Location of the fall of the Chelyabinsk meteorite on the map. Where did the "Chelyabinsk meteorite" fly? Determination of the trajectory of motion of celestial bodies in the Earth's atmosphere
For some reason, I have not seen serious attempts in the forums today to restore the trajectory of today's Ural car. In the evening I decided to try to do it myself. I came up with this method: we assume the trajectory of a straight line for simplicity, on the pictures from different cities we measure the visible angle α of the trajectory with the horizon. This is the same as the angle between the plane passing through the trajectory and the observer with a horizontal surface. Then the lines of constant α will be direct rays coming out of the "point of incidence", i.e. points of intersection of the trajectory with the ground, assuming that the ground is flat. If you do not assume, they will begin to somehow bend in the distance.
Measurement results:
| City | Lat, ° | Long, ° | Δlat, km | Δlon, km | α, ° | α calc, ° (UPD3) | URL | ... |
Chelyabinsk | 55.165 | 61.407 | 7 | 9 | -35.22 | -34.01 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rflTN4XAt34 | |
Chelyabinsk (village?) | 55.165 | 61.407 | 200 | 200 | -68.07 | -- | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VN9_lMIvcOA | |
Tyumen | 57.120568 | 65.579216 | 5 | 5 | -23.07 | -20.35 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qo9JeJgk7P4 | |
Chelyabinsk | 55.165 | 61.407 | 7 | 9 | -32.92 | -34.01 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f525TmMSBs0 | |
Orenburg | 51.7127 | 55.2071 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 180-(-16.92) | 180-(-17.01) | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJ-Y7vhS1JE | interchange at Ivanovka |
Kamensk-Uralsky | 56.41489 | 61.91584 | 0.02 | 0.02 | -14.52 | -16.95 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdeYeYrDsFc | |
Mound | 55.44163 | 65.37982 | 0.01 | 0.01 | -34.42 | -34.92 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJX6ykCGVs4 | |
Yuzhnouralsk | 54.447 | 61.260 | 5 | 5 | 180-(-35.64) | 180-(-35.61) | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0CoP7WB8Gew | |
I have now built some kind of fitting of parameters with a nonlinear least squares method, the results are: the angle of the trajectory to the horizon is 14 °, the azimuth of the trace projection is 280 °, if counted from north to the right. Those. it turned out that he was flying almost to the west, but 10 ° to the north. The coordinates of the "drop point" are 54.8+-0.25, 60.2+-0.9. Those. in latitude to the south of Chebarkul, but in longitude it is very spread out - probably more suitable data are needed. This is very preliminary data, now it's time to sleep and there is no time to check. (UPD3: not very preliminary anymore and α converges with the calculated one everywhere.)
UPD (February 16, 2013 4:47 a.m.): If he didn’t screw up, in equatorial coordinates he arrived approximately from R.a. 21:56 Dec. +6°.
UPD2 (February 16, 2013 13:13): Chelyabinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky had their latitudes mixed up: they were 10° more. Corrected values: inclination of the trajectory to the horizon 13.5°, azimuth 276°, "falling point" 54.72+-0.05, 60.31+-0.09 (errors are estimated from the scatter of data and are probably underestimated). There remains an incomprehensible strong deviation of the calculated value of α (20° in the center, 24° in the south of the city) from the observed value (~34°) for Chelyabinsk. For other points more or less the same. I will sort this out. Probably, it is necessary to take into account data errors more correctly.
UDP3 (16.2.2013 13:39): Made a more correct error model. Previously, there was some kind of heuristic gag instead, from this it was not very correctly taken into account which data should be trusted more, which less. New parameters: inclination of the trajectory to the horizon 15.7°+-3.2°, azimuth 287°+-9°, drop point 55.05+-0.11, 60.00+-0.25. Coordinates can be viewed in maps.google.com by clicking "Maps Labs" on the bottom left and turning on the LatLng Tooltip. All errors at the 2σ level and were calculated from the data scatter. With such a small amount of data, this is not a very accurate estimate of error. Now I will add the calculated α to the table. (UPD3" 14:46: added.)
| City | Lat, ° | Long, ° | Δlat, km | Δlon, km | α, ° | Δα, ° | α calc, ° (UPD4) | URL | ... |
Chelyabinsk | 55.165 | 61.407 | 7 | 9 | 35.22 | 4.5 | 33.88 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rflTN4XAt34 | |
Chelyabinsk (village) | 54.9106 | 61.4541 | 1 | 1 | 68.07 | 7.5 | 65.19 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mwieex7gFAs | |
Tyumen | 57.120568 | 65.579216 | 5 | 5 | 23.07 | 3 | 19.18 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qo9JeJgk7P4 | |
Chelyabinsk | 55.165 | 61.407 | 7 | 9 | 32.92 | 3 | 33.88 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f525TmMSBs0 | |
Orenburg | 51.7127 | 55.2071 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 180-16.92 | 3 | 180-15.17 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJ-Y7vhS1JE | interchange at Ivanovka |
Kamensk-Uralsky | 56.41489 | 61.91584 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 14.52 | 3 | 15.67 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdeYeYrDsFc | |
Mound | 55.44163 | 65.37982 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 34.42 | 3 | 35.47 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJX6ykCGVs4 | Yuliana Prisyazhnyuk: this is the intersection of Kuibyshev and Burov-Petrov near the Central Stadium |
Yuzhnouralsk | 54.447 | 61.260 | 5 | 5 | 180-35.64 | 3 | 180-35.12 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0CoP7WB8Gew | The fall of the meteorite filmed near Yuzhnouralsk |
Ekaterinburg | 56.8196 | 60.6059 | 1 | 1 | 13.31 | 3 | 13.77 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFsZitw6CKk | |
Chelyabinsk | 55.158102 | 61.410938 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 33.76 | 3 | 34.38 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2KpK_GmvA8 | NEAR THE CINEMA Pushkin |
Magnitogorsk | 53.387806 | 58.967949 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 180-10.34 | 3 | 180-13.76 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_OYxWDUaI8 | Noo4891: Soviet Army Street in Magnitogorsk |
Now we need to measure the speed, from it it will be possible to calculate where this thing came from.
: Measured on the frame that I did for hyperpov , the position of the explosion point. The height in the flat earth approximation is 22.2+-2.0 km, the projection distance to the ground from the "falling point" is 90.7+-8.2 km. If we add the curvature of the earth, the height will be 22.9 + -2.0 km. The main error in measuring the height is associated with the inaccuracy of the azimuth of the trajectory.
The coordinates of the explosion point are 54.84 N, 61.12 E. In longitude, the error is 26 km: in addition to the sources of errors listed above, the main source of error is the inaccuracy of the longitude of the "falling point". In latitude, the error is much smaller, about 5 km. When I determine the absolute azimuths on the photo, the longitude can be measured more accurately. So far, I can only measure relative azimuths.
Here, the errors did not yet take into account the inaccuracy in determining the angular dimensions of the photo - I have not yet verified this by an independent method.
UPD6 (03/22/2013 11:59 AM): Firstly, in UPD5, the angular dimensions were underestimated by 10 percent, see. Secondly, as a first approximation, I measured the speed of the fireball / meteorite, I don’t know how to do it right now. Here are the measured coordinates of the first 6.67 seconds of the flight in the video from Kamensk-Uralsky (frame numbers 445...644, time 14.848...21.488 sec): http://pastebin.com/x8wh4Mwb . Haven't measured further yet. Here is the processed data: http://pastebin.com/riMkhSFa. -l-- distance to the "falling point" along the trajectory, z-- height, r-- direction from the camera to the car in the camera coordinate system (Cartesian, x right, y up, z forward). The coordinates in the frame are quite accurate, σ~1 pixel spread in both coordinates. IN l And z there is an inaccuracy associated with the parameters of the trajectory. There may be, for example, a multiplicative bias of about 10% (2σ) due to this. Cm. . l(t) lies well on a straight line, even at the beginning in the corner of the frame, the deviation is σ~0.5 km. Here is the chart l(t): http://s017.radikal.ru/i429/1302/17/d73f9782f067.png . Velocity from the slope of the graph v=20.86+-0.03 km/s, plus an error of ~2 km/s due to the inaccuracy of the trajectory parameters.
UPD7 (26.02.2013 2:14): I measured another video: with it, the azimuth of the trajectory direction is well specified. I re-measured the entire video more precisely, separately the slope before the explosion, separately after, clarified the magnitude of the errors of all slopes. I also wrote and debugged the code for gnuplot, which adjusts the trajectory taking into account the sphericity of the Earth, but I didn’t really pick its results, because to use them you need to write and debug a bunch of new code. Results for a flat Earth (x0, y0 - latitude and longitude of the "point of impact", i.e. the intersection of the continuation of the trajectory with the earth, beta0 - azimuth from east to the left in radians, tana0 - tangent of the angle of the trajectory with the surface):
# Flat Earth, Segment 0 (Pre-Fragmentation) TANA0 = 0.280602 +/- 0.02358 (8.404%) Beta0 = -0.255932 +/- 0.09432 (36.86%) X0 = 55.0351 +/- 0.08824 (0.1603%) Y0 = YU 59.8565 +/ - 0.1833 (0.3062%) # flat Earth, segment 1 (post-fragmentation) tana0 = 0.317638 +/- 0.0115 (3.622%) beta0 = -0.235893 +/- 0.06019 (25.51%) x0 = 54.966 +/- 0.04223 (0.07683) % ) y0 = 60.1681 +/- 0.04489 (0.0746%)
Results with a spherical Earth (ghav, decv -- spherical track direction coordinates in radians, counted in the same way as latitude and longitude latf, lonf):
# spherical Earth, segment 0 (pre-fragmentation) ghav = 2.25177 +/- 0.08172 (3.629%) decv = 0.0818073 +/- 0.04304 (52.61%) latf = 0.960549 +/- 0.001488 (0.1549%) lonf = 1.04 481+/- 0.002962 (0.2835%) # alpha0=15.6769974978532, (latf lonf)=(55.0353931240146 59.8629341269169) # spherical Earth, segment 1 (post-fragmentation) ghav = 2.26859 +/- 0.04871 (2.147%) decv = 0.12456 +/- 0.03287 (26.39 %) latf = 0.959263 +/- 0.0007175 (0.0748%) lonf = 1.05028 +/- 0.0007463 (0.07106%) # alpha0=17.3613472848805, (latf lonf)=(54.9617137981393 60.17 67421945092)
I also measured the fall on the video further, up to 371 frames out of 449. Then it’s somehow not immediately clear which of the wreckage should be monitored. Here are the coordinates inside the frame of the video http://pastebin.com/bcz0qqAF , here are the restored directions in camera coordinates (quite accurate) and the coordinates of the meteorite on its path http://pastebin.com/Ys8rhBVB (there is a systematic error related to the inaccuracy of the trajectory, but it is unlikely that anyone now has less, it seems to me). The biggest explosion is at frame 319 (t=10.64 sec), the first noticeable fragmentation is around t=6.67. After 319 frame l And h in fall.dat are not entirely accurate, because the parameters of the trajectory before the explosion are used everywhere.
In general, this video (from Kamensk-Uralsky) clearly shows small parts fragmentation, because the matrix at high intensities begins to invert the image. Even the rays from scattering on the windshield also show these details, albeit a little worse.
Continued in a new post. In general, I was hoping that someone who understands would come and also pick up the data. Alone, a lot of time is wasted, besides, in fact, wasted.
Early February morning in 2013 unexpectedly became tragic for 1613 residents of Chelyabinsk and its environs. There has never been such a large number of people affected by a fallen meteorite in the history of the Earth's population. During the impact, windows were broken in many buildings, trees were broken and people were injured to varying degrees of severity, as a result of which about 1,613 people were recognized as victims, of which, according to various sources, from 50 to 100 people ended up in hospitals. People who watched the fall of the meteorite that morning were simply shocked by the events taking place. The first versions of what was happening sounded like: a plane crash, a rocket crash and even an alien attack ...
At the moment, the picture of the events of that tragic morning has been fully restored and it is reliably known when and where the meteorite fell in Chelyabinsk.
How it was
At about 9 am on February 15, this “unexpected guest” appeared high in the sky over Chelyabinsk, as a result of which a state of emergency was declared in Chelyabinsk and its surroundings. Previously, the same meteorite was observed by residents of other regions. Russian Federation, but they were much more fortunate than the residents of Chelyabinsk, because he simply flew past them without causing absolutely no harm. For example, at 7.15 Moscow time or at 9.15 local time, residents of the Aktobe and Kostanay regions of Kazakhstan saw it, and residents of Orenburg observed this amazing phenomenon at 7.21 Moscow time. This meteorite was also clearly visible in Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, Tyumen and their environs, and even 750 km from the place of impact in the village of Prosvet, Volzhsky district, Samara region.
Bright flash
According to the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), a meteorite weighing about 10 tons and a diameter of about 17 meters, with a speed of 17 km / s, entered the Earth's atmosphere and after 32 seconds split into many pieces. The destruction of the meteorite was accompanied by a series of explosions, the first of three explosions was the strongest and caused the destruction. It was a bright flash, it lasted about five seconds, and a minute later it came to Earth in the form of a destructive wave. According to scientists, the destruction of the meteorite led to the release of energy, which was approximately equal to 100 to 500 kilotons of TNT. The center of the explosion was not the city of Chelyabinsk itself, but its area, which is located a little to the south and is called Yemanzhelinsk - Yuzhnouralsk.
Locations of the fall of fragments
As a result of research conducted by a specially created group, four places were discovered where fragments of the meteorite are supposed to be located. The first two places are in the Chebarkulsky district of the Chelyabinsk region, the third in the Zlatoustovsky district, and the fourth in the Chebarkul lake area. The information that the meteorite is located in the lake was confirmed by the fishermen who were at the crash site. From their stories, members of the search group learned that at the moment the meteorite fell into the lake, a column of water and ice about 3-4 meters high rose from it.
Second largest after Tunguska
As a result of the work carried out in the area of Emanzhelinsk and the village of Travniki, about a hundred fragments were found, and about 3 kg of fragments were collected in the lake area. All of them are currently being studied by scientists, according to whom, the meteorite that fell in Chelyabinsk is the second largest after the Tunguska meteorite that fell on the territory of Russia on June 30, 1908.
Full cut video from the event
On February 15, 2013, the inhabitants of the Southern Urals witnessed a small asteroid collide with the Earth. In the sky over Chelyabinsk, a celestial body collapsed with an explosion that knocked out windows and damaged several buildings in the city, led to numerous injuries to people from glass fragments ... Numerous surveillance cameras and car DVRs recorded the flight of the car and the consequences of the shock wave - perhaps this is the first in history a case when so many people and so many video cameras watched the fall of a meteorite. Thanks to the results of these video recordings, it is possible to very accurately restore the trajectory of its flight, determine the area where fragments fell, and evaluate the characteristics of the meteorite. Let's try and conduct such a study.
Probably, videos from car recorders look the most impressive, but it is difficult to use them for our purposes, since the wide-angle lenses of the recorders greatly distort the image and, without knowing the parameters of a particular device, one can hardly count on any results. In addition, on many records it is difficult to identify the location of the shooting. So I chose for analysis two recordings of stationary surveillance cameras installed on the streets of Chelyabinsk - on Revolution Square and in the area of the railway station on Razin Street.
Revolution Square, 2.4Mb Razin Street, 42Mb
True, the meteorite itself is not visible on these records, but the shadow cast by buildings and pillars is perfectly visible.
Below are satellite images from the Google Earth program, we will use this program for measurements.
Chelyabinsk. Revolution square
Chelyabinsk. Razin street 
Let's try to determine where the meteorite explosion occurred. Since the trajectory of its flight passed almost horizontally, in the first approximation it can be considered that its section closest to the observer is located at the maximum height. Therefore, consider the frame with the shortest shadows.
Having restored the position of the column shadow on the satellite image, it is possible to measure its length, the height of the column can be approximately determined from the photographs of the area relative to the height of the cars - it is 12 meters. Now you can determine the maximum height of the meteorite trajectory:
φ=arctan(h/L shadow)=arctan(12/16)=37°, where
h - column height;
Shadow L - the length of the column shadow.
Similar calculations can be repeated for the second video, the building in the lower left corner of the frame is the Ostrov shopping center, its height is about 15 meters.
The distance to the nearest point of the trajectory can be estimated from the shock wave delay time. It was to the nearest point, since the meteorite was moving at a speed much higher than the speed of sound. The above videos were recorded without sound, but the moment of arrival of the shock wave can be literally seen by the alarms of parked cars. On the video from Razin Street, we will determine the moment of the shortest shadow from the shopping center and the moment the car alarms are triggered:
T 1 =0 min 48 s;
T 2 =3 min 11 s;
ΔT=T 2 -T 1 =143 s;
d=ΔT*v sound =143*331=47.3 km, where
v sound - speed of sound in air = 331 m/s;
d is the slant range to the trajectory.
Knowing the maximum angular height of the trajectory and the slant range, we can determine the distance to the nearest point over which the trajectory passed and its height above the ground:
D=d*cos(φ)=37.8 km;
H=d*sin(φ)=28.5 km.
Here it is necessary to make several remarks. This calculation is correct assuming the meteorite's trajectory was horizontal, but it is not. Unfortunately, it is impossible to determine the complete spatial position of the flight path from observation from one point, but we can at least estimate it qualitatively. Since the meteorite was descending and approaching the city (this can be seen from the greater speed of the shadows at the end of the flight), the nearest point of the trajectory must necessarily lie further in the direction of flight than the highest point, that is, to the west, which means that the meteorite did not move exactly from east to west, and from southeast to northwest. Consequently, the height of this point may be somewhat lower than we have determined, and the distance to the projection of the trajectory on the earth's surface is greater.
Let's build a circle on the map with a radius D=38.8 km (yellow arrow) - the trajectory should be tangent to it (More precisely, as mentioned above, the radius of the circle should be slightly larger, but not exceed the slant range d=47 km). In addition, we note approximately the directions to the meteorite at the moments of the beginning and end of the flare (at least 45 ° in each direction from the direction to the south) - this angle not only determines the length of the flare segment, but also sets the limiting directions of the trajectory, which must necessarily cross the sides of this angle. Therefore, the direction of flight lies in the sector from 270° to 315° (counting clockwise from the north direction). Below on the map, the real path of the meteorite flight is also marked (red arrow) - as you can see, it practically coincides with our estimates, taking into account corrections for a decrease in the flight trajectory.
It remains to estimate the speed of the meteorite. To improve accuracy, this should be done for the closest part of the trajectory, and therefore, in the sector of the fastest shadow movement in the video. Looking again at the video from the Revolution Square, we see that the entire flash lasted about 5.5-6s, and the time of flight of the meteorite for the second half of the trajectory - from the south until the end of the flash is no more than one and a half seconds. During this time, the meteorite flew at least 20 kilometers, that is, its speed in the final part of the outbreak was at least 12-13 km / s, and it entered the atmosphere at an even higher speed.
MOSCOW, February 14 - RIA Novosti. A year ago, on February 15, 2013, the inhabitants of the southern Urals witnessed a cosmic catastrophe - the fall of an asteroid, which was the first such event in history that caused serious damage to people.
In the first moments, the inhabitants of the region spoke about the explosion of an "incomprehensible object" and strange flashes. Scientists have been studying this event for a whole year, what they managed to find out at this point - read in the RIA Novosti review.
What was it?
A rather ordinary space body fell in the Chelyabinsk region. Events of this magnitude occur once every 100 years, and according to some sources, even more often, up to five times a century. Scientists believe that bodies about ten meters in size (about half the size of the Chelyabinsk body) enter the Earth's atmosphere about once a year, but this happens most often over the oceans or over sparsely populated regions. Such bodies explode and burn at high altitude without causing any harm.
The size of the Chelyabinsk asteroid before the fall was about 19.8 meters, and the mass was from 7 thousand to 13 thousand tons. According to scientists, in total, from 4 to 6 tons fell to the ground, that is, about 0.05% of the original mass. Of this amount, no more than 1 ton has been collected at the moment, taking into account the largest fragment weighing 654 kilograms, lifted from the bottom of Lake Chebarkul.
Geochemical analysis showed that the Chelyabinsk space object belongs to the type of ordinary chondrites of the LL5 class. Chondrites are one of the most common types of stony meteorites, about 87% of all meteorites found are of this type. They are distinguished by the presence in the thickness of rounded millimeter-sized grains - chondrules, which consist of a partially melted substance.
Expert: the largest fragment of the Chelyabinsk meteorite weighs 654 kgThe exact weight of the largest fragment of the Chelyabinsk meteorite, which was taken from the bottom of Lake Chebarkul in mid-October 2013, was 654 kg, the director of the company that performed the operation to lift the meteorite told reporters.Data from infrasound stations indicate that the power of the explosion that occurred at the moment of sharp deceleration of the Chelyabinsk asteroid at an altitude of about 90 kilometers ranged from 470 to 570 kilotons of TNT equivalent - this is 20-30 times more powerful than the nuclear explosion in Hiroshima, but more than ten times less than the explosion power at the time of the Tunguska disaster (from 10 to 50 megatons).
What made this fall unique was the place and the time. This is the first case in history of a large meteorite falling in a densely populated area, so the fall of a meteorite has never caused such serious damage - 1.6 thousand people turned to doctors, 112 were hospitalized, windows were broken in 7.3 thousand buildings.
Thanks to this, scientists have received a huge amount of data about the event - this is the best documented meteorite fall. As it turned out later, one of the video cameras even captured the moment the largest fragment fell into Lake Chebarkul.
Where did this come from?
Scientists answered this question almost immediately: from the main asteroid belt solar system, the region between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, where the trajectories of many small bodies pass. The orbits of some of them, in particular, the asteroids of the Apollo or Aten group, are elongated and can cross the earth's orbit.
Due to the fact that the flight of the Chelyabinsk fireball was recorded on a lot of videos and photographs, including satellite ones, astronomers were able to quite accurately reconstruct its trajectory, and then try to continue this line back through the atmosphere in order to plot the orbit of this body.
Attempts to restore the trajectory of the Chelyabinsk body before the collision with the Earth were made by different groups of astronomers. Their calculations showed that the semi-major axis of the orbit of the Chelyabinsk asteroid was about 1.76 astronomical units (the average radius of the Earth's orbit), the perihelion (the point of the orbit closest to the Sun) was at a distance of 0.74 units, and the aphelion (the most distant point) was 2 .6 units.
With this data in hand, scientists tried to find the Chelyabinsk asteroid in the catalogs of previously discovered small bodies. It is known that many already discovered asteroids are “lost” again after some time, and some of them are discovered twice. Scientists did not rule out that the Chelyabinsk object belonged to such "lost" bodies.
His relatives
Although an exact match could not be found, scientists have found several possible "relatives" of the "Chelyabinsk". The group of Jiri Borovichka from the Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, having calculated the trajectory of the Chelyabinsk body, found that it is very similar to the orbit of the 2.2-kilometer asteroid 86039 (1999 NC43). In particular, the semi-major axis of the orbit of both bodies is 1.72 and 1.75 astronomical units, the perihelion distance is 0.738 and 0.74.
Scientists do not know why fragments of the Chelyabinsk meteorite are of different colorsThe meteorite, subsequently named Chelyabinsk, fell on February 15, 2013. Scientists still cannot figure out why some meteorite fragments are completely dark, while others are light inside.Fragments of the Chelyabinsk cosmic body that fell to the ground "told" scientists the story of his life. It turned out that the Chelyabinsk asteroid is the same age as the solar system. An analysis of the isotope ratio of lead and uranium showed that its age is about 4.45 billion years.
However, about 290 million years ago, the Chelyabinsk asteroid experienced a major catastrophe - a collision with another cosmic body. This is evidenced by dark veins in its thickness - traces of melting of the substance during a powerful blow.
At the same time, scientists believe that it was a very "fast" process. Traces of cosmic particles - tracks of iron nuclei - did not have time to melt, which means that the “accident” itself lasted no more than a few minutes, experts from the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences said.
At the same time, it is possible that traces of melting could have occurred during a too close approach of the asteroid to the Sun, scientists from the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy (IGM) of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences believe.
Where did the "Chelyabinsk meteorite" fly?
If you do not have the time or desire to understand everything that we have written, you will find the answer to the question at the end.
Two weeks have passed since the Chelyabinsk incident, and everyone has already forgotten about it (except for the victims) as an absurd accident. And completely in vain, since only the explosion was accidental, the flight of a celestial body was not an accident.
We have already debunked the myths about the "Tunguska phenomenon" that have accumulated over a hundred years (here), now let's try to say our word about the "Chelyabinsk meteorite". And we will do this not because we are great specialists in astronomy, but because, using common sense and school knowledge of physics and mathematics can refute most of the information that appeared in the central media and on the Internet on this topic.
But first, about Podkamennaya Tunguska. On the RTR channel, in order to fix the official version of the meteorite in the minds of the audience, they again remembered the mysterious event of the beginning of the last century and showed an updated version of the film "Tunguska Invasion", where Nikola Tesla again acts as the main character. In the updated version of the film, he appears as a great seer. According to the authors, Tesla, anticipating the approach of a celestial body to the earth, builds his huge spark gaps, and turns them on at the moment the asteroid enters the atmosphere. The arresters enter into resonance with the earth's ionosphere and destroy the fireball falling to the ground. Just some miracles! And this is not fantasy, people with the most serious look from the screen of the central channel are broadcasting that it was so. All phenomena accompanying the Tunguska catastrophe, mentioned in the film, are explained in detail in our previous article (here) in the most natural way.
We do not argue, Tesla was a great inventor, and what he created, in his time, was a huge technical miracle. But his efforts to create a device for transmitting high energy over long distances without wires proved fruitless. This idea was implemented much later by Soviet engineers, the inventors of the maser, Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov.
“The operating principle of the maser was developed by Charles Townes, a professor at Columbia University, for which he was awarded in 1964, together with Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov, who also conducted research in this area, Nobel Prize in physics." http://rus-eng.org/
"A maser (quantum generator) is a device that uses artificially held atoms in an excited energy state, thereby achieving amplification of radio signals."
This little thing on a white pillow is not at all like Tesla transformers, and its principle of operation is completely different, but it is it that allows you to transfer the energy of electromagnetic radiation in a concentrated form.
We will not bore you with the technical details of the processes taking place in these devices, we only note that the military used this invention first of all, and combat lasers were created already in the 80s of the 20th century. They work in the infrared range, the combat laser beam is invisible.
Type in the search engine "combat lasers" and you will learn a lot about this topic. Here, for example: “MIRACL (Mid Infra-Red Advanced Chemical Laser) - laser: gas-dynamic, based on DF (deuterium fluoride). power: 2.2 MW. in December 1997, it was tested as a weapon against satellites. used in the civil project HELLO - High-Energy Laser Light Opportunity.
LATEX (Laser Associe a une Tourelle Experimentale) - 1986, an attempt to create a 10 MW laser. France. http://www.softmixer.com/
MAD (Mobile Army Demonstrator) - 1981. laser: gas dynamic, based on DF (deuterium fluoride). power: 100 kW. the army stopped funding before receiving the promised capacity of 1.4 MW.
UNFT (Unified Navy Field Test Program, San Juan Capistrano, California) - 1978. laser: gas dynamic, based on DF (deuterium fluoride). power: 400 kW. during the tests, the BGM-71 Tow ATGM was shot down. in 1980 was shot down in flight by a GP UH -1 Cobra "
This is not a searchlight, this is a combat laser, which army, guess for yourself.
However, let's return once again to the film shown on RTR, it was also said there about the earthly energy unknown to anyone, which is subject to either local shamans or Tesla's genius, it is difficult to understand, in short, this energy splashed out of the earth and stopped the heavenly invasion. And the shamans, according to the authors and participants of the film, foresaw the future and, according to eyewitness accounts, a month before the disaster they said that there would be a big fire. You do not need to be a seer and a predictor to guess this. Any taiga hunter knows what swamp gas is and that it burns and sometimes explodes. And even more so, it was known to shamans, the keepers of local customs, knowledge and traditions. If methane, which is odorless and colorless, could go unnoticed, then sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, satellites of natural gas deposits, have a distinct smell and accumulate in lowlands, since they are heavier than air. And this must have been noticed by the locals, since, as we already wrote about it, the gas eruption continued for a whole year.
Fast forward from Podkamennaya Tunguska to Chelyabinsk. Here, too, another miracle happened. "Meteorite" appeared and disappeared, there are only some small pebbles. We immediately did not like the version of the "meteorite", and we began our investigation. After reviewing many videos posted by eyewitnesses on the Internet, we determined the exact location and height of the explosion, and most importantly, the direction of the "sky wanderer" flight and its trajectory.
The bolide exploded before flying 5-7 kilometers to the village of Pervomaisky, 35 km from the center of Chelyabinsk. Here is a video taken by the brave Chelyabinsk guys, who were almost at the epicenter of the explosion and, not at a loss, turned on the video camera immediately after the flash, as evidenced by the still luminous plume. Freeze frame of the first second of the video. Please note that the plume is located vertically, which means that the observer was under a flying fireball.
The desperate guys Sanya, Vitya, Seryoga and Yurka, not afraid of a blinding flash, continued to shoot without dropping the camera from their hands, and at the moment when the shock wave came, though they did it more chaotically.
At 25 seconds, the shockwave came, just as the author of the video pointed the lens at himself to introduce himself. Then you can see how the operator loses full control over what is happening and the camera itself shoots whatever is horrible.
Despite the hard impact of the blast wave, Yurka did not drop the camera from his hands and continued to shoot. 27 second recording.
Remember this frame, the loop on the train, it will come in handy in our investigation. It is located directly above the observers.
Thanks to this video recording, we were able to determine the distance from the operator to the epicenter of the explosion, and then the height of the explosion.
We also found another video shot by employees of the Pervomaiskaya CHPP, it clearly shows that the car flew right over the CHPP building (vertical pipes and a vertical plume), destroying the wall while grinding coal, one of the CHPP workers who ran out into the street shouts about it.
The beginning of the plume, the explosion occurred behind the thermal power plant, in the place where the trail breaks off.
The end of the train, the unburned remains of the car flew towards Chebarkul. The photograph shows that it was one large fragment.
So, we know that the shock wave came 25 seconds after the start of shooting, the shooting began when the plume was still glowing. The flash lasted for 6 seconds. This can be clearly seen in the video filmed from Chelyabinsk (see freeze-frames below). The beginning of the explosion 24 seconds of the video recorder, the end of 30 seconds, at 32 seconds the glow of the loop stopped. The video clearly shows that the plume was torn apart by the explosion, and the same gap is visible in the footage taken from the Pervomaisky village.
Based on the foregoing, the desperate May Day guys were at a distance of 340 × (25 + 8) = 11220 meters = 11.22 km (340 is the speed of sound in air) from the epicenter of the explosion. The plume break was at an angle of 45-60° from the observer with respect to the horizon (see photo above). Sin50° = 0.766, hence the height at which the explosion occurred is 11.22 × 0.766 = 8.58 km, and not 20-30 and certainly not 50 km, as it was stated in the media. This is also evidenced by the shape of the cloud formed by the plume, it is rather cumulus than cirrus. The distance from the observer to a point on the earth's surface under the epicenter will be 11.22 × Cos50° = 11.22 × 0.64 = 7.1 km. Let's mark this point google map Earth, 7 km from the village of Pervomaisky in the direction opposite to the village of Chebarkul, it will be useful to us for constructing the flight path of the “celestial body”.
And here is video footage from Kopeysk, located 30 kilometers from the epicenter, the camera is turned on immediately after the flash, and people behind the scenes are discussing why there was a light, but there was no explosion. The shock wave came to Kopeysk much later, which once again confirms the epicenter we have identified. The shock wave came in 1 minute 13 seconds from the start of the survey.
Now let's define the trajectory of the flight of a celestial body.
“According to the chairman of the regional branch of the Russian Geographical Society, candidate of geographical sciences Sergey Zakharov, the body flew from the southeast to the northwest, the flight path was in azimuth about 290 degrees along the Yemanzhelinsk-Miass line.
The reconstruction of the meteoroid trajectory is based on the study of records from two surveillance cameras, one of which is located on Revolution Square in the center of Chelyabinsk, and the other in Korkino, as well as an assumption about the place of impact in Chebarkul Lake. http://en.wikipedia.org/ ←
Well, the "scientists" were wrong again! In fact, the map shows the flight path of the largest fragment of a celestial body from the explosion site to the impact site. Using two cameras, they determined the place of the explosion and drew a line from it to an ice hole in Lake Chebarkul, where, presumably, something had fallen. But this is not true, since the explosion could change the trajectory of the fall of debris, scattering them over a large area and the real trajectory of the flight of the fireball must be sought differently (author's note).
Only great scientists can accurately calculate the trajectory from two surveillance cameras that are close to each other. We, based on our school knowledge in mathematics and physics, will use three points. We have already found one of them, located near the village of Pervomaisky (see above).
In order to most accurately determine the flight path of the fireball, it was necessary to find two more cameras located at a great distance from the explosion site. We were lucky, and we found videos made in Kustanai (Kazakhstan) 240 km and Kurgan 270 km from the explosion site.
In the picture from Kustanai, the car flies from right to left. And in the picture from Kurgan from left to right. Therefore, the flight path passed between these cities.
The closer the observer is to the inclined line, the greater the angle of its inclination to the horizon seems to be. Being directly under the inclined line, it will appear vertical to him.
Using the Google Earth program, we drew the exact flight path of the meteorite. You can check yourself.
We determine the angles of inclination of the plume to the horizon line, given that in Kurgan the surveillance camera is tilted, so we draw the horizon line along the roof ridge. And in Kustanai we will take into account the slope of the video recorder, drawing a vertical axis parallel to the poles. It turned out in Kurgan 38.3 °, and in Kustanai 31.6 °. Consequently, the trajectory passed closer to Kurgan. Let's move on to construction. From the point marked by us, near the village of Pervomaisky, we draw two lines, one to Kurgan (blue), the other to Kustanai (green) and measure the distances. Then, on the line Kurgan - Pervomaisky, we set aside a distance equal to the distance from Pervomaisky to Kustanai. From this point we will draw an auxiliary line to Kustanay and measure it. Next, we divide this line in the proportion 38.3° / 31.6° = 1.21 and set aside the resulting segments (green and orange) on this line in order to determine the point over which the bolide's flight path passed between Kustanai and Kurgan. Now we draw a straight line through the village of Pervomaisky and the point we found, this is the real flight path of the celestial body, in the picture it yellow color. We hope you get the same picture:
Let's take a closer look at the place of the explosion and the fall of the fireball.
The flight path of the fireball over the villages of Pervomaisky and Timiryazevsky.
Place of fall, Timiryazevsky, Chebarkul and Miass ..
We found another video taken by the DVR of a car moving perpendicular to the trajectory of the car (see freeze-frames below). According to it, we determined the angle at which the celestial body fell to the earth. Let us remind once again that the true angle of inclination of the plume to the horizon will be the minimum observable, located perpendicular to the trajectory, in all other angles the angle will be greater than the true one. It is 13.3° (see image below). Sin 13.3° = 0.23. Hence, the path that the body must fly after the explosion is 8.58: 0.23 = 37.3 km. The distance from the place of impact to the epicenter of the explosion will be 8.58: Tg 13.3° = 8.58: 0.236 = 36.4 km. The calculated drop point is located between the village of Timiryazevsky and Chebarkul, along the trajectory. Without a doubt, fragments of the body scattered by the explosion over a large area.
The same camera shows the moment when the glow of the fireball starts (24 seconds of recording), and the time of the climax of the explosion (30 seconds of recording).
23 seconds, clear skies.
24 seconds, a luminous dot appeared.
30 seconds, the beginning of the explosion.
34 seconds, climax.
35 seconds, the end of the explosion.
38 seconds, everything burned down.
Based on this video recording, we calculate the height at which the glow began (24 seconds) and the average speed of the body in the period from the beginning of the glow to the culmination of the explosion (34 seconds). 10 seconds have passed. We already know the height of the explosion. Having made the necessary constructions, based on the similarity of the obtained right-angled triangles, we find: the height of the beginning of the glow H=19.5 km, the path traveled from the beginning of the glow to the culmination S=47.5 km, the time t=10 sec, respectively, the average speed of the body, υ \u003d 4.75 km / s \u003d 4750 m / s. As you can see, this speed is less than the first cosmic speed (7900 m/s) required to put the body into the earth's orbit. This is another fact against the meteorite version.
And according to the following video recording (see below), you can determine the start time, the end of the glow of the body and the moment of the explosion with an accuracy of hundredths of a second. The camera of this video recorder is located almost opposite the previous one, to the left of the flight path of the fireball. Full time glow 15 seconds, the time from the beginning of the glow to the explosion of 10 seconds, the values completely match the readings of the previous DVR. As you can see, the flight speed can be calculated with great accuracy.
Of course, we doubted the declared power of the explosion, as well as the likelihood of a meteorite explosion in general. Can a stone meteorite explode, forming such a bright and powerful flash, and burn out, disappearing without a trace? Let's try to answer this question. Moreover, it is quite simple, you still remember school course physics. Who does not remember, can look into the reference book from which we extracted the following formula:
F = c A ρ/2 υ²
Where F is the force of aerodynamic resistance, it will impede the movement of the body, and put pressure on its surface, heating it up.
For simplicity, we will make the calculation with certain assumptions that do not significantly affect the result, experts will forgive us.
Let's take the diameter of a stone meteorite equal to D = 3 meters, you will understand later why.
A- area cross section bodies, A=π D²/4= 7 m²; c is a coefficient depending on the shape of the body, for simplicity we will consider it spherical, the value from the table, c = 0.1; ρ - air density, at a height of 11 km it is four times less, and at a height of 20 km it is 14 times less than normal, for calculations we will reduce it by 7 times, ρ = 1.29/7 = 0.18; and υ is the speed of the body, υ=4750 m/sec.
F = 0.1 7 0.18: 2 4750² = 1421438 N
When entering the dense layers of the atmosphere, the air pressure on the surface of the body will be less than:
P \u003d F / A \u003d 1421438: 7 \u003d 203063 N / m \u003d 0.203 MPa, (since the cross-sectional area, 7 m², is significantly less area half the surface of the ball, 14.1 m²). Any builder will tell you that even the worst brick or concrete block, you can see for yourself by looking at the building guide, the compressive strength of clay bricks is 3-30 MPa, depending on the quality. When a brick falls from space, only its surface will be destroyed, heated by the resisting air and cooled by it. The heating energy can approximately be calculated by the formula: W = F · S, where S is the distance traveled. And the heat that flies away with the air flowing onto the brick is calculated by the formula: Q=α · A · t · ∆T; where α=5.6+4υ; А= 14.1 m² - surface area, in our case half of the ball surface, t=10sec - flight time, ∆T=2000° - temperature difference between the body surface and the incoming air. We invite you to make these calculations yourself, and we will calculate the power required to move in the stream according to the formula:
P \u003d c A ρ / 2 υ³ \u003d 0.1 7 0.18: 2 4750³ \u003d 6.75 109 W
For ten seconds of flight, energy will be released equal to:
W \u003d P t \u003d 6.75 109 10 \u003d 67.5 109 J
And it will dissipate in space in the form of heat:
Q=α A t ∆T = (5.6 +4 4750) 14.1 10 2000 = 5.36 109 J
The rest of the energy: 67.5 109 - 3.5 109 \u003d 62.14 109 J, will go to heat the car.
Perhaps it will be enough to blow it up, but not enough for this stone to burn up, evaporating in the air. In TNT equivalent, this energy is equal to 14.85 tons of TNT. 1 ton of TNT \u003d 4.184 109 J. The energy of the explosion of the nuclear bomb "Kid" over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, according to various estimates, is from 13 to 18 kilotons of TNT, that is, a thousand times more.
“We literally just finished the study, we confirm that the particles of the substance found by our expedition (Ural Federal University) in the area of Lake Chebarkul really have a meteorite nature. This meteorite belongs to the class of ordinary chondrites, it is a stone meteorite with an iron content of about 10%. Most likely, it will be given the name “Chebarkul meteorite,” Viktor Grokhovsky, a member of the RAS Committee on Meteorites, quotes RIA Novosti. http://www.esoreiter.ru/
Let's calculate the energy that was released if a chondrite with a diameter of 3 meters hit the ground.
W \u003d m υ² / 2 \u003d 31.6 10³ 4750²: 2 \u003d 356.5 109 J, this is equivalent to 85.2 tons of TNT.
m \u003d V ρ \u003d 14.14 2.2 \u003d 31.6 tons, the mass of the ball. ρ=2.2 tons/m³ - chondrite density.
V \u003d 4 π r³ / 3 \u003d 4 3.14 1.5³: 3 \u003d 14.13 m³, the volume of the ball.
As you can see, this power clearly does not reach the kilotons announced in the media.
"The total amount of released energy, according to NASA estimates, was about 500 kilotons of TNT, according to RAS estimates - 100-200 kilotons."
http://ru.wikipedia.org/ ← “They went completely crazy, 15 kilotons exploded over Hiroshima, and there was no wet place left from it, and what would happen to Chelyabinsk with such an explosion power” (author's note).
An explosion of 30 tons of gasoline will release energy equal to:
Q= m·H=30·10³·42·106 =1.26·1012 J, which is equivalent to 300 tons of TNT, and this is more like the power of the explosion in Chelyabinsk.
Why did we think about the rocket? Yes, because everything that was reported in the media and what we actually saw on the screens did not coincide at all. The plume was similar in color and shape to a jet engine contrail rather than a meteor.
Compare:
rocket contrail
trace of the "Chelyabinsk meteorite"
the fall of the YuzhMashev rocket "Zenith" over Russky Island
meteorite fall in Peru
meteorite in Yashkino.
Real meteorites do not have heat-resistant fairings and hot particles torn from their surface by an oncoming air flow should leave a fiery trail behind the falling body.
The inclination of the trajectory was not as advertised, 20°, but actually 13°, and is more suitable for a body falling from near-Earth orbit, rather than bursting from the depths of space. The height of the explosion, judging by the shape of the plume, clearly did not correspond to the declared one. And in reality, as calculations showed, it turned out to be 8.58 km, and not 30-50 km. In addition, they spoke somehow vaguely about the flight path of the "meteorite", it flew in Tyumen and in Kazakhstan and in Bashkiria, in short flew around half the country, and fell in Chelyabinsk. And most importantly, having not yet found the fragments of the “celestial body”, they declared it a meteorite, and it was absolute stupidity - they called it a symbol of the Krasnoyarsk forum. A good symbol, the millionth city and the surrounding villages ended up with broken windows in the cold, thousands of people suffered.
That is why we undertook an independent investigation of the incident. Of course, our calculations are very approximate, and the arguments we give may seem dubious and controversial to you, it is difficult for us to resist the informational pressure of the media ourselves, but we did not find mathematics and physics exact sciences and errors in our calculations. And to convince you of the plausibility of our assumptions and calculations, we present the Ultima ratio (the last argument), which shocked us too. After we discovered THIS, we had no doubts that the Chelyabinsk Meteorite was directed towards Russia by someone's evil will.
After plotting the flight path of the fireball (yellow line), out of curiosity, we extended it beyond the place where the body fell (red line). We were amazed, it went straight through Moscow, zooming in, we were even more amazed, the red line rested right in the center of the Kremlin, and this can no longer be a coincidence. You can see for yourself.
The Chelyabinsk meteorite flew there.
And here o should have fallen.
You may have an objection: the round hole found on Lake Chebarkul (the place where a large fragment fell) does not coincide with the trajectory laid by us. The answer is simple.
The only whole fragment of an exploded and burned-out rocket could only be the fairing - the most durable and heat-resistant part of the rocket. http://russianquartz.com/"Fairings are so strong that they can only be cut diamond discs. The head part heats up to 2200 degrees.
After the explosion, he somersaulted in the air, forming a loop on the plume (there was another small flash in this place), and flew on. Due to its aerodynamic shape (hemisphere), having lost speed, it glided vertically onto the lake, as children's flying saucers do, and, having melted the ice, went under water, crumbling into small pieces from impact and a large temperature difference.
“On the one hand, ceramics are fragile. If you hit it with a hammer, it will shatter. On the other hand, it can be affected simultaneously by heating up to one and a half thousand degrees,” said Vladimir Vikulin, General Director of NPP Tekhnologiya. http://russianquartz.com/ Therefore, a round hole was left in the ice. A stone flying at an angle of 13° would form an oval hole in the ice, elongated along the trajectory.
The video, filmed from the roof of one of the houses from Chelyabinsk, clearly shows that there was more than one explosion. You can also see fragments of the fireball flying out during the explosions.
It may seem to someone that they flew forward and upward, but this is not so. Imagine: the observer looks from below, and the car flies on an inclined path, moving away from the observer. This is easy to understand by taking two pencils in your hand, perpendicular to each other, looking at them slightly from below. All fragments flew to the right of the fireball's trajectory, therefore, the remaining part received an impulse to the left. Therefore, the rest of the rocket (fairing), deviating to the left of the original trajectory, fell directly into the lake.
Another argument confirming our version of the stones in the rocket is the fact that the stones that the searchers find lie in the snow, almost on the surface, which indicates that they had a low temperature when they fell. That is, they were not heated by friction against the air and the explosion, as would happen with a real meteorite, but were slightly heated at the time of the explosion, since the container with the stones was in the bow, which was least exposed to the thermal effects of the explosion. The pictures clearly show how the fireball was torn apart by the blast wave into two parts and the front one, by inertia, flew forward and went out faster than the fuel that burned out and was thrown off by the blast wave. That is why a gap 3-5 kilometers long appeared on the plume.
And look again at the train.
It is clearly seen that a volumetric body was flying, carrying with it the remnants of burning fuel and combustion products.
And in this place the fuel burned out, and the luminous hot body (rocket fairing) continued to fly, this is clearly seen in the video:
You can find many more details confirming our version, but it is already clear that the official statements about the meteorite do not hold water.
This case does not look like an invasion extraterrestrial civilization, their shot would definitely have hit the target, besides, the Kremlin was not seen in connection with aliens. But the Americans are hiding something about little green men.
We have many versions explaining this fact, for example: Islamic terrorists loaded a rocket with stones and sent it to Moscow to simulate a meteorite falling on the Kremlin, as a symbol of heavenly punishment (it is difficult to find terrorists). Option number two: high-ranking Russian officials and oligarchs are taking revenge for being deprived of the opportunity to have real estate and bank accounts abroad (those who were not in Moscow that day are under suspicion). The third option: international currency speculators and financiers decided to make money again, big, once again, bringing down the market, destabilizing the situation in the world (they can be calculated if you find the place where the rocket was fired from). US business activity indices are at the maximum of the third wave, which will overwhelm and turn the entire world economy. So friends, merge shares and go to cash and do not forget to thank us for the information, put some money in the wallet, no matter how much it is a pity. And subscribe to our magazine, as we have not told you the main thing yet.
We can only guess who threw a stone at Russia, we have no means to find out, the maps show that the trace of the trajectory leads to the Pacific Ocean.
All our assumptions seem fantastic and we are ready to sell them as an idea for a script for another cool action movie.
By the way, the version of the rocket with stones is very plausible. The error in pitch (height) was due to the fact that during the transition to horizontal flight, the stones, which were not covered tightly, poured into the container in bulk, and, having shifted the center of gravity, changed the rocket's flight path. And this was not taken into account by ballistics. We noticed the deviation late, turned on the main engines (the luminous dot on the video appeared suddenly), when the rocket had already begun to descend.
Other scenarios for the development of events in the Chelyabinsk region are also possible, and it was not in vain that we mentioned lasers at the beginning of the article. We invite you to imagine the further course of our thoughts.
Frankly, we were hesitant to post this information online, it seems unbelievably cruel. But there is a lot of evil in the world, and the governments of most countries are not able to cope with it, but rather contribute to its multiplication. Therefore, we decided that everyone should take care of their own safety and well-being.
Don't take our word for it, do your own research, maybe we were wrong after all.
If the end of the world did not happen and the Chelyabinsk meteorite did not hit you, this does not mean at all that all the dangers are behind. They are all ahead. And soon you will know about them. Happiness and prosperity to you.
