About ways to protect the purity of the air. The main measures for the protection of atmospheric air. IX. Ecological situation in Tatishchevskiy district

From the negative anthropogenic impact in the form of pollution with harmful substances, three main groups of measures can be distinguished:

1. technological;
2. sanitary;
3. planning.

Technological measures include: the creation of closed technological cycles, waste-free and low-waste technologies that exclude harmful pollutants from entering the atmosphere. From an economic point of view, it is cheaper to deal with harmful substances in the places of their formation.

Greening technological processes provides, in particular:

• creation of continuous technological processes of production;
• replacement of local boiler plants with district heating;
• preliminary purification of fuel and raw materials from harmful impurities;
• sealing processes, the use of hydro- and pneumatic transport in the transportation of dusty materials;
• replacement of coal and fuel oil with natural gas;
• application of hydrodedusting;
• transfer to the electric drive of compressors, pile driving units, pumps;
• partial recycling, i.e. reuse of waste gases.

Given the exceptional relevance of the protection of atmospheric air from pollution by exhaust gases of vehicles, the primary problem is the creation of an environmentally friendly pure species transport.

There is an active search for a cleaner fuel than gasoline. Ecologically clean gas fuel, methyl alcohol (methanol), low-toxic ammonia and ideal fuel - hydrogen are considered as its substitute. Intensive development continues to replace the carburetor engine with more environmentally friendly types - diesel, steam, gas turbine, etc.

Sanitary measures include special protection measures with the help of treatment facilities.

Since the current level of development of the greening of technological processes, the introduction of closed technological cycles, etc. is insufficient to completely prevent emissions of toxic substances into the atmosphere, enterprises are widely used various methods purification of exhaust gases from aerosols (dust, ash, soot) and toxic gas and vapor impurities (NO, NO2, SO2, SO3).

The group of planning activities includes a set of techniques, including:

• correct mutual placement of emission sources and populated areas, taking into account the direction of the winds; the choice for building an industrial enterprise of a flat, elevated place, well blown by the winds; construction of motor roads bypassing settlements, etc.;
• organization of sanitary protection zones;
• landscaping of populated areas, etc.

To prevent pollution of atmospheric air and water bodies by the waste of industrial enterprises, various treatment facilities are being actively developed and implemented. Filters, absorbers, scrubbers and other devices and installations are used for air purification. Filters there are:

1) mechanical;

2) electrical;

3) magnetic;

4) sound.

For gas stream purification can be used:

1) dry oxidation processes;

2) wet oxidation processes;

3) catalytic conversion processes.

Cleaning of industrial and household Wastewater carried out in various ways:

1) mechanical;

2) biological;

3) physical and chemical.

To protect the atmospheric air from pollution by vehicle emissions, special methods of building and planting highways are used. Gasoline is being replaced by a more environmentally friendly fuel - natural gas. Engines are constantly being improved internal combustion.

Industry, agriculture and transport pollute soils with production and consumption waste as a result of the careless use of pesticides, fertilizers, improper irrigation and plowing of fields.

The solution to these problems is possible and achieved in the case of strict dosage and skillful use. chemical substances, as well as the application of technical methods of soil cultivation in agriculture based on the latest scientific developments, carrying out measures to prevent erosion.

security features flora are rational use forests and their reproduction.

The fight against forest fires is carried out through preventive measures (propaganda among the population, cleaning cutting areas, forest fire protection), the use of a patrol service, extinguishing forest fires, protection from pests and diseases.

Many species of plants are under state protection (Red Book). Security consists of a standardized fee. Preservation of meadows and pastures is possible with the elimination of overgrazing of animals and the implementation of agricultural activities to improve the herbage and increase plant productivity. By creating favorable living conditions, it is possible to achieve the protection of rare and endangered animals (Red Book). The creation of national parks, nature reserves and sanctuaries is called upon to solve this problem. Regulation of catching rates, protection of spawning grounds, organization of the fight against poaching, breeding in captivity, reduction of discharges of untreated sewage will help to save many inhabitants of the seas and oceans.

Creation date: 2013/11/27

People have long understood that fresh air necessary for a person, clean air is a guarantee of health. A person can live without food for about five weeks, without water - five days, without air - only five minutes.

A person eats 1.5 kg of food per day, drinks about two liters of water and inhales several thousand liters of air. He may refuse poor-quality food or water of dubious purity, but he has to inhale the air in which he is at the moment, even if it is polluted or dangerous to health.

Air and human health are closely interconnected and interdependent. Experts have long established that among the various environmental factors affecting the health of the population, air pollution plays a special role.

Air pollution problem

Until recently, the issue of air pollution was not given much importance. But in recent decades, due to the rapid growth of industry and transport, the situation has changed dramatically. Currently, the problem of air pollution and poisoning concerns literally everyone.

In 1991 the number harmful substances, emitted into the atmosphere of the Kirov region, reached 413.7 thousand tons. In subsequent years, by the beginning of 1996, the amount of emissions decreased by 1.8 times. Consequently, for each square kilometer of the territory, an average of 1.8 tons of pollutants falls, which is 1.2 times higher than the figure for Russia.

Industry and transport play the main role in the anthropogenic pollution of the air basin of the region. The activity of industrial enterprises is the leading factor in Negative influence on the quality of the natural environment. The structure of their emissions is dominated by carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, solids, nitrogen oxides. Among the main industrial air pollutants, one can single out enterprises of the energy sector, the timber industry, the chemical and petrochemical industries, which account for about half of all emissions of harmful substances.

A significant contribution to the level of air pollution is made by road transport, which accounts for 80% of all emissions. When burning fuel, vehicles emit about 300 types of pollutants into the atmosphere together with exhaust gases. One car absorbs 4 tons of oxygen from the atmosphere, emitting 800 kg of carbon monoxide, about 40 kg of nitrogen oxides and almost 200 kg of hydrocarbons with exhaust gases. Exhaust gases also contain lead compounds, which are heavy metals that accumulate in the human body and can contribute to the formation of various tumors.

Air and human health

The wealth of any state is not only material and spiritual values, but also the people who inhabit it and produce values, and not just people, but healthy people. The health of citizens is a national treasure. According to some data, the state of health of the population depends on 50% of lifestyle, 20% on genetic factors, 10% on the work of health authorities and 20% on the condition environment. The quality of the natural environment, especially the air basin, is noticeably declining, and this, in turn, has an extremely negative effect on the health of the population, increasing its incidence.

According to the study oncological diseases, in heavily polluted cities of Siberia and Far East the incidence in men is 25%, and in women 39% higher than in moderately and slightly polluted cities. In general, an increase in the incidence of malignant neoplasms is noted in most countries of the world. In Russia, from 1980 to 1990, the number of newly diagnosed cancer patients increased by 22%, and the number of deaths - by 27.3%. According to available data, about 20% of the population lives in conditions of constantly high levels of air pollution with several harmful substances, which affects people's health.

The overall morbidity of the population of the Kirov region, compared with 1990, increased by 10%, which is the undoubted influence of the polluted environment. Due to air pollution, the annual growth rate of oncological diseases is increasing by 2.3%. The most common tumors of the lungs, breast, skin and blood-forming organs. IN last years high level incidence is recorded in the northwestern and central regions of the region.

The main environmental pollutants and their effects:

• sulfur dioxide - irritating effects, disruption of metabolic processes in the body, enhances the effect of carcinogens. Causes respiratory diseases of cardio-vascular system, blood, endocrine system;
• carbon monoxide - disrupts the ability of blood to deliver oxygen to tissues, causes vasospasm, reduces the immunological reactivity of the body;
• nitrogen oxides - a decrease in the body's resistance to diseases, a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood, irritation of the respiratory tract, oxygen starvation tissues, especially in children. Enhances the action of carcinogens. Causes diseases of the respiratory system, blood circulation, malignant neoplasms;
• lead - affects many organs and systems. Causes defeat nervous system, hematopoietic system, mutagenic effects.

Determination of air purity by lichen indication

There are three ways to assess the ecological state of the environment: human sensations arising from contact with the environment; bioindication; chemical analysis of samples of various components of the medium.

Human perception (smell) allows you to assess the state of cleanliness of the air. You don't have to be an expert to figure it out. However, this perception is individual in nature and allows for a qualitative assessment. But the most accurate information can be determined using bioindication - according to the state of plants. Since in our area one of the main pollutants is sulfur dioxide, which is formed during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuel - heating stoves population, during the operation of boiler houses, as well as transport, especially diesel.

The resistance of plants to sulfur dioxide is different: the least resistant to sulfur dioxide are lichens, annual bluegrass, conifers, wheat, barley and alfalfa. For a number of plants, the boundaries of their vital activity and the maximum permissible concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the air have been established. MPC value (mg/m3): for meadow timothy grass and common lilac - 0.2; barberry - 0.5; meadow fescue - 1.0; maple - 2.0.

Lichens are widespread organisms with a fairly high tolerance to environmental pollution. The special sensitivity of lichens to toxic substances is explained by the fact that they cannot release the harmful elements absorbed by them into the environment. Lichens react most sharply to sulfur dioxide, which quickly destroys the already small amount of their chlorophyll. Sulfur dioxide concentration of 0.5 is detrimental to all types of lichens.

According to the structure of the thallus, lichens are divided into three types:

• scale lichens (crustal), having a thallus in the form of a thin crust and fused with the substrate so that it is impossible to separate the lichen without damaging the substrate; the crust can be smooth, granular, tuberculate;
• leafy, having the form of thin scales or plates attached by bunches of mushroom vulture to the substrate, from which they are easily separated;
• bushy, having the form of thin threads or branching bushes attached to the substrate with their base.

In order to determine the class of air pollution by lichen indication, you need to select three points: the end of Central Street, the school area and the turn to asphalt. For the study, 3-5 mature trees at the age of 30-35 years and a trunk diameter of more than 15 cm are selected. Based on the study, it can be concluded that, according to the type of pollution, the air in the village belongs to I-II pollution class. The air is more polluted in the area of ​​the turn onto the asphalt. This is explained by the fact that cars and tractors constantly pass through the village. Analyzing the availability of equipment in the village, we can conclude that the exhaust gases of cars and tractors cause great harm to the state of air purity. The air is also polluted when burning furnaces, dust and burning garbage.

Characteristics of the state of human health

As a result of this air quality, today there are many people living in this village whose health has deteriorated due to the quality of the air they breathe. Due to environmental pollution, the number of diseases associated with clean air has increased over the past year. Among them, diseases of the allergic type and bronchitis predominate.

There is a big fight against air pollution in the country. The Law on Atmospheric Air Protection was adopted. In recent years, air pollution in cities has decreased. Measures have been developed to prevent air pollution from road transport. One of the important measures is to improve the quality of motor fuel, as well as the prohibition of the use of gasoline containing lead in cities. To reduce harmful emissions, a set of measures is used: improvement of production process technologies; development of low-waste and waste-free technologies; improvement of gas cleaning methods and designs of dust and gas cleaning traps; equipment sealing. However, the creation of the most advanced treatment facilities cannot solve the problem of protecting atmospheric air. The true struggle for its purity is the struggle against the need for such structures. It is possible to improve the quality of atmospheric air only by creating non-waste industries. The bottom line is that all raw materials are converted into one product or another. Waste-free production is a practically closed system, organized by analogy with natural systems, the functioning of which is based on the biogeochemical circulation of substances.

Green spaces play an important role in protecting and maintaining the purity of the atmospheric air: they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, leaves trap dust particles. For example, up to 70% of dust settles on trees, bushes and grass. 1 hectare of forest absorbs annually about 15 tons of carbon dioxide and releases about 11 tons of oxygen.

In order to maintain the purity of the air in the area, it is necessary to carry out the following measures:

• plant green spaces, as most of the pollutants and dust settle on their leaves. Especially a lot of such substances settle on the leaves of lilac and poplar;
• in order to maintain clean air in the village in summer time water the streets so that after the passage of a car or tractor, dust does not rise into the air;
• ban the burning of garbage, since burning a lot of harmful substances into the air;
• use LPG vehicles or use vehicles with low sulfur content in gasoline.
• the administration of the rural settlement to monitor the implementation of certain recommendations.

What is being done in your city to protect the air or how to protect the air from pollution? Such a serious topic is studied on the subject the world in grades 2-3 of elementary school.

On this page we will try to figure out the answer to this question.

The process of air pollution began in the 19th century, due to the rapid development of industry. All factories of that time used one type of fuel - coal. Despite the fact that even then they knew about the harmfulness of this raw material to the environment, it still remained the most popular. This was due to its low cost and excellent availability.

Approaching large metallurgical plants, first of all, you pay attention to the rows of giant pipes that throw smoke high into the sky.

Strong winds are blowing up there. They pick up clouds of smoke and tear them to shreds, scatter them, mix with clean air, quickly reduce the danger of poisonous gases. The same high pipes are made at large power plants.

Tall pipes take trouble away from people living nearby, but poisonous gases still enter the air. There they accumulate, and then fall out with precipitation in other areas.

Humans and other living beings need clean air to breathe. But in many places, especially in big cities, it is polluted.

Some factories and plants emit poisonous gases, soot, and dust from their pipes. Cars emit exhaust gases, which contain a lot of harmful substances.

Air pollution threatens human health, all life on Earth!

What is being done to protect the air in cities?

1. Now a lot is being done to protect the purity of air in cities. Many enterprises operate installations that trap dust, soot, and poisonous gases. Dust and gas trapping devices are installed on boiler rooms.

2. Harmful enterprises are being withdrawn from the city limits.

3. Public transport is being replaced by more environmentally friendly ones. New trolleybus and tram routes around the cities are being created. Scientists have developed new cars - electric cars that will not pollute the air.

4. In addition, all heavy vehicles, and vehicle exhaust gases are another harmful factor, are sent along bypass roads, they are forbidden to enter the city center.

5. Bans are introduced on the burning of garbage within the city.

6. Green spaces play an important role in air protection, so in cities a lot of attention is paid to planting squares, alleys, parks.

7. Special stations have been created in different places, they constantly monitor the purity of the air in big cities.

The main ways to reduce and completely eliminate air pollution are as follows: the development and implementation of purification filters, the use of environmentally friendly energy sources, waste-free production technology, the fight against vehicle exhaust gases, landscaping, architectural and planning measures, and the establishment of sanitary protection zones.

Cleaning filters are the main means of combating industrial air pollution. Cleaning of emissions into the atmosphere is carried out by passing them through various filters (mechanical, electrical, magnetic, sound and others), water and chemically active liquids. All of them are designed to capture dust, vapors and gases.

The efficiency of treatment facilities is different and depends both on the physical and chemical properties of pollutants, and on the perfection of the methods and apparatus used. With coarse cleaning of emissions, from 70 to 84% of pollutants are eliminated, with medium cleaning - up to 95-98% and fine - up to 99% and more.

Purification of industrial waste not only protects the atmosphere from pollution, but also provides additional raw materials and profits for enterprises. The capture of sulfur from the gas waste of the Magnitogorsk Combine provides sanitation and the production of many thousands of additional tons of cheap sulfuric acid. At the Angarsk cement plant, treatment facilities capture up to 98% of cement dust emissions, and filters of one aluminum plant - 98% of previously lost fluorine, which gives 300 thousand dollars of profit per year.

It is impossible to solve the problem of protecting the atmosphere only with the help of treatment facilities. It is necessary to apply a set of measures, and above all, the introduction of waste-free technologies.

Zero Waste Technology is effective if it is built by analogy with the processes occurring in the biosphere: the waste of one link in the ecosystem is used by other links. Cyclic non-waste production, comparable to cyclical processes in the biosphere, is the future of industry, an ideal way to preserve the cleanliness of the environment.

One way to protect the atmosphere from pollution is to transition to the use of new environmentally friendly energy sources. For example, the construction of stations that use the energy of ebbs and flows, the use of solar plants and wind turbines. In the 1980s, nuclear power plants (NPPs) were considered a promising source of energy. After the Chernobyl disaster, the number of supporters of the wider use of atomic energy has decreased. This accident showed that nuclear energy sources require increased attention to their safety systems. Academician A.L. Yanshin, for example, considers gas to be an alternative source of energy, which in the future can be produced in Russia about 300 trillion cubic meters. m3/year.

As private solutions air protection from vehicle exhaust gases you can point to the installation of filters and afterburners, the replacement of additives containing lead, the organization of traffic, which will reduce and eliminate the frequent change of engine operating modes (road junctions, widening the roadway, building crossings, and so on). The problem can be radically solved by replacing internal combustion engines with electric ones. To reduce toxic substances in the exhaust gases of cars, it is proposed to replace gasoline with other types of fuel, for example, a mixture of various alcohols. Gas-balloon cars are promising.

Greening cities and industrial centers: green spaces through photosynthesis free the air from carbon dioxide and enrich it with oxygen. Up to 72% of suspended dust particles and up to 60% of sulfur dioxide settle on the leaves of trees and shrubs. Therefore, in parks, squares and gardens, the air contains ten times less dust than in open streets and squares. Many types of trees and shrubs emit phytoncides that kill bacteria. Green spaces largely regulate the microclimate of the city, "extinguish" the city noise, which brings great harm to people's health.

Maintaining clean air is essential city ​​planning. Factories and plants, transport routes should be separated from residential areas by a buffer zone consisting of green spaces. It is necessary to take into account the direction of the main winds (wind rose), the terrain and the presence of water bodies, to locate residential areas on the leeward side and on elevated areas. Industrial zones are best placed away from residential areas or outside the city.

Legal protection of the atmosphere- the implementation of the constitutional rights of the population and norms in the environmental sphere has led to a significant expansion of the base of legislative regulation in the field of atmospheric air protection. The main legislative and other normative legal acts regulating the issues of environmental protection are the following.

* Law on Environmental Protection (January 10, 2002). Basic law of environmental legislation.

* Law on the Protection of Atmospheric Air (April 2, 1999). Its tasks are to regulate public relations in this area in order to keep clean and improve the condition of atmospheric air, prevent and reduce harmful chemical, physical, biological and other impacts on the atmosphere.

* Air Code of the Russian Federation (February 19, 1997). It sets special requirements for the state of flight technology, regulation of engine operation to reduce atmospheric pollution.

The Federal Law "On the Destruction of Chemical Weapons" (April 25, 1997) establishes the legal basis for carrying out a set of works to ensure environmental protection.

The Criminal Code (July 24, 2007) has a number of articles relating to the nuclear industry, contains a definition of "environmental crimes".

Federal Law "On Radiation Safety of the Population" (January 9, 1996). In order to implement it, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted a number of resolutions that relate to the rules for the placement of radioactive substances and radioactive waste, their storage and transportation.

Federal Law "On the Use of Atomic Energy" (October 20, 1995; amendments and additions were made in February 1997).

The State Committee for Ecology of Russia has reviewed and approved several regulatory and legal documents relating to the protection of the atmosphere, in particular, on the methodology for calculating emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere.

GOST (1986) “Nature protection. Atmosphere. Rules for air quality control in settlements.