General characteristics of the psychological profession. The profession of a psychologist - is the profession of a psychologist in demand in the modern world? Who Shouldn't Become a Psychologist

Profession "Psychologist" on the subject of labor belongs to the type "man-man"; by the nature of work is a profession creative class.

Appointment of the profession "Psychologist": providing psychological assistance to the client. Depending on the official purpose: a psychologist at the enterprise - tasks for optimizing the labor process; psychologist-consultant - assistance in resolving personal difficulties, family problems; in research organizations - the implementation of scientific work.

The main tasks to be solved by the profession "Psychologist":

o customer reception;

o study of the problem and difficulties of the client (methods of conversation, analysis of documents, questionnaires, testing, experiment);

o analysis of the problem, its awareness;

o finding ways to solve the problem;

o working with the client on ways to resolve the problem;

o help in understanding them;

o assistance in developing ways to get out of this kind of difficult situations;

o maintenance of special documentation;

o continuous self-development, increasing the level of professionalism.

The profession of "Psychologist" requires from a specialist mainly intellectual costs. Professional activity, first of all, implies the analysis, comparison and interpretation of data, the proposal of new solutions, the coordination of work, the coordination of actions, ensuring the correct and accurate functioning of the system.

Professionally important qualities of the profession "Psychologist":
o adequate self-esteem; o discipline; o optimism, dominance of positive emotions; o organization, self-discipline; o responsibility; o self-control, the ability to self-observation; o self-control, emotional balance, endurance; o striving for professional excellence; o attention to detail; o selectivity of attention; o developed amount of attention (the ability to simultaneously perceive several objects); o the ability to notice changes in the environment without consciously focusing attention on them; o the ability to notice minor (subtle) changes in the object under study, in instrument readings; o the ability to create an image according to a verbal description; o the ability to figuratively represent objects, processes and phenomena; o the ability to translate the image into a verbal description; o analyticity (the ability to distinguish individual elements of reality, the ability to classify) thinking; o flexibility of thinking;	o abstractness (abstract images, concepts) of thinking; o intuitive thinking; o conceptual thinking; o strategic thinking; o creative thinking; o erudition; o well-developed mnemonic abilities (memory properties); o communication skills (ability to communicate and interact with people); o the ability of the speech apparatus to intensive and prolonged work; o the ability to competently express their thoughts; o the ability to clearly and concisely formulate information; o the ability to quickly navigate in the environment; o the ability to quickly navigate events; o writing skills; o propensity for research activities; o the ability to competently and clearly ask questions; o the ability to empathy, empathy; o the ability to connect with people; o creativity; o ability to anticipate the result; o the ability to listen and hear the interlocutor and empathize; o the ability to understand the needs of the client and find an approach to it.
Diseases contraindicated for the profession "Psychologist":
o neuropsychiatric disorders; o convulsions, loss of consciousness; o drug use, alcohol dependence; o uncorrectable decrease in visual acuity; o hearing disorders;	o vestibular disorders, impaired sense of balance; o coordination disorders; o speech disorders; o chronic infectious diseases; o skin diseases.

Specifics of working as a Psychologist:

In our country, most psychologists work in the field of education - a teacher-psychologist: he helps kids adapt to an unfamiliar environment, tests for readiness for school, and works with problem children. In schools, psychologists select first-graders, are engaged in correctional and developmental activities, career guidance for high school students, conduct various trainings, etc.

Clinical psychologist - works in care services for seriously ill patients: oncological, HIV-infected, etc. and helps patients cope with stress, supports them, monitors their health, and, if necessary, connects a psychiatrist and neurologist to treatment. Also, a psychologist can find his place in politics and business.

Choose the profession of a psychologist if you:

minded humanist
sociable, you have many friends
kind and patient

Don't choose if you:

inattentive, not ready to listen to the problems of others
expect very high salaries
unbalanced

X a good psychologist is usually called an experienced and insightful person who subtly understands people, understands the motives of their moods and actions and, because of this, knows how to get along well with people, and when necessary, help them with advice in solving life problems. For this, by the way, it is not necessary to graduate from the Faculty of Psychology. Many acquire these valuable abilities due to a special temperament, multiplied by natural observation and life experience. True, such worldly psychologists are not immune from mistakes, naive illusions that are widespread in everyday consciousness. In addition, they have to intuitively, often at the cost of painful mistakes, discover those patterns and phenomena that have not been a secret for specialists for a long time.
Professional psychologists have the advantage that they study human behavior purposefully, with the help of specially organized scientific experiments. At the same time, however, not all of them are good psychologists in worldly sense of this word and constantly make ridiculous mistakes in their own everyday affairs, in relationships with loved ones. Yes, and those experiments that are carefully planned and organized by professional psychologists, sometimes only confirm what we all intuitively guess.
Only those who can combine the advantages of both approaches - scientific and worldly - manage to become a true connoisseur of human souls. This, of course, requires a certain psychological erudition, and, of course, the ability to see the psychological background in the phenomena that surround us every day.

The main difficulty of the work of a psychologist in any area is the risk of emotional burnout. After all, a psychologist, one way or another, is included in the fate and life of every person, passes his problems through himself. This risk should not be underestimated. If you notice that you quickly get tired of intense communication, then imagine that it will take up the bulk of your life as a professional duty.

Pros of the profession:

In our country, most psychologists work in the field of education - educational psychologist: he helps kids adapt to an unfamiliar environment, tests for readiness for school, works with problem children. In schools, psychologists select first-graders, are engaged in correctional and developmental activities, career guidance for high school students, conduct various trainings, etc.
clinical psychologist- works in care services for seriously ill patients with cancer, HIV-infected, etc. and helps patients cope with stress, supports them, monitors their health, and, if necessary, connects a psychiatrist and neurologist to treatment.
Also, a psychologist can find his place in politics and business.

Job description:

A psychologist is a specialist with a specialized education who provides psychological assistance to patients. Also, the tasks of a psychologist include applied and scientific research in the field of psychology.

Psychologists are divided into several categories: psychologists-consultants, psychologists-educators, clinical psychologists.

Psychologist-consultant - specialist general profile Its task is to provide psychological assistance to patients. Only psychologists-teachers can conduct consultations in educational institutions; their task includes both providing psychological assistance to students and advising teachers on issues of working with students. Clinical psychologist has special training in diagnosis and treatment mental illness. As a rule, this specialist works in medical institutions.

Activities:

reception and consultation of clients;

Identification of a psychological problem;

Conducting a certain set of exercises (classes) using various professional techniques;

analysis of the environment in which the object of psychological counseling is immersed

Places of work:

Specialized state and private medical institutions;

Educational and training institutions;

centers of psychological assistance;

Recruitment services, recruitment agencies;

· the scope of research activities.
Psychological centers, private psychological counseling offices, educational and medical institutions.

Professional skills:

specialized education (higher professional or professional retraining courses);

Knowledge and ability to use in practice various psychological methods and methods of therapy

Additional features:

Today, there are quite a lot of areas in which a psychologist can find professional application: working with children, recruitment, management, coaching.

The activities and personality of a person are studied by philosophy, history, pedagogy, ethics and other sciences. Psychology is engaged in the study of the characteristics of activity and personality, that is, the specifics of the functioning and manifestation of mental processes, states, properties, knowledge, skills, abilities, experience in solving practical problems. It also studies individual psychological qualities, special traits, the general structure and originality of the personality of a specialist. The methodological basis of such a study is the general scientific provisions on human activity, consciousness and personality. Activity is understood as a purposeful process of transforming reality, creating and asserting material and spiritual values. The features of activity are determined, as already noted, by the content of its goals, the subject to which it is directed, the means by which it is carried out, the situation, and the results.

In the psychological structure of activity, there is a goal, motives, methods, methods for solving certain problems, planning, decision-making, willpower, intellectual strength, control over the process of obtaining expected results, evaluation of what has been done.

The functioning and manifestation of mental processes, states, properties, experience in human activity are determined not only by the tasks being solved, the situation, but also by the individual characteristics of the personality itself. Human activity meets the needs of the individual, it is motivated and controlled by a mental reflection of the existing objective conditions and an idea of the future, in particular, an idea of the result to which it is aimed, that is, a conscious goal; finally, it has its own adequate regulation, directly expressing its partiality; in a word, it is the activity of a holistic subject affirming his life.

The process of activity begins with setting a goal based on needs and motives (or a person's awareness of the task assigned to him). Next comes the development of a plan, installations, decisions, models, schemes for future actions. Then the person proceeds to the implementation of substantive actions, uses certain means and methods of activity, compares the course of the process and the results obtained with the goal, and makes adjustments.

Personality - a person as a subject of relations and conscious activity, endowed with creative abilities. The main thing in a person is his attitude to the world and himself, those qualities and properties that determine his social behavior.

The formation of personality is determined by the social system, education and self-education, relationships with other people, activities.

The democratization carried out in the country, the main goal of which is a decisive renewal of all aspects of the life of society, involves a deep knowledge and comprehensive consideration of the characteristics of the personality and consciousness of a person, the development of his initiative, creativity, civil and political activity.

In assessing the methods of studying personality, the historical-evolutionary approach currently predominates, which sets a general strategy for highlighting questions about the relationship between biological and social in personality, motivation for its development, mechanisms of regulation social behavior personality, character and abilities.

The psychological disclosure of the connections "personality-profession" to a certain extent can contribute to concretizing the understanding of the personality, determining the goals and objectives of training specialists.

Any profession is a kind of socially necessary, constantly performed activity based on the acquisition of knowledge, skills, abilities, and the development of a person's personal qualities. The professional activity of specialists with higher education is the activity of intellectuals in various fields of social labor.

Within each profession there are specialties with a relatively narrow character of professional activity. Some activities combine several specialties: production manager, school director, etc. Thanks to a wide system of vocational education and advanced training within one profession, a fairly wide choice of specialties is provided. For example, the profession of a teacher covers the specialization of teachers of mathematics, biology, history, chemistry, etc.

When considering the relationship between the individual and the profession, it is necessary to take into account the ideological, political and professional orientation of a specialist, his attitude, interest and love for the profession; features of worldview and personal attitudes; a system of goals and motives that contribute to the fulfillment of duties; spiritual, intellectual, moral and aesthetic needs, the direction of development of abilities, inclinations, ideals; a set of knowledge, skills, abilities necessary for work; attentiveness, observation, features of memory, imagination, thinking, speech; general development, erudition, culture, intelligence; professionally important character traits, abilities, level of development of cognitive psychological processes.

Therefore, to study the relationship between the individual and the profession means: a) to identify the requirements for a person by profession; b) explore the levels of efficiency of a specialist and come to certain conclusions about the features of professionally important qualities; c) analyze the characteristics of the individual as a citizen of his country, reveal the origins of the development of certain of his universal human qualities and traits, goals and motives of professional activity.

Any profession sets certain requirements for a person, therefore, before forming a student as a person, it is necessary to create a model of a specialist. Of course, the model of an engineer will differ from the model of a teacher or a doctor, but the principle of construction and structure of such models of specialists in different professions could be general. Having a model of a specialist with a certain system of properties, knowledge, skills, and abilities characteristic of him, you can begin to develop methods for identifying professional requirements for a specialist, and then build a system for quantifying the degree of compliance with the requirements and qualities of a specialist.

There is also the question of the qualifications of specialists with higher education. The concept of qualification reflects the qualitative side of their training. Through this concept, the educational process is directly related to psychology and pedagogy, it serves as the basis for formulating professional and other requirements for the individual, analyzing his activities. Qualification is determined by the place of a specialist in social production, the degree of complexity and nature of his work, as well as the totality of personal capabilities and abilities to fulfill his duties. This totality is expressed mainly in professionally important knowledge, skills, mental processes and personality traits.

From the foregoing follows the need for the interaction of a number of sciences in resolving the issue of specialist qualifications, in studying modern requirements for his personality and activity. Here, in addition to the psychology of higher education, other sciences should also contribute:

physiology and biology (when studying the characteristics of the higher nervous activity of a student, specialist, their adaptation, physical qualities, loads, etc.);

personality psychology (studies the orientation of the personality, its abilities, temperament and character);

developmental psychology (studies the characteristics of the psyche of students, due to age);

philosophy (allows you to solve questions of the relationship of consciousness, personality to the external environment);

ethics (reveals the norms of behavior of a specialist, his moral qualities);

social psychology (studies the characteristics of the student and departmental team, etc.);

ergonomics (provides rational workplace equipment, etc.).

For example, ethics should help higher education to take into account new phenomena and processes in the relationship and cohabitation of people, ergonomics - to reveal the most favorable conditions for the activity of a specialist, labor psychology - to study the factors and patterns of mental activity of a specialist during practical work, his individual psychological characteristics, professionally important qualities that need to be formed at the university.

Psychological originality different types the activities of specialists necessitates professional disclosure of the requirements for their personality. The development of professiograms contributes to the formation of clear and unified ideas among the teaching staff of universities about what this or that university should give “at the end”, scientifically thought-out curricula. At the same time, it is important to identify typical difficulties faced by university graduates and their causes.

In the book of E.S. Romanova "99 Popular Professions" (St. Petersburg, 2003) presents 99 professiograms of the most popular professions among modern schoolchildren. Among them are an attaché, a bartender, a radio or television presenter, a defender environment, image maker, singer, political scientist, psychologist, fashion model, ecologist, etc. The study was carried out on the basis of a survey of graduates of secondary schools and individual conversations with them.

Any professiogram consists of the sections described below.

1. Occupation classification card.

In a brief form, the most important features of the profession from a psychological point of view are set out here: its name; dominant way of thinking; area of basic knowledge; Professional area; interpersonal interaction; dominant interest; additional interest; working conditions.

As an example, they cited the qualification card of the teaching profession.

The name of the profession is a teacher.

The dominant way is adaptation-formalization of thinking

The area of basic knowledge - humanitarian, natural

No. 1 and their level of science or mathematics, statistics

(depending on the specialty), level 3,

high (theoretical).

Area of basic knowledge - pedagogy and psychology, level 2,

No. 2 and their level is medium (practical use of knowledge).

Professional area - pedagogy.

Interpersonal mutual - frequent of the type "together".

action

The dominant interest is social.

Additional interest - artistic.

Working conditions - indoors, mobile.

2. dominant activities.

In the professiogram "Teacher" they are as follows:

Teaching various sciences;

Explanation of new material by means accessible to students of this age and taking into account their individual characteristics;

Control over the assimilation of the material;

Carrying out educational work with children;

assistance in revealing the creative potential, abilities and capabilities of students;

Identification of the interests and inclinations of students for an adequate selection of programs and teaching methods;

The study of the individual characteristics of children and the provision of effective psychological and pedagogical influence on them;

Building a training program based on knowledge of the general age patterns of children's development;

Participation in the formation of the student's personality;

Development of students' desire to master new knowledge;

Organization of extra-curricular group events, holding discussions, disputes, meetings;

Explanation of current social events and phenomena;

__________________

1 Professiography - a description of the profession or specialty, on the basis of which a professiogram is compiled, that is, a list of psychological, physiological and professional requirements for a specialist.

Participation in the development and implementation of educational, curricula;

Drawing up thematic and lesson plans;

Preparation of documentation (logs, reports).

3. Qualities that ensure the success of professional activities.

This includes both abilities and personal qualities of a person:

Abilities - teaching; organizational, oratorical, verbal (the ability to speak clearly, clearly, expressively), communicative (communication and interaction skills with people), well-developed memory, a high level of attention distribution (the ability to pay attention to several objects at the same time), mental and emotional balance, empathy ( empathy ability).

Personal qualities, interests and aptitudes - propensity to work with children; the ability to interest in one's plan, to lead oneself; a high degree of personal responsibility; self-control and balance; tolerance, invaluable attitude towards people; interest in and respect for the other person; desire for self-knowledge, self-development; originality, resourcefulness, versatility of interests; tact; purposefulness; artistry; demanding of oneself and others; observation (analysis of trends in the development of the child, in the formation of his skills, abilities, the emergence of needs and interests).

4. Qualities that impede the effectiveness of professional activity.

This group of qualities includes: disorganization; mental and emotional imbalance; aggressiveness; rigidity of thinking (inability to change ways of solving problems in accordance with changing environmental conditions); selfishness; lack of organizational skills.

5. Areas of application of professional knowledge.
Within the considered professiogram:

Educational institutions (schools, kindergartens, universities);

Social organizations (orphanages, shelters, boarding schools, children's centers for creativity and leisure);

Law enforcement agencies (children's reception centers, colonies);

City and municipal educational and methodological centers, etc.

6. History of the profession.

Pedagogy, as many people probably know, translated from Greek means “child-breeding”, that is, raising children, preparing them for life in society. As an established science, pedagogy is engaged in the disclosure of the essence, goals, objectives and patterns of education, determines the content of education and teaching methods.

The beginnings of pedagogy were laid down already in ancient times in the form of rules and instructions for adults on care. children and observing their behavior, and the pedagogical traditions that laid the foundation for the development of pedagogy as a science appeared in Ancient Greece in the 5th-4th centuries BC. Of particular interest are the Athenian and Spartan education systems.

The Athenian education system assumed the beginning of teaching children from the age of 7, when a teacher (the so-called black slave) led the child to school, where he first learned to read and count, then it was the turn of literary and aesthetic education. A large role was also assigned to physical education (running, jumping, swimming, javelin and discus throwing).

The Spartan school focused on the education of fortitude, physical endurance, and tempering of character.

Education in the Middle Ages was mainly religious in nature.

Great contribution to the development of national pedagogy; contributed by L.N. Tolstoy, K.D. Ushinsky, A.S. Makarenko and many others.

7. Some professions that may suit a person with this type of personality (social and artistic).

In the professiogram "Teacher" the following professions are indicated: educator kindergarten, prosecutor, lawyer, cosmetologist, arbitrator (judge), children's nurse.

8. Educational institutions teaching this profession.

The profession of a teacher can be obtained in higher educational pedagogical institutions (teacher of middle and senior classes) and in specialized secondary educational institutions(teacher of elementary grades).

So, we have given a professional description of the requirements for the teacher's personality.

Systematic psychological studies of the works of the best specialists will determine what general educational, methodological and special knowledge. they need practical skills and abilities for successful activity in this or that sphere. Psychology is concerned with finding out what cognitive tasks most often have to be solved by specialists with higher education, and what students should be prepared for.

To specify the goals of forming the personality of a specialist, it is necessary to draw up psychograms of 1 professions, since various specialties impose specific requirements for practical activities and a personal university graduate.

Requirements for a specialist with higher education

General and special education performs not only cultural and technical function, but is also one of critical factors providing high viability and resilience of a person. The development of intelligence and personality, the ability to learn, constant self-education is a huge force that preserves creativity and increases the social value of a person.

People of different professions, successfully coping with their numerous responsibilities, have not only some common, but also specific features and qualities. To determine them means to outline specific goals for the formation of the student's personality. The general qualities necessary for any modern specialist are humanism, a sense of human dignity, discipline, courage, endurance, self-control, self-confidence, determination, organization, perseverance, initiative; various abilities - mental, physical, organizational, technical, pedagogical. This also includes creative thinking, depth and flexibility of the mind, criticality, independence in judgments, etc.

A modern specialist must have a foundation: theoretical training, creative thinking, skills in managerial and organizational work, know the methods of using electronic computers in relation to the profile of their activities; foreign languages. He, a person of high general culture, should be distinguished by initiative and responsibility, the need for constant updating and enrichment of knowledge, the ability to make innovative decisions and actively implement them.

University students are potential organizers of production and business. Many of them will have to solve the issues of organizing joint and individual work, morally and financially interest people, and encourage invention and rationalization. All this is no less important than production activities.

In modern conditions, the qualities of an organizer-manager are necessary in the social image of a highly qualified specialist. Therefore, each student must master the skills of organizational and educational activities during their studies at the university.

The most important psychological function is performed by thinking, which is closely related to other cognitive processes - perception, attention, memory, representation, imagination, speech. Creative thinking in a special way expresses the unity of these processes, relies on them, especially on imagination, and depends on personal characteristics, a person's experience, his attitude to reality. High level creative thinking of a specialist is an important psychological prerequisite for the most rational and effective performance of his professional duties.

To transform society, it is necessary to search for new ways of acting, modifying previously learned techniques, taking into account the specifics of a particular situation when making decisions, and this becomes possible only if the specialist strives for optimal results, is resistant to negative impressions and emotions, and maintains self-control. The moral and physical stresses associated with activities in modern conditions predetermine an even greater dependence of the results of a specialist’s work on his responsibility, sense of duty, attitudes towards the independence of the level of knowledge, his skills and abilities. It is thanks to persistent motives and personal attitudes, comprehensive professional competence and readiness for work that a specialist can creatively make decisions and carry out practical actions.

1 Psychogram-characteristic of the features, skills, abilities and personality traits necessary for specialists to successfully fulfill their duties.

The productivity of creative thinking of a specialist increases if, having understood the task and assessed the situation, he creates a model, a kind of internal plan of practical actions. At the same time, he is somewhat distracted from the external conditions of his work, secondary information, regulating his intellectual processes.

The translation of visually perceived data and information into the represented and imaginary allows you to analyze their significance, to make various transformations in your mind. Penetrating into the essence of the task, one can build an imaginary picture of the upcoming actions, determine rational ways to achieve the goal.

Important characteristics of the creative thinking of a specialist are the speed, flexibility, mobility of cognitive processes (perception, memory, imagination, etc.) and mental operations (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, concretization, etc.). It is due to them that the specialist manages to avoid stereotyped ways to achieve the goal, the mechanical transfer of previous experience to new situations.

The identification of specific features of the qualities necessary for a specialist depends significantly on the psychological analysis of the requirements for representatives of individual professions, which also provides information about the special (for a given specialty) requirements for the personality and activity of a university graduate.

Selection psychological characteristics that distinguish one specialty from another, allows you to specifically determine the private goals of education and training of university students, outline specific ways to form in them the necessary knowledge, skills, and professionally important mental characteristics in the process of learning.

Each profession synthesizes a number of activities. That is why it is extremely necessary to determine the psychological profile of graduates of certain universities. For example, all graduates should have a sense of responsibility, mobile memory, creative thinking, attentiveness. But in various professions, the listed qualities have a peculiar and different effect on the results of labor. Without knowing this, it is impossible to achieve deep purposefulness in the pedagogical process.

The psychological characteristics of the profession changes depending on changes in the conditions and tasks of work. Its definition should precede any changes in curricula and programs. It should be emphasized that the analysis of the future activities of university graduates is a necessary prerequisite right decision problems of education and training. This analysis can be carried out on the basis of a number of sciences, but psychology plays the main role. The result of such an analysis should be a professiogram of a particular profession and the corresponding requirements for a specialist, his knowledge, skills, beliefs, moral and volitional qualities.

The adequacy of the personality of a specialist to such requirements is expressed in the form of certain properties and traits: those that are in a dynamic relationship with the corresponding social and production needs of society. The need for this approach to concretizing the goal of forming the personality of a specialist with higher education is associated with the acceleration of all socio-economic processes in our time, with the increasing role of scientific foresight in all spheres of social development, especially in the field of labor activity.

Thus, in the psychology of higher education, a correctly compiled professiogram of a certain specialist is the key to success.

In the course of research, the following scheme of the graduate professiogram, future specialist:

1) general characteristics specialization (socio-political and practical value, its place in social and labor activity; connection with other specializations, options for possible positions within the specialization, typical jobs);

2) the main features of future work (characteristic external conditions and means of activity; working area, basic operations and methods of work; new forms of work in this specialty; ergonomic and hygienic conditions, main difficulties and inconveniences; the impact of work on the human psyche and the basic requirements for psychosensory sphere and psychomotor skills, intellectual emotional-volitional features of activity; character traits professional groups, collective);

3) a characteristic of the specialist's orientation (professional orientation, attitude, interest and love for the profession; the main features of the worldview and personal attitudes; a system of goals and motives that contribute to the performance of official duties; the structure and content of spiritual, intellectual, moral and aesthetic needs, the direction of development of interests, inclinations, ideals);

4) general education and general mental development (a set of knowledge, skills, abilities, habits necessary for work; attentiveness, observation, features of memory, imagination and thinking; intellectual abilities);

5) special qualities and abilities (character traits necessary for work; ability to work in a specialty; the proper level of development of cognitive mental processes: the speed of information processing, etc.).

An in-depth psychological analysis will make it possible to outline the structure and characteristics of the necessary qualities for any specialty.

Compilation of professiograms does not completely solve the issue of concretizing the goals of forming the student's personality, but gives a certain guideline in deciding what educational material and to what extent should become the basis for preparing students of a particular university.

A new methodological principle in targeted training of specialists, in contrast to the traditional one, is currently the approach to learning itself: for a student already in the junior years, a specific long-term task is formulated (on the recommendation of the customer enterprise), which is several years ahead of the level of development of the enterprise. Solving it, the student works more intensely, intensively and purposefully, he has an inner conviction that it is necessary to master scientific courses to achieve the intended goal, and not just to pass the exam.

Preparation for the program under consideration is almost individual: when fulfilling the target task, the work of the student is supervised by the teacher of the basic department and the engineer of the enterprise. Since the cost of training one specialist in the new system of education is much higher, it is possible only on a cooperative and self-supporting basis of cooperation between universities and industrial enterprises.

Thus, the specific definition by each university of the goals and objectives of forming the personality of a specialist requires a scientifically based approach to the social functions of upbringing and education, the use of the provisions of the psychology of higher education and other sciences of human professional activity.

Features of student personality development

Term student- of Latin origin, translated into Russian, it means "working hard, doing", that is, mastering knowledge. A student is a representative of a specific social category of people preparing for production activities.

Students constitute a special group that fills the ranks of the intelligentsia. The main direction in the life of students is study, development of their intellect, spiritual and moral growth, mastery of a profession. The personality of a student is the personality of a young person who is preparing for a highly qualified performance of the functions of a specialist in a particular area of work. In the course of training, the student must develop the necessary qualities, knowledge, skills, and abilities for this.

As a person of a certain age and as a student's personality can be characterized from several sides:

1) with the social, in which social relations are embodied, the qualities generated by the student's belonging to a certain class, nationality, group.

The social side is manifested in the personality of the student; due to his inclusion in the social student group, his performance of the functions of a student at the university;

2) with the psychological, which is a unity of mental processes, states, formations and personality traits.

The main thing here is mental properties (orientation, temperament, character, abilities), on which, as already noted, the course of mental processes, the emergence and manifestation of mental states characteristic of each individual student depend;

3) with biological, which includes the type of higher nervous activity, the structure of analyzers, unconditioned reflexes, instincts, physical strength, physique, facial features, skin color, eyes, height, etc. Basically predetermined by heredity and innate inclinations, but within certain limits changing under the influence of living conditions and upbringing.

The study of the above characteristics reveals the qualities and capabilities of the student, his age and personality characteristics.

So, if we approach a student as a person of a certain age, then he will be characterized by the smallest values of the latent period of reactions to simple, combined and verbal signals, the optimum of the absolute and difference sensitivity of the analyzers, the greatest plasticity in the formation of complex psychomotor and other skills. In adolescence, the highest speed of operative memory and switching of attention, solving verbal-logical tasks, etc.

If we study the student as a person, then the age of 18-20 years is the period of the most active development of moral and aesthetic qualities, the formation and stabilization of character and, most importantly, mastering the full range of social roles of an adult: civil, socio-political, professional labor, etc. The beginning of economic activity is associated with this period, by which demographers understand the inclusion of a person in an independent production activity, the beginning of a working biography and the creation of one's own family. The transformation of motivation, the entire system of value orientations, as well as the intensive formation of certain abilities in connection with professionalization distinguish this age as the central period of the formation of a person’s character and intellect. This is the time of sports records, the beginning of artistic, technical and scientific achievements.

The development of creative abilities, intellectual and physical strength is also accompanied by the flowering of external attractiveness, but it creates the illusion that this will continue “forever”, that a better life is yet to come, that everything planned can be easily achieved.

The formation of a student's personality in a university is subject to the general laws of dialectics - this is a dialectical process of creating prerequisites for development, the process of the emergence and resolution of contradictions, the transition of the external into the internal, the process of self-movement, self-change. There is sometimes a contradiction between the desire to master a profession, successfully complete training and feelings caused by the volume of tasks and the complexity of duties, that is, a contradiction between the attitude towards the goal of the activity and the attitude towards its process. The contradictions that cause personality change are internal contradictions.

The degree of awareness by a person of his internal contradictions can be different, and sometimes the contradictions are not realized, as, for example, in the case of a contradiction between an unconscious attitude and a direct assessment of an object or phenomenon based on their perception.

Awareness of contradictions in the light of socially significant goals, high ideals and professional requirements is a prerequisite for such resolution of contradictions by students, which contributes to the development of their personality as future professionals. Otherwise, contradictions can lead to regression in the development of the student's personality. It is important to take this into account in educational work and constantly take care of moral education, positive motivation for the creative intellectual activity of students, their mood.

The development of the student's personality, the resolution of internal contradictions occurs in a number of areas. Typical of them are the following:

The professional orientation deepens, the necessary abilities develop;

Improved, "professionalized" mental processes, states, experience;

The sense of duty, responsibility, professional independence increase, the individuality of the student, his life position stand out more prominently;

The claims of the student's personality in the field of their future profession are growing;

On the basis of intensive assimilation of social experience, mastery of knowledge, the spiritual, political and moral stability of his personality increases;

rises specific gravity self-education and self-education of a student in the formation of his personality;

The degree of professional readiness of the student for future practical work is constantly increasing.

In the work, the development of personality is shown as an integration-formation of substructures increasing in scale and level and their increasingly complex synthesis. On the other hand, there is also a parallel process of increasing differentiation of mental functions (development, complication, "branching" of mental processes, states, properties) with the separation of two phases of development: "frontal progress" and specialization.

The highest integration of the psychological properties of a person is creativity, and the most generalized effects (and at the same time potentials) are abilities and talent. The main forms of development of a person's mental properties are preparation, start, culmination and finish, in general, the history of his life and activities in society. The main internal factors of personality development are its motivational sphere and intellectual activity.

Staying at a university should have (and indeed has in the vast majority of cases) the maximum positive impact on the student, ensuring that he acquires the qualities and experience necessary for him as a future specialist.

University students are mostly highly developed people with significant intellectual and physical capabilities. The spiritual world, cognitive needs, moral character and physical qualities are a prerequisite for their further development as future specialists. Orientation to the future, the desire to gain social independence accelerate the development of the profession by students. The combination of social, professional and cognitive motives stimulates the conscious attitude of students to learning, contributes to the development of their personality.

In the development of the student's personality, a great place is occupied by his work on himself. Expanding his knowledge, developing and acquiring new skills, he can significantly change internally, improve his abilities and character.

Suitable educational specialties:"Psychology"
Key items: Mathematics, Russian language, Biology

Tuition fee (average in Russia): 275,000 rubles

Job description:

*tuition fee is indicated for 4 years of full-time bachelor's degree.

(ancient Greek psycho - soul; logos - knowledge), (English - psychologist) - a specialist in the field of psychology who studies the state of mind and the laws of correcting human behavior, using this knowledge to assist in resolving personal problems, adaptation to the world around, improving the psychological climate in families and teams. The main task of a psychologist is to help a person find harmony with himself and the world around him, to develop behavioral mechanisms that allow a person to become more creative in relation to his life, to help identify his psychological resources.

There is a significant difference between the related professions "psychologist", "psychotherapist" and "psychiatrist". Psychotherapist and psychiatrist are doctors who graduated from medical schools. A psychologist, on the other hand, receives an education in the specialty "Psychology" at the psychological faculties of specialized universities and is not a doctor. The subject of the psychologist's activity is not a pathological disorder of the human psyche, but his state of mind and inner world.
- one of those professions that becomes part of its bearer. Becoming a psychologist, you become one forever! Watching your children, communicating with relatives and friends, you cannot but use your professional knowledge and experience. The subject of the study of psychology - the human soul - is inexhaustible. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote in his treatise “On the Soul” that, among other knowledge, the study of the soul should be given one of the first places, since “it is knowledge about the most sublime and amazing.” But even the most the best psychologist cannot give a one hundred percent universal recipe for getting rid of all problems. He is looking for ways to solve the problem together with the person who needs help, helps to find the internal resources of the body. A psychologist gives a person the opportunity to look at life in general and at the problem itself from a different angle, directing a person to the idea that our life is in our hands.

Features of the profession

The main activities of a psychologist:
Psychological diagnostics (testing) is the study of the individual characteristics of the human psyche with the help of tests, experiments, observations and interviews.

Counseling is a confidential communication between a psychologist and a client to find ways to solve problems.
Psychological training - active learning ways of emotional self-regulation, problem solving and personal growth through psychological games and exercises, followed by a discussion of the results.
The psychologist is in demand in the modern world. Child psychologists work in schools and kindergartens, helping children quickly and easily adapt to new conditions. The school psychologist determines the readiness of the child for school, conducts individual work with difficult children, provides career guidance for high school students, conducting various trainings. A psychologist is needed by enterprises for the adaptation of young professionals, to establish relationships in a team, to study the influence of labor factors on the human psyche, to select personnel, to motivate and evaluate personnel. A family psychologist consults families with problems. A sports psychologist sets up an athlete for a winning result and solves the accompanying problems. psychological problems. A clinical psychologist works in psychiatric hospitals (helping a psychiatrist make a more accurate diagnosis and participating in individual and group psychotherapy), trust services, rehabilitation centers, where he works as a psychotherapist with people who have suffered psychological trauma, entangled in circumstances, seriously ill, drug addicts, HIV-infected , if necessary, connecting to the treatment of a psychiatrist. In prison, the psychologist is supposed to help prisoners adjust to normal life after release. Psychologists can find bright applications in politics and business.

Pros and cons of the profession

Pros of the profession:

interesting creative work
the opportunity to take part in solving real problems of people
the need for continuous professional improvement and, in this regard, the possibility of personal growth
the ability to use professional knowledge in everyday life
knowledge and change of oneself, one's attitude to the events of the world around

Disadvantages of the profession:

mental fatigue, emotional burnout
difficulties in accepting the client's worldview and in an effort to give useful advice without fail
experience the client's problems as one's own

Place of work

psychological centers
private psychological counseling companies
educational and medical institutions
commercial companies and non-psychological enterprises
helplines

Important qualities

high general and emotional intelligence
the ability to listen carefully and hear a person
tolerance
empathy and reassurance
tact
responsibility
observation
emotional stability
optimism and self-confidence
creativity

Salary

The profession of a psychologist is relevant and in demand today. The salary depends on the place of work and the duties of the psychologist. The most highly paid is a private practice, where earnings also depend on the number of clients and consultations.

Career steps and prospects

Career growth opportunities mainly come down to professional development, which allows you to become a sought-after and highly paid specialist. You can create your own business aimed at providing psychological services. In order to work at a high professional level and be constantly in demand in the labor market, fundamental education is not enough, it is necessary to regularly take additional advanced training courses and learn various methods of psychological diagnostics and non-medical psychotherapy.

Notable psychologists

Notable psychologists: Wilhelm Wundt, William James, W.M., Sigmund Freud, Carl G. Jung, Wilhelm Reich, A.N. Leontiev, A.R. Luria, Eric Berne, Milton Erickson, Virginia Satir, Abraham Maslow, Viktor Frankl, Erich Fromm, Carl Rogers and others.

Psychology was formed from the foundations of such sciences as astronomy, philosophy, and the occult sciences. The first representatives of the "healers of souls" can be called healers, sorcerers, shamans. The positive effect of their "treatment" came, to a greater extent, from the power of suggestion than from the use of therapeutic agents. And only in the XVIII century the first attempts were made to scientifically substantiate their influence on humans. The founder of psychology as a science is Wilhelm Wundt, who in 1879 opened the world's first psychological laboratory, where he conducted research on the phenomena of consciousness by the method of introspection. This year is considered the birth year of psychology as a science.

About psychologists with humor

Mentally healthy people do not exist, there are poorly examined!
The optimist sees light at the end of the tunnel. The pessimist sees a train coming towards him. And only a psychologist sees two idiots sitting on rails!
A psychologist, like a true friend, is a person who will hold your hand and feel your heart.

An interesting creative work, an opportunity to take part in solving real problems of people, the need for constant professional improvement and, in this regard, the possibility of personal growth, the possibility of using professional knowledge in everyday life, knowing and changing oneself, one’s attitude to events around the world.

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Reference

Psychology(in Greek "soul and word") is an academic and applied science of behavior and psychological processes in the psyche of people and animals. Psychologist - a specialist in the field of psychology, engaged in the scientific study of the human psyche. The task of a psychologist is to help explore the situation on an emotional level, get to know your actual needs better, realize ineffective “patterns” of your behavior, get out of the vicious circle of repeated mistakes, and then take steps to change your life.

Demand for the profession

Quite in demand

Representatives of the profession psychologist are in high demand in the labor market. Despite the fact that universities produce a large number of specialists in this field, many companies and many enterprises require qualified Psychologists.

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Description of activity

Wage

average for Russia:average in Moscow:average for St. Petersburg:

The uniqueness of the profession

Pretty common

The majority of respondents believe that the profession psychologist can not be called rare, in our country it is quite common. For several years, the labor market has seen a demand for representatives of the profession psychologist despite the fact that a lot of specialists graduate every year.

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What kind of education is needed

Higher professional education

The survey data show that for work in the profession psychologist you must have a diploma of higher professional education in the relevant specialty or in a specialty that allows you to work Psychologist(adjacent or similar specialty). Secondary vocational education is not enough to become Psychologist.

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Job responsibilities

The psychologist investigates how the psychological, economic and organizational factors of production affect the labor activity of the employees of the organization. The purpose of such work is to plan measures to improve working conditions and increase work efficiency. Identifies psychological factors and draws up social development programs. Compares the theoretical results of psychological research with practical activities, prepares recommendations and proposals for the work done. Analyzes the causes of staff turnover, selection and placement. Participates in the formation of labor collectives, designs a system for organizing labor and working time. Conducts consultations with heads of enterprises on issues of socio-psychological problems of production management, social development of the team.

Type of labor

Mostly mental work

Profession psychologist- this is a profession of predominantly mental work, which is more connected with the reception and processing of information. In work psychologist the results of his intellectual reflections are important. But, at the same time, physical labor is not excluded.

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Features of career growth

The profession of a psychologist is not a careerist one. Nevertheless, a specialist at the beginning of his career can work in psychological centers, private psychological counseling offices, in educational and medical institutions, as a manager in organizing trainings and seminars. Then you can build a career in a specialized psychological service, engage in private counseling or open your own company.

1. Presentation of the profession
Psychology is a modern promising young profession with deep historical roots. Translated from Greek, the word "psychology" means the science of the soul. People have been interested in the problems of the soul since ancient times. How does the inner world of a person work, what drives his actions? How to help a person cope with difficult life circumstances? How to unleash your creativity?
Where do nightmares, aggression, fascism come from and how to deal with them? What needs to be done to find mutual language with a troubled teenager? These and other important questions have troubled the minds of many prominent people at all times. At the same time, scientific psychology officially appeared only 130 years ago, with the opening of the first scientific psychological laboratory in Germany. Over the years, many areas, scientific schools and approaches have been developed in psychology (behaviorism, psychoanalysis, Gestalt psychology, humanistic psychology, activity approach, and others). At present, the knowledge and experience accumulated in scientific psychology are used in many areas: in the family, in communication, in education, in medicine, in art, in politics, in economics, in ergonomics, and in production.
A psychologist is a qualified specialist with a higher education in psychology, a science that studies mental processes and patterns of mental activity.
In the profession of a psychologist, a number of specializations are distinguished: social, general, clinical, age, labor and engineering psychology, psychology family relations, zoopsychology. The psychologist works with clients on career choice, career planning, education and upbringing of children, personal growth, and solving family problems. In the field of organizational consulting, it provides services to firms, government services and organizations on the selection and placement of personnel, team relations, and the creation of a favorable psychological climate.
The profession of a psychologist is in demand in the modern labor market.
Advantages of the profession: interesting and useful profession, allows you to better understand yourself, loved ones, help another person, become more effective in life, in any activity.
Limitations of the profession: the need for constant self-development; emotional stress and high moral responsibility.

2. Type and class of profession
The profession of a psychologist belongs to the type: "Man - Man", it is focused on communication and interaction with people. This requires the ability to establish and maintain business contacts, understand people and understand human relationships, be active, sociability and contact, have developed speech abilities and verbal thinking, have emotional stability and leadership inclinations.
The profession of a psychologist belongs to the heuristic class, it is associated with analysis, research and testing, control and planning, managing other people, designing and designing, and so on. This profession requires high erudition, originality of thinking, the desire for development and constant learning.

3. Activity content
The main thing in the work of a psychologist is to create conditions for another person under which he can solve his psychological problems.
The content of the activity of a psychologist is multifaceted, very diverse and highly dependent on specialization. For example, a psychologist-teacher in educational institution conducts group lectures and seminars, while he has a large load on the vocal cords. Its task is to convey to the audience psychological knowledge on a specific topic.
The psychologist on the helpline works remotely with an anonymous client who needs emergency psychological help. Its tasks are to provide emotional support, assess (and minimize) the risk of suicide.
Psychologist-psychodiagnostic interacts with test-takers on an individual basis. He evaluates personal qualities and abilities of the tested using the methods of conversation, observation and psychological techniques. His task is to analyze all the information and form the psychological characteristics of the test person, to make certain predictions and conclusions.
A psychologist-personnel manager in an organization studies the moral and psychological climate in labor collectives, participates in the formation of a personnel reserve. Its tasks are: to identify the most disturbing group processes and defuse conflict, tense zones in the relationship of employees, to support young, inexperienced leaders with advice, to select the most capable, promising employees for administrative career growth.

4. Working conditions
The psychologist works most often indoors. It can be a specially equipped office, an office room for individual or group work. Less often there are group classes in nature, on outdoors. The work is mobile, highly intellectual, with elements of creativity, improvisation. Intensive communication dominates under conditions of high psycho-emotional stress.
The tools of a psychologist's work are, first of all, internal means: his professional experience and knowledge, creative analytical thinking, empathy (the ability to feel the emotional state of another person), expressive movements, facial expressions and voice. All this is necessary to establish trusting contact with another person and for productive interaction. Additional means of work of a psychologist are technical devices, a computer, diagnostic techniques.
High level of moral responsibility.

5. Requirements for the knowledge and skills of a specialist
For the successful development of the profession of a psychologist, knowledge of biology, mathematics, Russian and foreign languages is necessary.
A qualified psychologist should know:

general psychology and special areas of psychology (engineering, pedagogical, social, medical and others);
bases of psychodiagnostics;
fundamentals of pedagogy, social and natural sciences;
methods of personality assessment and correction;
the basics of psychological work with a certain category of persons, according to their specialization (with children, with patients, with employees of labor collectives, etc.).

A qualified psychologist should be able to:

own a variety of methods for assessing competencies, personality traits and the current psycho-emotional state of a person;
establish a trusting relationship;
listen and hear the other person;
apply and develop adequate programs and methods of work;
collect and analyze information, draw conclusions, understand and predict the motives and behavior of a person in different situations;
to distinguish variants of the norm from the pathological development of the personality (to assess the threat to the life and health of the person himself and for those around him);
provide psychological support for training, career, personal development;
give a person constructive feedback, with the aim of self-improvement and the formation of the necessary qualities of clients;
conduct lectures, seminars, trainings;
to keep a secret, to observe the ethics of counseling.

6. Requirements for the individual characteristics of a specialist
To be successful as a psychologist, you must have the following professionally important qualities:

humanitarian mindset;
broad outlook;
analytical thinking and a strong interest in working with information;
a strong propensity for service work;
a strong propensity to work in the field of communication;
propensity to work with information;
well-developed lexical abilities;
excellent logical abilities;
ability to concentrate;
high emotional stability.

7. Medical contraindications
Medical restrictions for a psychologist:

virus carrier;
chronic migraines;
cardiovascular diseases;
neuropsychiatric diseases;
problems with memory and attention;
speech, vision and hearing impairments.

8. Ways to get a profession
Young people come to the profession of psychologist with a leading interest in working with people, with pronounced altruism, empathy, cognitive interest, and developed abstract-logical thinking.
Due to the fact that the profession of a psychologist is in demand on the labor market, adults, accomplished people, “psychologists for life” with a related higher specialized education, also come to it. For example, doctors with a basic medical education who want to treat not individual organs, but the person as a whole, his soul, after passing a short-term special training, become psychotherapists.
Former journalists, philologists, mathematicians also come to psychology, for this they receive a second higher education.
The profession of a psychologist requires higher education, which can be obtained in specialized educational institutions.
You can increase the level of your knowledge at advanced training courses, at seminars, master classes and trainings.
Information about educational institutions can be obtained from Internet resources.

9. Fields of application of the profession
Psychologists work in the field of providing psychological assistance to the population and psychological support for different categories of the population:

in educational institutions (teaching);
at enterprises (in the personnel department, in the personnel service);
in research institutes;
in psychodiagnostic laboratories;
in medical institutions (polyclinics, dispensaries, rehabilitation centers);
in the centers of psychological assistance and career guidance;
in consulting and training companies;
in recruitment agencies;
in dating services;
in employment centers;
in the field of political technologies;
in customs and law enforcement agencies;
in military organizations;
in transport and aviation companies;
in kindergartens;
in orphanages;
in nursing homes;
on helplines, in the rescue service and the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

At industrial enterprises, in medical and scientific institutions, educational institutions, the mass media system, it carries out scientific, practical, pedagogical, research, methodological and information-bibliographic activities. Develops methods for managing the personality and correcting its development, gives expert assessments of the states and individual mental functions of a person, proposes and implements recommendations for optimizing the processes of labor and educational activities and working conditions, life and rest of people, conducts observations of individuals and teams, compiles questionnaires, questionnaires and etc. Performs research on optimizing the psychological climate in social groups (family, production) and studies the problems of adapting the individual to different conditions and modes of life. Engaged in social training, conducts preventive work among minors. It solves the psychological problems of managing labor collectives, improves the selection and placement of personnel, improves the quality of professional training, and gives recommendations on the introduction of new means and methods of production. Conducts psychological measurements and testing, helps to improve the efficiency of the mass media.

10. Career prospects
Possible ways of development of the psychologist.
Specialization and development of related areas
Having a basic education as a psychologist with a certain specialization, over time, you can improve your skills, become a unique specialist and improve in the chosen direction, or learn new related specialties within the profession: become a consultant psychologist, psychodiagnostic, coach, business training leader, personnel manager , teacher, social worker, insurance agent, etc.
Scientific career
A psychologist with a good theoretical background and an inquisitive mind, working in his specialty and gaining practical experience, can become a research worker, teach and engage in methodological and scientific work, including conducting research on grants. He can continue his studies in graduate school, subsequently defend a dissertation.
Managerial career development
The administrative career path suggests that over time, a person in the profession of a psychologist can begin to lead a team of professionals, become the head of the psychological service department of an enterprise or the company's personnel director. In the case of choosing this career direction, it is recommended to develop managerial skills, additionally master such professions as a manager.
Organization of own business
This career path suggests that, having reached a certain professional weight and experience, a successful practical psychologist may decide to work for himself. For example, he can create a Center for Psychological Counseling. When choosing this career direction, it is recommended to develop entrepreneurial skills, additionally master such professions as a project manager, an entrepreneur.

11. Related professions
Professional consultant, teacher-organizer, teacher of additional education.