The current state of agriculture and prospects for its development. Development of agriculture in Russia: realities and prospects. Agricultural production in the USA

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Ministry Agriculture RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FGOU VPO Tver State Agricultural Academy

course project

in the discipline "Organization of production and entrepreneurship in the agro-industrial complex"

on the topic: Current state and development prospects

crop production

I've done the work:

Isakhanov M.M.,

student 54 gr.

Tver-Sakharovo-2014

Introduction

Organization of production and entrepreneurial activity - the science of the patterns of construction and rational management of the economy in agricultural enterprises and peasant (farm) farms. The organization of production and entrepreneurial activity in the agro-industrial complex in research is based on economic laws and patterns, the achievements of biological and technical sciences, including agronomy.

The economic analysis of the enterprise's activity is important element in the production management system, an effective means of identifying on-farm reserves, the basis for the development of science-based plans and management decisions. Based on the analysis of economic activity, we must develop a project for the development of an enterprise or consider ways to get out of a crisis situation.

The main goal of the project is to study the current state and prospects for the development of crop production.

In order to solve the tasks set before us, it is necessary to study: crop production agricultural productivity fertilizer

1. Organizational and economic characteristics of agriculture. enterprises

2. The current state of crop production Suggest ways for a possible way out of stagnation or unprofitable state by introducing a new promising crop, changing the structure of crops in order to increase the gross yield of unprofitable crops, improving the fertilizer system, introducing crop rotations, etc. One of the most important conditions of the project will be the consideration of issues of economic efficiency of crop production.

The object of the course project is the collective farm "October" located in the Staritsky district. The main sources of information were annual reports of the enterprise's production activities, accounting and statistical reporting data, reference and regulatory data and other materials for the last three years. Additionally, area averages were used.

1. Organizational and economic characteristics of the enterprise

The land area is 7147 hectares, of which: agricultural land 3330 hectares, including arable land 2567 hectares, hayfields 106 hectares and pastures 608 hectares, as well as 3604 hectares of forests, shrubs, swamps, roads, etc. In addition, within the boundaries of land use there are lands of foreign use with a total area of 1011 hectares, including reserve land on an area of 213 hectares, of which 159 hectares are agricultural land, including 142 hectares of arable land, 17 hectares of hayfields, which are leased by the farm. 1296.75 hectares of arable land are registered as the property of the farm.

The points of delivery of agricultural products and the receipt of goods are the cities of Tver, Staritsa, the railway station Staritsa.

The territory is located in the second agro-climatic region of the region, which is characterized by a temperate continental climate. The average annual temperature is 3-4 C. The absolute maximum temperature is +36 C, the absolute minimum is -33 C. The sum of the average daily air temperatures during the active growing season is 1800-1900 C, the duration of the growing season is 175 days, and the frost-free period is 126 days.

The area belongs to the zone of sufficient moisture, the average annual rainfall is 525-600 mm, the amount of precipitation for the period May-October is 380-420 mm.

The climate is favorable for the cultivation of the main agricultural crops: cereals, flax, potatoes and fodder crops - perennial, annual and silage crops.

The relief on the territory of the economy is heterogeneous. In the northern, eastern and southeastern parts it is more even, while in the western part it is hilly. There are micro-depressions. However, in general, relief conditions do not prevent mechanized tillage.

From west to east, the Holokholnya River flows through the territory of the collective farm, into which the Zhukovka River flows in its middle course.

The main background of the soil cover on the territory of the collective farm is soddy-medium podzolic and soddy-strongly podzolic soils. Arable massifs are mainly located on soddy medium podzolic soils.

By texture arable land is divided into:

sandy loamy 2318 ha or 84%;

sandy 12 ha or 1%;

light loamy 428 ha or 15%.

The natural vegetation on the territory of the economy is represented by forest, meadow and swamp plant groups.

Natural meadows are represented by upland, lowland and marshy meadows.

Herbaceous vegetation is represented by grass-legume and grass-forb associations.

Conclusion: The table shows that gross output increases from year to year, the average annual number of employees decreases, which indicates a "leakage" of personnel. The number of livestock is also decreasing. Compared to 2008, the number of vehicles on the farm is declining, as there are no funds to upgrade the machine and tractor fleet. The availability of energy capacities is also decreasing from year to year, which is also associated with the wear and tear of equipment and the impossibility of replacing them. All this indicates a decrease in production.

The collective farm "Oktyabr" is a large farm in terms of the sum of all indicators - in terms of agricultural land, livestock, etc. The gross output of the enterprise is higher than in the region.

Having studied the composition and structure of the enterprise's products, we can conclude that the enterprise specializes, data on these indicators are presented in table 2. Production specialization is understood as the predominant development of a particular industry, a group of interrelated industries with their transformation into commodity industries that determine the production direction of an enterprise or its division , district, region, zone.

After analyzing the data obtained on the composition and structure of marketable products, we can conclude that the main branch of the collective farm is livestock. The production direction of the collective farm is dairy and meat cattle breeding with the development of crop production. In the structure of marketable products, the largest percentage falls on livestock products - 99%, crop production is 0.4%. From this we conclude that the livestock industry is the leading one, and the crop industry is auxiliary.

2. Current state of crop production

2.1 Composition and use of agricultural land

The total land use area of the Oktyabr collective farm is 6875 hectares. The area of agricultural land is 3277 hectares, which is 47.7% of the total area, including arable land 2567 hectares (78.4%), hayfields 104 hectares (3.2%), pastures 606 hectares (18.5%). Forests occupy 3382 hectares or 49.1% of the total land area of land. Ponds and reservoirs - 20 ha (0.3%), deposits 42 ha (0.6%), swamps 11 ha (0.15%), roads 8 ha (0.1%), trees and shrubs 66 ha (0.95% ), other lands - 75 hectares (1.1%) The land fund is characterized by an average degree of development and plowing. The structure of land holdings of the economy is shown in the table.

largest specific gravity in the lands common use occupied by agricultural land, they account for 47.7%. The largest share in agricultural land is arable land, which occupies 25.67 hectares (78.4%). Forage land on the farm is represented by cultivated hayfields and pastures, which in turn occupy an area of hayfields - 104 hectares (3.2%), pastures - 606 hectares (18.5%)

As can be seen, arable land is used most effectively, since its share in the total area of agricultural land is the largest - 78.4%, while it is used by 19.6%. which indicates the inadequate use of land for agricultural cultivation. cultures.

The structure of sown areas and crop rotations adopted for implementation in collective farms and state farms, along with the solution of the main task - the production of the required amount of crop production - should prevent the detrimental effect of erosion and deflation. This is the basic principle that is taken into account when planning the structure of sown areas and rational use of land.

The data allow us to conclude that there is a well-formed and stable distribution of sown areas, 79-80.7% of which are allocated for perennial and annual grasses, 19-21% for grain crops. Fluctuations are explained by the crop rotation used in a particular year. . Since the main production direction of the economy is dairy and meat cattle breeding, the structure of sown areas includes areas for grain and fodder crops.

2.2 Economic indicators of crop production

One of the main indicators of the activity of an agricultural enterprise is the yield of agricultural crops. Increasing yields is the main way to increase crop production, as well as for livestock, increasing the efficiency of agricultural production. Yield is understood as the output per unit (hectare) of crops.

There are several basic economic indicators, such as productivity, gross production, labor costs.

Gross production is analyzed for the last three years for each crop. Gross harvest depends on changes in area and yield.

To determine the productivity of labor in the cultivation and harvesting of individual crops, indicators of labor costs in man-hours per unit of output and work performed are widely used. The amount of costs is affected by yield, organization of production, changes in technology, etc.

After analyzing the yield of agricultural crops over the past three years, we can conclude that the yield of grain crops decreased by 6.8 centners per hectare, This was due to unfavorable weather conditions during the spring field work. The yield of perennial grasses for hay increased by 1.79 centners per hectare, which is a positive moment, although it did not increase much.

Analyzing this table, we can also say that the indicator of gross output for grain has decreased significantly. But the indicators for perennial grasses for hay increased by 1367c.

Based on the data in this table, we can conclude that labor costs for grain have increased and this is also due to a decrease in yields and gross output. Labor costs for hay remained unchanged.

Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the national economy. It produces food for the population, raw materials for the processing industry, and provides for other needs of society.

Therefore, the actual problem at present is the problem of further increasing the level of efficiency of the industry.

Efficiency is a complex economic category in which the most important aspect of an enterprise's activity is manifested - its effectiveness.

A general indicator of the economic efficiency of agricultural production is the indicator of profitability.

Analyzing the level of production in the economy for the reporting year in comparison with the previous one, it can be noted that the main indicator characterizing the use of all aggregate funds is the rate of return. In 2008, the indicator for milk was 2888, in 2010 the indicator was 1108. For crop production in 2010, the indicator was 25, which is 23 higher than in 2008. The general indicator is the level of profitability. In 2008, in terms of crop production, it amounted to 27.7%. This means that for every 100 rubles of all costs, the Oktyabr collective farm received 27.7 rubles of profit. Judging by the last year, the farm is not profitable, the profitability level was -37.8, which is significantly lower than the profitability indicator of the previous year.

2.3 Provision of the crop industry with labor resources. Organization and level of mechanization of the main work processes

The decisive element of the production potential of agricultural enterprises is labor resources. The lack of prestige of peasant labor causes the problem of the outflow of rural workers to industrial enterprises. Therefore, one of the most important tasks of the heads of agricultural enterprises is to provide social and living conditions that allow avoiding staff turnover.

The total number, as well as workers, employed in agriculture has been declining throughout all the years presented in the table. The number of tractor drivers is also decreasing from 32 people in 2008 to 22 people in 2010. The number of livestock workers decreased by 3 people. The number of employees has changed slightly, and the number of managers has decreased by 1 person, and specialists by 3. The number of permanent employees has decreased by 13 people, this indicator reflects a negative trend in the economy and greatly complicates a further increase in output, it is necessary to optimize the organization of work available labor resources.

2.4 Organization of work and its payment

The modern and high-quality implementation of agrotechnical measures largely depends on how labor is organized and what its material incentives are. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the forms of labor organization used in crop production (specialized, tractor, complex teams; manual labor units, mechanized units; specialized teams; transport-sowing and harvesting-transport complexes, etc., the number of workers, the areas of crops they serve , the procedure for assigning the means of production to them, their quantity, the provision by the labor collective of production independence in the fulfillment of planned targets, the established regime of work and rest.

The remuneration of labor for plant growing workers consists of a tariff payment (payment according to tariff rates) and additional payment - additional payments based on the results of certain types of work. The tariff payment is built on the basis of the tariff system, which is a set of normative materials that make it possible to determine the remuneration of each employee according to the quality of work. Collective farm "October" uses the "Handbook on wages in state farms" to pay for labor in the plant growing industry. The size of the tariff rate of the 1st category is set not lower than the minimum wage determined by the government Russian Federation, rates (salaries) of employees of other categories of the UTS - by multiplying the tariff rate of the 1st category by the corresponding tariff coefficients approved by a decree of the government of the Russian Federation. The minimum wage does not include additional payments and allowances, as well as other incentive and social payments.

Also, this company uses a time-based wage system. With time wages, wages are paid according to the final results for the amount of work actually performed (but not lower than the tariff rate of the category assigned to him for the main job). To pay for labor in the field, a piecework form of payment is used with an additional payment for the timing and quality of work.

In addition to wages and compensatory allowances, the Oktyabr collective farm has allowances for high qualifications and professional skills. So tractor drivers, depending on their knowledge and work experience, are paid bonuses for classiness. For tractor drivers of the 1st class, the allowance is 20% of the tariff rate, for tractor drivers of the 2nd class - 10% of the basic salary. For drivers of 1st class cars, the amount of the allowance is 25% of the tariff rate, for drivers of 2nd class - 10% of the tariff rate. From January 1, 2001, in order to retain qualified personnel and employees in the farm, all employees are paid differentially depending on the length of service and financial capabilities of the farm if they have worked in an LLC from 2 to 5 years - 10% of the monthly salary; from 5 to 10 years - 15%; over 15 years - 25%.

The calculation of wages for workers in the livestock sector is as follows: wages are paid on the basis of a single tariff scale for public sector employees and at piece rates.

Taking into account the conditions and intensity of labor, as well as the prestige of labor, multiplying coefficients of 1.5 are applied.

In addition to the basic income, livestock workers are paid bonuses for high qualifications and high professional skills. Additional payments are made to the wages accrued for the production and maintenance of livestock in the amount of: for the master of animal husbandry of the 1st class - 20%, of the 2nd class - 10%. In case of violation of labor discipline, the employee loses the industry coefficient.

At present, all tractor drivers are divided into two brigades. The first is in charge of 9 tractors, the second 8 and other equipment designed for planting, processing crops and harvesting. 1639 hectares are assigned to one brigade and 1638 hectares of agricultural land are assigned to the second. Also, tractor drivers perform some types of work in animal husbandry, such as the delivery of feed. Thus, these units are busy throughout the year. Maintenance units and units are repaired by the tractor drivers themselves in the repair shop under the supervision of the chief engineer.

2.5 Organization of storage, commodity processing and sales of products

The technological scheme for harvesting grasses is selected depending on climatic conditions, the availability of equipment and the yield of the herbage. When mowing natural grasses, the machine moves in the direction of the long side of the field, while harvesting seeded grasses - in the direction of plowing. Raking grasses into windrows with a transverse rake is carried out across the movement of the mowers, and with side rakes - along the mowers. The work of forage harvesters should be organized in a group way. Their movement can be circular or tonal way. Corrals are cut by machines with a frontal cutterbar. Unloading highways or carriageways are mowed with a width of 7-8 m. Hay, silage, straw and haylage are used for fodder purposes, which is associated with the specialization of the economy. The silage is stored in specialized silo pits near the farms for easy delivery to the animals. Hay is stored in stacks. There are specialized granaries on the farm, the grain undergoes a series of treatments before being stored for storage, in particular, drying and sorting; Since the farm specializes in growing elite seeds, special attention is paid to processing before storage and the storage process. seed germination will depend on this. Grain is packed into bags for sale to other farms. An important condition is the separate storage of different crops and varieties and their protection from pests.

The salary of each employee depends on his qualifications, the complexity of the work performed, the quantity and quality of the labor expended, and is not limited to a maximum amount.

Based on the data, it can be concluded that the number of employees of the Oktyabr collective farm is decreasing every year, but at the same time, the level of wages is increasing. The average monthly salary of employees in the organization from 3929.8 rubles. rose to 61,717.4 rubles.

The variation in wages can be seen in terms of the rate of growth. The highest indicator was for tractor drivers-machinists - 170.8%, the lowest for machine milking operators, it amounted to only 95.2%, which indicates a decrease in the level of wages for this type of workers.

In 2010, the farm produced grain and legumes 3299 centners, including corn for grain, hay of any kind 9343 centners, winter straw, spring straw and chaff of all kinds 2420 centners, haylage 9640 centners. The farm also purchases cereals and legumes, in 2010 it amounted to 100 centners.

Of the manufactured products, all 12,314 centners of hay, 3,219 centners of winter and spring straw, and 12,077 centners of haylage were used for animal feed. 1,568 centners of cereals and legumes were used for seeds, and 3,386 centners were used for processing.

3. Prospects (project) for the development of crop production

3.1 Crop yield planning

Plan - is a statement of a specific goal and a detailed program for the development of an economic entity for a certain period.

The definition of crop yield is important point on-farm planning. There are several methodological approaches to the justification of the planned yield.

The main ones are the following:

Takeaway planning nutrients from the soil with the harvest

Planning using the method of quantitative assessments of determining factors

Planning by extrapolation

Planning by extrapolation of established patterns in yield dynamics

Calculation by stochastic components

However, in any case, it is necessary to take into account the specific conditions and real reserves for increasing productivity in the economy.

1. Forecasting the yield of perennial grasses using the method of quantitative assessments of determining factors

The method is based on a quantitative assessment of the dependence of yield changes on various factors. First, the dependence of yield changes on various factors is estimated.

Each of the factors influencing the increase is quantified (c/ha)

Making additional mineral fertilizers 1,9

Application of additional organic fertilizers 0.59

Crop rotation development 0.89

Use of new varieties 0.71

Land reclamation 1.51

With a weather adjustment of 22.3% and losses during harvesting of about 10%, the total loss is 32.3% or 1.8 q increase (from 5.6 q increase). The net increase will be 3.8 q/ha. Further, the fact of the last year (21.73 c/ha) of the analyzed period will be increased by the amount of the net increase.

Y forecast = 21.73 + 3.8 = 25.53 c/ha

2. Calculation of a really possible harvest according to the moisture supply of crops

The truly possible yield is the yield that can theoretically be provided by the genetic growth potential and the main limiting factor. This method does not take into account the organizational and economic conditions for obtaining crops, it is taken into account only for the moisture supply of crops. the calculation of the really possible harvest (Y two) according to the moisture supply of crops is determined by the formula:

Y two \u003d 100 * W / K in * K t,

Where W is the reserves of productive moisture, mm; K in - crop water consumption coefficient per unit of dry biomass of products (mm * ha / c); 100 is the coefficient of conversion of mm of productive moisture into centners; K t is the coefficient of conversion of dry biomass into the main product.

The total reserves of productive moisture (W) are determined by the formula:

W \u003d W 0 + 0.8 * O s,

Where W 0 - reserves of productive moisture in a meter layer of soil at the beginning of the growing season, mm; O s - precipitation during the growing season, mm.

W=200+0.8 * 600=680

Two \u003d 100 * 680/600 * 1.19 \u003d 95 c / ha

3. Forecasting the removal of nutrients with the harvest

A method is used that takes into account the balance of nutrients in the soil. The level of soil fertility is determined in two ways:

Agrochemical: by compiling soil cartograms.

It is known that the soil of a field where perennial grasses are cultivated contains 4.5 mg P 2 O 5 and 9 mg K 2 O per 100 g. To determine the content of phosphorus and potassium in the arable soil layer (in kg / ha), it is necessary to multiply the amount of nutrients contained in 100 g of soil per 30.

R 2 O 5: 4.5 * 30 \u003d 135 kg

K 2 O: 9 * 30 \u003d 270 kg

Of this amount of nutrients during the growing season

Plants can absorb 10-20% phosphorus and 30-40% potassium. Thus, plants will take out, on average, phosphorus - 20.25 kg (135/100 * 15% \u003d 20.25 kg), potassium - 94.5 kg (270/100 * 35% \u003d 94.5 kg) from the soil . Taking into account the removal of nutrients from the soil with the harvest, we determine the minimum yield of perennial grasses for

Accounting for the natural fertility of the soil without fertilization. The yield of perennial grasses for phosphorus can be 38 centners (20.25 / 5.6 = 38 centners), and for potassium 63 centners (94.5 / 15 = 63 centners), thus we choose the minimum value of the yield due to the natural fertility of the soil, without fertilizing 38c/ha.

By calculating the doses of mineral and organic fertilizers for the removal of nutrients. During the growing season, plants consume (carry out) a certain amount of nutrients from the soil. Knowing the patterns of removal of substances from the soil of perennial grasses, it is possible to calculate the doses of fertilizers for the formation of a high yield.

Calculation of doses of mineral fertilizers for the removal of nutrients.

The planned yield of perennial grasses is 50 q/ha. The soil in this area is soddy medium podzolic with an average content of phosphorus and potassium. The difference between the planned yield and the minimum yield due to the natural fertility of the soil, without fertilization, will be 12 c/ha (50-38=12), which must be obtained by fertilizing.

Based on the data on the average removal of nutrients from the soil, we determine that with a yield of 12 centners per hectare, perennial grasses remove the following amount of nutrients:

Nitrogen - 1.2 * 19.7 \u003d 23.64 kg

Phosphorus - 1.2*5.6=6.72 kg

Potassium - 1.2*15=18 kg

Knowing how much perennial grasses use nutrients from mineral fertilizers in the first year of cultivation, we determine that in order to obtain the missing amount of nutrients for the next year, it is necessary to add to the soil:

Nitrogen - 23.64*100/65=36.4kg

Phosphorus - 6.72*100/20=33.6 kg

Potassium - 18*100/70=25.7 kg

From mineral fertilizers in the economy they use ammonium nitrate, which contains 34% nitrogen, superphosphate with 20% phosphorus and potassium chloride with 56% potassium of the active substance. Let us determine how many centners of mineral fertilizers must be applied per hectare to obtain 93 centners per hectare of the crop of perennial grasses.

Dividing the required amount of a particular nutrient by the percentage of its content in mineral fertilizers, we get:

Ammonium nitrate -36.4 / 34% \u003d 1.1 c

Superphosphate - 33.6 / 20% \u003d 1.7 c

Potassium chloride - 25.7 / 56% \u003d 0.4 c

To achieve the planned results, a set of activities should be organized. An important role belongs to the application of organic and mineral fertilizers, crop rotation, etc. The type of crop also plays an important role. I propose to introduce new varieties of perennial grasses into production. The clover mixture is taken as the basis.

Rivendel

Variety type Experiments show that small-leaved white clover is more stable on perennial pastures when grazing. Rivendell is a very hardy small-leaved variety. It has short rhizomes and short leaf stalks which make it suitable for both cows and sheep due to its resistance to low grazing and maintaining a high proportion in the herbage. In a number of European trials, Rivendell has shown excellent tolerance to harsh and cold winter conditions.

Rivendell has a good seasonal and yearly distribution of dry matter yields with high average yields compared to the standard grade in 3rd and subsequent years.

Rindevel has good resistance to nematode and sclerotinia, which also increases endurance. MILKA VRS medium-leaved 2.5 VRS 2 medium/large-leaved 1.8 Control variety small-leaved 2.8 Rindevel small-leaved 1.5.

The average yield for the last three years is lower than the yield achieved in advanced farms. The decline in yields is due to improper agricultural practices on the farm, lack of equipment and its wear and tear. As well as the lack of fertilizers and seed of better quality.

3.2 Planning the structure of sown areas and placement of crops in crop rotations

In my opinion, it is advisable to introduce the cultivation of vegetables in the economy open ground, and namely tomatoes. Tomato is the most suitable crop for protected ground, but it is also grown outdoors, especially for the production of raw materials for the canning industry. In this case, I want to consider the Balcony Miracle tomato variety. The plant is undersized, determinate, 50 cm high. Productivity - 140 kg / ha. Ripening terms: ultra-early: from full shoots to the beginning of fruiting 85-100 days. The fruit is small, weighing up to 60 g, rounded, smooth or slightly ribbed. The color of the mature fruit is intense red. Excellent taste qualities. Resistant to phytophthora, which reduces the cost of protective equipment. Also, this variety of tomato is resistant to adverse weather conditions, temperature changes. Tomato "Balcony miracle" is very early, it is possible to obtain early products. The variety practically does not require pinching, which significantly reduces the cost of manual labor for care. The cost of a tomato is 3-4 rubles per kilogram.

Implementation is planned to be carried out on 1 hectare of area. Growing vegetables in open ground will help increase the profitability of agricultural production on the Oktyabr collective farm. In the future, subject to obtaining positive results, it is possible to expand the area of tomato cultivation.

In the structure of sown areas, we introduce an additional area in the amount of 1 ha for open ground vegetables (tomato) for the production of additional products. Open ground vegetables were chosen to increase the profitability of the production of the Oktyabr collective farm.

An increase in the area of arable land can be made without the transformation of land. The increase is made at the expense of unused arable land.

Crop rotation is the main integral part farming systems. This is a scientifically based alternation of crops and fallows in time and territory, or only in time in one field. Its significance is very great and is considered from different points of view - planning and economic, organizational and economic and agrotechnical.

The planning and economic significance lies in the unconditional fulfillment of the plan for the production and sale of agricultural products to the state with the full satisfaction of intra-economic needs. To this end, taking into account concentration and specialization, a scientifically substantiated structure of sown areas is being developed. She is economic basis crop rotation.

The organizational and economic significance of crop rotation is expressed in the most rational and highly productive use of machinery and labor in the interests of increasing agricultural production at the lowest cost of labor and funds per unit of output.

The agrotechnical significance of crop rotation lies in the rational use of arable land and ways to expand the reproduction of soil fertility.

The main feature of crop rotation is the indispensable periodic or annual alternation of crops in each field of the crop rotation.

To accommodate the adopted structure on the Oktyabr collective farm, 2 crop rotations should be introduced. Increasing the fertility of the fields will be achieved through the application of fertilizers.

These crop rotations are carried out with two repetitions.

The crop rotation scheme is optimal and meets all the agrotechnical requirements for their cultivation and ensures the placement of crops in the crop rotation in the amount provided for by the crop structure. That also corresponds to the specialization of the economy.

3.3 Substantiation of crop production volumes

The need for crop production consists of the volume of sales of products under concluded contracts and on the market, the need for seeds, feed, sales and distribution to farm workers, the creation of insurance funds, etc. All crops are placed in the fields in accordance with the accepted crop rotation patterns. Only crop rotation combines crop placement, fertilizer application system, soil tillage system, plant protection system, ameliorative measures system, seed production system, etc. in the most successful way. It is not expedient for the economy to significantly increase the area of arable land, since the cost of its cultivation will increase.

All crops are placed in the fields in accordance with the accepted patterns of crop rotation.

Analyzing the data obtained, it is clear that part of the crop production is used for the internal needs of the collective farm, part is sold on the market (mainly cereals), some part is used for livestock feed (perennial and annual grasses), only a small part of the produced products is used for other purposes .

3.4 Planning for the need for fertilizers and plant protection products

A rational fertilizer system that meets the natural and organizational and economic conditions of the economy is the leading factor in increasing the yield and improving its quality, increasing soil fertility and preserving it. In order to organize the rational use of the land, the collective farms are mastering the system of fertilizers. The fertilizer system includes the production of organic fertilizers, a plan for the purchase of mineral fertilizers, organization of their storage, determination of fertilizer doses, timing and methods of their application. In this farm, they have the opportunity to apply only organic fertilizers, which are obtained from livestock.

To calculate the table, it is necessary to know the content of nutrients in the soil, the removal of nutrients with the harvest, taking into account the planned harvest.

When calculating the needs of the farm in the means of protection and the need for fertilizers, large expenses are necessary.

The purchase of pesticides and fertilizers would significantly increase the yield of cultivated plants.

As you can see, the planned harvest requires a lot of money; for the selected fertilizers, the total cost is 315.8 thousand rubles. on an area of 200 hectares.

For perennial grasses, protection against harmful objects is not provided for in this farm. For the production of tomatoes, the use of the pesticide oxychom is recommended. Its cost is 1.7 thousand rubles.

3.5 Calculation of planned costs for the production of crop products

The planned costs for the production of crop products are determined by technological maps, by employees in accordance with the proposed cultivation technology. The technological map is developed for the planned tomato yield, taking into account the justification of the doses of fertilizers and plant protection products. The technological map is designed for 1 hectare of crops.

The largest share in the structure of production costs falls on the purchase of seedlings 44.6% and wages 29.3%. The smallest share falls on current repairs 1.7% and pesticides 1.1%.

3.6 Economic efficiency of crop production

The economic efficiency of production in the crop production sectors can be characterized by a system of indicators, the main of which are as follows:

Productivity of agricultural crops.

The cost of 1 centner of agricultural crops. The cost price is one of the most important performance indicators that characterizes the production and economic activities of the collective farm. The lower the cost of each type of crop production, the better its economic results.

Labor productivity.

Net income (profit) - the amount of net income per 1 hectare of crops, 1 centner of production, average annual worker.

The level of profitability of the production of individual agricultural enterprises. crops or crop production in general.

Based on the data obtained, the following conclusion can be drawn. If you sell tomatoes at a price of 1,300 rubles per 1 centner, then we get the cost of the crop per 1 hectare - 182,000 rubles. At the same time, production costs amounted to 148114.9 thousand rubles, then they received income from the cultivation of annual grasses 33885.1 thousand rubles. from 1 ha. The profitability level was 22.9%, which means that with such production costs and such selling prices, the production of tomatoes can become profitable.

3.7 Improving the organization of labor and its material incentives, organization of storage, commodity processing and sales of products

The level of mechanization in the collective farm is rather low. It is necessary to take measures to increase the level of mechanization and automation of production processes.

On the collective farm "October" they use normative - bonus wages. The main payment is made for the work performed at tariff rates for the production rate, in addition, an additional payment is made for the products received.

This system of remuneration, in my opinion, is the most effective, since additional payments, bonuses and allowances stimulate the production process. A large number of warehouses of the economy are in a dilapidated and destroyed state, the available capacities are not enough, which is why a significant part of the products is not stored properly and disappears. Insufficient post-harvest handling also leads to a large loss of production. In working warehouses and warehouses, the preservation of products is dominated by the use of extensive methods (grain shoveling, manual sorting), there are also rooms equipped with active ventilation installations, but they are clearly not enough for given production volumes.

This farm is engaged in the sale of seeds of dairy and meat products. Due to the proximity to the city, the sale of products is quite fast.

As a result of the work done, conclusions can be drawn. The object of the study was the collective farm "October". The performance indicators of production were studied. The location of the farm and the crops grown in it are considered. The sizes are established. Specialization and organizational structure of the enterprise.

The area of agricultural land is 7147 hectares, the farm is large, but it cannot cope with such areas, the work on the development and cultivation of land is weak. Large areas require a large number of workers. It is necessary to attract young professionals.

The mechanization of production on the collective farm is very low and tends to further decrease and transition to extensive production. There is also a lack of fixed assets, capital structures.

The farm has a specialization: dairy and meat cattle breeding with developed crop production. Organizational and production structure of the economy - providing the population of Staritsa, all year round, dairy products, and livestock feed.

The farm supplies income-generating products for sale and develops due to this. Low yields indicate the poor performance of agricultural technology, non-compliance with technical deadlines, low efficiency of fertilizers and protection means.

To increase the profitability of the farm, a project was developed for the prospective introduction of the Balcony Miracle tomato into production. The yield was planned and the area under it was considered. Compiled optimal schemes, appropriate doses, and means of protection. It is also planned to introduce new varieties of perennial grasses into production, doses of fertilizers are calculated to increase their productivity.

Also, as an improvement in the work of the enterprise, it is proposed:

* Modernization of fixed production assets, automation of production processes, acquisition of new equipment and machinery at the expense of borrowed funds, loans, leasing.

* Introduction of new crop rotations

* Application modern technologies cultivation of crops.

* Intensification of the crop industry through the use of mineral and organic fertilizers, as well as plant protection products.

* Increasing the yield of organic fertilizers for the crop industry by increasing the number of cattle.

* To increase the number of cattle - expanding the forage base through the introduction of new, more productive crops, more efficient use of available areas, in particular natural hayfields and pastures.

* Attracting young professionals and workers through government programs to provide affordable housing for professionals.

* To attract financial resources, it is necessary to participate in state programs for the development of the agricultural sector

* Also, to attract additional funds, unused land can be leased to other farms or farmers.

List of used literature

1. Zabazny P.A., Buryakov Yu.P., Kartsev Yu.G. Brief reference book of an agronomist: reference book // M.: KolosS, 1983.

5. Nechaev V.I., Paramonov P.F. Organization of production and entrepreneurial activity in the agro-industrial complex: a study guide // M .: KolosS, 2008.

6. Posypanov G. S. Plant growing: textbook // M.: KolosS, 2007.

7. Sutyagin V.P. Guidelines for the course programming the harvest of agricultural crops: guidelines // Tver: 2005.

8. Typical production rates and fuel consumption for mechanized field work - M., 1994.

9. Fisyunov A.V. Handbook of weed control: handbook // M.: KolosS, 1984.

Hosted on Allbest.ru

...

Introduction

The main branches of agriculture are plant growing and animal husbandry. Branches of plant growing produce more than 40% of all agricultural products of the country. Crop production is the basis of agriculture. The level of animal husbandry in Russia also depends on its level of development.
The leading role in the structure of crop production belongs to grain farming. It is grain crops that occupy almost 55% of all sown areas in the country.
Sown area in all categories of farms in 2002 amounted to 91.7 million hectares against 117.7 in 1997.
Average annual grain yield in Russia in 1996-2004 was at the level of 13.0 kg/ha (3-4 times less than in the Western European countries). However, the cost of producing 1 c. Our grains are comparatively small and of higher quality (particularly due to durum wheat).
Russia ranks first in the world in the production of barley, oats and rye, and one of the first in the gross harvest of wheat. In general, in the production of grains and legumes, the country is in fourth place in the world (after China, the USA and India). 1
Grain farming is one of the main branches of crop production. The wide distribution of grain crops throughout the agricultural developed territory of Russia is due to the significant diversity of their biological characteristics, the variety of species and varieties. The grain of cereal crops is of great food value, and also serves as a valuable feed for animals.
The natural basis of agriculture is land, and, above all, agricultural land.
Agricultural land is part of the land used for agriculture. They have a complex structure, a significant part of them falls on arable land, hayfields and pastures. In Russia, agricultural land occupies 220 million hectares (13% of the country's area), of which arable land - 120 million hectares (7% of the country's area), hayfields - about 20 and pastures - 60 million hectares. Their area is slowly and gradually decreasing due to an increase in the need for territories of various settlements, primarily cities, industrial and industrial construction, transport and other types of infrastructure construction. Compared to other countries of the world, Russia has a high supply of agricultural land, including arable land. At the same time, in different parts of the country, the specific indicators of the provision of residents with agricultural land, including arable land, differ significantly, as well as their quality. The degree of agricultural development of the territory increases from north to south.
In this regard, the chosen topic of the control work is relevant.
The main tasks are:
1. Place and role of crop production in the national economic complex of the Russian Federation
2. Placement of crop production sectors on the territory of the Russian Federation
3. The main technical and economic indicators of the development of crop production for 1997 - 2006.
4. Problems of development of crop production. Prospects for the development of the industry
1. Place and role of crop production in the national economic complex of the Russian Federation

The total area of agricultural land in Russia in the mid-90s. exceeded 200 million hectares, or only 12% of the country's territory. In the structure of agricultural land, arable land prevailed - 60%, 11% fell on hayfields and 29% - on pastures.
During the years of Soviet power, up to 1975, there was an increase in sown areas in Russia, largely due to the development of virgin and fallow lands in the eastern regions of the North Caucasus, the Volga region, the Southern Urals and Western Siberia. By 1975 Russia's sown areas more than doubled compared to the pre-revolutionary period and reached 126.5 million hectares, and then their reduction began, which continues to this day (see Fig. 1). More than half of all sown areas in Russia (53%) are occupied by grain and leguminous crops (2/3 under spring crops and 1/3 under winter crops). However, due to the more than twofold excess of the average yield of winter crops compared to spring crops, winter crops prevail in the total volume of grain production in Russia.

Fig.1. Dynamics of sown areas in Russia 2

Bread and bakery products have always occupied a dominant position in the diet of the inhabitants of Russia due to their high nutritional value, excellent taste properties, inedibility, good digestibility and satiety, ease of preparation, comparative stability in storage and low cost. According to biological nutritional standards, on average per capita per year, in our conditions, 120-140 kg of bread products are needed. But, besides bread products, a person needs meat, milk and other products.
Crop production provides 40% of all agricultural products in Russia: 43% - in 1970, 42% - in 1980, 37% - in 1990, 55% - in 2000. Animal husbandry has always depended on its development, since its forage base is largely provided by crop production.
Particularly tense situation in the grain economy modern Russia took place in the lean year of 1995, when grain production in the country fell to 428 kg per capita (see Fig. 2). This is the level of 1948 or Tsarist Russia at the beginning of the century. Experts say that if this figure drops to 400 kg, then a rationed distribution of products will be inevitable. And 300 kg per capita will turn into a real famine. Fortunately, for Russia the next 1996. was more productive, which avoided serious difficulties in the supply population bread products, and animal husbandry - concentrated feed.
In recent decades, the areas under barley have increased especially rapidly and the gross harvest of this crop has increased, as a result of which today it has firmly taken the second place among the country's grain crops after wheat. Next in the total collection are oats and rye. All other grain crops (corn, millet, buckwheat, leguminous and rice) do not play a significant role either in the sown area or in the total grain harvest in the country.

1928 1945 1960 1990
Fig.2. Gross grain harvest in Russia in 1928 - 1997 3

Of the industrial crops, fiber flax and hemp are of great economic importance. Their fiber is used in the textile and hemp industry for dressing linen, ropes and other products. From the seeds of these plants, linseed and hemp oils are produced, which are used for food, as well as used in various industries. Waste processing of fiber flax and hemp seeds is used to feed livestock. Industrial crops - fibrous, oilseed, sugar-bearing plants - provide the production of raw materials for the light and food industries: textile, oil extraction, sugar, etc. Industrial crops occupy only 5% of the total sown area (6 million hectares), but they are more expensive and their the share in gross agricultural output is much higher.

2. Placement of crop industries in the territory

Russian Federation

The nature of the distribution of agricultural crops across the country is determined both by their biological characteristics, corresponding to certain types of natural environment, and by socio-economic factors. The degree of conformity of the biological characteristics of cultivated plants with one or another type of natural environment must be considered in close connection with modern farming systems and the economic efficiency of production. This makes it possible to explain the differences between the established distribution of crops and the areas of their possible cultivation.
Each crop corresponds to the natural complex and its individual elements. For example:
vegetation period (rye - 100 days, corn - 160 - 180 days);
the required amount of positive temperatures required during the growing season (rye - 1000 - 1100 ° C, cotton - 4000 ° C);
soil quality (wheat - chernozem and chestnut; rye is less demanding, it tolerates podzolic and sod-podzolic soils well);
the degree of moisture (rice, cotton - irrigated crops, millet - dry drought-resistant crop);
light requirements (flax is a long daylight plant, corn is a short daylight crop).
The main areas of distribution of winter wheat in Russia:
North Caucasus ( Krasnodar region and the Rostov region in the first place), the Central Black Earth region, the right-bank part of the Volga region.
The main areas of distribution of spring wheat: the Volga region, the Southern Urals (Bashkiria, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg and other regions), the south of Western Siberia (south of the Siberian railway), the south of Eastern Siberia (also south of the highway, including Khakassia), the Far East ( southern part of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region).
Crops of spring and winter wheat make up the "wheat belt". To the south and north of it there are also wheat crops, but they occupy relatively small areas.
Barley crops are distributed from Primorsky Krai in the east, the Arkhangelsk region in the north to the Caucasus in the south. Spring barley is sown in all economic regions of the country. Its crops are especially extensive in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, the Central Black Earth and other regions of the European part of Russia, as well as in the south of Siberia. Crops of winter barley are located mainly in the North Caucasus.
Currently, barley is grown mainly for fodder purposes, although it also has food value, and germinated seeds (malt) are used in brewing.
Oats are common in the forest zone in areas with a milder climate, often on poor sandy loamy soils. In the forest-steppe and steppe zones, the importance of oats in the composition of grain crops decreases. In addition to the non-chernozem and forest-steppe regions of the European part of Russia, oats are sown in Siberia and the Far East.
Corn crops are small and concentrated mainly in the North Caucasus - the only region of Russia, which in terms of natural conditions (in its western part) is comparable to the famous "corn belt" in the US Midwest. In the central zone of the European part of Russia, in the south of Siberia, corn is also sown, but for green fodder and silage, which are valuable fodder, and not for grain.
Peas are most often cultivated in the Non-Chernozem zone, lentils - in the northern strip of the Central Black Earth region, beans and soybeans as crops of tropical origin are cultivated in the more southern parts of Russia. Soy is a more moisture-loving plant, its significant areas are concentrated in the Far East (on the Zeya-Bureya plain and in the Khanka lowland).
Cereal crops (millet, buckwheat, rice) occupy a very small area. They have different distribution areas due to their biological characteristics.
Millet is cultivated mainly in the steppe zone, in areas where lighter soils are distributed within the European part of Russia. The main distribution areas are the Volga region and the south of the Urals.
Buckwheat, unlike millet, does not tolerate drought well, it is demanding on soil moisture. The yield of buckwheat is increasing due to the development of beekeeping in the areas of its cultivation due to better pollination of flowers, which are valuable honey plants. The area of cultivation of buckwheat is extensive: from the Arkhangelsk region to the North Caucasus and the Black Sea region in the European part of Russia, as well as Siberia and the Far East.
Rice crops in Russia are located in the floodplains of the Don and Kuban rivers in the North Caucasus, in the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain of the Astrakhan region, the Sarpinskaya lowland in Kalmykia and in the Far East in the Khanka lowland.
The cultivation of industrial crops leads to a much more intensive use of land compared to cereal crops (the yield per hectare in value terms is much higher). However, the cultivation of industrial crops does not have such a wide geographical distribution as cereals. Industrial crops are distributed by narrowed areas, because: they are strictly limited by the region of natural conditions necessary for their cultivation in comparison with grain crops; growing most industrial crops is a very laborious process; high material consumption during their processing determines the territorial concentration of crops in close proximity to processing enterprises (for example, sugar beet crops gravitate towards sugar factories).
Unfortunately, due to climatic conditions, not all industrial crops can be grown in Russia. This is, first of all, cotton - an important industrial crop of complex use (both textile fiber, and vegetable oil, and valuable cellulose, and raw materials for many chemical industries). Relatively small in Russia are areas of effective cultivation of sugar beets and soybeans.
About 1/2 of all land allocated for industrial crops is occupied by sunflower crops in Russia. Its crops are mainly located in the steppe and dry steppe zones. Significant massifs of this culture are also found in the forest-steppe. The main producer of sunflower seeds is the North Caucasian economic region. It accounts for more than 60% of the Russian collection of sunflower seeds.
Large arrays of technical varieties of this crop outside the North Caucasus are located in the Central Black Earth and Volga economic regions. The area of distribution of sunflower crops for silage is more extensive and somewhat shifted to the north of the main areas occupied by its technical varieties.
Of all the other oilseeds cultivated in Russia, soybeans stand out, grown mainly in the south of the Far East (Primorsky Krai and the south of Khabarovsk Krai).
Sugar beet - multipurpose culture. In Russia, both technical (intended for the production of sugar) and fodder varieties are grown, but the former predominate. After the processing of technical sugar beet for sugar, a large amount of waste is obtained, which is a valuable succulent feed for cattle breeding and pig breeding.
To obtain stable and high yields of sugar beets, cultivated soils (preferably chernozems), good and uniform soil moisture throughout the summer are required. The highest yield and maximum yield of sugar per hectare of crops are achieved in the forest-steppe zone, especially in its western parts, where the frequency of droughts decreases. Sugar beet does not tolerate acidic soils. An important condition for its agricultural technology is increased labor intensity, in connection with which technical varieties of sugar beet can be cultivated only in areas with good labor supply.
About 1/2 of the gross domestic harvest of sugar beet comes from the Central Black Earth region, about 1/4 - from the North Caucasus. Outside of these main areas, technical varieties of sugar beet are cultivated in the forest-steppe zone of the Volga region, the Urals, and on a very small scale in the southeast of Western Siberia (Altai Territory).
Sugar beet occupies 1.5 million hectares, mainly in the steppe zone. Near? gross harvest falls on the Central Black Earth region (where in the last century the first sugar factories in Russia arose), about? - in the North Caucasus (mainly in the Krasnodar Territory). Along with these areas, sugar beet is cultivated in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, Volga, Ural and West Siberian regions, but their share in the total Russian production is low.
The question of the inexpediency of beet cultivation in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, partly in the Volga, Urals and especially in the West Siberian regions was repeatedly raised. However, it should be borne in mind that the former USSR met more than 1/3 of its sugar needs by importing raw sugar (mainly Cuban), and within the USSR, about 60% of sugar was produced in Ukraine. As a result, Russia is now struggling to meet its sugar needs, mostly through imports, the cost of which has skyrocketed, along with rising transport costs. That is why at this stage it has become necessary to grow sugar beet in all the above areas, without expanding the sown area for this crop.
In the European part of Russia, sugar beet is also grown in the south of the forest zone, but there are fewer sunny days, and, consequently, the sugar content of tubers is lower. Therefore, fodder varieties of sugar beet predominate in these areas.
As already noted, sugar beet is a labor-intensive crop, therefore, at this stage, when unemployment has overwhelmed all sectors of the national economy and regions as a whole, the reduction or elimination of sugar beet crops will lead to a sharp increase in unemployment in the agro-industrial complex.
The main area of flax growing is confined to the southern part of the Russian Non-Black Earth Region. In recent years, the Central Economic Region provides about 60% of the domestic gross harvest of flax fiber, the Northern and Volga-Vyatka regions - approximately 10% each. And all the eastern regions of Russia account for only 5-7% of the harvest of this crop.
Despite the deep decline in domestic flax growing, which intensified during the years of the socio-economic crisis, Russian flax growing has good prospects for further development. In recent decades, prices and demand on the world market for natural linen fabrics have risen sharply, and Russia, which has favorable agro-climatic conditions for this crop and has extensive production experience, could well not only fully meet its own needs for linen fabrics, but also produce them on export. However, this requires a radical reconstruction of the industry and, first of all, the widespread introduction of modern mechanized technologies into flax growing.
Crops of curly flax (oilseed) are common in the central and eastern parts of the forest-steppe zone of Russia. Ryzhik, which differs from oil flax in a shorter growing season and drought resistance, is cultivated in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia.
Mustard, which has a high drought resistance, is common in the Lower Volga region, in the Stavropol Territory and in the south of the Urals.
The biological characteristics of potatoes make it possible to cultivate it in vast areas. However, the territories of the forest and forest-steppe zones are more favorable for its cultivation, especially in their western and central regions with a mild climate and better moisture conditions. The placement of potatoes as a very labor-intensive crop is also influenced by economic factors, in particular labor resources. Potato crops are 90% concentrated in the European part of Russia (Central region). Potato growing farms have been established near large cities and potato processing enterprises.
Due to the relatively low demand for heat, fiber flax crops are located in many economic regions of Russia: Central (Tver, Kostroma, Smolensk and Yaroslavl regions), North-West (Novgorod and Pskov regions), Northern (Vologda region), Volga-Vyatsky (Nizhny Novgorod , Kirov region). Ural (Udmurtia and Perm region), in Western Siberia (Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk regions).

Main technical and economic indicators

development of crop production for 1997 - 2006

According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, in 2003, the production of agricultural products by all agricultural producers (agricultural organizations, peasant (farmer) households and households) in current prices, according to calculations, amounted to 1134.5 billion rubles. - 1.5% more than in the previous year. (In 2002, compared to 2001, the growth in gross agricultural output was also 1.5%). The share of the industry in the production of gross domestic product and gross value added of the country in 2003 (January - September) decreased to 5.6% (in the same period of 2002 - 6.6%).
Gross grain harvest in the Russian Federation in 2003, according to preliminary data, amounted to 67.2 mln. and a decrease in harvested areas (by 14.6%). 4
Last year, the gross yields of the main industrial crops increased - sugar beet (factory), sunflower seeds, as well as potatoes and vegetables. Growth in the production of sugar beet and sunflower seeds occurred as a result of increased yields and expansion of harvested areas (by 18.8 and 28%, respectively), while the gross harvest of potatoes and vegetables increased mainly due to higher yields. The production of flax fiber increased due to the growth in yields and the expansion of harvested areas (by 5.2%).
Data on gross yields and yields of the main agricultural crops are given in Table 1.

Table 1. Dynamics of the main indicators of crop production in the Russian Federation 5

Compared with the average annual production in the pre-reform five-year period (1986-1990) in 2003. there was an increase in the gross harvest of sunflower seeds (by 58%), potatoes (by 1.9%) and vegetables (by 32.1%). At the same time, the gross production of grain (in mass after processing) was 35.6%, sugar beet (factory) - 41.9%, and flax fiber - 2.2 times less than the average for the year in 1986- 1990s
In 2003 with a decrease in the harvest of most grain crops compared to the previous year, the gross harvest of corn for grain, buckwheat and millet increased. The dynamics of grain production by types of crops can be seen from Table 2.
Table 2.
Dynamics of grain production

It follows from the data in Table 2 that the gross yields of virtually all major grain crops are still significantly less than they were on average for the year in the last five years, which preceded the start of a radical break in agrarian relations in the country.

Fig.3.
In the structure of grain production in 2003, compared with the pre-reform years, the share of wheat increased (from 41.8% on average per year in 1986-1990 to 50.8% in 2003) and barley (from 23.1 to 26.8%), the share of corn for grain remained stable (3.2%), the share of oats (respectively 12.1 and 7.7%), rye (12 and 6.2%), legumes (from 4.2 to 2.9%), as well as cereal crops (from 3.6 to 2.4%). 6

Fig.4.
Agricultural organizations are the main producers of grain and industrial crop products. In 2003 they produced 84.2% of grain against 86.9% in 2002. (in 1995 - 94.4%), sugar beet (factory) - 88.9% (in 2001 - 91.9%, in 1995 - 95.9%), sunflower seeds - respectively 76.9, 78 .5 and 86.3%.
In the structure of production of these crops, the share of gross harvests of peasant (farm) enterprises increased. In 2003 farmers received 14.4% of grain from its total collection in farms of all categories (4.7% in 1995), sunflower seeds - 21.8% (12.3%), sugar beet - 10% (3.5%) .
Potato production is concentrated in households. In 2003 they grew 92.8% of the total harvest of this crop (in 1995 - 89.9% 7). Most vegetables are also produced in the households of the population (in 2002 - 80.1%, in 1995 - 73.4%).
The decline in gross grain harvests last year to some extent caused a systematic rise in prices for food grains. If at the beginning of November 2003 the average price (purchase and sale) of wheat of the 3rd class in Moscow and the region was 5000-5300 rubles/t, in the Central region - 4800, in the South Urals and in the Trans-Urals - 4325 rubles/t, then by the end of December it was 5800-6000.5400, 4843 rubles/t, respectively. In this regard, in order to stabilize prices on the grain market, the government, albeit belatedly, began commodity interventions on it. 8
The main results of 2002 characterize it as a period of relative stability in production and the adoption of a number of decisions that ensure further market transformations in the agricultural sector. 9 Agricultural output has increased since 2001, but the relatively high growth rates of 2000 and 2001 have not been sustained. For the second year in a row, there has been a good harvest of grain crops. In 2002, Russia became one of the largest net exporters of grain on the world market thanks to a particularly favorable foreign trade situation.
During 2002, prices for basic agricultural products were falling, while prices for industrial inputs were rising, which exacerbated the problem of price disparity. The financial condition of agricultural producers continued to deteriorate, and their debt obligations grew. important events 2002 saw the practical completion of the first stage of land reform, including the cadastral valuation of agricultural land, government procurement interventions to regulate the grain market, subsidizing from the federal budget 2/3 of the discount rate of the Central Bank on loans received by enterprises and organizations of the agro-industrial complex, including medium-term loans for up to three years. 10
In 2002, compared to 2001, the sown area and gross yields of wheat, rye, corn for grain increased, which led to the expansion of the sowing of all grain and leguminous crops by 1.6 million hectares and the growth of their gross yields by 1.3 million tons. The entire increase in the gross harvest of grain crops occurred due to an increase in the production of winter grain crops and corn for grain. Gross yields of spring wheat, spring barley, cereals and legumes decreased. The yield of all grain crops increased by only 0.2 kg/ha. Thus, the main source of grain production growth in 2002 was the expansion of sown areas in the main grain-producing regions. Relatively high grain yields and low domestic grain prices contributed to an increase in grain exports from 3.3 million tons in 2001 to 12-13 million tons in 2002 (according to the Center for Economic Studies). 11 Grain exports, combined with low domestic prices, provided large profits for trading companies. The interests of trading companies do not always coincide with the interests of the state and producers. It may turn out that, having sold grain abroad at relatively low prices in 2002, the country will be forced to buy it at higher prices in 2003. There are already prerequisites for a decrease in grain production in 2003 - the sown areas of winter grain crops for the harvest of 2003 have decreased by 2 million hectares; domestic prices for grain, the motivation of producers to expand the sown areas and increase the production of grain crops has decreased.
in 2002 compared to 2001. the sown areas of sugar beet (factory) and sunflower expanded, which, along with an increase in productivity, led to an increase in the gross yield of these crops by 6.3% and 35.2%, respectively. The production of potatoes, vegetables, fodder crops and flax fiber decreased.

4. Problems of development of crop production. Prospects for the development of the industry

The formation and development of market relations in the agro-industrial complex require agrarian reforms. IN different regions they have their own characteristics, proceed at different rates and with unequal success, but the main directions of agrarian reforms are the same for all regions.
The main steps taken in recent years to restructure the agro-industrial complex of the country as a whole, as well as its regions, are aimed at implementing ways out of the crisis.
The main goals of the restructuring of the agrarian economy are: social reorientation of the economy, the formation of a highly developed consumer sector capable of providing a sufficient level of well-being for all segments of the population.
To achieve these goals, first of all, it is necessary to stabilize agricultural production, create a modern base for processing and storing agricultural products. 12
etc.................

The state of development of the crop industry characterizes the reliability of food supply, socio-economic and political stability in the country, its food security.

However, over the years of reforms, the level of technical equipment of the crop industry has dropped sharply.

As the results of the analysis showed, the volumes of application of mineral and organic fertilizers, plant protection products have decreased, the seed production system has been destroyed. Depending on the weather, the yield of the most important crops varies considerably from year to year, and these fluctuations are intensified.

With the integration of Russian agriculture into the global economy, the increased degree of lagging behind the domestic agro-industrial complex from the world's leading food producers is becoming more and more tangible in all components of scientific and technological development. And this gap in technological development, without urgent measures, may increase.

At present, a large world experience has been accumulated in the "public" management of technological development processes. The achievement of significant success in the technological breakthrough of a number of countries was facilitated by the development of long-term target forecasts and their use as guidelines for organizing mutually coordinated activities of authorities, science and business.

Studies show that long-term forecasting of the technological development of crop industries is expedient to carry out using the normative-target approach. This approach is most acceptable in periods of transitional economy, during crises, transformations of technological structures.

It so happened historically that Russia is an agrarian country, but, despite this, today in this sector of the economy there are a number of unresolved issues that limit its development.

The country's lands are quite large, but only a small part of them is used for crops and livestock development. The reason for this is that most of the lands of Russia lie in the zone of risky farming. Crop yields fluctuate greatly under the influence of weather conditions.

In many countries, both developed and developing, the share of agriculture in GDP is a significant part. In our country, although this figure is increasing every year, it still remains low.

The main role in the development of crop production belongs to grain crops. Russia has excellent conditions for the production of grain of durum wheat in the Volga region, in the Southern Urals, in the North Caucasus. Grain production is decisive in the development of the country's agriculture. The rate of effective and stable growth of all sectors largely depends on the level of its production. The high level of mechanization of production processes ensures the low labor intensity of cereals in relation to other crops.

The food security of the country depends on the development of this industry. It is these crops that occupy almost half of all sown areas in Russia. The sown area in all categories of farms in 2014 amounted to 855.4 thousand hectares, compared to 2012, this is an increase of 8.2%. In the production of grain crops, Russia is in fourth place in the world.

An increase in the economic efficiency of grain production is associated with an increase in the level of intensification and the introduction of advanced technologies that provide for the optimal application of fertilizers, the use of high-yielding released varieties, the timely and high-quality implementation of all agricultural practices at the optimum time.

In Russia, agriculture accounts for about 4.7% of the gross domestic product and about 6% of the value of the national income. At the same time, more than 60% of the gross agricultural output is produced in crop production. Therefore, today the urgent problems of agricultural development are issues related to the increase in the volume of crop production, and hence the increase in sown areas and crop yields.

In recent years, positive trends have emerged in the production of crop products in our country. Thus, over the past years, the harvest of grain products has increased at an average rate of 5% per year. Moreover, in 2011, a record harvest of grain (94.2 million tons) and sunflower (9.7 million tons) was harvested in the history of modern Russia. Yield indicators in the republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, Oryol, Lipetsk, Rostov regions, Krasnodar and Stavropol territories exceeded those of previous years. Consequently, Russian agriculture has sufficient resource potential to increase grain production in a short time. At the same time, despite the long-term dynamics, the gross grain harvest still lags behind the indicators achieved in the RSFSR.

Sunflower production for grain increased significantly in the Southern and Volga Federal Districts.

An important sub-sector of crop production is beet growing - one of the most efficient and highly profitable sectors of the agro-industrial complex. In recent years, due to the increase in world prices for raw sugar, the profitability of beet sugar production in our country has increased. This resulted in a reduction in the volume of imports of raw sugar from 6.5 to 3 million tons per year.

Consequently, the soil-climatic potential of our region allows us to achieve an increase in crop yields, and thanks to this, crop production remains profitable, despite economic difficulties in agriculture. In addition, today a number of measures are being taken in the region to reduce the costs of commodity producers for the production of agricultural products, in particular, subsidizing part of the interest on attracted bank loans, part of the costs of insurance premiums, as well as the cost of fuel and lubricants, etc. However, this amount of subsidies is not enough, further development of tools and directions for subsidizing the costs of rural producers of all forms of ownership and management, including peasant (farm) and personal subsidiary plots, is required.

Thus, the emerging positive trends cannot be considered sustainable. Further work is needed to consolidate the results achieved, solve existing problems in the industry and further improve the efficiency of crop production. The situation is aggravated by the fact that Russia should not take Western countries as a model and blindly adopt their experience. It is necessary to go blindly in many respects and deduce our own optimal ways of reforms on the basis of trial and error. This is inevitable, because otherwise you can lose domestic agriculture forever.

In particular, in recent years the problem of rational use and protection of land resources has become aggravated. This is a multifaceted complex problem and the approach to its solution should also be of an ambiguous complex character. One of the most important conditions for ensuring an increase in soil fertility and, accordingly, an increase in crop production, is the proper use of arable land, improving the structure of crops.

The rational use mechanism is characterized by a set of measures to improve the efficiency of land use, including the use of highly efficient and low-waste technologies. This is an increase in the general culture of agriculture, improvement of the structure (composition) of sown areas of agricultural crops, pest, disease and weed control, improvement of agricultural techniques for cultivating crops, rational use agricultural machinery.

The purpose of the development and use of low-waste and resource-saving technologies is the creation of closed technological cycles with the full use of incoming raw materials and waste. Resource-saving technologies provide, for example, the production of agricultural products with the lowest possible consumption of fuel and other energy sources, as well as raw materials, materials and other resources. These include the use of secondary resources and waste disposal. Thus, low-waste technology solves two main problems: the efficient use of natural raw materials and products of their processing, on the one hand, and environmental protection from various kinds of pollution, waste, on the other. A gradual transition to complexes of low-waste and resource-saving production will significantly reduce the burden on the environment, especially at the regional level.

In order to preserve and improve soil fertility, the widespread use of organic and mineral fertilizers and the sowing of perennial grasses, especially legumes, are also important. The application of fertilizers makes it possible to optimize the mineral nutrition of cultivated crops, increase the content of nutrients in the soil and improve its physical properties, which leads to an increase in crop yields and an increase in the quality of the products obtained.

Unfortunately, at present, work on these measures to improve the efficiency of land use is being carried out very inefficiently.

Chemicalization of crop production makes it possible to use land resources in the most rational way, and also plays a significant role in increasing soil fertility and crop yields. In the total number of factors determining the increase in agricultural production, the share of chemicals currently accounts for 50-60%.

The main indicators characterizing the level and efficiency of chemicalization of agriculture are: the supply and application of mineral fertilizers in total, by type per unit area, for individual crops; the use of chemical and biological plant protection products against diseases, pests and weeds. Thus, the level of application of mineral fertilizers due to the low material security of agricultural enterprises remains extremely low. In recent years, the volume of fertilizer application in the country does not exceed 1.3-1.4 million tons. The same situation is observed in the volume of supplies and application of organic fertilizers. As a result of the inefficient solution of this problem in agriculture, the decline in soil fertility continues, which leads to difficulties in obtaining high yields and an increase in gross crop yields.

Of no small importance is the use of special sowing methods (strip, rocker and stubble sowing).

To protect soils from water erosion, deep plowing should be used, various methods of regulating snowmelt - sowing wings, rolling snow, swathing, and others. To combat wind erosion, planar tillage is required instead of plowing, leaving stubble, strip placement of crops, widespread use of perennial grasses, and grassing of heavily eroded lands.

With regard to the current stage of development, the problem of increasing the efficiency of crop production cannot be successfully solved in isolation from the problems of updating the machine and tractor fleet, allocating Money for variety renewal of seeds of agricultural crops, timely purchase of fuel, chemicals and fertilizers. Therefore, one of the most pressing issues remains the lack of funds for the purchase of machinery, technological equipment and the necessary material resources for the accelerated introduction of highly efficient technologies. But the observance of science-based cultivation technology is the basis for obtaining high-quality crop products.

According to the technical equipment of agricultural production, one can judge the level of development of agriculture as a whole. The technical equipment of the farm depends on the availability of agricultural machinery and equipment, as well as on the quantity and quality of agricultural machines purchased. Due to the mistakes made in the course of reforming the country's economy as a whole and the agro-industrial complex in particular, there is a reduction in the machine and tractor fleet, as well as moral and physical aging and deterioration in technical condition. In recent years, there has been a significant reduction in the number of agricultural machinery and equipment supplied to the countryside: the purchase of tractors has decreased by 16.3 times, trucks - by 25.7, grain harvesters - by 14.1 times. The purchase of seeders, plows and harrows has practically been suspended, which has an extremely negative impact on the development of agricultural production. Despite the fact that at present the coefficients of equipment renewal at enterprises are gradually increasing, they still remain very low (3-4%) compared to the retirement rates (8-11%). In order to achieve an optimal level of provision of agriculture and agro-industrial complex in general with machines and equipment, it is necessary to increase the existing fleet by 3-3.5 times. Almost complete restoration requires a fleet of machines for the introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers.

The technical re-equipment of agriculture should today have a clear focus on automation. In order to achieve price competitiveness in the world market, it is necessary to achieve high efficiency in sowing and harvesting, which can be achieved, among other things, by avoiding manual labor. However, agricultural enterprises, whose purchasing power has declined sharply, are unable to acquire the technical equipment they need. At the same time, the machines and equipment in operation become unusable. As a result, the technical base of Russian agriculture in recent years has changed not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively. The modern machine and tractor fleet is represented by agricultural machines that have exhausted their service life and require additional costs to maintain them in working condition.

In turn, the reduction in the size of the machine and tractor fleet leads to an annual reduction in the sown areas of agricultural crops, production and sales of crop products and, as a result, to a decrease in the profits of farms. As a result of the decrease in the level of mechanization of agricultural production in comparison with the pre-reform period, in recent years Russia has been losing at least 30% of its agricultural crops. Particularly significant are the losses from non-compliance with the agrotechnical deadlines for spring sowing, sowing of winter crops, harvesting, as well as violations of cultivation technology. The lengthening of the harvesting time due to the shortcomings of combine harvesters in some regions leads to the fact that, in addition to significant losses during harvesting, the grown crop is not harvested before snowfall and autumn bad weather.

From the foregoing, it follows that the state of the material and technical base of the agro-industrial complex is at a critical level, requiring the adoption of drastic measures with the support of state power. And yet, in the current situation, no concrete steps have been taken in this area lately.

In addition, among the unresolved problems hindering the development of agriculture in Russia, a special place is occupied by the growing price disparity. This problem of agriculture arose due to the difference in the growth of the cost of industrial and agricultural products. This causes a complication of the financial situation of agricultural enterprises, which ultimately leads to a reduction in the purchase of agricultural machinery and equipment, oil products (the price of which usually rises sharply during sowing and harvesting), mineral fertilizers and plant protection products. There is a constant rise in prices for energy carriers and other resources consumed by agricultural producers. The problem of disparity in prices for industrial and agricultural products is one of the most urgent in Russian agriculture.

Another traditional problem in modern agricultural production is low wages. For this reason, there is currently no renewal of the personnel of agricultural production. Young qualified personnel after training do not return to the countryside due to the lack of necessary working and living conditions. Incomes are low due to low labor productivity. Labor productivity, in turn, is low, due to the dilapidated equipment in operation. Accordingly, we can conclude that low wages are only a consequence of the previous points.

One of the most acute is the issue of providing agricultural enterprises with fuels and lubricants. Due to the lack of financial opportunities to pay for fuel, since the price of fuel and lubricants increases especially sharply during the period of sowing and harvesting, agricultural producers lose part or receive low-quality products. It should be noted that this problem has been actively solved in recent years. The reduction in the financial burden on agricultural enterprises was achieved as a result of the active work of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia together with the Ministry of Energy of Russia and leading oil companies with the support of the Government of the Russian Federation. From this we can conclude that the Government is taking steps towards improving the state of agriculture in the field of supply of fuels and lubricants

From the foregoing, we can conclude that in recent years there has been an increase in the production of grain products, sunflower seeds, vegetables due to the measures taken by the Government and the agro-industrial complex to financially support agricultural producers, expand the scale of insurance of sown areas, and develop agricultural equipment leasing. However, taking into account the listed problems in agriculture, it can be argued that more active support from the state is needed for the transition of the crop industry to the stage of sustainable development.

At present, in Russia, the level of state support for domestic agricultural producers and, in particular, producers of crop products, is much lower than in countries with developed agriculture. European countries actively use various tools state stimulation of exports, maintaining an acceptable level of domestic prices and reducing production costs. At the same time, the agrarian policy of Russia is not only ineffective, but sometimes it contradicts the trends that are taking shape in the world market:

1) while the United States and European countries support the demand for the products of their agricultural producers in every way, in Russia not only there is no systematic support for grain exporters, but also high export duties are periodically introduced;

2) due to the policy of the leadership of the domestic financial system, preferential leasing contracts and loans for the purchase of agricultural machinery cover the annual need for updating the machine and tractor fleet by only 65%. In addition, these benefits are not state support, as they only reduce the cost of loans to the level of developed countries.

Therefore, at present there is a need to implement additional measures to support and develop agricultural production. The competitiveness of domestic agricultural producers in the world market depends on how fully and effectively they can use internal reserves to improve the organization of production and increase its efficiency.

The current state of agriculture and prospects for its development. Development of agriculture in Russia: realities and prospects. Agricultural production in the USA

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents

Introduction