay for baggage on transport if you were not afraid of checking?

37. Do you find it unpleasant to be in a society where they make fun of each other?

38. Are you irritable?

39. Do you like work that requires quick action?

40. Do you worry about some unpleasant events that might happen?

41. Do you walk slowly and leisurely?

42. Have you ever been late for a date or work?

43. Do you often have nightmares?

44. Is it true that you love to talk so much that you never miss an opportunity to talk with a stranger?

45. Do you suffer from any pain?

46. You would feel very unhappy if long time were deprived of wide communication with people?

47. Can you call yourself a nervous person?

48. Are there people among your acquaintances that you clearly do not like?

49. Can you say that you are a very confident person?

50. Are you easily offended when people point out your mistakes at work or your personal failures?

51. Do you find it hard to really enjoy a party?

52. Are you bothered by the feeling that you are somehow worse than others?

53. Is it easy for you to spice up a rather boring company?

54. Do you sometimes talk about things you don't understand?

55. Do you worry about your health?

56. Do you like to play pranks on others?

57. Do you suffer from insomnia?

Results processing:

After the subjects fill out the answer sheets, the experimenter, using the key, calculates the scores for the following indicators: E - extraversion, N - neuroticism, L - lies (each answer that matches the key is scored as one point). The results are written off in the protocol.

With the help of the “Eysenck circle”, on the basis of the obtained indicators E and H, the type of temperament of the subject is determined.

The next stage of processing the results can be associated with the calculation of the average group indicators E, N, L with the differentiation of the subjects, for example, by gender.

Key:

Extraversion - questions: 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56 - answers "Yes"; questions: 5, 15, 20, 29, 32, 34, 37, 41, 51 - answers "No".

Neuroticism - questions: 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52, 55, 57 - "Yes" answers.

Lies - questions: 6, 24, 36 - answers "Yes"; questions: 12, 18, 30, 42, 48 - answers "No".

At analysis The results of the experiment should adhere to the following guidelines.

Extraversion: 12 - average, ³15 - extrovert, ³19 - bright extrovert, £9 - introvert, £5 - deep introvert.

Neuroticism: 9-13 - average neuroticism, ³15 - high level of neuroticism, ³19 - very high level of neuroticism, £7 - low level of neuroticism.

Lies: £4 - the norm, >4 - insincerity in the answers, also indicating some demonstrative behavior and orientation of the subject to social approval.

Based on the data obtained for individual subjects and the group as a whole, conclusions are written. In individual conclusions, the level characteristics of the indicators of each subject, the type of temperament are assessed, recommendations are given, if possible, where, for example, ways of self-correction of those personality traits are indicated, the indicators of which turned out to be either excessively high or, on the contrary, extremely low. Thus, bright extroverts should be advised to narrow the circle of friends, increasing the depth of communication, and observe, and over time, carefully control the excessive impulsiveness of their behavior.

Drawing on data from the physiology of higher nervous activity, G. Eysenck hypothesizes that the strong and weak types according to Pavlov are very close to the extraverted and introverted personality types. The nature of intro- and extraversion is seen in the innate properties of the central nervous system, which ensure the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition. According to G. Eysenck, such personality traits as extraversion - introversion and neuroticism - stability are orthogonal, i.e. are statistically independent of each other. Accordingly, G. Eysenck divides people into four types, each of which is a combination of a high or low score in the range of one property, together with a high or low score in the range of another. Thus, using the survey data on the scales of extraversion - introversion and neuroticism - stability, it is possible to derive personality temperament indicators according to Pavlov's classification, who described four classical types: sanguine (according to the main properties of the central nervous system, it is characterized as strong, , unbalanced, mobile), phlegmatic (strong, balanced, inert), melancholic (weak, unbalanced, inert).

A "pure" sanguine person quickly adapts to new conditions, quickly converges with people, is sociable. Feelings easily arise and change, emotional experiences, as a rule, are shallow. Facial expressions are rich, mobile, expressive. He is somewhat restless, needs new impressions, does not regulate his impulses enough, does not know how to strictly adhere to the developed routine of life, the system at work. In this regard, he cannot successfully carry out a task that requires an equal loss of strength, a long and methodical effort, perseverance, stability of attention, and patience. In the absence of serious goals, deep thoughts, creative activity, superficiality and inconstancy are developed.

Choleric is characterized by increased excitability, actions are intermittent. He is characterized by sharpness and swiftness of movements, strength, impulsiveness, vivid expression of emotional experiences. Due to imbalance, carried away by business, he is inclined to act with all his might, to be exhausted more than he should. Having public interests, temperament manifests in initiative, energy, adherence to principles. In the absence of spiritual life, the choleric temperament often manifests itself in irritability, affectivity, intemperance, irascibility, inability to self-control under emotional circumstances,

The phlegmatic is characterized by a relatively low level of activity of behavior, new forms of which are developed slowly, but are persistent. Possesses slowness and calmness in actions, facial expressions and speech, evenness, constancy, depth of feelings and moods, Persistent and stubborn "worker of life", he rarely loses his temper, is not prone to affects, having calculated his strength, brings the matter to the end, is even in relations, and the measure is sociable, does not like to chat in vain. Saves energy, does not waste it. Depending on the conditions, in some cases a phlegmatic person can be characterized by “positive” traits: endurance, depth of thought, constancy, thoroughness, etc., in others - lethargy; indifference to the environment, laziness and lack of will, poverty and weakness of emotions, a tendency to perform only habitual actions.

In a melancholic, the reaction often does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus, there is depth and stability of feelings with their weak expression. It is difficult for him to concentrate on something for a long time. Strong influences often cause a prolonged inhibitory reaction in a melancholic (“hands down”). He is characterized by restraint and muffled motor skills and speech, shyness, timidity, indecision. Under normal conditions, a melancholic person is a deep, meaningful person, can be a good worker, successfully cope with life's tasks. Under adverse conditions, it can turn into a closed, timid, anxious, vulnerable person, prone to difficult internal experiences of such life circumstances that do not deserve it at all.

As a rule, one should talk about the predominance of certain traits of temperament, since in life in pure form they are rare.

Similar information.

Neuroticism is a personality trait that is expressed in increased anxiety, low self-esteem and self-esteem, constant guilt, emotional instability.

People with neuroticism are prone to negative experiences, to falling into negative situations, they do not know how to adapt. Often this state is hidden behind external well-being, internal dissatisfaction and personal conflicts are concealed.

A person is characterized by emotional lability, which is not always adequate to the situation, he is overly susceptible to external events.

A pessimistic mood, a lack of adaptation of the personality, negative events cause unpleasant sensations and negative emotions.

Neuroticism is not a disease, it is a feature of the psyche, a person's personality, and this condition is not a synonym. Neurotic symptoms can also be observed in a healthy person.

The level of neuroticism is measured by a psychologist using tests and lists of special questions, a high level can lead to psychosis.

Related research

The nature and causes of the development of neuroticism have been and are the subject of study by many psychiatrists, psychotherapists and psychologists. The largest contribution to the study of neuroticism was made by Sigmund Freud, Hans Eysenck, Alfred Adler, Fritz Perls, Karen Horney.

Each theory has common features and some differences:

Personal assessment

You can identify a high level of neuroticism by the following signs:

constant unreasonable anxiety and anxiety;
inadequate level of anxiety about one's own appearance;
low self-esteem;
feeling of inferiority in comparison with others;
overly emotional reaction to arousal;
a growing number of somatic complaints (headaches, back pain, digestive problems, sleep disturbances, mood swings, a state of internal anxiety, fears);
guilt;
seizures;
phobias and obsessions.

In search of truth, or again about the reasons

It is believed that neuroticism is associated with the physiological characteristics of the brain. Hans Eysenck theorized that this personality type is associated with the activity of the limbic system. His research also revealed that neuroticism is characteristic of individuals with a pronounced predominance of the activity of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

An important factor is genetic predisposition. Such a personality structure is associated with the phenomenon of polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene.

Individuals with a high score for neuroticism have a high concentration of serotonin receptors in certain areas of the limbic system. The level of expression of serotonin receptors is closely related to the degree of manifestation of neuroticism.

The role of neurotrophic factor in the brain

Neurotropic factors of the brain are one of the key proteins for the survival, growth and differentiation of neurons, it has been proven that deviations in them lead to the development of emotional disorders.

Also, neuroticism correlates with the activity of the blood supply of the hippocampus, a structure that interacts to the greatest extent with the neurotropic factors of the brain and is involved in the development of depressive states. A low level of neurotropic factors in the brain is reflected in frequent mood swings and anxiety.

The constant presence of an individual under the influence of stress factors causes the lability of defense mechanisms to mood swings and anxious mental disorders. Stress imbalance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenaline axis is one of the pathways that may be related to neuroticism and its exacerbation.

Other Important Factors

The level of cortisol in the blood in response to stress is a marker of the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Changes in the concentration of cortisol in the body can provide important information about the intensity of the reaction to depending on whether the body is in a state of chronic stress or in a calm environment.

A stable increase in the daily concentration of cortisol due to chronic stress leads to an increase in anxiety, the appearance of signs of depression, mood swings, and decreased performance.

Neuroimaging studies using magnetic resonance imaging have shown that there is an interdependence between neuroticism and the functioning of the brain and its individual structures.

This condition is characterized by arousal in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala in response to emotional stimuli.

Also, the development of neuroticism is influenced by temperament, psychological problems and the number of stress factors.

What can be done?

Neuroticism is not a mental disorder, but a feature of the human psyche. Most people who are in a stressful situation are characterized by such manifestations as uncertainty, anxiety, anxiety.

In the case when the level of neuroticism is high, this can complicate the life of the individual, negatively affect relationships with others.

Treatment of neuroticism should be carried out with the help of psychologists and psychotherapists. Work should be aimed at relieving stress, controlling and managing emotions, desires, forming a positive outlook on life, an adequate response to ongoing events.

Specialists use the techniques of suggestion and neurolinguistic programming in the treatment of this personality trait. Antidepressants may be prescribed to improve sleep quality, reduce anxiety, and improve mental balance.

How to be always positive?

To prevent the manifestations of neuroticism, it is recommended to take vitamins, drugs that improve metabolism and blood supply to the brain. It helps to maintain the strength and resources of the body.

Neurotic people need the support of loved ones. To maintain a sense of harmony and security, manifestations of love and care from relatives, normal relationships with family and friends are important.

It is recommended to use various relaxation techniques that help you cope with stress and difficulties on your own. Various spiritual practices can help in this, but mastering them requires a lot of time and changes in the usual way of life.

Meditation is an effective method. It allows you to calm down, get away from negative thoughts and emotions, but it will not solve psychological problems. Breathing techniques are beneficial for mental and physical health. They help to quickly restore peace of mind.

To maintain an adequate psycho-emotional state, sports are recommended.

Scales: extraversion - introversion, neuroticism - stability, psychotism

Purpose of the test

The questionnaire is designed to study individual psychological personality traits in order to diagnose the degree of severity of properties put forward as essential components of personality: neuroticism, extraversion, introversion and psychotism.

The EPQ includes 101 questions and contains the following four scales:

. extraversion - introversion;
.neuroticism - stability;
.psychotism;
. honesty scale.

The response time is not limited, although it is not recommended to delay the examination procedure.

Instructions for the test

You are invited to answer questions about your usual way of behaving. Try to imagine typical situations and give the first "natural" answer that comes to mind.

If you agree with the statement, put a “+” (yes) next to its number, if not, a “-” (no) sign. Answer quickly and accurately. Remember that there are no "good" or "bad" answers.

Test

1. Do you have many different hobbies?
2. Do you think ahead about what you are going to do?
3. Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?
4. Have you ever claimed praise for something another person actually did?
5. Are you a talkative person?
6. Would you be worried about getting into debt?
7. Have you ever felt unhappy for no particular reason?
8. Have you ever been greedy to get more than you were entitled to?
9. Do you carefully lock the door at night?
10. Do you consider yourself a cheerful person?
11. Seeing how a child, an animal suffers. Would you be very upset?
12. Do you often worry about doing or saying things that you shouldn't have done or said?
13. Do you always keep your promises, even if it is very inconvenient for you personally?
14. Would you enjoy skydiving?
15. Are you able to give vent to feelings and have fun in a noisy company?
16. Are you irritable?
17. Have you ever blamed someone for something you were actually guilty of?
18. Do you enjoy meeting new people?
19. Do you believe in insurance?
20. Are you easily offended?
21. Are all your habits good and desirable?
22. Do you try to be in the background when in society?
23. Would you take drugs that could put you in an unusual or dangerous state (alcohol, drugs)?
24. Do you often feel like you are tired of everything?
25. Have you ever taken things belonging to another person, even if it was such a small thing as a pin or a button?
26. Do you like to visit someone often and have been in society?
27. Do you enjoy hurting those you love?
28. Do you often feel guilty?
29. Have you had to talk about what you are poorly versed in?
30. Do you usually prefer books to meeting people?
31. Do you have obvious enemies?
32. Would you call yourself a nervous person?
33. Do you always apologize when you are rude to another?
34. Do you have many friends?
35. Do you enjoy playing pranks and pranks that can sometimes really hurt people?
36. Are you a restless person?
37. As a child, did you always meekly and immediately do what you were ordered to do?
38. Do you consider yourself a carefree person?
39. How much do good manners and cleanliness mean to you?
40. Do you worry about any terrible things that could have happened but didn't?
41. Have you ever broken or lost someone else's thing?
42. Are you usually the first to take the initiative when meeting someone?
43. Can you easily understand a person's condition if he shares worries with you?
44. Are your nerves often stretched to the limit?
45. Will you throw an unnecessary piece of paper on the floor if there is no basket at hand?
46. Are you more silent when you are in the company of other people?
47. Do you think marriage is old fashioned and should be abolished?
48. Do you sometimes feel sorry for yourself?
49. Do you sometimes boast a lot?
50. Can you easily spice up a rather boring company?
51. Do cautious drivers annoy you?
52. Are you worried about your health?
53. Have you ever spoken badly about another person?
54. Do you like to tell jokes and jokes to your friends?
55. For you the majority food products same taste?
56. Do you sometimes have a bad mood?
57. Did you ever tease your parents as a child?
58. Do you enjoy interacting with people?
59. Do you worry if you find out that you made mistakes in your work?
60. Do you suffer from insomnia?
61. Do you always wash your hands before eating?
62. Are you one of those people who do not go into their pocket for words?
63. Do you prefer to come to meetings a little earlier than the appointed time?
64. Do you feel lethargic, tired, for no reason?
65. Do you like to talk so much that you do not miss any opportunity to talk with a new person?
66. Have you ever cheated in a game?
67. Your mother is a good person (was a good man)?
68. Do you often feel that life is terribly boring?
69. Have you ever taken advantage of another person's misstep for your own purposes?
70. Do you often take on more than your time allows?
71. Are there people who try to avoid you?
72. Are you very concerned about your appearance?
73. Are you always polite, even with unpleasant people?
74. Do you think that people spend too much time to secure their future by saving, insuring themselves and their lives?
75. Have you ever wanted to die?
76. Would you try to avoid paying tax on additional earnings if you were sure that you could never be convicted of this?
77. Can you revitalize the company?
78. Do you try not to be rude to people?
79. Do you worry for a long time after the embarrassment that happened?
80. Have you ever insisted on having your way?
81. Do you often come to the station at last minute before the train leaves?
82. Have you ever intentionally said something unpleasant or offensive to a person?
83. Did your nerves bother you?
84. Do you find it unpleasant to be among people who make fun of your comrades?
85. Do you easily lose friends through your own fault?
86. Do you often feel lonely?
87. Do your words always match your deeds?
88. Do you sometimes like to tease animals?
89. Are you easily offended by comments that concern you personally and your work?
90. Would life without any danger seem too boring to you?
91. Have you ever been late for a date or work?
92. Do you like the hustle and bustle around you?
93. Do you want people to be afraid of you?
94. Is it true that sometimes you are full of energy and everything burns in your hands, and sometimes you are completely lethargic?
95. Do you sometimes put off till tomorrow what you have to do today?
96. Are you considered a lively and cheerful person?
97. Are you often told lies?
98. Are you very sensitive to certain phenomena, events, things?
99. Are you always ready to admit your mistakes?
100. Have you ever felt sorry for an animal that got into a trap?
101. Was it difficult for you to fill out the questionnaire?

Processing and interpretation of test results

Key to the test

1. Extraversion-Introversion Scale:

Answers "no" (-): 22, 30, 46, 84;
. yes answers (+): 1, 5, 10, 15, 18, 26, 34, 38, 42, 50, 54, 58, 62, 65, 70, 74, 77, 81, 90, 92, 96.

2. Neutrotism Scale :

Yes (+) responses: 3, 7, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 68, 72, 75, 79, 83, 86, 89, 94, 98.

3. Psychotism Scale :

Answers "no" (-): 2, 6, 9, 11, 19, 39, 43, 59, 63, 67, 78, 100;
. “yes” (+) answers: 14, 23, 27, 31, 35, 47, 51, 55, 71, 85, 88, 93.97.

4. Sincerity Scale:

Answers "no" (-): 4, 8, 17, 25, 29, 41, 45, 49, 53, 57, 66, 69, 76, 80, 82, 91, 95;
. yes (+) answers: 13, 21, 33, 37, 61, 73, 87, 99.

The results of the answers are compared with the "key". For the answer corresponding to the key, 1 point is assigned, for the answer that does not correspond to the key - 0 points. The points received are summed up.

Average scores on the extraversion-introversion scale: 7-15 points.

High scores on the extraversion-introversion scale correspond to the extraverted type, low - to the introverted type.

Average scores on the neuroticism scale: 8-16.

The result - less than 8 points indicates the emotional stability of a person, more than 16 - about emotional instability (neuroticism).

Mean psychotism scores : 5-12.

I. Extraversion - introversion.

Describing a typical extrovert, the author notes his sociability and outward orientation of the individual, a wide circle of acquaintances, the need for contacts. A typical extrovert acts on the spur of the moment, impulsive, quick-tempered. He is carefree, optimistic, good-natured, cheerful. Prefers movement and action, tends to be aggressive. Feelings and emotions do not have strict control, prone to risky actions. You can't always rely on him.

The typical introvert is a calm, shy person, prone to introspection. Restrained and distant from everyone except close friends. Plans and considers his actions in advance, distrusts sudden urges, takes decisions seriously, likes everything in order. Controls his feelings, he is not easily pissed off. Possesses pessimism, highly appreciates moral norms.

II. Neuroticism (emotional stability).

Characterizes emotional stability or instability (emotional stability or instability). According to some data, neuroticism is associated with indicators of the lability of the nervous system.

Emotional stability is a trait that expresses the preservation of organized behavior, situational focus in normal and stressful situations. An emotionally stable person is characterized by maturity, excellent adaptation, lack of great tension, anxiety, as well as a tendency to leadership, sociability.

Emotional instability, neuroticism is expressed in extreme nervousness, instability, poor adaptation, a tendency to quickly change moods (lability), feelings of guilt and anxiety, anxiety, depressive reactions, absent-mindedness, instability in stressful situations.

Neuroticism corresponds to emotionality, impulsivity; unevenness in contacts with people, variability of interests, self-doubt, pronounced sensitivity, impressionability, a tendency to irritability. The neurotic personality is characterized by inadequately strong reactions to the stimuli that cause them. Individuals with high scores on the neuroticism scale in adverse stressful situations may develop neurosis.

III. Psychoticism.

This scale indicates a tendency to antisocial behavior, pretentiousness, inadequacy of emotional reactions, high conflict, non-contact, self-centeredness, selfishness, indifference.

According to G. Eysenck, high rates of extraversion and neuroticism correspond to a psychiatric diagnosis of hysteria, and high rates of introversion and neuroticism correspond to a state of anxiety or reactive depression.

Neuroticism and psychotism in the case of the severity of these indicators are understood as a "predisposition" to the corresponding types of pathology.

Drawing on data from the physiology of higher nervous activity, G. Eysenck hypothesizes that the strong and weak types according to I.P. Pavlov are very close to the extraverted and introverted personality types. The nature of introversion and extraversion is seen in the innate properties of the central nervous system, which ensure the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition. According to G. Eysenck, such personality traits as extraversion-introversion and neuroticism-stability are orthogonal, i.e. are statistically independent of each other. Accordingly, G. Eysenck divides people into four types, each of which is a combination of a high or low score in the range of one property, together with a high or low score in the range of another. Thus, using the survey data on the scales of extraversion-introversion and neuroticism-stability, it is possible to derive personality temperament indicators according to the classification of I.P. Pavlov, who described four classical types:

. sanguine(according to the main properties of the central nervous system, it is characterized as strong, balanced, mobile);
. choleric(strong, unbalanced, mobile);
. phlegmatic person(strong, balanced, inert);
. melancholic(weak, unbalanced, inert).

"Clean" sanguine quickly adapts to new conditions, quickly converges with people, sociable. Feelings easily arise and change, emotional experiences, as a rule, are shallow. Facial expressions are rich, mobile, expressive. He is somewhat restless, needs new impressions, does not regulate his impulses enough, does not know how to strictly adhere to the developed routine of life, the system at work. In this regard, he cannot successfully carry out a task that requires an equal loss of strength, a long and methodical effort, perseverance, stability of attention, and patience. In the absence of serious goals, deep thoughts, creative activity, superficiality and inconstancy are developed.

Choleric characterized by increased excitability, actions are intermittent. He is characterized by sharpness and swiftness of movements, strength, impulsiveness, vivid expression of emotional experiences. Due to imbalance, carried away by business, he is inclined to act with all his might, to be exhausted more than he should. Having public interests, temperament manifests in initiative, energy, adherence to principles. In the absence of spiritual life, the choleric temperament often manifests itself in irritability, affectivity, intemperance, irascibility, inability to self-control under emotional circumstances,

Phlegmatic person characterized by a relatively low level of activity of behavior, new forms of which are developed slowly, but are persistent. Possesses slowness and calmness in actions, facial expressions and speech, evenness, constancy, depth of feelings and moods, Persistent and stubborn "worker of life", he rarely loses his temper, is not prone to affects, having calculated his strength, brings the matter to the end, is even in relations, and the measure is sociable, does not like to chat in vain. Saves energy, does not waste it. Depending on the conditions, in some cases a phlegmatic person can be characterized by "positive" features: endurance, depth of thought, constancy, thoroughness, etc., in others - lethargy; indifference to the environment, laziness and lack of will, poverty and weakness of emotions, a tendency to perform only habitual actions.

At melancholic the reaction often does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus, there is depth and stability of feelings with their weak expression. It is difficult for him to concentrate on something for a long time. Strong influences often cause a prolonged inhibitory reaction in a melancholic (“hands down”). He is characterized by restraint and muffled motor skills and speech, shyness, timidity, indecision. Under normal conditions, a melancholic person is a deep, meaningful person, can be a good worker, successfully cope with life's tasks. Under adverse conditions, it can turn into a closed, timid, anxious, vulnerable person, prone to difficult internal experiences of such life circumstances that do not deserve it at all.

As a rule, one should talk about the predominance of certain traits of temperament, since they are rare in life in their pure form. That is why G.V. Sukhodolsky believes that it is necessary to single out not four ("pure" types - this is an abstraction), but nine types of personality: a norm and eight accentuations. In addition to the four "pure" types, G.V. Sukhodolsky proposed four "intermediate" types:

1. choleric-sanguine,
2. sanguine-phlegmatic,
3. phlegmatic-melancholic,
4. melancholic-choleric,
5. normal type.

According to G.V. Sukhodolsky, G. Eysenck's typology can be represented as a matrix, the rows of which characterize the orientation (introversion; average values; extraversion), the columns correspond to the levels of emotional stability (neuroticism; average values; stability), and the elements - statistically normal and deviant types.

Matrix typology of personalities according to the EPQ method of G. Eysenck (according to G.V. Sukhodolsky)

introversion (<7 баллов) Ср. значения (7-15 балл) Экстраверсия (>15 points)
Neuroticism (>16 p.) M MX X
Wed values (8-16 b.) FM N XC
Stability (< 8 б.) Ф СФ С

With the help of this matrix, it is easy to determine whether a person belongs to one of the nine personality types, using a combination of the degree of severity of extraversion and neuroticism.

Each type of personality corresponds to the following external manifestations:

1. Choleric(X) - Aggressive, short-tempered, changing his views / impulsive.
2. choleric-sanguine(HS) type - optimistic, active, extroverted, sociable, accessible.
3.sanguine(С) - talkative, quickly reacting, laid-back, lively.
4. Sanguine-phlegmatic(SF) type - carefree, leading, stable, calm, balanced.
5. Phlegmatic person(F) - reliable, self-controlled, peaceful, reasonable.
6. Phlegmatic-melancholy(FM) type - diligent, passive, introvert, quiet, unsociable.
7. melancholic(M) - restrained, pessimistic, sober, rigid.
8. melancholic-choleric(MX) type - conscientious, capricious, neurotic, touchy, restless.
9. normal type(H) .