Breeding of new varieties of grapes. How to breed a new grape variety at home. The best varieties for the Crimea, the Volga region, the Moscow region, the Leningrad region, Siberia

Cultivation of vineyards has become quite a popular activity among owners of private houses with garden plots. Another question is that not everyone succeeds, since the cultivation of such a crop is labor-intensive. To enjoy the fruits of the plant, you need to put a lot of effort and pay great attention to the entire work process. Vineyard for beginners is not easy. However, subject to following and observing certain rules, it is possible to achieve a fruit-bearing grape crop that annually brings rich harvests.

In fact, a grape bush is a vine with long stems, the ends of which subsequently turn into fruit-bearing vines. Only annual vines have the ability to bear fruit.

The grape bush is based on two systems:

1. Underground

This structure is made up of an underground stem, which is a cutting, from which a bush is subsequently formed. Its part, located below and on the sides, is given over to the development of rhizomes. The eyes, located on top, transform the shoots, which subsequently form a bushy base.

2. Overground

The above ground system consists of:

Shtamb. A stem growing in a strictly vertical direction.
Sleeves. Vines extending from a bushy head, which can be 35 cm or more in length.
Horns. Sleeves less than 35 cm long.
stepchildren. Shoots growing from an axillary leaf bud component located in the main bushy shoot.
Sheet. It is made up of a long handle and a carved plate. The shape, size and other characteristics of the leaf are determined by the grape variety. They have an important function - the implementation of nutritional components of organic origin.

The structure of the vineyard. 1 - replacement knots; 2 - shoots; 3 - thickening of the stem (head); 4 - perennial branches (sleeves); 5 and 7 - roots; 6 - underground stem (stem); 8 - fruit shoot; 9 - fruitless escape

Where to begin?

Breeding a vineyard for beginners begins with the selection of seedlings. Preference should be given to perennial and tested varieties. Their difference lies in the low cost, which is a significant advantage in case of non-survival of the seedling.

Grapes are classified according to:

color;
the presence of bones;
the degree of size of the berries;
appointment;
maturation periods.

Grapes are also divided according to the type of flowering and are: male, female and self-pollinated. Cross-pollination is optional for the male type, since full-fledged fruits are produced. Female - in order to avoid a lack of harvest, it is planted close to the male. Accordingly, pollinated grapes are not the best option for beginner growers.

When buying seedlings, you must consider:

power degree of growth of shoots;
loadable abilities of bushy ovary;
brush ejection method.

Experts with many years of experience in growing vineyards recommend novice growers to purchase the following grape varieties:

« East". It is resistant to frost, withstanding temperatures down to -18 degrees. The fruits have purple, and the yield is stable.
« Laura". Sweet grape variety with white and large fruits, not whimsical to care for.
« Gift of Zaporozhye". It also has large weighty fruits of amber color.
« Original". Fruits of the extended form of all shades of pink.
« Kodryanka«. Early variety grapes with dark blue fruits that ripen by the end of July. At proper care and the formation of the first harvest ripens in the third year.

Stages of creating a vineyard

In order for the process of creating and forming a grape culture to be easy and unconstrained, it is important to carry out all the work in stages:

1. Planting grapes

Before planting seedlings, you should know that grapes do not like heavy soils and abundant watering. The ideal place for it is rocky slopes under straight lines. sunbeams. For this reason, the main task of beginner winegrowers is to create conditions that are as close to natural as possible. Landing is best done in the spring:

seedlings are planted in pits dug in advance, having certain dimensional parameters in the transverse direction and a depth of 70-80 cm;
a 10-15 cm layer of drainage material in the form of expanded clay or crushed stone is poured to the bottom, as well as a couple of buckets of humus mixed with the ground;
the seedling additionally wakes up with a layer of earth. In order to increase friability, it is possible to add coarse sand or perlite;
the soil around the plant is pressed a little, watered and mulched.

Here is what experts say about some features of planting grapes: If you want to hang various buildings with grapes, the intention is planted at a distance of half a meter from the foundation of the house. If the creation of a vineyard is planned, then an interval of 2.5-3 meters should be observed between the rows, and 2 meters between the bushes.

2. Watering and feeding

It is good if a rare but plentiful watering of the grapes is made. The rhizome zone should be characterized by sufficient moisture to dissolve nutrients in it and penetrate air masses. Frequent surface watering can only provoke the appearance of weeds and the development of disease states. Here are a few simple rules watering grapes:

In dry times, watering is done four times a month.
Near the seedling, it is possible to install pipe or bottle containers made of plastic, inserted into each other. Thus, water and nutrition entering above the soil level will fertilize directly the root parts of the plant.
Typically 40 liters of water is used with a suggested mulching process. Mulch is a powder made from humus and overdried grass. It prevents the rapid disappearance of importance by balancing the fluctuations temperature conditions day and night.
Starting from the month of August, the frequency of watering is on the decline.

The grapes are fertilized twice. A sapling planted in spring does not need nutrition, while a sprout planted in autumn requires nitrogen fertilizers. For this you need:

pour into 10 liters of water ammonium nitrate and urea in the amount of a tablespoon, then pour the bush with a solution;
additionally water with a couple of buckets of infused water, which will contribute to better absorption of nutrients.

The next feeding is prepared by mixing water and a third of a bucket of mullein. The resulting solution is fermented for a week with regular stirring. One bush needs a liter of such mash, a tablespoon of nitrogen fertilizers and a bucket of water.

3. Trimming and garter

Beginning winegrowers should properly form and trim grape bushes on time and correctly. Usually sleeve circuits are used for this. Sleeves can grow in vertical or horizontal directions. The most popular and simple scheme for the formation of grapes for beginners is the "short horns", the essence of which is as follows:

two ovaries are left on the horns;
the weakest of the ovaries is removed.

This scheme allows you to achieve a rich harvest with exceptionally large and sweet fruits. It can be used on dessert grapes.

The formation should begin with pruning the matured main shoot, which is shortened above the strongest bud at the level of the lower trellis wire. Her role will be performed by a 30 cm stem. The remaining parts are being removed.

At the beginning of the coming season, the main shoot will be the shoot growing from the maximum of a kidney:

shoots growing on the sides are pinched on it, above the fifth node in a row, and shoots belonging to the second order are located above the first node;
before the beginning of the vegetative process, the vine in its upper part can be deflected horizontally in order to stimulate new branches, after which it returns to its original position;
in the spring, each horn should have 2 branches located on the sides: fruit and spare;
on the fruitful - a pair of ovaries is left;
stepchildren growing from the leaf axils are plucked out after the first leaves appear, which will provide a full burst of light from the sun;
after the beginning of the pouring of the leaves, the formation is complemented by a bushy clarification, the essence of which is to open the grape clusters by getting rid of the leaves.

Over time, the bush overgrows with horns, which are subsequently shortened and cut.

4. Winter shelter

The end of the second autumn month is characterized by falling leaves from the grapes. Those sheets that did not have time to fall are torn off or cut off. The branches are pressed to the ground and fixed with brackets, after which they are covered. Longer branches are bound.

Shelter can be:

Earth;
bags filled with vegetable waste;
covering materials pressed down with special shields made of wood.

During the first couple of years, frost-resistant grape varieties should also be covered. You should be aware that shelter for grapes may be needed in the spring, when the likelihood of a sudden drop in temperature conditions remains. Such manifestations are especially dangerous in regions with a hot climate, when the soil has warmed up and the shelters have been removed. In such cases, some protective methods help well:

delaying the vegetation process through treatment with iron sulphate;
creating a curtain of smoke.

5. Disease protection

Grapes are highly susceptible to various diseases, the occurrence of which is provoked by plant pathogens.

In order to protect the vineyard from diseases, you can resort to the following measures:

choose varieties that are resistant to various kinds of pests;
pay increased attention to the formation and ventilation of the bush;
timely break out extra runs shoots;
monitor the appearance of weeds and get rid of them in time;
spray and fertilize grapes with special fungicidal solutions.

Breeding of new varieties of grapes. The current stage in the development of viticulture is characterized by specific features. Industrial viticulture is concentrated in ecological areas with the most favorable natural conditions, mainly in specialized farms. Vineyards are laid in large arrays, so the planted varieties must be adapted to the mechanization of labor-intensive processes: pruning, caring for bushes, tillage, and harvesting.

Whereas in the past breeders have devoted all their skill and experience to improving appearance bunches and the taste of berries, now the tasks of increasing the resistance of grapes against frost, pests, and diseases, while increasing productivity, have come to the fore before breeding. There is also an obvious need for selection for a certain chemical composition, achievement in the berries of the optimal amount of organic acids, sugars, amino acids, vitamins, aromatic compounds and other biologically active substances.

International congresses on viticulture and symposiums devoted to the issues of genetics and selection of grapes have shown that the main method for improving its genetic properties on present stage is combination breeding based on sexual hybridization and the production of offspring with an updated combination of valuable traits and the strengthening of some of them due to heterosis or transgression.

The decisive point in the application of hybridization is the choice of starting material for selection. It depends on the set selection task and the availability of species and varietal resources. When breeding grape varieties resistant to frost, pests and diseases, intervarietal, distant, repeated and complex hybridization is used with the use of high-quality varieties of the Euro-Asian grape V. vinifera as a source material, including those with a slightly increased endurance against frost damage, damage gray rot, phylloxera, as well as representatives of the species - Amur V. amurensis, American - V. Labrusca, V. riparia, V. rupestris and others, characterized by complex resistance to adverse environmental factors.

Perennial practical work on the breeding of new varieties, carried out in the conditions of Odessa, Crimean, Donetsk, Kherson and Kiev regions of Ukraine, allowed researchers to clarify certain methodological provisions in grape breeding to increase immunity against phylloxera, fungal diseases, as well as winter hardiness.

It is necessary to take into account the polymorphism of Amur grapes. It is far from indifferent which forms of V. amurensis are taken for selection, since some give offspring that are more resistant to frost and mildew, while others are less resistant. Seedlings also differ in the degree of adaptation to arid and soil conditions in the south of Ukraine. Many forms are not viable and show depressive growth, low combination ability when crossed with different varieties.

Repeated hybridization of European-Amur and European-American varieties with European ones leads to a sharp decrease in resistance to frost, mildew, and phylloxera. Only single individuals are sufficiently cold-resistant in the conditions of the south of the Odessa region, but they are poorly winter-hardy in the middle and northern parts of the viticultural zone of Ukraine. In areas with more severe climatic factors, the most promising selection for resistance is through the use of complex hybridization of resistant forms with each other.

When breeding varieties resistant to the impact of one or another negative factor, one should take into account not only the polygenic nature of the property of resistance, but also the role of cytoplasmic heredity. For a more complete inheritance of resistance, it is better to take the most hardy forms as maternal parents.

For the conditions of the south and south-east of Ukraine and the south of Russia, as experience has shown, it is necessary to create new varieties of grapes. They must have high frost and mildew resistance in combination with good quality fetus, large size berries and bunches, external attractiveness.
Until recently, vineyard breeders to obtain resistant varieties used the best European varieties as "parents", crossing them with Amur wild or American grapes and their hybrids.
Thus, N.I. Guzun (1976) used crossbreeding of grape varieties carrying complexes of resistance genes with the best European varieties. They have been allocated a number of forms in terms of quality at the level of released varieties and suitable for non-covering and self-rooted crops in the conditions of Moldova.
On a large scale, complex hybrids of the French breeder Save Villar were used by Moldovan scientists D.D. Verderevsky and K.A.Votovich and others. From crossing these hybrids with European varieties, a number of new varieties with high group resistance and good fruit quality (Lyana, Suruchensky white, Nistru, Kriulyansky, Norok, etc.) were bred.
Breeders of the All-Russian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking. ME AND. Potapenko used European varieties and wild Amur grapes in breeding work. From such crossings, frost-resistant varieties were obtained, which, moreover, have increased resistance to mildew: Purple early, Shasla northern, Northern saperavi, Vydvizhenets, Vostorg, etc. (I.A. Kostrikin, 1985) S.A. Pogosyan (1972 d.) when breeding for frost resistance, it also uses European varieties that are relatively more resistant to critical temperatures.
Poghosyan came to the conclusion that when breeding frost-resistant grape varieties for hybridization, it is necessary to attract high-quality European varieties that have a relatively high frost resistance and high fruitfulness of replacement buds.
Similar varieties have been bred in the conditions of Armenia and Ukraine. These include Adisi, Sev Lernatu, and among the Western European and Black Sea groups - Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon, Saperavi.
On the basis of experimental data, Pogosyan believes that with the correct selection of European varieties-producers, through inter-varietal hybridization in the south, it is possible to develop high-quality varieties that can withstand frosts in the range of -27 ... -30 "C.
R.P. came to the same conclusion. Hakobyan (1969). He noted that when crossing such relatively frost-resistant varieties of the Western European group as Cabernet and Riesling with varieties of the eastern ecological and geographical group Adisi and Sev Lernatu, individual seedlings, along with high quality fruit, in terms of frost resistance, they surpass parental species by about 4-5 "C.
Important for breeding work is the study of the behavior of the original parental pairs in local conditions.
Of the 110 uncovered varieties and breeding forms of grapes studied in the Donbass, very high winter hardiness was noted only in 7 varieties: Alpha Black, Suputinsky White, Taiga Emerald, Elvira, Arktika, Buitur and Amur grapes.
In them, the death of the central kidneys does not exceed 20-46%. These varieties tolerate frosts well - 31 "C even after thaws, which indicates their high resistance.
High winter hardiness and the ability to develop fruit-bearing shoots from replacement buds have been established in the varieties Russian Concord, Pineapple, Solovyova early, Chugai-23.
Increased winter hardiness in comparison with European varieties is also possessed by varieties - Violet early, Shasla northern, Saperavi northern, Iyulsky, Decorative. They are of great interest not only for industrial distribution, but also in breeding work.
Having crossed the frost-resistant large-fruited variety Pineapple with the Euro-Amur Decorative, we have identified two promising forms of grapes for further selection. These are #7-28 and #7-61; they winter well in the conditions of Donbass, have large clusters. But the quality of the berries needs to be improved by crossing with resistant nutmeg varieties of the Jubilee-70 type, bred by the Moldavian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking "Vierul".
The experience of the senior researcher of the Donetsk experimental station of viticulture V.T. Galushenko shows that the use of these forms as parental pairs made it possible to create stable table varieties with good fruit quality.
Crossing, carried out at the Ukrainian Research Institute of Winemaking and Viticulture. Tairov, two hybrids with resistance genes of Euro-Amur and Euro-American origin (Muscat blue early x Pieril) made it possible to create a fairly frost- and mildew-resistant Muscat variety of technical direction - Muscat Odessa.
Thus, in order to create stable table grape varieties suitable for non-covering crops in the conditions of Donbass, it is necessary to cross not with European varieties, but between the best Euro-American and Euro-Amur hybrids.
For this purpose, we consider the following varieties to be promising: Vostorg, Northern Shasla, Early Purple, Northern Saperavi, Bruskam, Vydvizhenets, Burmunk, Nerkarat, Zovuni, Karmreni, Dimatskun, Mertsvan, Ushakert, Qakhtsreni, Armavir, Lusakert, Nalbadyani, Zeytun, Ashtaraki, Nushayut, Aknalig, seedling No. 1647/2, Gorizda No. 19 and No. 117. It is desirable to cross them with varieties of European-American origin: Anniversary-70, Memory of Verderevsky, Memory of Negrul, Anniversary of the Crane, Lyana, Nistru, Kriulyansky, Suruchensky white, Lanka , Original, Save Villar 20-365, Anitscan Muscat, Kodryanka, Frumoas Albe, Kontemirovsky, Strashensky, Zhemchug Zala.
However, some varieties of European origin can also be involved in hybridization. These are such as Abundant, Lobular, Derbent Muscat, Paytel Muscat, Amber Muscat, Korna Neagre.
High-frost-resistant grapes Amursky, Buitur, Arktik, Russian concord, Pineapple, Suputinsky white, etc. can also be crossed with stable high-quality varieties.
Wine growers of Donbass need varieties with a short growing season and early, as well as ultra-early ripening.
Therefore, the selection of parental pairs must be carried out so that both "parents" have these features, or at least one of them.

The cultivation of grapes has more than one thousand years. His taste and beneficial features appreciated by residents ancient egypt. Over the centuries, a lot of information has been accumulated about the gene pool of varieties, their biomorphological and economic and technical properties. Ampelography is engaged in the collection and processing of this information.

The data obtained is needed for reproduction and selection. Every year there are new species with improved properties. Thanks to this, the crop is now grown not only in warm regions, but also in areas with a variable climate. For example, in Siberia.

Distinctive features of new varieties

New varieties of grapes and hybrids differ from the mother ones in many positive qualities:

ultra-high resistance to frost - time and physical costs are reduced during cultivation;

high yield - a combination of abundant fruiting and good taste characteristics;

immunity to fungal and viral diseases - no additional treatments chemicals makes berries environmentally friendly;

early ripeness - increases the harvesting period, a clear plus for both the consumer and workers in industrial cultivation;

bisexual flowers - make cultivation simple.

When breeding new varieties, special attention is paid to the climatic zone where grapes will be cultivated.

How do you get new species?

New varieties are obtained in several ways:

Vegetative hybridization is a method of obtaining plants known since ancient times. This is sexual reproduction by grafting a kidney. Affects the timing of maturation and a number of morphological features.

Artificial hybridization - sexual and asexual crossing. It is based on the combination of genes from different cells in one.

Sowing seeds of natural pollination is a method known from the 3rd century BC. BC e.

All methods of obtaining new species are aimed at creating varieties with the best commodity and taste characteristics.

Photos

Brief description of new varieties

The varieties described below are new. They are characterized by high yield, transportability and long shelf life.

Seedless hybrid VI-4- table variety. The bushes are strong and grow well. The growing season does not exceed 140 days. White long berries form large conical clusters. The variety tolerates long hauls well. Moderately resistant to fungus, decay and sub-zero temperatures.

Veles Kishmish- a hybrid with a nutmeg flavor. Berries are juicy and sweet. The mass of the bunch is up to 1500 g. The color is light pink. Some fruits contain seeds. Grapes can withstand light frosts well. Has good immunity.

Lowland 2 - table grapes, ripening in clusters up to two kilograms. The berries are large, light purple. With a pleasant taste and smell. Sugar content up to 19%. Feature of a grade - early coloring of fruits and berry taste with easy sourness. The crop is characterized by an excellent presentation, the ability to endure long transportation. The bush endures frost and is not afraid of many diseases.

Premier Kishmish- a variety bred by amateur breeders. Differs in the large size of yellowish-pink berries. Bunch weight 750 g. Harvest ripens 120 days after bud opening. Hangs on a bush for a long time without spoiling. Disease resistance is average.

Sprinter- grapes obtained by amateur selection. Ripens extremely early. But 105-110 days after bud break. The berries are red, large, round. The weight of the bunch is 500-600 g. The pulp is dense and juicy. The variety is resistant to frost and mildew.

Every day, breeders are working to create an “ideal” variety that would be able to produce a plentiful and tasty crop of universal purpose at minimal cost when grown.

Video "New and hybrid grape varieties"

Advantages of hybrid forms

During the observation period, the hybrid form indicates a strong growth energy, good resistance to diseases (in the criteria of my agricultural technology, neither in the past year, nor until the moment of writing the material - in the 2nd decade of August 2009, it was not treated with pesticides).
Other advantages of the form include resistance to cracking of berries and the ability to long-term preserve the commercial properties of grapes that are not harvested from the bush during the period of physiological maturity of the berries (essentially for an amateur vineyard).
Frost resistance. Last year, a piece of bunch left on the vine waited for ... frosts!
The form showed another valuable feature in the color of the berries. In colored species, after full ripening, as a rule, the intensity of the color of the berries does not change in the best direction. The berries of the pink species turn red with blotched flowers, the reddish varieties may turn maroon or even purple. The same form retained its pink color until frost.

Personal experience of accidentally obtaining a new grape hybrid

Such properties appear in a variety that this year has ripened immediately or a couple of days earlier than the First-Called (these forms are grafted on one bush). With all this, despite such an early ripening period and very large berries (more than 4 cm in length), sugar accumulation and harmonious taste of berries in the form are excellent. The exceptional beauty of the bunch is one of the most striking changes that appeared during the observation period.

The effectiveness of visual perception in almost everything is determined by large elongated berries, the main color background of which is truly amber (without Greenery) and immediately by 3 variations in the coloring of berries, which makes a color composition that produces a very strong memory.

I am not a poorly informed person in this matter, but if the subjective-emotional component is included in the assessment of the bunch, and the size of the bunch is not taken into account (in fact, the 1st fruiting), then we can say that I have not seen a more attractive bunch. work with her was not impersonal, she received a temporary working title - Bomb.

The title was formed and conditioned from a natural-emotional exclamation that occurs in virtually every person (not necessarily a wine grower) who first saw her bunches. If, God willing, and over time it turns out that the configurations are of a mutational nature, the clone can be called V.N. Krainov. How to deal with all this? Relaxed, at least without euphoria. This can be the usual mentoring effect of the rootstock in the grafted composition under certain conditions of graft growth and less, or actually similar changes in the modification nature, caused by the reaction of grapes to environmental factors or cultivation technology, of course, I would like these changes to be inherited during vegetative reproduction, but the 1st desire is not enough, everything is in the hands of the Lord.

But there is hope. Including in connection with the young origin of the hybrid form. In his own works, Michurin noted that the formation and final formation of the parameters of hybrid forms occurs within a couple of years after hybridization. And the master of practice understood this better than anyone. Who knows, maybe in this case this option appeared. In addition, the external environment, galactic and light energy flows, nutritional conditions and dozens of other circumstances, including natural physical and chemical mutagens, during this period could affect the normal course of cytoembryological processes and metabolism of the observed form, which led to a change in traits on the genetic level. At the same time, over time, these changes can intensify, be cumulative, if the source of this impact is unchanged.

Grape Talisman

Time will show what these configurations actually represent and whether they will be transmitted or not during vegetative propagation. For now, we can only wait. I had a demonstrative conversation with V.N. Krainov. When breeding the hybrid form Ataman, he vaccinated in another vineyard. When discussing the configurations of color, shape of berries, and other features acquired on this inoculation, he said: “If I had not known that this was Ataman, I would have thought that this was a different variety.” Even then we noted that such changes in the properties of new hybrid forms can be used for greedy purposes by unscrupulous people. It turned out that they were looking into the water ...

There were "craftsmen"

I live in a vineyard far from the town, in relative isolation from "civilization" (without the Internet), and even here rumors reach me that some people (either unprepared, not understanding the laws of variability, or greedy viticulture businessmen) began to issue a similar variability of hybrid forms for new forms. They give them other names, and they are already launching a marketing flywheel for the implementation of these forms. In other words, a large-scale swindle action is being prepared.

Simple decency does not allow to do so. Even if mutations (changes in the hereditary base - genotype - of a plant organism, transmitted to offspring during vegetative reproduction) lie in the cause of the seemingly modified traits, then this is a clone, a clone of a variety that has a creator, with all the ensuing consequences, at least moral. Assigning a different name to the form without the knowledge of the creator, in my opinion, is very little, unethical, and maybe tantamount to theft. Even if you got lucky, and due to certain events, by the will of the option, you became the owner of a fascinating clone, the maximum that you can count on is co-authorship. In addition, when these events are concealed, the viticultural community is simply pricked.

If the manifested variability in the hybrid form has the usual modification character (it is not transmitted during vegetative reproduction), then such acts in general are nothing more than fraud. The grower is shown one thing, but they essentially sell him something else, planting material variety that he may already have. In fact, everything in selection is much more difficult than I mentioned here, and the event under discussion, no doubt, specifically refers to one of the methods of selection - clonal selection, in which the most important is the answer to the question - whether the detected change is mutational (hereditary) or modification disposition (incommunicable during reproduction). Not everything is so simple here, in some cases even the modification nature of the configurations can persist for a couple of years and, what is most unusual, several vegetative generations. This paradox even exists scientific definition- long modification. In order to avoid punctures and not look later as boys for beating, the breeders have worked out the corresponding development.