What are nootropic drugs. What are the best nootropics to take? List of the most effective drugs, the mechanism of action on the body. The effect of this treatment

The list of drugs in this group contains substances that help protect the brain from damage and stimulate nerve cells to restore them to the level of healthy people.

Nootropic, what is it?

The concept of "nootropic drug" was first introduced in the last century by Belgian pharmacologists.

Nootropics are neurometabolic stimulants that activate metabolic processes in the brain, increasing its overall resistance to extreme situations and influences.

A distinctive factor from psychostimulants is that nootropics are antihypoxants (resist oxygen starvation of the brain), but they do not negatively affect the human body, do not lead to brain malfunctions, and do not disrupt movement coordination.

In terms of effectiveness, nootropics do not have a hypnotic or analgesic effect on the human body.

Medicines of this group are often of interest to students and people who experience strong intellectual or stressful loads, since the instructions indicate that the drugs contribute to better assimilation of information, quick thinking, improvements in learning and smoothes the effect on the brain during stress and mental stress.

In pharmacology, there is one division of nootropics, into two groups:

What pharmacological group do they belong to?

The nootropic group includes drugs with nootropic action, and they are assigned in pharmacology under the coding (ATC code: N06BX).

The first drug of the nootropic group medicines is Piracetam.

It was opened back in 1963, and gave a start to their development. The nootropic has become the main competitor of psychostimulants, since side effects from him were not so serious.

Therapy with nootropics does not cause addiction, toxic damage, excitation and exhaustion of the body, inherent in psychostimulants. On early stages development of the drug, it was used to treat brain dysfunction in the elderly.

Fact! In modern pharmacology, Piracetam is listed under the name Nootropil.

The table shows a list of drugs that are most often prescribed in the treatment of nootropics.

Drug derivatives	Kinds
Pyrrolidone derivatives	Piracetam, Polziracetam, Dipracetam, Miracetam, Oxiracetam, Aniracetam, Etiracetam, etc.
	Dimanol, Acetoyumate, Euclidan, Meclofenoxate, Dimethylaminoethanol, etc.
Pyridoxine derivatives	Gutamine, Pyritinol
GABA derivatives	Nicotinol GABA, Phenibut, Pantogam, Gammalon, etc.
Cerebrovascular means	Nicergoline, Vinpocetine, Vincam, Hydergin, etc.
Neuropeptides and analogues	ACTH and its fragments, vasopressins and Oxytocin, Thyroliberin and melanostatin, endogenous opioids.
Antioxidants	2-ethyl-6methyl-3-oxypyridine, ionol, metadoxyl.
Various substances with a nootropic component	Etimizole, Orotic acid, Methylglucoorotate, Oxylithacil, Naftidrofuryl, Ginseng, Lemongrass, etc.

The mechanism of action of nootropics

Most drugs of the nootropic group act on neurotransmitters (substances that promote the interaction of nerve cells with each other).

Nootropic therapy affects acetylcholine (which carries out neuromuscular transmission), serotonin (hormone of happiness), dopamine (the precursor of norepinephrine, is a necessary part of the "reward system" of the brain, as it induces a feeling of pleasure, which affects the processes of motivation and learning) and norepinephrine ( one of the most important mediators of wakefulness).

Modern nootropics improve the joint work of the left and right hemispheres, and the main centers located in the cerebral cortex.

The nootropic effect can prolong life and rejuvenate the body.

Also, these drugs protect nerve cells from deformation and eliminate oxygen starvation, stimulate metabolic processes and simply improve blood circulation in brain tissues.

Different drugs of the nootropic group can have different effects on the body, it all depends on the group to which the drug belongs.

Among them:

Preparations	Action on the body
Amino acids and substances that affect the excitatory amino acid system	The best tools for doing various things in stressful conditions
Cerebrovascular means	One of the most effective remedies is Ginkgo Biloba, a plant-derived tree extract. The best drug to increase the resistance of the brain to negative influences
similar to vitamins	The most commonly prescribed is Idebenone - the best remedy to stimulate blood circulation in the brain
Polypeptides and organic composites	The components of these drugs are amino acid peptides. For the development of nerve cells, the brain uses proteins similar to them. The action of these nootropics is aimed at the growth and maintenance of neurons, which improves memory and helps to concentrate more focused on one task.
Pyrrolidine derivatives	The most common type is Piracetam. The action of the drug is aimed at improving blood circulation and activating metabolic processes in the brain cavity. The substance contributes to the activation of the work of neurotransmitters.
Pyridoxine derivatives	The main remedy is Pyritinol, which enhances blood circulation and metabolic processes in the brain cavity.
Neuropeptides and similar agents	Such drugs have found their way into use in ambulances, emergency services, and stroke therapy. There is no exact definition of the mechanism of action, but the instruction says that it acts "originally".
Derivatives of dimethylaminoethanol	They act on acetylcholine, improving memory processes. Effective in teaching.
Derivatives and analogues of gamma-aminobutyric acid	Helps deal with stressful situations. They have a calming effect, but do not inhibit the reaction, as in conventional sedative therapy.
2-mercaptobenzimidazole derivatives	They increase the saturation of brain cells with oxygen and counteract extreme influences on the brain and intellectual stress.

Fact! It may take from a couple of days to a couple of weeks to initiate biochemical processes in the brain, depending on the drug used. This explains the fact that nootropics are used in courses. It does not make sense to drink pills immediately before brain loads, you need to start using them about a month in advance.

What effect do nootropics have?

The impact on the above mechanisms in the brain makes it possible to conclude that the following positive effects on the body and its systems are:

Vasovegetative action characterized by the acceleration of blood circulation and the elimination of the main signs of neurocircular dystonia;
Antihypoxic action due to the formation of increased resistance of brain cells to oxygen starvation;
Antidepressant action. Separate nootropics are prescribed for depression, and are aimed at counteracting it;
Psychostimulating action due to stimulation of the functioning of the brain in people with mental disorders suffering from apathy, motor retardation;
Antiepileptic action characterized by the fact that it prevents convulsions, confusion and its complete loss, as well as the prevention of behavioral disorders and the autonomic system;
Action with a sedative effect characterized by a calming effect;
Nootropic action directed to the stimulation of cognitive activity;
Antitoxic action e is the neutralization, or removal of toxins from the human body;
Adaptogenic action due to the development of the body's resistance to the influence of negative factors;
Immunostimulating action characterized by strengthening the immune system and increasing the overall resistance of the body;
Lipolytic action due to the use of fatty acids as an energy source.

Note! Nootropics, in most cases, are prescribed for the elderly and children. This is explained by the fact that in old age it is necessary to correct deviations in the functionality of intellectual activity (memory, attention). Appointment in childhood occurs in the fight against violations of the intellectual development of the child.

Is it dangerous to treat nootropics and are they harmful?

Drugs in this group rarely show side effects, so there are almost no contraindications for them.

The consequences of using nootropics can range from headaches and dizziness to overexcitement. nervous system.

But since they are not pathologically dangerous, the catalog of drugs can be prescribed to almost any patient.

The most serious and common side effect is withdrawal.

It can occur with a sharp cessation of the use of medicines, which leads to the suffering of the body.

Its most common manifestations can be in headaches, lethargy, aggressiveness, sleep loss, dizziness, etc. that is why the termination of the course of treatment occurs with a gradual decrease in the drugs used.

The main side effects noted with nootropics are listed below:

Indications for the use of nootropics

The main indications for the appointment of nootropics and their therapy are as follows:

Contraindications to the use of nootropics are:

hemorrhagic stroke;
Severe kidney pathology;
The period of bearing and feeding a child;
Insufficiency of the kidneys, or liver;
Clearly manifested psychomotor agitation;
Sensitivity to the active substances of the drug.

Most Common Nootropics

Medicines of nootropic therapy are divided into groups of new and old generation. The latter include medicines that were discovered a long time ago, even at the start of neurostimulators. These are production forms from Piracetam.

These drugs are:

Pramiracetam;
Aniracetam;
Oxiracetam;
Isacetam;
Etiracetam;
detiracetam;
Nefiracetam.

After the nineties of the twentieth century, there was new round in the history of the development of nootropics. New drugs are distinguished by a selective effect on individual functions of the body.

The most commonly prescribed new generation drugs are:

Pantogam- the most effective nootropic agent, often used for treatment in childhood. The main active ingredient is vitamin B15, which is found in almost all plant substances;
Phenibut is prescribed for a state of general weakness, neuroses, sleep disturbances and deviations in the normal functioning of the vestibular apparatus. The interaction of Phenibut helps children overcome stuttering and various tics. This drug normalizes metabolism, stimulates mental processes (memory, attention, etc.), and also has an antioxidant effect. This drug practically does not contain toxins and does not cause allergies;
Phezam is a nootropic prescribed in combination with other drugs for malfunctions of blood circulation in the brain cavity. This drug eliminates the effects of oxygen starvation, helps with headaches, migraines, dizziness and memory loss. Long courses of treatment are prescribed for stroke, traumatic brain injury and inflammation of the membranes and tissues of the brain;
Piracetam is a classic remedy prescribed to improve metabolic processes in the brain. Effectively treats dizziness, improves memory, and treats encephalopathy in childhood. The drug quickly removes the negative effects of excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages. It is used for viral type neuroinfections and as one of the drugs for recovery after the death of heart muscle tissues. The drug is sold both in tablets and in ampoules, solutions, syrups and capsules, which helps to choose the most convenient form of application;
Cinnarazine- a drug of the nootropic group, which helps to expand the walls of cerebral vessels and helps to increase their size without violating blood pressure indicators. Nootropil cinnarizine is an effective drug against motion sickness, as well as suppression of nystagmus. The drug helps to stop high blood pressure sensation of tinnitus, general weakness, pain in the head, restores normal sleep, removes aggressiveness, etc .;
Actovegin- a drug of the nootropic group, aimed at combating oxygen starvation brain, restoring metabolic processes, and contributing to the rapid healing of wounds. The drug is available in tablets and in the form of an ointment or cream;
Cerebrolysin is a nootropic used in combination with other drugs. This drug has passed all the tests, and confirmed its safety and effectiveness. Stimulates mental activity and improves mood. Long-term use of the drug improves memory processes, increases concentration and the ability to learn.

What actions will help you recover faster and keep your body in good shape?

Preventive actions in order not to come to the use of nootropics are:

Compliance with the daily routine good rest and sleep (at least 8 hours);
Proper nutrition should be balanced and varied, with large number vitamins and nutrients;
Maintaining water balance (at least 1.5 liters of pure water per day) will help the blood not to thicken and circulate normally;
Avoid stressful situations, psycho-emotional and intellectual overload;
Quit smoking, alcohol and drugs;
Get a full check-up once a year.

Conclusion

Nootropic drugs are effective means used to improve the functioning of brain processes.

It is especially effective to take them in courses, in advance of intellectual or psycho-emotional stress.

A wide range of drugs and a low chance of side effects make drugs affordable and effective. In order to prevent burdens, it is better to consult a qualified doctor.

Nootropics have been developed to boost metabolism and improve the functioning of nervous system cells. To date, nootropics, the effectiveness of which has been proven in the course of research, are used mainly for the treatment of neurological diseases.

Nootropics contain chemical compounds, enhancing brain activity, stimulating the nervous system and metabolic processes in general. Increased stress on the nervous system slows down the activity of the brain and leads to impaired blood circulation.

These drugs can increase energy, speed of thinking and remembering information. No wonder they are also called "smart drugs".

Nootropics with proven effectiveness affect the activity of nerve impulses, speeding up the work of the brain. Piracetam (the first nootropic substance) was invented in 1964 in Belgium as a pyrrolidone derivative. From this stage, the synthesis and development of neurometabolic stimulants began.

Nootropics with proven effectiveness help with neuralgic diseases. The list of drugs will help you choose the best ones.

The most common nootropics are:

pyrrolidone derivatives;
derivatives of diaphenylpyrrolidone;
derivatives of amino acids;
neuropeptides.

Complex preparations containing a combination of stimulating substances have been developed.

Indications for admission

When the properties of nootropics were just beginning to be studied, they were used to treat senile dementia. Over time, the range of application of these drugs has expanded to the areas of pediatrics, neurology, narcology and psychiatry.

In the CIS countries, nootropics are prescribed for the treatment of:

pathological damage to the vessels of the brain;
degradation of the integrative function;
neurotic disorder;
infectious lesions of the nervous system;
complications of traumatic brain injury;
decrease in integrative functions of the brain;
alcohol addiction.

In the field of pediatrics, nootropics are prescribed for:

mental retardation;
damage to the nervous system at birth;
chronic anomalies of the brain;
delayed speech development.

In addition to these cases, nootropic drugs are used to treat private neurological pathologies and in the complex treatment of various diseases.

Contraindications

The effectiveness of nootropics has been proven in many cases, but do not forget about the contraindications to taking neurostimulants.

Depending on the type, nootropic drugs should not be taken by patients with:

severe diseases of blood vessels and heart;
pronounced psychomotor activity;
diabetes mellitus;
diseases of the urinary system;
hypotension;
individual intolerance to the components of the drug;
stomach ulcer.

Also, nootropics are not advisable to take during pregnancy and with muscle cramps.

Instructions for use

Nootropic drugs are available in the form of tablets, ampoules for injection, intranasal drops. The dosage depends on the reason for prescribing the drug. In the initial days of admission, the maximum dosage is prescribed to accelerate the achievement of results. In the following days, the dosage is gradually reduced. Nootropics have a cumulative effect in the body.

A sharp refusal to take neurostimulants is contraindicated. It is not recommended to take these drugs in the afternoon, as it is possible side effect in the form of sleep disturbance. After intravenous injections, it is desirable to reduce motor activity for the next half hour.

The effect of taking some medications is not felt immediately, but after a while, mostly 1-2 weeks.

In certain cases, nootropics can be addictive and "withdrawal". These drugs should not be combined with the intake of alcoholic beverages. Nootropics can be prescribed to professional athletes to restore the body.

Possible side effects

Side effects from taking pyrrolidone derivatives are mainly manifested in people with mental disorders.

It is rare to observe such reactions:

dizziness;
irritability;
difficulty falling asleep;
malfunctions of the digestive tract.

Anticholinesterase drugs used to treat Alzheimer's disease can cause the following side effects:

salivation;
vomit;
diarrhea;
lack of coordination;
lack of appetite;
stomach colic.

Also, sometimes there may be an increase in temperature, pressure surges and motor overexcitation. In general, negative effects from taking nootropic drugs are very rare.

List of proven nootropics for children and adults. Overview of drugs, cost

Nootropics with proven effectiveness are presented on today's market in a large assortment.

The most popular of them are presented in the table:

Name	Effect	Is it for children	Average price, rub
Nootropil	Improving memory, increasing the stability of neural connections	Yes	240
Phenotropil	Improves the perception of information, improves mood	No	850
Biotredin	Brain booster, stress reliever	from 15 years old	140
Calcium hopantenate	Neuroprotective and sedative	Yes	260
Semax	Enhances attention and concentration	Yes	400
Glycine	Relieves stress, improves performance	Yes	50

Nootropil

Nootropil is one of the first and most common representatives of nootropics from the racetam group. This drug goes on sale in the form of tablets or ampoules for intravenous injection.

Under the action of Nootropil, the level of norepinephrine and dopamine in the blood increases, microcirculation and metabolic processes in tissues improve. There is an increase in the cognitive abilities of a person, which contributes to the improvement of memory and the rapid perception of information.

Nootropil acts cumulatively, so after taking one tablet or administering one injection of the drug, you should not expect a visible result. However, after the end of therapy with pyrrolidine derivatives, which include Nootropil, the agent continues to act for 2-4 weeks.

The drug Nootropil is prescribed for both children and adults, depending on the diagnosis. He has successfully established himself in the treatment of alcohol dependence and senile dementia.

The negative aspects of this remedy include insomnia and irritability, which are extremely rare. The drug should not be used by pregnant and lactating women, as well as patients with acute kidney disease.

Phenotropil

Nootropics with proven effectiveness occupy a strong place in the market of drugs that stimulate mental activity. These include the well-known remedy Phenotropil.

This modification of piracetam acts in many ways in the body:

stimulation of integrative functions;
production of hormones of joy and pleasure;
neuromodulatory effect;
promotion protective properties organism;
antidepressant action.

Phenotropil is characterized by a faster effect on the body, since its molecules are actively perceived through the blood-brain barrier. Phenotropil tablets are used to treat neurosis, depression and chronic alcoholism. The drug is not addictive, but may cause loss of appetite. This neurostimulator is prescribed only for adult patients.

Contraindications for admission:

pregnancy;
lactation;
diseases of the liver and kidneys.

The disadvantages of Phenotropil include high cost and sale only with a doctor's prescription.

Biotredin

Biotredin tablets contain the active substances threonine and pyridoxine hydrochloride. The main direction of application of the drug is the treatment of alcohol dependence. Biotredin also relieves nervousness and tension, improves memory and concentration.

In addition to enhancing the cognitive functions of the brain, the drug has an antidepressant effect.

Biotredin is able to eliminate anxiety and irritability, restoring the resistance of the nervous system to heavy loads. A 10-day course is enough to feel the benefits of the drug. According to the instructions, Biotredin is prescribed only for adult patients who do not have hypersensitivity to vitamin B.

The active substance pyridoxine does not accumulate in the body, but is processed and excreted through the excretory system. Biotredin should not be taken in conjunction with other medications that stimulate the nervous system. The drug has practically no side effects.

Calcium hopantenate

Calcium hopantenate is one of the few neurotropic drugs used to treat young children.

Indications for taking hopantenic acid derivatives:

mental retardation;
dysfunction of the brain;
infections of the nervous system;
neurotic disorders;
cerebral paralysis;
perinatal damage to the nervous system.

In the treatment of childhood pathologies, calcium hopantenate improves motor skills, increases concentration and reduces hyperexcitability.

The tool has the following types of effects:

increasing the body's resistance to stressful situations;
stimulation of cognitive functions of the brain;
moderate sedative and analgesic effect;
rise in general tone.

With great intellectual and emotional stress, the drug helps to normalize the mental state. The simultaneous use of sedatives is undesirable.

Derivatives of butyric acid have a positive effect on the energy of the neuron, neurodynamics, blood circulation in the nervous system. There is an optimal combination of stimulating and calming action of calcium hopantenate.

Neurobutal

Neurobutal refers to nootropic drugs with a sedative function. The active substance is calcium hydroxybutyrate.

The effect of treatment with this remedy:

tranquilizing;
adaptogenic;
soothing;
antihypoxic;
anesthetic.

The drug is attributed to smoothing various neurotic conditions, with insomnia and withdrawal symptoms. Neurobutal tablets are quickly absorbed in the body, without having a cumulative effect. The complex and rapid action of the drug allows it to be used in the treatment of panic attacks.

The negative effect can be expressed in sleep disturbance and headaches. At the moment, Neurobutal is not sold in pharmacies of the Russian Federation.

Semax

Nootropics with proven effectiveness are available not only in the form of tablets, but also in the form of nasal drops. The convenient release form of Semax allows the active substance to penetrate the body's cell membrane faster.

This remedy is a synthetic analog of the hormone, which has a nootropic and adaptogenic effect. The psychostimulating effect of Semax is used in pediatrics, neurology, ophthalmology and narcology.

The main indications for the use of the product:

complications of traumatic brain injury;
rehabilitation after a stroke;
neurotic disorders;
senile dementia;
withdrawal syndrome treatment;
glaucoma;
ischemic attacks.

Semax also allows you to increase the intellectual-mnestic functions of the brain, favorably affects the hemodynamics and blood circulation of the brain. The drug activates mental and labor activity.

The main directions of influence on the body:

neurometabolic;
neuroprotective;
antioxidant;
antihypoxic.

Semax is contraindicated in acute mental disorders and pregnancy.

Acefen

Acephen (active compound - meclofenoxate) is a derivative of plant growth hormone that improves metabolic processes in the body. The drug has a moderate neurostimulating effect, restoring the blood supply to brain cells. An unusual function of this nootropic is its rejuvenating effect on nerve cells.

Acefen is also characterized by such functions:

mnemotropic;
neurotransmitter;
antihypoxic.

Indications for taking the drug: treatment of traumatic brain injury, mental retardation, dyscirculatory encephalopathy, psychopathological disorders. Can be used in combination with piracetam. To date, Acefen is not available for sale in Russia.

Glycine

Glycine is one of the well-known nootropics that is approved for use by adults and children. Psycho-emotional stress and excessive mental stress can lead to impaired concentration and sleep. To maintain the body's resistance to such influences, you can take advantage of this budgetary funds.

The complex action of Glycine tablets is:

improving attention and thinking;
influence on the assimilation of information;
elimination of lethargy;
stimulation of impulses;
reducing nervousness.

The drug is prescribed with a decrease in mental performance, diseases of the nervous system, disorders of cerebral circulation. The tool effectively helps with frequent stress and nervousness. Glycine is practically harmless and has no contraindications. Combination with tranquilizers is undesirable. The drug can be prescribed to children from 3 years.

The stimulating effect of nootropics helps to normalize the mental state and increase cognitive abilities. The effectiveness of these drugs has been proven in experimental studies with moderate doses of therapy.

Article formatting: Lozinsky Oleg

Video about nootropics with proven effectiveness

Top 7 Best Nootropics:

Nootropic drugs - what are these medicines? Answer to question asked you get from the submitted article. In addition, you will learn the history of their occurrence, principles of action, properties, indications and effects from the application.

General information

Nootropic drugs - what is it? Such drugs improve brain function, rejuvenate the body and prolong life. These are neurometabolic stimulants that have an activating effect on learning. In addition, they significantly improve mental activity and memory. The term "nootropic" is made up of two Greek words νους and τροπή, which means "mind" and "change" respectively.

Description

Nootropic drugs do not have their own class in the classification of medical drugs. That is why they were combined with psychostimulants and began to belong to the pharmacotherapeutic group with the following ATC code: N06BX.

History of occurrence

In 1963, the Belgian pharmacologists S. Giurgea and V. Skondia synthesized the first drug from the presented group - Piracetam. Today, such a nootropic drug is known to most patients under the name "Nootropil". Like a psychostimulant in the middle of the 20th century, he increased mental and at the same time did not have any side effects.

In 1972, one of the creators of this medication proposed the term "nootropic" to refer to groups medicines, which improve intellectual memory, learning and attention, and also affect the transcallosal potential, have antihypoxic activity and do not have a negative effect on the body.

Unlike well-known psychostimulants, nootropics stimulate, which further leads to an increase in their activity, which is quantitative, not qualitative. It should be especially noted that the effect of most of these drugs does not appear after the first dose, but with long-term treatment.

Latest Nootropics

At the moment, more than 10 original nootropics of the pyrrolidine series have been synthesized, which are in phase 3 clinical trials or have already been registered in a number of countries. Among these drugs, one can single out Oxiracetam, Nefiracetam, Etiracetam, Aniracetam, Rolziracetam, Isacetam, Pramiracetam, Cebracetam, Dupracetam, Detiracetam, etc. The presented medicines have common name "Racetams".

Among others, other families of nootropic agents have been synthesized, including GABAergic, cholinergic, glutamatergic, and peptidergic systems. It should also be noted that the nootropic active ingredient is also present in other medicines that have a different chemical origin.

Operating principle

Nootropic drugs - what are these drugs, and what are they prescribed for? The therapeutic effect of such drugs is based on several mechanisms:

activation of plastic processes in the central nervous system due to increased protein and RNA synthesis;
improvement of the energy state of neurons, which is manifested in increased ATP synthesis, as well as antihypoxic and antioxidant effects;
improved glucose utilization;
strengthening the processes of synaptic transmission in the central nervous system;
membrane stabilizing effect.

Features of drugs

The main mechanisms of such drugs are considered to be their direct effect on bioenergetics and metabolic processes in nerve cells, as well as interaction with brain systems (primarily neurotransmitter systems).

It has long been proven that nootropics are able to activate adenylate cyclase and increase its concentration in the neuron. Besides, elevated level cyclic adenosine monophosphate leads through a change in the flow of intracellular Ca2+ and K+ ions to the rapid release of the mediator from the sensory neuron.

It should also be noted that activated adenylate cyclase is able to maintain the stability of ATP production in cells without oxygen, and, under hypoxic conditions, transfer brain metabolism to a conserved mode.

Nootropic drugs for the elderly and children are urgently needed to increase their creativity and restore intellectual retardation. Manufacturers of such stimulants claim that their drugs improve the metabolism of nucleic acids, activate the synthesis of protein, ATP and RNA, penetrate the BBB well, and also increase the rate of glucose utilization.

Properties of nootopes

The effect of a number of nootropic drugs is sometimes mediated through the neurotransmitter system of the brain (cholinergic, monoaminergic, glutamatergic).

According to manufacturers, nootropics can also have other types of effects, including:

antioxidant;
membrane stabilizing;
neuroprotective;
antihypoxic.

Other drug options

Nootropics are recommended to be used in combination. After all, this is the only way to improve the bioelectrical activity and integrative activity of the brain, which manifests itself in the form of characteristic changes in electrophysiological patterns (a noticeable increase in the level of wakefulness, as well as a dominant peak, facilitated the passage of information between the hemispheres of the brain, an increase in the relative and absolute power of the EEG spectrum of the hippocampus and cortex).

Due to the increase in cortico-subcortical control, the improvement of information exchange in the brain, the positive effect on the reproduction and formation of a memory trace, we can safely say that such drugs lead to an increase in the ability to learn, improve memory, thinking, attention, perception, as well as the activation of intellectual functions. .

By the way, many manufacturers claim that such tools can significantly improve and accelerate cognitive (or However, these statements have not been scientifically confirmed.

effects

According to manufacturers, nootropic drugs have the following effects on a person:

Are Nootropics Effective for Stroke Prevention?

What are these drugs, we figured out. But this raises a new question about how effective they are in the treatment and prevention of strokes. It should be noted that this practice is questionable. This is due to the fact that the use of nootropics in relation to such deviations has not been confirmed.

Clinical Application

Before explaining why such drugs are used in official medicine, it should be noted that nootropic drugs without prescriptions from attending physicians are not dispensed in pharmacies. This is due to the fact that they belong to the same drug group as strong psychostimulants.

Initially, the drugs presented were used to treat brain disorders in older people with an organic brain syndrome. Although in the past few years (usually in third world countries) they have become quite widely used in various fields of medicine, including surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, neurology, narcology, as well as obstetric and geriatric practices.

Thus, nootropic drugs are used by doctors for:

Indications for children

In developing countries, the presented funds are especially common in pediatrics. Thus, nootropic drugs are prescribed for children with:

mental retardation;
delayed speech and mental development;
children's cerebral palsy;
the consequences of perinatal damage to the central nervous system;
attention deficit disorder.

Other indications for use

The best nootropic drug is the drug that has a pronounced therapeutic effect and does not negatively affect the human body. It should be noted that such funds are sometimes used for:

stuttering ("Pantogam", "Phenibut");
correction of neuroleptic syndrome ("Hopantenic acid", "Pyritinol", "Deanol aceglumate", "Pantogam");
hyperkinesis ("Hopantenic acid", "Phenibut", "Memantine");
urination disorder ("Pantogam", "Nicotinoyl-GABA");
sleep disorders ("Fenibut", "Calcium gamma-hydroxybutyrate", "Glycine");
migraine ("Pyritinol", "Nicotinoyl-GABA", "Semax");
dizziness ("Ginkgo biloba", "Phenibut", "Piracetam");
for the prevention of motion sickness ("GABA", "Phenibut").

By the way, in ophthalmic practice, such drugs are used as part of combination therapy for open-angle glaucoma, vascular diseases retina and yellow spot(“Nicotinoyl-GABA”), as well as senile and diabetic retinopathy (“Ginkgo biloba”).

Natural nootropics

In addition to pharmaceuticals, for therapeutic effect quite often natural substances with similar properties are used. Of course, natural nootropics are not as effective as pharmacological agents, but within a few weeks after use, patients still begin to notice an improvement in cognitive functions and so on.

The term "nootropics" appeared in 1972, this word consists of two Greek "noos" - mind and "tropos" - change. It turns out that nootropics are designed to change the human mind, with the help of biochemistry, affecting the central nervous system.

Their predecessors in improving the functioning of the brain were psychostimulants, which had a strong, but short-term effect on a person. They increased the body's endurance, resistance to stress, caused general excitement, activity and euphoria. If not for the strongest negative side effects and the emergence of addiction, psychostimulants would have conquered humanity. But the aftereffect in the form of severe depression and a complete breakdown of strength oppressed a person so much that he could even drive him to suicide.

Synthetic nootropics

After taking nootropics negative effects practically no, they are not addictive. But they also do not have psychostimulants. To feel the result of taking nootropics, you need to take a course lasting 1-3 months.

The action of nootropic drugs is due to the improvement and acceleration of metabolism in nerve tissues, the protection of neurons in the event of a lack of oxygen and toxic effects. In fact, nootropics protect the brain from aging. There are a lot of nootropics on the market right now, but here are some of the more common ones:

Piracetam (Nootropil) is the first of the nootropics. It is prescribed for disorders of attention and memory, nervous disorders, brain injuries, alcoholism and vascular diseases. It can also be used independently (without exceeding the dose) for better perception and assimilation of the training material. The following side effects were rarely noted: drowsiness or agitation, dizziness and nausea, increased sexual activity. The analogue of "Piracetam" ("Nootropil") is "Phenotropil" ("Phenylpiracetam").

"Acephen" ("Cerutil", "Meclofenoksat", "Centrofenoksin") contains the substance of acetylcholine - a transmitter of nervous excitation, an indispensable participant in the work of the human NS. This series of nootropic drugs accelerates all processes of excitation and inhibition, improves blood supply to the brain, and has a psychostimulating effect. It also protects the brain from aging and is used in conjunction with Piracetam to improve mental abilities. There were side effects from the side of the National Assembly: anxiety, insomnia, increased appetite.

"Selegiline" ("Deprenyl", "Yumex") contains the substance selegiline, which suppresses the action of enzymes that inhibit phenethylamine and dopamine. After 40 years of pleasure enzymes of the dopamine series, much less is produced than in youth. "Selegilin" is positioned as for people of middle and old age. It is used in the treatment of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. With a sufficiently long-term use of the drug, memory, mood and general well-being improve. "Selegiline", according to medical scientists, when taken at 5 mg per day, can increase a person's life expectancy by 15 years!

H ootropics are pharmaceuticals designed to normalize the metabolism in the brain, stimulating adequate metabolic processes in nerve fibers and tissues.

This group is represented by a huge list of medicines of the most different action. They have one thing in common: the ability to restore metabolism, promote tissue regeneration.

Nootropics are used as part of the correction of the normal state in chronic diseases of cerebral structures, as a measure of rehabilitation after a stroke, also against the background of long-term forms of encephalopathy.

The scope of these drugs is extensive, but unauthorized use is unacceptable because of the likelihood of allergies, the development of unforeseen phenomena.

Positive action is based on a group of key points. The vastness of these directly proves the versatility of nootropic pharmaceuticals in the treatment and prevention of pathological processes.

Restoration of normal metabolism of brain structures

Normalization of metabolism in the brain is the main effect of nootropics. The use of medications involves the participation of at least a neurologist.

The ability to stabilize metabolic processes can significantly increase the efficiency of local energy exchange without harm to tissues and structures, quickly enough to gain weight as part of rehabilitation after a stroke, injuries of nerve tissues.

Attention:

In some cases, for example, with pathologies of the tumor type, neoplasms of the brain, it is impossible to take nootropics. Accelerated growth of neoplasia and a rapid mass effect are possible.

Correction of mnestic functions

The ability to perform basic mental actions, memorize large amounts of information, also perform operations on them, the ability to learn, learn new things, assimilate data.

With many diseases, up to, encephalopathy and other functions of the mnestic series weaken. Then they progressively fade away. Recovery plays a big role in the correction of working capacity.

Stabilization of the state of consciousness

Antiasthenic action is based on the ability to accelerate metabolic processes. It should be considered as part of the nootropic effect that was mentioned earlier.

After taking a short course of drugs of the group in question, a person becomes more active, able to work more, feels cheerful.

Attention:

Such stimulation is ineffective if the factor provocateur of the negative state does not disappear and is not corrected.

Increasing the adaptive capabilities of the patient's body

Resistance to stressful situations, the consequences of psychotraumatic events. Recovery is carried out according to indications. However, drugs can be used, including as a prevention of pathological processes.

Stimulation of mental functions, higher nervous activity

The ability to eliminate manifestations of depression. Nootropics should not be used as drugs for the correction of mental disorders, if we are talking about the main method of treatment. But within the framework of supporting basic therapy with the use of specific antidepressants, it is quite acceptable.

However, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of pharmacological interaction. Some types of drugs against dysthymia, to normalize mood, enhance the effect of the parallel use of nootropics.

Partial sedative effect

In terms of the degree and severity of this, the medicines of the group of correctors of metabolic processes are not able to compare with specialized names, tranquilizers.

However, it is quite possible to use them as an aid to the main therapy. Some drugs to eliminate the manifestations of stress last longer against the background of the parallel use of nootropics.

Relief of autonomic symptoms

Dizziness, nausea, other manifestations. Such an effect is necessary, for example, in patients suffering from meteosensitivity. As part of the correction of dysfunction of the central nervous system due to diseases in the structure of which vegetovascular dystonia can be detected. In this case, we are talking about a symptomatic measure.

Correction of signs of parkinsonism

Rigidity (tension) of the muscles, disorders of the central nervous system. A beneficial effect is observed as a result of the ability to influence extrapyramidal structures, the cerebellum, and biochemical processes in the brain.

Improving overall energy metabolism

in muscle and heart muscle. Due to this, the means of the named type can be used as a measure of stabilizing the work of the whole body, this is especially useful during intense physical exertion.

In addition to the main effects, nootropics can affect glucose levels, restore immunity, etc. Such actions are expressed to a much lesser extent. Therefore, they cannot be considered as grounds for the appointment of names in the framework of therapy or prevention.

Classification

Nootropics can be subdivided according to the main active ingredient. Accordingly, such groups of pharmaceuticals are called.

Medications based on pyrrolidone

Piracetam. It has a complex effect. It is used to treat disorders of cerebral blood flow. The appointment is carried out within the framework of systemic processes: encephalopathy, after a stroke, etc.

Well tolerated by patients, rarely provokes side effects. It is used in courses of 10-15 injections. Long-term oral administration is acceptable according to indications.

Aniracetam. There are no fundamental differences, but it is more difficult to meet it on the shelves of pharmacies.

Mostly these are nootropic drugs that improve the nutrition and blood circulation of the brain in the system.

Polypeptides

Cerebrolysin. A new generation nootropic is used as a universal remedy in the treatment of metabolic disorders in the brain and. It has a combined effect and high safety, therefore it rarely provokes side effects.

Cortexin. Similar remedy.

Both are produced on the basis of fractions obtained from the brain of cattle.

Phenotropil and analogues

Powerful medicine. It is considered the most active drug in the list of nootropics. It is prescribed strictly according to indications, while being universal in terms of beneficial effect.

Can be used in patients with encephalopathy. vascular dementia. Also after a stroke, in the acute phase.

Attention:

As a preventive measure, it is prescribed only if there are real risks of dangerous pathological phenomena.

Means similar in structure to vitamins

Idebenone as the main Used strictly according to indications. It is mainly prescribed for patients with Alzheimer's disease, advanced mental disorders in vascular dementia.

It has an activating, stimulating and disinhibitory effect. Slows down progression of cognitive deviations.

Acetylcholine precursors

Meclofenoxate and its analogues: Centrophenoxin, Cerutil, Acefen. They differ significantly from the drugs under consideration, but are included in the list of nootropic drugs due to the ability to accelerate metabolic processes.

Objectively useful action manifested by the elimination of asthenia, fatigue, correction of basic neurological functions.

These drugs are mainly used for chronic deviations from cerebral structures (for example, encephalopathy). It has an average degree of activity when compared with Phenotropil.

Bemitil and analogues

GABA analogs

The main name is Phenibut. A powerful pharmaceutical agent, not used without a doctor's prescription. It is used in difficult clinical cases, with the ineffectiveness of other medicines.

Prolonged uncontrolled intake can provoke a withdrawal syndrome, dependence.

Amino acids

Glycine. Widely used due to its safety. Corrects behavior, eliminates the main symptoms of pathological processes of the ischemic plan.

It is considered a relatively weak drug, and therefore is used more as a prophylactic medication.

Neuropeptides

Semax. Stimulates the work of the brain, protects tissues from destruction.

Noopept. An additional effect is the relief of anxiety.

These drugs are similar in nature and activity to GABA analogues, but they act softer.

New generation nootropics

The list of such can be defined by three means:

Vinpocetine. The main trade name is Cavinton. Quickly and effectively relieves drowsiness, affects vegetative manifestations. It acts selectively, stopping the main symptoms. Used for long courses.
. Described above.
Modafinil. Strictly speaking, it is not considered a pure nootropic. It has an analeptic, disinhibitory effect. The result is swift, which causes big number side effects and dangers from the use. At the same time, it will not be possible to find it in Russia and some countries of the former Union. The drug is prohibited. Acquisition is possible in Ukraine.

The list of new generation nootropics is not so wide. IN last years The development of drugs of this type is not active.

The needs of therapy are covered by those means that are already present in the pharmaceutical markets. They are well tolerated and rarely cause side effects.

Indications for use

Reasons for the use of pharmaceuticals:

Intense stress. As mentioned earlier, medications can be used as condition correctors with excessive effects on the central nervous system. Nootropics help to reduce the recovery period, better adaptation of structures and nerve fibers to negative effects.
Psycho-emotional stress. More intense. To the point of being traumatizing. Preparations of this type accelerate adaptation, shorten the period of rehabilitation and recovery from negative affect.
Decreased performance. Nootropic drugs increase the level of energy, vigor, because a person works faster and more productively throughout the day. If the cause of increased fatigue is not eliminated, the effect will persist as long as the person takes the funds.
behavioral disorders. In children and adolescents. Hyperexcitability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, aggressiveness. Use nootropics as a corrector long time it is forbidden. This is fraught with side effects.
Consequences of binge drinking. Recovery after heavy drinking. Abstinence included. Of course, psychostimulants cannot be used as the main medicines. It won't have the desired effect. Complex therapy is required using a group of items, including detoxification, saline solutions, and other drugs.
Organic abnormalities in the work of the central nervous system. different types.
Sleep disorders.
encephalopathy. . Accompanied by focal neurological symptoms, inability to normally perform basic functions in Everyday life. With a long existence, the deficit becomes permanent. Progress at different speeds.

Problems in the work of the central nervous system as a result of functional factors.
temporary phenomena. Meteosensitivity, episodes of vegetovascular dystonia, crisis states.
Ischemic stroke in the acute phase. Critical violation trophism of nervous tissues. Accompanied by decay, necrosis of fibers, cells, gross neurological defects. Recovery requires the use of a group of drugs. Nootropics alone will not be enough. Detailed description read the symptoms of a pre-stroke condition.

The period of deviation of the brain after an acute circulatory disorder. Rehabilitation.
vascular dementia.

Contraindications

Medicines also have a group of contraindications:

Intolerance to the active ingredients of the drug. Allergic reactions. Especially carefully you need to take medicines of the polypeptide series, amino acids. They are more likely to cause problems.
A history of brain tumors. Because nootropic drugs can accelerate the growth of neoplasia. It must be borne in mind that we are talking not only about malignant neoplasms. Accelerated development is possible in all cases, cysts are not taken into account. They are not capable of proliferation and increase.
Polyvalent allergic reaction. Intolerance to a large group of drugs. In this case, you need to be careful when choosing, prescribing and taking.

These are sample lists. More specifically, you can clarify by looking at the annotation to a particular name.

Features of the use of drugs

There are several basic principles for the use of neurometabolic drugs:

Expediency. A nootropic effect is not always required, therefore, before use, you need to evaluate the indications and the expected result from use. Predict possible side effects, long-term risks. It is quite difficult to do this even for an experienced doctor.
The need for specialist involvement. The appointment of nootropic drugs is the prerogative of a neurologist.
Systematic. It does not make sense to take medicines occasionally. For a sufficient result, use for a long time is required, the effect is cumulative, it is observed as it is further taken. Application course, long. But usually not permanent. Breaks are needed.
Complexity. Nootropics, despite their effectiveness, are not able to solve all therapeutic issues. In some situations, it is necessary to use a group of medicines for a greater result. For example, neurometabolic drugs are used in a system with cerebrovascular, antihypertensive, vitamins, etc. The issue is decided by the doctor.
The need for constant monitoring. As needed, the course is reviewed or the drugs are canceled altogether.

Side effects

Negative phenomena develop as a result of exceeding the dosage or as an individual response to the use of the drug. Among the most common adverse events:

Allergic reactions. Of a different nature. From a slight skin rash, urticaria and to severe swelling of the respiratory tract, an attack of bronchial asthma, anaphylactic shock.
Headache. Usually insignificant. It passes quickly on its own. Localized in the occipital, frontal region.
Nausea. Characterized by episodic, unstable. Vomiting rarely ends. Appears once. Manifestations are unstable.
Dizziness.

Fortunately, side effects are relatively rare. Therefore, nootropics can be called safe drugs. Well tolerated by all categories of patients.

It is necessary to take into account the individual reactions of the body. Controversial conditions, suspicious signs and symptoms should be reported to the treating specialist immediately.

Finally

The considered nootropics have proven effectiveness and are used for disorders of the brain and central nervous system. They can only be used with the permission of a doctor and as directed.

The neurologist determines the dosage and the scheme of application. With uncontrolled use, it will be extremely difficult to achieve a positive effect.