The state of crop production at the present stage. Course work placement of crop production sectors on the territory of the Russian Federation. The current state and prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia

3.3 Prospects for the development of crop production

In the agricultural complex "Mazaltsevo" within the crop industry, cereals (rye and oats) and flax are grown. Growing cereals is unprofitable. The reasons for this are the lack of funds for the purchase of fertilizers, outdated mechanization, etc. Therefore, in order to reduce the overall unprofitability of production, we propose to reorient the grain production of the economy to the needs of animal husbandry. Thus, the enterprise will stop "working for others."

In the PSHK "Mazaltsevo" flax cultivation is the most profitable production, and given that the economy is generally unprofitable, an increase in flax production is one of the options out of this situation.

An increase in production can be achieved by using high-yielding varieties, improving the seed production system, raising the level of agricultural technology in accordance with the requirements of the variety, using advanced mechanized harvesting and primary processing technology, and rationally organizing work processes at all stages of production.

At the Smolensk State Regional Experimental Agricultural Station named after A.N. Engelhardt created varieties of flax - fiber that meet the requirements of agricultural production and the processing industry. These are varieties such as S-108, Smolich, Soyuz, Belinka, etc. But the variety gives the greatest return only when the appropriate agricultural technology has been developed for it, important element which is the placement of crops according to the best predecessors. In terms of crop rotation, the most effective are crop rotations of the following composition: 1 - silage - winter rye - flax - potatoes - spring cereals + perennial grasses - perennial grasses 1g. use - flax - oats; 2 - silage - winter cereals - flax - silage - winter rye - potatoes - flax - oats; 3 - silage - winter rye - flax - barley + perennial grasses - perennial grasses 1g. use of perennial herbs 2g. use - flax - oats. The experience of flax growing in recent years has shown that in the absence of herbicides under flax, high-quality flax products were obtained in those farms where flax was sown on fallows.

One of the most important activities in the technology of flax cultivation is soil preparation. When flax is placed in a crop rotation after perennial grasses, longline plowing is more effective, in which, compared to usual, grass sod is planted more evenly and to a greater depth, the costs for its subsequent cutting are reduced, and weediness of crops is reduced to 35%.

Recently, the technology of pre-sowing tillage and sowing of flax based on the use of the SKL-3.6 seeder unit, which combines the final tillage with sowing, has been studied and recommended to flax-sowing farms. With its use, the quality indicators of sowing are improved, the field germination of seeds increases by 12%, and the yield of flax fiber increases by 1.2–2.4 c/ha.

The combine technology of flax harvesting requires further improvement, which makes it possible to comprehensively mechanize harvesting work. The most progressive variant of combine harvesting is pulling and combing flax with simultaneous tying of flax straw into sheaves and delivering it to the flax mill. This technology allows you to drastically reduce labor and material costs, save high quality raw materials, increase the profitability of flax growing.

3.4 Prospects for the development of the financial condition

The application of this project will allow the company to improve its financial condition in the future.

An increase in the productivity of animals and their condition will lead to an increase in their book value. Changing the channels for the sale of manufactured products will cause a number of positive changes. The sale of products on the market, directly to the final consumer, will allow the company to receive "real money". All this will cause an increase in working capital and means of circulation in the enterprise. The company can use the money received to develop production, pay its employees, and pay off other obligations. In other words, the enterprise will improve the indicators that characterize it as insolvent, in a financial crisis. In addition, the sale of products without an intermediary will avoid an increase in receivables and the diversion of funds into the turnover of other enterprises. The increase in sales proceeds and the cost of young animals transferred to the main herd will increase the amount of turnover, and hence the turnover ratio of working capital.

The presence of own working capital for the development of production will lead to a decrease in the need for borrowed funds, which will ultimately increase the autonomy coefficient and reduce the coefficients of financial dependence and financial leverage. This trend is estimated by leading economists as positive.

The modernization planned in the project will lead to an increase in the coefficient of the real value of the property and a decrease in the depreciation coefficient.

The profitability of the economy will increase the amount of own funds of the enterprise. This will cause the permanent asset index to rise, as the share of fixed assets and non-current assets in the sources of own funds will decrease. This means that the sources of formation of reserves and costs will increase at the enterprise, and according to Sheremet A.D. and Saifulin R.S. the availability of sources of formation of reserves and costs is one of the criteria for assessing the financial stability of the enterprise.

The profitability of the enterprise will change the structure of its assets. First of all, the most liquid assets will appear - cash, which will cause an increase in the absolute liquidity ratio. Due to the increase in the book value of animals, the value of slow-moving assets will increase, and due to the modernization of fixed assets, the value of hard-to-sell assets will increase.

In the future, the company can reduce the amount of short-term and long-term debt at the expense of profits. For this reason, the cost of fixed liabilities will increase. All this will lead to the fact that the company will increase its current solvency and future.

Only after the sale of products does net income take the form of profit. Quantitatively, it represents the difference between revenue and the total cost of goods sold. This means that the more an enterprise sells profitable products, the more profit it receives, the better its financial condition (table 3.7).

Table 3.7. - Profitability of production in the PSHK "Mazaltsevo"

Branches and types of products	Profit (+), loss (-) thousand rubles.		Profitability (+), unprofitability (-) of production, %
Branches and types of products	2008	project	2008	project
Milk	-203.6	+130.8	-22.7	+8.1
Cattle meat	-36.3	+101.3	-20.6	+14.6
Total livestock	-239.9	+232.1	-43.3	+22.7

Conclusions and offers

PSHK "Mazaltsevo" is located in the north-eastern part of the Smolensk region, 27 km from the regional and regional center of the city of Smolensk. In general, the conditions of the economy are favorable for the cultivation of cereals, legumes and flax; support dairy farming; use tillage equipment. The enterprise has a dairy-meat direction with a developed flax-growing industry. During the study period, the production and sale of agricultural products in the economy was unprofitable.

In general, it can be said that the enterprise, according to the main criteria used by leading economists to determine the financial condition of an enterprise, is in a crisis situation. The autonomy ratio decreased from 0.5934 to 0.3393, the financial dependence ratio increased from 0.4073 to 0.6610. Leverage, showing the ratio of borrowed funds to equity, increased by more than 2.5 times. In addition, the absolute liquidity ratio during the entire analyzed period was equal to zero, the current liquidity ratio was 2.4 times lower than the minimum acceptable value, and the intermediate coverage ratio was 17 times lower. Also, the equity ratio is equal in 2008. – 0.5 with a standard value of 0.3. There are a number of reasons for this.

The most important of them is the unprofitability of the main production, which is a consequence of the high cost of production and low prices implementation. For example, the cost of 1 centner of milk is 1152.0 rubles. at the selling price of JSC "Rosa" 890 rubles, and the cost of gain 1c live weight - 7416.0 rubles. at a selling price of 6101.1 rubles. For the same reason, there is a decrease in the company's own funds.

The situation is worsened by the increasing receivables from 25 thousand. rub. up to 133 thousand rub. It should be noted that the entire amount of receivables is overdue. This means that debtors do not just slow down the pace of the economy, but deprive it of its main "fuel".

The increase in accounts payable, including long-term from 1641 thousand. rub. up to 2117 thousand rub. indicates an increase in the financial dependence of the enterprise and that this dependence is of a long-term nature.

Absence Money at the enterprise leads to the fact that for a long time the enterprise cannot properly provide support for crop production (fertilizers and chemicals) and animal husbandry (improve the structure of the forage base and purchase animal protection products); the company does not pay for electricity, does not pay wages and does not pay taxes. All this naturally leads to a decrease in the productivity of animals and a deterioration in the state of crop production. For the same reason, the economy not only does not acquire new fixed assets, but has not overhauled the existing ones for many years.

All these are internal reasons that the enterprise can influence.

There are several external reasons: 1. destabilization of the economy, 2. disparity in prices for agricultural and industrial products. The latter means a violation of the ratio of prices for agricultural products and products of other sectors of the country's economy.

In addition, workers Agriculture were not psychologically prepared for "market behavior". All this has already brought Mazaltsevo to the brink of bankruptcy.

But even in this situation, rationally using the available resources, you can find a way out. Because the company can not influence external factors, we propose to change the internal ones.

We propose to increase the productivity of the animals of the main dairy herd to the standard for the breed - 4000 kg of milk, and to bring the average daily gain to 750 g.

An increase in the volume of milk production from 1523c to 2400c and a decrease in its cost from 1152 rubles to 806.9 rubles and an increase in live weight gain from 32c to 143.8c and a decrease in its cost from 7416 to 5565.2 rubles will have a direct impact on the performance of the enterprise.

We propose to increase the rate of animal care per worker from 10.7 heads per average annual worker to 15 heads for dairy herd workers and from 22.7 to 44.5 heads for animal care workers in rearing and fattening. Moreover, these changes are within the norms for the existing level of labor mechanization. All this will cause an increase in labor productivity from 120c of milk to 600c and from 4.54c of live weight gain to 121.9c.

At the same time, it is necessary to revise the structure of the cost of production. It is necessary to bring the level wages at least up to a living wage of 4,500 rubles, thereby stimulating workers. Also, it is necessary to include in the structure of production costs the previously absent deductions to the repair fund, the costs of animal and plant protection products.

We propose to improve the structure of distribution channels. At the same time, the enterprise can sell part of the manufactured products on the market independently. Market prices are higher than the prices offered by enterprises purchasing agricultural products for further processing. This will allow the PSHK "Mazaltsevo" to make a profit, i.e. funds for the implementation of expanded production.

One of the key areas for increasing the financial stability of an enterprise is to increase its profitability and profitability. The growth of the profitability of the enterprise contributes to the implementation of expanded reproduction, the ability to meet its obligations, an increase in the level of profitability, which increases the financial stability of the enterprise.

The application of the proposed project will allow the company to make a profit, which means it will reduce the amount uncovered loss, will be able to pay off its obligations to the budget, suppliers, contractors and its own employees. It will also be able to acquire the necessary production supplies (feed, fertilizers, animal and plant protection products, etc.). Against this background, the financial condition of the enterprise will improve, its solvency will increase.

Introduction 3 1 Theoretical aspects of the study of crop production as a type of economic activity 5 1.1 Plant production as a type of economic activity: concept, essence, structure 5 1.2 Factors and conditions for the functioning and development of crop production in the country 10 2 Analysis of modern processes of development of crop production in the Russian Federation 14 2.1 Trends and problems development of crop production in Russia 14 2.2 Territorial structure of crop production 25 3 Prospects for the development of crop production in Russia 30 Conclusion 38 References 41

Introduction

At present, it is rather difficult to overestimate the role of the agro-industrial complex for the country's economy. In the Republic of Belarus, agriculture is one of the most important areas of material production, which ensures not only the food security of the country, but also the social stability of society as a whole. The relevance of this topic is due to the importance of crop production as an integral part of agriculture, which satisfies the needs of the population for food, and also provides the industry with the necessary raw materials. Therefore, at the present stage of development of a market economy, it becomes important to determine the main directions for increasing the efficiency of crop production, as well as methods for determining it. In a broad sense, efficiency is understood as the ratio of the effect, the result to the costs, expenses that were spent to achieve this effect. In crop production, this is obtaining the maximum amount of production per unit area at the lowest cost. When analyzing and substantiating all indicators of economic efficiency, factors are taken into account to increase the efficiency of crop production to improve production and the main directions of development. These areas cover a set of organizational and socio-economic measures, technical, on the basis of which savings in costs and resources, human labor, improving the quality and competitiveness of products are achieved. The purpose of this work is to study the current state and prospects for the development of crop production. At the same time, the following main tasks can be distinguished: - to study crop production as a type of economic activity: concept, essence, structure - to consider the factors and conditions for the functioning and development of crop production in the country - to identify trends and problems in the development of crop production in Russia - to consider the territorial structure of crop production - to analyze development prospects crop production in Russia. The object of this study is crop production in Russia. The subject is the current state and prospects for the development of crop production. The information base of the course work includes: statistical materials, works of leading domestic and foreign authors devoted to the problems of crop production, articles published in periodicals, as well as Internet resources. The course work consists of an introduction, three chapters of the main text, a conclusion, a list of sources used, applications. The content of the work is set out on 42 pages of typewritten text, and includes 12 figures, 5 tables. The list of references consists of 20 sources

Conclusion

Based on the results of this work, the following conclusions can be drawn: Crop production is the largest area of agriculture, also known as field farming, farming or agriculture. Its main purpose is the cultivation of various agro-industrial crops. Crop production in its composition contains many industries, which will be discussed in this article. The topic of problems in Russian crop production, its state within the country and in the global context will also be touched upon. The sphere of crop production is one of the most ancient areas of human labor activity. The products of this industry are used everywhere, and are represented not only by food products, but also by light industry components (for example, cotton). Crop production is well established throughout the world, however, the cultivation of some crops is possible only in certain countries with the appropriate climate. All crops belonging to this agricultural direction are divided into varieties, in accordance with the production classification. But the industry itself is divided into several types, in accordance with the types of cultivated vegetation. The directions of the crop industry are regulated by the tasks performed within their framework: Supplying the population with food products. Supply of consumers with industrial raw materials. Feed supply for the livestock industry. Obtaining high yields of agricultural crops. All branches of crop production in Russia are divided into the following categories: - Melon growing. The basis of this direction is the cultivation of gourds. These are watermelons, melons and pumpkins known to many. In total, this crop industry contains 114 genera, which, in turn, include 760 plant species. At first, melons were not available for cultivation in the northern latitudes, but the work of breeders made it possible to cultivate melons in our cold regions. African, American, Asian subtropics and tropics are considered to be the birthplace of gourds. - Grain farming. Vast areas of land in Russia are set aside for the cultivation of oats, rye, barley, and wheat. The grain subsequently obtained from these crops is used for the production of bread, confectionery and pasta. The elements remaining after their processing are used in the livestock industry, as feed for livestock, in the preparation of animal feed, etc. - Floriculture. This branch of crop production has become widespread. Within its framework, selection and cultivation of flowers and flowering vegetation takes place. In Russia, floriculture is characterized by the highest share of imports (about 90%). - Viticulture. As part of this crop direction, grapes are grown different varieties, for the purpose of its further processing into food products (raisins, juice or wine). - Meadow farming. Specialists in this industry are engaged in the cultivation of fodder crops. It should be noted that grassland farming is closely interconnected with the livestock industry, because within the framework of this direction, vegetation is grown, which is subsequently used as animal feed on farms and in livestock farms. - Cotton growing. In this industry, they are exclusively engaged in the cultivation of a plant called cotton. Cotton is subsequently made from it. Cotton growing is included in the category of technical plant growing. With its help, a complete supply is carried out. - Vegetable growing. The main purpose of this crop industry is the selection and cultivation of vegetable crops. On the territory of Russia, vegetable growing is developed everywhere, which allows saturating the local market with vegetable products that the buyer needs. - Seed production. One of the problems of crop production in Russia is the lack of development of seed production as a basic direction. Despite its fundamental nature, the seed industry in Russia is still in decline at the moment. Although there are many attempts to revive modern seed production, and some of them become successful. The essence of this direction in crop production is the selection and cultivation of seeds for cultivation. various kinds useful garden plants. - Highly specialized areas of crop production. This category includes such industries as horticulture, hop growing, tobacco growing, beet growing.

Bibliography

1. Azizova M.M., "Modern problems of pricing in agriculture", article. [Electronic resource] - Access mode: rppe.ru›wp-content/uploads/2010/02/azizova-mm.pdf/ 2. Vavilov G.P. Crop production [Text] / G.P. Vavilov. - M: Agropromizdat, 2016. - 511 p. 3. Gribov V.D., Gruzinov V.P. Economics of the enterprise [Text] / M .: Finance and statistics, 2015. - 189 p. 4. Share of crop and livestock production in agriculture. [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/enterprise/economy 5. Armor B. A. Methods of field experience [Text] / B A. 1. Armor. - M: Agropromizdat, 2015. - 351 p. 6. Dugin P.I. Reserves for increasing labor productivity in agriculture [Text] / M .: Rosagropromizdat, 2017. - 234 p. 7. Zhukovsky P. M. Cultivated plants and their relatives [Text] / P. M. Zhukovsky. – M: Soviet science, 2015. - 596 p. 8. Brief results of mutual trade in goods and services between Russia and Ukraine in January-September 2014. // Portal of foreign economic information. [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.ved.gov.ru/exportcountries/ua/ua_ru_relations/ua_ru_trade/ 9. Makarets L.I. Economics of agricultural production. [Text] / St. Petersburg: LAN publishing house, 2016. - 190 p. 10. Mechanization and electrification of agricultural production [Text] / V.M. Bautin and others - M.: Kolos, 2014. - 267 p. 11. Organization of agricultural production [Text] / Ed. F.K. Shakirova.-M.: Kolos, 2013. - 168 p. 12. Russia and CIS countries. [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://geographyofrussia.com/rossiya-i-strany-sng/ 13. Savitskaya G.V. Analysis of the economic activity of agricultural enterprises [Text] / Minsk: New knowledge, 2015. - 211 p. 14. Agricultural markets [Text] / V.V. Shaikin, R.G. Akhmetov, N.Ya. Kovalenko and others - M.: Kolos, 2016. - 154 p. 15. Sharybar S.V. Scientific basis for the formation of a balanced socio-ecological and economic potential of agricultural organizations / Abstract of the thesis. dis. doc. economy Sciences [Text] / Novosibirsk, 2014 - 40 p. 16. Shpikulyak O. G. Institutions in the development and regulation of the agricultural market: monograph / Shpikulyak O. G. [Text] / K. : NSC IAE, 2010. - P. 74. 17. Yurin S. V. Institutional factors in the development of the agrarian economics: author's abstract. dis. . cand. economy Sciences [Text] / S. V. Yurin, 2008. - 21 p. 18. Economics of agriculture / N.Ya. Kovalenko et al. [Text] / M.: YURKNIGA, 2017. - 177 p. 19. Economics of an agricultural enterprise [Text] / Ed. I.A. Minakov. - M.: KolosS, 2015. - 126 p. 20. Economic efficiency of mechanization of agricultural production [Text] / Shpilko A.V. and others, Moscow, 2014. - 223 p.

The development of agriculture today occupies one of the leading positions in the economy. Even during the crisis of 2015, agriculture continued to successfully grow and develop. This is evidenced by the growing figures - 2.9% compared to 2014. Nevertheless, this article will focus not only on the prospects for the development of agriculture, but also on the problems associated with this sector of the economy.

The current state and prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia

Despite the fact that the development of agriculture in the 1990s. cannot boast of great achievements, in the 2000s. the situation has changed radically since the successful policy in this area was resumed. This is due to state support and the introduction of a system of agricultural insurance and lending, which led to an improvement in the prospects for the development of agriculture.

2015 not only brought agriculture back to its feet, but also became an indicator of a successful state policy, the results of which exceeded expectations: the agricultural productivity index in all categories amounted to 103%. In total, 104.8 million tons of grain were harvested, which is 5% higher than the expected outcome of the State Program for the Development of Agriculture. Poultry and cattle breeding reached 13.5 million tons, which is 4.2% more than in 2014. At the same time, egg production improved by 1.6%.

In 2014, agricultural products were imported in the amount of 39.9 billion dollars, in 2015 - by 26.5 billion. At the end of the year, imports of fresh and frozen meat decreased by 30%, fish - by 44%, and cheese and cottage cheese - by 36.5%. Basically, agricultural products were imported from non-CIS countries and the CIS.

Also in 2015, indicators of agricultural exports increased due to the improvement in the prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia. Thus, the export of pork and poultry increased by 20%. Export indicators of sunflower oil and wheat improved. Again, cooperation went on, for the most part, with far-abroad countries and the CIS.

Today, the prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia continue to grow. In this regard, exports are supported by the institutions EXIAR, ROSEXIMBANK, Russian Export Center, etc. At the end of 2016, the most popular exported agricultural products were:

pork and poultry meat;
grain (wheat and barley);
fresh and frozen fish, seafood;
vegetable oil of different categories.

The main trend in the development of agriculture in Russia is the modernization of agricultural equipment. Due to the devaluation of the ruble and higher prices for imported equipment, by the end of 2017, a slight decrease in the pace of modernization is expected. State support in the form of subsidies for the production of agricultural products is an equally important prospect for the development of agriculture in Russia. At the same time, greenhouse vegetable growing, pig breeding, development of the parent stock, seed production, etc. will be involved.

State payments also attract very large investors to the agricultural market, who can also help in the development of agriculture. But even in the process of subsidizing, a lot of new problems have arisen, one of which is the uneven distribution of funds. For example, a sufficient number of subsidies are allocated for the development of the livestock sector, but payments for fodder production are insignificant, which causes an imbalance. Agricultural producers also complain about the lack of funds for the modernization and reconstruction of storage facilities and greenhouses.

The issuance of loans by the state for the development of agriculture is also growing. Thus, in 2015, the state allocated 263 billion rubles for the development of agricultural production. By May 2016, this amount of loans had doubled compared to May 2015.

However, official statistics do not give a complete picture of the prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia. In fact, there are a lot of unresolved issues. Lending services concern only large agro-industrial complexes, while small agricultural lands suffer from a lack of financial resources due to a highly developed system of bureaucratization and other problems. In order to receive state support, small agricultural enterprises need to collect a lot of certificates, conduct a huge number of examinations, and face hidden conditions that are not mentioned in official documents.

Despite a lot of unresolved problems related to the prospects for the development of agriculture, this branch of the state economy continues to develop successfully. Production figures are on the rise. However, in 2017, there is a high probability of a strong difference between supply and demand. In almost every market area in 2017, there is a drop in demand due to the unstable financial situation in the country. This fact may adversely affect the prospects for the development of agriculture and not only.

Problems and prospects of agriculture in the world

Before proceeding to the consideration of the problems and prospects of agriculture in the world, we will analyze its general characteristics at this stage of market relations between countries.

Scientific advances (breeding, breeding of new hybrid varieties of cereals) in the field of agricultural development provide an improvement in agricultural productivity in many countries. This fact was facilitated by the so-called "green revolution": the massive use of fertilizers, an increase in the scale of irrigation work, increased mechanization, etc. However, this affected only a small part of the countries that participated in the "green revolution".

The main reason for the difficulties that have arisen in the field of agricultural development lies in the backwardness of their agrarian relations. For example, in Latin America, the so-called latifundia, which are huge agricultural estates, are widely developed. And in Asia and Africa, in addition to large agricultural areas of local and foreign capital, feudal and semi-feudal possessions are still popular. The development of agriculture in these countries is hampered by the vestiges of the past associated with communal land ownership.

The motley and backward nature of agrarian relations is combined with survivals in the sphere of social organization, as well as the presence of active tribal and intertribal relations, the huge popularity of animism and faith of a different nature. When considering the prospects for the development of agriculture, it is important to pay attention to the socio-psychological aspects of the people, which include the consumer mentality. Among other things, the history of local peoples who had colonies in the past also has a huge impact.

All things considered, the agriculture of many developing countries cannot meet their food needs. In this regard, today there are a huge number of people living in these territories and suffering from hunger.

Even though hunger is gradually eradicated, the number of people in need of food is still huge, reaching the 1 billion mark. Every year, about 20 million people die from lack of food in developing countries. And this is another problem of agricultural development.

The prospects for the development of agriculture in a number of developing countries are also unsatisfactory because many traditional dishes have a low calorie content and an acute shortage of proteins and fats. This fact negatively affects the physical endurance of people living in the countries of South and East Asia.

The difficult situation with the development of agriculture and difficulties in providing food determine the problem of food security for many developing countries. We are talking about getting enough food, which is important for ensuring the normal functioning of a person. UN FAO specialists have set a food security threshold, which is 17% of the world's consumption of stocks of the last harvest, which is 2 months of food supply.

At the same time, UN experts found that in most of the developing countries there are a huge number of people suffering from a lack of vital resources, which also became a consequence of the problems of agricultural development. Food insecurity was observed in 24 countries at once, with 22 states located in Africa. In connection with the emerging critical living conditions, a number of measures were taken to eliminate food problems. We are talking about food aid: donation and provision of resources on preferential terms of credit.

Food donations are made, for the most part, in relation to the states of Africa, Asia and Latin America. The first place in the supply is occupied by the United States. Behind last years the role of the EU states that donate food to the countries of Asia and Africa has been strengthened.

Prospects for the development of agriculture at the international level

Above, we talked about the fact that much more food is being produced today compared to previous years. However, the number of hungry people still leaves much to be desired. The population is busy with the problem of developing agriculture for the benefit of providing food to all those in need. So, for example, if we pay attention to the volume of food in the United States, we can conclude that by 2030 there will be enough food supplies for only 2.5 billion people, although the population of the planet at that time will be approximately 8.9 billion. food at the beginning of the 21st century, it turns out that by 2030 we will fall to the level of India, which is 450 g of grain per person daily. In turn, this problem of agricultural development will cause numerous wars.

Under no circumstances should the process of agricultural development be left to chance through production, consumption and redistribution. It is important to develop a plan for the prospects for the development of agriculture at the international level. In this case, you can rely on 4 directions.

1. Expansion of the land fund

Today, approximately 0.34 hectares of land per 1 person is allocated for agricultural land. In theory, the area can expand significantly to 4.69 hectares per person. Given this fact, you involuntarily think about the problems of agricultural development in the world, because the planet's land reserve allows you to expand the plots. However, it is worth considering the fact that not every soil is suitable for the development of agriculture. In addition, to expand the farm holdings, you will need a huge amount of money.

2. Improving the efficiency of agricultural production

Ultimately, it is this option that gains the most weight: improving the financial stability of the economy by increasing the efficiency of agricultural production. Experts in the field of agricultural development considered that with the use of the latest technologies in the agricultural sector at the present stage, at least 12 billion people could be easily provided with food. In addition, technological progress does not stand still and continues to develop even now. Therefore, the prospects for the development of agriculture would constantly grow for the better, and not only due to biotechnology, but also thanks to the successes of geneticists.

3. Social empowerment

However, the real way to improve the prospects for the development of agriculture follows from the consideration of the social opportunities of citizens. This is another direction of the strategic plan for the development of agriculture. The goal at this stage is the implementation of global agricultural reforms in developing countries, based on character traits each of the countries. The result should be the overcoming of the backwardness of the existing agrarian structures. During reforms, it is important to pay special attention to such problems of agricultural development in developing countries as troubleshooting due to the widespread participation of primitive communal relations in many African states, latifundism in Latin America, and the spread of fragmented small-peasant holdings in Asia.

During agricultural reforms, it is best to rely on the already existing experience of developed countries. For example, to increase the role of the government in the development of agriculture through the issuance of subsidies for the replacement of old equipment with new ones, as well as in the field of financial support for small and medium-sized agricultural businesses. It is important to give a special place to the solution of issues related to voluntary cooperation, an abundance of forms and financial incentives for players.

The next task of carrying out social reform with the growth of financial efficiency is to reduce the gap at the consumer level between different groups of states.

Undoubtedly, the improvement of government activity also applies to the reproduction zone, whose rise can be more controlled with the use of effective means.

4. International cooperation

In the end, the fourth stage of the strategic plan to improve the prospects for agricultural development may well be international cooperation, as well as assistance from developed countries to developing ones. The mission of such a project is, firstly, to overcome food shortages, and secondly, to identify the internal potential of developing countries. To reveal the entire hidden reserve, it is necessary to solve problems in all directions: the economy, education, health care, etc.

Prospects for the development of agriculture in the world in the long term

The OECD and FAO are engaged in assessing the prospects for the development of agriculture in the world. Their forecasts are calculated for 10 years ahead. Thus, one can learn about the development of agriculture in the world in the long term, but only taking into account the modern agricultural industry.

According to the analyzed data, it was possible to establish several ways for the development of agriculture in the world economy at once. 4 hypotheses became prerequisites.

The sown area under the main agricultural crops (wheat, corn, rice) will not decrease, but will even increase. Food crisis 2007-2009 made it possible to draw this conclusion. If a number of measures are not taken, then we are threatened with a repeated crisis phenomenon of the past years.
In all countries, more and more resources will be spent on the introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological progress in agriculture. This fact will positively affect the use of the benefits of nature. We are talking primarily about water and land resources.
Developing countries in many regions will increase their protein intake at the expense of meat and dairy products. Hence the popularization of growing plants in order to further use for animal feed.
In most countries, the trend will continue to use agricultural resources primarily for food purposes. States with special natural and political conditions that make it possible to competently use the benefits of the earth to create biofuels will remain on the sidelines. We are talking about the United States, Brazil, as well as some states of Southeast Asia.

According to forecasts for 2020, wheat production will improve significantly - up to 806 million tons, which will be an increase of 18% by 2008, by 2050 the wheat harvest will reach 950 million tons (an increase of 40% compared to 2008) . However, do not forget that the population of the planet is constantly growing and by this time will increase by 30-35%. Hence the improvement in the per capita supply of wheat.

Since wheat is actively used in animal husbandry, in developing countries, an increase in imports of these grains from 24-26% to 30% is possible. Moreover, faster growth rates are expected in less developed countries. This prospect of agricultural development in less developed countries guarantees a reduction in the share of imports from 60% to 50%. But even this indicator cannot be considered successful. In any case, the help of developed countries will be needed so that less developed countries can rise to a higher level in agricultural production.

There are also reports on forecasts of prospects for the development of agriculture in the meat and dairy industries. It turned out that the pace of milk production is developing much faster than the population of the planet is increasing. This may lead to the fact that by 2050 the volume of milk produced will be 1222 million tons, which is 80% more than in 2008.

It is developing countries that play a huge role in this process, since, based on the forecasts received, milk production in these countries will increase by 2.25 times. But even these data cannot hide the fact that the difference in the volume of milk produced in developing and developed countries will be huge. There is a possibility of a decrease in the number of cows in a number of developing countries with their increased productivity. Such a step will help to get rid of two problems of agricultural development at once: to increase the production of plant products and to increase the amount of milk protein in the food menu of the poor part of the population.

However, the problem of the development of agriculture in the meat industry still remains unresolved, because the nutrition of the world's population largely depends on it.

According to forecast data, improvements are expected in the meat industry by 2050: the production and consumption of beef will increase by 60%, pork - by 77%, poultry meat - by 2.15 times. At the same time, the difference between the growth rates of the meat industry and the demographic situation on the planet will again remain. If developing countries begin to promote their own meat product in the domestic market, then they will be able to increase efficiency in this area of agricultural development. In less developed countries, it should be expected that most of the beef and pork will be obtained by the population through domestic production, but 40% of poultry meat will be satisfied by imports.

Thus, based on the above data, we can conclude that by improving the efficiency of agricultural production with the replacement of old equipment with innovative technologies that can significantly save resources, it is quite possible to improve the prospects for the development of agriculture in the world with a program for 40 years. It remains to solve one more problem of the development of agriculture in the world, connected with hunger.

When forecasting food consumption, the calculation is carried out per capita of the planet and is constantly growing. But over time, growth will decrease significantly. Between 1970 and 2000 there was an increase in food consumption per capita per day of 16%. Estimated data for the period from 2001 to 2030. food costs will increase to 2950 kcal. However, this is only a 9% increase over 30 years.

By 2050, consumption is expected to increase to 3130 kcal per capita, and the increase will be 3% over 20 years. These data take into account the fact that food consumption in developing countries will grow much faster than in developed countries. In this regard, there is a high probability of equalizing the indicators of food consumption in developed and developing countries, which also improves the prospects for the development of agriculture at the global level.

Today, only half of the world's population can afford good nutrition. Literally 30 years ago, the situation was different: only 4% were included in the circle of “fully secured”. By 2050, about 90% of the world's population will freely receive 2,700 kilocalories per capita per day.

All these achievements make up the prospects for the development of agriculture in the world in the long term and depend on a number of innovative changes in the agricultural sector of the economy.

Prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia

1. Import substitution in agriculture

Import substitution today helps to solve a lot of problems in the development of agriculture in Russia. It's no secret that in 2014 Russia fell under the "distribution" of sanctions by European countries, USA, Canada, Australia and Japan. As a result, the Government of the Russian Federation has taken a number of measures, banning the import of a certain list of food products, for the most part we are talking about agricultural products.

Thanks to import substitution in modern stores in the Russian Federation, 80% of food is a domestic product and only 20% is foreign. Work is underway to develop domestic agriculture. By the end of 2017, a significant increase in grain crops is expected (over 100 million tons). The buckwheat harvest will also exceed expectations. However, special attention should be paid to the meat, dairy and vegetable industries. Prospects for the development of agriculture in these sectors provide forecasts for achieving the expected increase in 2-3 years, and only in the dairy sector - in 7-10 years. Already in 3-5 years, a complete transition to domestic trade in vegetables and fruits is expected.

2. Increasing the role of the state in the development of agriculture in Russia

Over the past decade, the prospects for agriculture in Russia have improved significantly, thanks to the growing role of the government in this sector of the economy. The agrarian reform of the State Program fixes the popularization of the state's actions to develop agriculture in the country:

Providing financial support for the agricultural industry with the participation of the regions.
Distribution and redistribution of income received.
Issuance of loans for agricultural needs within the framework of state support.
Agricultural insurance.

Producers of the agricultural industry, thus, can receive more than thirty types of state support. The main emphasis is on subsidizing part of the interest on lending for the long term, as well as providing per hectare assistance.

Among other things, the Government of the Russian Federation has developed a number of innovations for the development of agriculture for novice farmers: a grant for the creation of farmland, which includes 1.5 million rubles and 300 thousand rubles for household equipment, as well as the issuance of subsidies for investment loans and part of the down payment leasing of agricultural machinery.

Many banks, such as Rosselkhozbank, are also actively involved in supporting the development of agriculture in the country by developing new lines of financial products. If you are the owner of a small or medium business, you can apply for an annual loan at a reduced rate - from 15.95%. At the same time, the loan portfolio of Rosselkhozbank in the period from 2014 to 2015 jumped by 13.2% and is now more than 1.5 million rubles.

The prospects for the development of agriculture in the Russian Federation depend mainly on loans. At the present stage, the problem of lack of investment in the long term remains unresolved.

3. Attracting investments

As we mentioned above, the problem of attracting investment in the development of agriculture is the main one at the present stage of the work of the agro-industrial complex. Since most agricultural enterprises have low level There are very, very few incomes willing to invest in the development of agriculture in the Russian Federation. However, attracting investments can be positively affected by the fact of subsidizing export enterprises and industries such as pig breeding, greenhouse vegetable growing, and seed production.

2017, according to experts, will be favorable for investing in dairy products (in particular cheese), pork, poultry, and fish. However, do not forget about the risks of financial investments.

The Government of the Russian Federation manages to attract investors to the development of agriculture through a number of active measures. For example, 20% of the amount spent on capital construction is returned to the investor. Thus, investors in the vegetable growing industry will be able to return their 20% this year. In 2017, it is planned to allocate a sum of money in the amount of 16 billion rubles for the implementation of this idea.

The average payback period for investments in the development of agriculture in Russia is 5 years.

4. Development of own scientific base and technological effectiveness of the industry

Perhaps one of the fundamental factors for improving the prospects for the development of agriculture in the country is the provision of the agro-industrial complex with highly qualified specialists. In this regard, the state is trying to actively support agricultural universities. To date, 54 agricultural universities are engaged in the education of specialists in the field of the agricultural industry on the territory of the Russian Federation. Every year they produce 25 thousand finished frames.

At the present stage of development of agriculture in the country, the identification of the necessary innovations in the agricultural sector is analyzed: experiments in the field of breeding and genetic engineering. Also, absolutely new species of flora and fauna are being created, which have better viability and productive qualities.

Do not forget about the development of feed production and veterinary industries.

5. Development of farming

According to statistics, there are 355,000 agricultural producers operating in the Russian Federation, most of which are individual entrepreneurs and small organizations. The Association of Peasant (Farmer) Farms and Agricultural Cooperatives of Russia found that 38% of the entire rural population is very interested in the development of farming.

The question arises: is it possible for farmers to appear in our country? Of course available. And there is strong evidence for this. So, for example, the Oryol region is at the present stage of development of agriculture the most popular in this area: 90% of the land is allocated for the agro-industrial complex. At the same time, more than 300 thousand people live in villages, which is 40% of the total population of the Oryol region. Private farms are the main target of the prospects for the development of agriculture in the country.

Practitioner tells

Tatyana Antipenko, editor-in-chief of the portal Agro.ru, Moscow

On July 1, 2017, the law prohibiting the cultivation and breeding of genetically modified plants and animals in our country comes into force. Exception: cases when it is done for scientific purposes.

As early as January 1, 2016, a new GOST came into force - “Products of organic production. Rules of production, storage, transportation. In addition, a new unified food labeling standard has emerged. This will change the perception of the population about the quality of domestic products for the better.

There is already a craving for Russian products; this can be considered one of the manifestations of the growth of patriotic sentiments. The desire to eat healthy food is gaining popularity. The growing demand is supported by the opening online stores of farm products. However, for such short term consumers are unlikely to change their minds about local producers.

Distrust of inspection systems is firmly planted in the minds of Russians. In addition, we have not formed a clear understanding of the difference between organic products, the quality of which is confirmed by a certificate, and farm products. Agricultural producers have to carry out serious propaganda work to convince buyers that Russian products are not inferior in quality to imported ones.

Introduction

Agriculture today employs half of the world's population, but its role varies greatly around the world.

In some developing countries, such as Nepal, about 90 percent of the population works on the land. By comparison, in industrialized countries such as the UK and the US, only 2-3 percent of the working population is employed on farms. However, thanks to highly efficient technologies using the latest advances in spiders, the US is a leading food exporter.

In developing countries, most of the people are engaged in subsistence farming. They produce enough food only for the needs of their family, and they have almost nothing left to sell. In developed countries, most farms are commercial. In developing countries there are tribes, such as the Pygmies of Central Africa and the Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert, who to this day hunt and gather, leading a lifestyle almost no different from that which dominated our planet before the advent of agriculture.

The abstract consists of seven paragraphs. It deals with such issues as general concepts of agriculture, its economic role; differences between the agriculture of developed countries and the agriculture of developing countries; considered agriculture in the USA, Great Britain, as well as in Ukraine. The issue of development prospects and current trends in world agriculture was also considered.

1. Basic concepts of agricultural production and its economic role

Agriculture is a sector of the country's economy that produces agricultural products, meets the needs for most food products and raw materials for textile, footwear, perfumery, Food Industry. Agriculture includes crop production, animal husbandry, hunting, forestry and fishing.

Agriculture is aimed at providing the population with food and obtaining raw materials for a number of industries. The industry is one of the most important in almost all countries of the world. About 1.1 billion economically active people are employed in world agriculture. The sciences, such as agronomy, animal husbandry, land reclamation, plant growing, forestry and other sciences, are directly or indirectly related to the problems of agriculture.

Allocate about 50 various types agriculture, which are combined into 2 groups: commodity and consumer.

Commodity agriculture includes both intensive farming and animal husbandry, horticulture and horticulture, as well as extensive fallow and fallow type agriculture and pasture animal husbandry.

Consumer agriculture includes more backward plow and hoe farming, grazing, nomadic pastoralism, as well as gathering, hunting and fishing.

High-commodity, deeply specialized agriculture prevails in developed countries. It has reached the highest possible level of mechanization and chemicalization. The average yield in these countries is 35-40 centners per hectare. The agro-industrial complex in them has taken the form of agribusiness, which gives the industry an industrial character.

In developing countries, traditional consumer farming prevails with an average grain yield of 15-20 centners per hectare and below. The consumer sector is represented by small and tiny farms growing consumer crops; along with this, there is also a highly commercial economy, represented by large and well-organized plantations (banana plantations in Central America, coffee in Brazil).

2. Agriculture in developed and developing countries

The agriculture of developed countries is characterized by a sharp predominance of commercial agriculture. It develops on the basis of mechanization, chemicalization of production, the use of biotechnology, and the latest breeding methods.

Technical re-equipment and intensification of production led to an increase in the share of large farms with a narrow specialization. At the same time, agriculture is industrial in nature, since it is included in a single agro-industrial complex with processing, storage, transportation and marketing of products, as well as the production of fertilizers and equipment (the so-called agribusiness).

Agriculture in developing countries is more heterogeneous and includes:

> the traditional sector - consumer agriculture, predominantly crop-growing, with small peasant farms that provide themselves with food;

> modern sector - commercial agriculture with well-organized plantations and farms, using the best land and hired labor, using modern technology, fertilizers, the main products of which are oriented to the foreign market.

The high share of the traditional sector in the agriculture of developing countries determines their significant lag in the development of this industry.

3. Crop and livestock

Crop production is developed in almost all natural zones of the world, except for the tundra, arctic deserts and high mountains. The modern level of development of technology, the breeding of new varieties make it possible to expand the boundaries of the placement of individual crops.

World grain production has reached 1.9 billion tons per hectare and continues to grow. The largest grain producers are China, the USA, India and Russia, which account for about 54% of the world's gross grain harvest. Other major grain producers are France, Canada, Ukraine, Indonesia, Brazil.

Wheat was known in the states of Western Asia as early as 6-5 thousand BC. It is currently grown in 70 countries. The predominant part of the gross harvest falls on China, the USA, India, Russia, and France. Specialized areas of wheat farming have been formed in the USA, Canada, Australia, as well as in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine.

Among the main exporters of wheat are: the USA, Canada, France, Australia; rice - Thailand and the USA; maize - Argentina and the USA.

vegetable crops distributed in all countries of the world, however, they have limited areas, usually tied to cities. Vegetable farming is currently the leading branch of the so-called suburban agriculture. It is highly intensive, it uses the latest technologies in the field of agriculture. Among tuber crops, the leading role belongs to the potato. Latin America is considered the birthplace of potatoes, but at present the largest collection of potatoes is in Europe, India, China and the USA. The main potato-producing countries: Poland, Russia, China, Ukraine, Germany, USA, India, Belarus, the Netherlands.

Sugar-bearing crops are represented by sugar cane (it is cultivated in tropical, subtropical and monsoon climate zones) and sugar beet (it is grown in the temperate zone). The main producers of sugar cane are Brazil, India, Cuba, China; sugar beet - Ukraine, France, Russia, Poland, USA. The main product of international trade is raw cane sugar, the cargo flows of which are directed from Brazil, Cuba, Australia to Foreign Europe, the USA, the CIS countries, China, Japan and the newly industrialized countries of Asia.

The main exporter of tea is India, coffee is Brazil, cocoa is Côte d'Ivoire.

Cotton growing is concentrated in nine major regions:

East, Southeast and South Asia (China, India, Pakistan, Thailand);

Central Asia and Transcaucasia (Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan);

Southwest Asia (Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan);

North and Northeast Africa (Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania);

West and Central Africa (Nigeria, Zaire);

South Africa (Mozambique, Madagascar);

North America (USA, Mexico);

South America (Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela);

Australia.

The main exporters of cotton are: USA, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, China, India, Egypt.

Natural rubber (hevea) is common in South and Southeast Asia. These countries account for more than 90% of world production. Main producing and exporting countries: Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Philippines.

The largest tobacco producer is China, India, Brazil, Italy, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Cuba, and Japan produce it in much smaller volumes.

Livestock.

The main part of livestock production falls on countries located in the temperate climate zone.

The location of livestock industries directly depends on the forage base, i.e., on the procurement of succulent fodder, dry fodder (including fodder grain) and silage.

Animal husbandry is the leading branch of agriculture in most countries of Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. Animal husbandry includes breeding of cattle, pigs, sheep, mules, poultry farming, beekeeping, sericulture.

Animal husbandry is subdivided into branches according to the types of livestock. There are three leading industries: cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding.

Cattle breeding - cattle breeding (cattle), gives the largest volume of production.

The largest number of cattle among the countries of the world have: India, Brazil, USA, China, Russia, Argentina.

Fishing is almost universal; fish and seafood production reached 100 million tons per year. More than 1/2 of all world catches are accounted for by 6 countries - Japan, China, Russia, USA, Chile and Peru. Recently, artificial fish farming, or aquaculture, has been increasingly developed. Fish farming is most typical for China and Japan.

4. Agricultural production in the USA

The US population is about 300 million people. Approximately 22 million people are employed in the production, processing, transport and sale of agricultural and food products. Including, 4.6 million of them work directly on the ground.

Crop production is the cultivation of cultivated plants. The main task is to use them to obtain food products, feed in agriculture, as well as raw materials for industry and decorative purposes. The development of crop production, the production of environmentally friendly products, largely depends on the environmental policy pursued by the state, the state of the economy of this state and the level of development of science and technology. The environmental policy of the state involves the development of environmental laws and their strict observance.

Most of the food we eat today comes from crop production. The main branch of agriculture is the cultivation of such grain crops as wheat, rye, oats, corn, buckwheat and many others, the crops of which occupy half of the world's arable land. In recent decades, the number of people on Earth has been constantly increasing, and with it the problem of providing all inhabitants with food has increased. This is extremely important, since already at the current level of population, 1/3 of the planet is starving.

The decline in the level of the grain industry is caused by a sharp reduction in state support for rural producers and the disparity in prices for grain and purchased means for production. The violation of the equivalence principle is especially pronounced in the prices of fuel, energy resources, lubricants and crop products. Lack of equipment, its deterioration and low reliability of commodity producers lead to an annual loss of up to 20 million tons of grain. Does not allow to increase the production of grain lack of funds for mineral fertilizers, while tillage is carried out only according to the minimum technology, in which it is not possible to increase the yield. Low availability of machinery and technological backwardness leads to the fact that annually up to 14% of the crop remains in the fields, another 11% is lost due to technical imperfection. Losses amount to approximately 25% of the total crop, while grain losses in unsuitable premises have increased in recent years by 2-3 times.

An important problem in the development of crop production is the continuous search for fresh growth regulators. During storage of root crops, mass loss from mold and rot occurs. This is the result of fungal diseases. To suppress the development of fungi, a complex of preparations (fungicides) used together with growth regulators is used. Bye unsolved problem there is a modification by growth regulators of the mass ratio of plant parts used and not used by humans. Another task is to increase the resistance of agricultural plant varieties in adverse climatic conditions. Plant breeding in favor of increasing the level of productivity leads to a decrease in the resistance of the plant to adverse conditions.

The creation of a single effective system for managing the growth and development of agricultural products remains one of the main tasks facing crop production today.