Plant world, or flora of the earth. Variety of plants Diverse plants on earth

Plants can be found everywhere on our planet, even in the most remote corners with a harsh climate. They not only decorate the Earth, but also purify the air, are food and building material. The variety of plants is amazing: in nature there are very tiny specimens, and real giants, reaching several tens of meters.

Algae are the inhabitants of water, which differ from other plants in the simplest structure. They do not have roots, stems and leaves, and nutrients they absorb with their whole body.

The size of algae can be very different. There are absolutely tiny algae that can only be seen under a microscope. In summer, there is a "bloom" of water, when it becomes saturated green color. This shade of water is given by unicellular green algae.

In nature, there are specimens that can reach a length of 40 meters. Such algae grow in the seas and oceans.

Rice. 1. Algae.

Small algae float freely in the water, while large ones attach to the bottom and form a real underwater jungle. Coloring can also be very different: brown, green, red.

mosses

Mosses are small plants whose height does not exceed a few centimeters. These are one of the most ancient inhabitants of the planet, which appeared much earlier than dinosaurs.

Since mosses do not have true roots, they may appear weak and fragile at first glance. But that's not the case at all. Mosses are extremely hardy plants, able to survive in the harshest climates. But they prefer to live in moist shady corners of the forest.

Outwardly, mosses are very similar to sponges, and are able to absorb water. If you take a piece of moss in your hand and squeeze it, then a lot of water will flow out of it.

Ferns are one of the most ancient plants, widely distributed around the globe, but are most often found in humid forests. These plants have adapted to different conditions habitats, and are able to grow not only in the soil, but also on trees, in rock crevices, even in the desert.

Ferns range in size from very tiny to large tree-like forms up to 25 m high. They are distinguished by beautiful long feather-like leaves.

Rice. 2. Ferns.

Ferns have roots, short stems and large leaves, but they never flower. These plants do not have seeds. Instead, they form spores, with the help of which they reproduce.

coniferous plants

The main difference between coniferous trees is the shape of the leaves, which resemble needles. These are needles, thanks to which trees can grow in regions with a cold climate. In winter, instead of shedding their leaves like all other trees, conifers retain their needles. Their change occurs once every few years.

Coniferous plants include larch, fir, pine, spruce, cedar, juniper.

flowering plants

The most widespread on our planet flowering plants. They can be found on any part of the land, from Antarctica to the Arctic.

The main distinguishing feature of all flowering plants is the formation of flowers, which, after withering, form fruits with seeds. Once in the ground, the seeds germinate - this is how flowering plants reproduce.

Rice. 3. Lily of the valley.

All cultivated plants that man brought out are representatives of this department of plants.

Plant Diversity Table

	*Root*	*Stem*	*Leaves*	*reproduction*	*Peculiarities*
lower plants
					live in water
higher plants
					They live in humid shaded places, are very hardy, do not have flowers.

		stiff	In the form of needles - needles	Seeds are formed in cones	Almost all representatives are evergreen
Flowering		grassy or woody	sheet plate	Flowers that produce fruits with seeds	Have a great variety

What have we learned?

When studying the topic “Plant Diversity” under the 3rd grade program of the world around us, we learned how large and diverse the world of plants is. We found out that in nature there are lower plants with a simple structure, and higher plants, which are distinguished by a more complex structure and a variety of forms.

Topic quiz

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Looking out the window or walking along the street, you can endlessly admire the beauty of the surrounding nature. And all this beauty is mainly made up of plants. So diverse, bright, lively and juicy, they simply beckon to touch them, enjoy their aroma and admire their magnificence to their heart's content.

Variety of plant organisms

Oh, what a variety of plants there is! In total, today there are over 350 thousand species of these unique creatures of nature. All of them are not the same external structure, and in terms of lifestyle and internal features.

The plants occupy an entire kingdom. The simplest classification for these organisms would be:

lower (the body is not divided into organs, these are algae and lichens);
higher (the body is divided into organs, these are those that have a root, stem and leaves).

In turn, the species diversity of plants of the highest category is manifested in the division into the following groups:

Spores (mosses,
Gymnosperms (coniferous, ginkgo, cycad).
Angiosperms, or flowering.

Each systematic group has its own classes, genera and species, which is why the diversity of plants on our planet is so great.

life forms

One of the most important signs by which representatives of the flora differ from each other is their appearance. It is this feature that underlies the classification by life forms. The diversity of plants can be seen if they are classified into groups:

Trees (coniferous: pine, spruce, fir and others; deciduous: birch, oak, poplar, apple tree and others).
Shrubs (lilac, hazel, honeysuckle, etc.).
Shrubs (currant, wild rose, raspberry).
Semi-shrubs (wormwood, astragalus, teresken, saltwort).
Semi-shrubs (lavender, sage).
Herbs (feather grass, sedge, forget-me-nots, kupena, lilies of the valley, and so on).

This classification covers only the highest angiosperms, which are the majority on the planet.

Seaweed

The diversity of plants and animals in the seas and oceans has always been admired by all researchers and simply lovers of the underwater world. Beautiful and unusual, bright, dangerous and defenseless, they make up a whole world, not fully explored, and therefore alluring and mysterious.

What representatives of the flora are found here? These are algae and aquatic plants that stay near the surface of the water or are immersed in it with roots and part of the stems.

Algae are divided into several departments:

Blue-green (for example, cyanobacteria).
Green unicellular (chlamydomonas, volvox).
Green multicellular (ulotrix, spirogyra, ulva).
(fucus, kelp, sargassum).
Red (porphyry, radimeria).

Main distinctive features These plants consist in the fact that their body (in multicellular representatives) is not divided into organs. It is represented by thallus and rhizoids, which perform the function of attachment to the substrate.

blooming aquatic species

The diversity of aquatic plant species is not limited to algae. A lot of beautiful flowering representatives delight with their magnificence, floating on the surface of the water or plunging into it only partly.

These include:

different types of water lilies;
calla;
vodokras ordinary;
bulrush;
tail;
loosestrife monetized;
host;
needle swamp;
manna;
urinate the water;
Siberian iris;
buttercup water;
calamus marsh and many others.

The variety of plants in salt and fresh water bodies is so great that it is possible to create entire landscapes, both artificial and natural. People use representatives of the flora to decorate aquariums, design ponds and other artificial sources.

Spore

This group includes about 43 thousand species from various departments. The main ones are as follows:

Bryophytes (liver mosses, anthocerotes, bryophytes);
Lycopsoid (moss);
Horsetails (horsetails).

The main feature is the method of reproduction, which is reduced to the formation of specialized cells - spores. It is also interesting that these plants live by alternating generations in the development cycle: the sexual generation of the gametophyte is replaced by the asexual sporophyte, and vice versa. Such representatives are not able to bloom and form seeds and fruits, and therefore belong to the category of spores. Their life is very dependent on water, since reproduction occurs only in a humid environment.

Representatives are of great economic importance and are widely used not only in nature, but also in human life. decorative, medicinal use their importance to people.

Conifers

Conifers include plants that have the following features:

in a special needle shape and are called "needles";
the life form of these plants are trees and shrubs;
internal composition abounds essential oils, resins and terpenes;
seeds are formed, but flowers never appear;
the seed is enclosed in cone scales and is bare, hence the other name - Gymnosperms.

There are a lot of species of coniferous trees, about 630. They make a great contribution to the overall diversity of the plant world, are long-lived and valuable tree species. According to some reports, there are pine trees that are over 5,000 years old! The appearance of conifers very much enlivens any area, delights and fascinates with its grandeur. The most common types can be called:

pines;
cedars;
larches;
cypresses;
juniper;

One of the main attractive features of these plants is that they are evergreen and do not shed their leaves during the winter cold (the exception is larch).

Flowering or angiosperms

This is the most numerous of all the currently known groups of plants, which is estimated at more than 280 thousand species. main feature- this is a formation in which there are special structures adapted for reproduction.

The flower develops an ovary and a seed, which is then protected by the tissue of the fruit. That is why these plants are called angiosperms. The flowers themselves are so varied appearance, shape, color of the corolla, size, which can only be admired and surprised.

Of great importance among flowering plants is given to medicinal plants. They help people and animals in the fight against various diseases, affect almost all body systems.

The classification of flowering plants is extensive, so we will consider only the most common families of the two main classes - monocots and dicots.

Monocots: cereals (rye, wheat, oats, sorghum, millet, corn), lilies (tulips, lilies, hazel grouse), bulbous (onions, garlic, perennial meadow grasses).
Dicotyledons: Rosaceae (rose hips, pears, plums, apples, raspberries, strawberries, roses), butterflies or legumes (peanuts, lupins, acacia, soybeans, peas, clover, beans, beans), cruciferous (cabbage, rapeseed, mustard, horseradish , radish), nightshade (tomatoes or tomatoes, peppers, nightshade, eggplant, petunia and others), Compositae (dandelions, chamomile, cornflowers, sunflowers, coltsfoot and others).

The variety of flowering plants is so great that it is, of course, impossible to cover them all in one article. After all, each family has hundreds and thousands of species, has its own individual characteristics in structure and appearance.

poisonous plants

Unfortunately, despite their unsurpassed beauty, many plants have strong toxic properties, that is, they are poisonous, contain substances in various concentrations that can paralyze or kill a person, animals, and any other living beings.

It is worth introducing children to such representatives from childhood so that they understand how dangerous it can be. the world. The variety of poisonous plants is quite large, there are thousands of species. To name just a few common representatives:

snowdrop snow;
hyacinth orientalis;
autumn colchicum;
daffodils;
amaryllis;
May lily of the valley;
soporific poppy;
the dicentra is magnificent;
common buttercup;
irises;
dieffenbachia;
rhododendrons;
oleanders and many more.

Obviously, this group includes medicinal plants. In an increased dose, any medicine can become a poison.

insectivorous flowers

Some plants of the tropics and the equatorial part of the planet are interesting in terms of the way they feed. They are insectivorous and emit not a pleasant and exciting aroma, but a fetid smell. Main types:

Venus flytrap;
sundew;
nepenthes;
sarracenia;
pemphigus;
zhiryanka.

Outwardly, they are very interesting in shape and bright in color. They have different mechanisms and devices for capturing and digesting insects and small rodents.

Diversity of plants on earth

mosses

seaweed

ferns

flowering

coniferous

Mosses are very ancient representatives of the plant kingdom.
Mosses grow only in places of increased moisture.
They participate in the formation of swamps, the creation of peat, and affect soil moisture.

These plants are often referred to as living fossils. They need protection.
Ferns help scientists understand how the diversity of the plant kingdom of the Earth developed.

SEAWEED

Scientists believe that among the plants that exist on Earth, the most ancient are blue-green algae. Their age is about three billion years.

coniferous plants

Differ in special needle-shaped leaves - needles.
The needles do not fall all at once, like ordinary leaves, but gradually, over several years. Therefore, coniferous trees all year round green.

FLOWER PLANTS

Now flowering plants dominate the Earth. They are called so because they have flowers, from which fruits with seeds are formed.

flowering plants

Flowering plants are the most numerous and widespread group of plants on Earth.

By 2004, scientists managed to classify about 290 thousand species, including 240 thousand flowering, 16 thousand mosses, 11 thousand ferns, 8 thousand green algae.

Plants are found everywhere.

In the forest

In the mountains

In the pond

in the meadow

In the house

In cities

In a desert

in the steppe

Question #1

What plants are called "living fossils"?

Question #2

What plant species do scientists consider to be the most ancient on earth?

Seaweed

Question #3

What is "J" AND VICA?

AND And Vitsa is the resin of coniferous trees.

Question #4

Do needles fall on coniferous trees?

The needles fall off gradually over several years.

Question #5

What type of plant is currently dominant on Earth?

Now flowering plants dominate the Earth.

Public lesson

On the knowledge of the world in 3 "B" class

On the topic: Diversity of plants on Earth»

Prepared by:

Melnikova Lyubov Alexandrovna

Primary school teacher

Educational : to give children an idea of the diversity of plants on Earth, their role in nature and human life.

Developing e: to develop the ability to isolate the main thing, to establish causal relationships, to systematize the material.

Educational : to instill a respect for nature, to form communicative qualities, a culture of communication, a sense of a healthy lifestyle

Equipment:

Textbook "Knowledge of the World" by K. Zhunusova

Presentation "Diversity flora»

Handout

Computer, multimedia projector, screen

Crossword

Lesson progress

Organizing time. (greeting guests, mood)

Psychological mood. (2 minutes)

I see you all today good mood. Smile and give your smiles. I wish you good luck today, so that you will definitely learn something new, and this lesson was interesting and exciting.

Show emoticons that match your mood

And I want to wish “put your mind and heart into work, cherish every second in labor”

Checking homework:

What is soil?

a) the surface layer of the earth

b) a piece of land

c) the top fertile layer of the earth

What is soil made of?

a) from microbes, plant roots, various animals living in the soil

b) from air, water, humus, sand, clay, salts

c) from air, water, humus, sand, clay, salts, as well as microbes, plant roots and various animals living in the soil

The humus is:

a) fertile soil

b) soils containing sand

What role do earthworms in the soil?

a) harm plants

b) loosen the soil, supplying it with oxygen, process humus

c) none

To better grow vegetables in the garden, people?

a) water the soil

b) water the soil, loosen the soil, apply fertilizer, remove weed roots

c) do nothing, so everything grows

Organizational and psychological moment of the beginning of the lesson.

And I will begin our lesson with a conversation of one student. And here's what he said:

“I’ll grow up and discover some living creature. Just don’t be late.” To which they replied: “It’s never too late to learn and discover something.” The main thing is to be attentive and observant and you will make many amazing discoveries.

One discovery is already waiting for us today at the lesson.

Actualization of knowledge and problem statement.

On the board slide number 1

What do the objects depicted in these pictures have in common (living beings)

Prove (they breathe, eat, grow, reproduce, age and die)

SLIDE #2

Which picture is missing? (wolf)

Why? (it belongs to the animal kingdom)

To which group would you classify the rest of the pictures? (plant kingdom)

Why? (because they have a root, a shoot, a flower, a fruit with seeds)

Is it possible to list all representatives of the plant kingdom (no)

Why? (there are a lot of them)

Everywhere you look, plants are everywhere. From ancient times, man, collecting and then cultivating plants, learned their useful and harmful properties. This is how the science of plants appeared, the name of which you will learn by solving a crossword puzzle.

The keyword is encrypted vertically.

Tree that bears fruit - acorns (OAK)

Look at the fence

The queen of the garden blossomed.

Not a tulip, not a mimosa.

And in the thorns beauty .... (rose)

GREEN CARPET OF THE EARTH (GRASS)

THOUGH IT'S NOT FIRE, BUT IT'S BURNING. (NETTLE)

Kids know this fruit

like to eat his monkeys (BANANA)

6. They talk about her weeping (Willow)

7. A porcupine stands on the window and has fun, but no one will give a hand, afraid to prick (CACTUS)

8. Beautiful flower red seeds used in cooking (MAC)

So the key word is BOTANY. The science of plants, which got its name from the Greek word BOTANE - grass. Let's go back to the words from the crossword puzzle.

Oak. What is this? (tree) and what kind of trees grow with us. Rosa - what is it? (flowering plant)

Look at the trees, flowers, herbs. How many plants grow on earth. And what are they all? (different)

The topic that we will begin to study with you today is called

"VARIETY OF PLANTS ON EARTH" SLIDE No. 3

TOPIC "PLANT DIVERSITY ON EARTH"

SLIDE No. 4 PICTURES OF DIFFERENT PLANTS Let's admire this monovariety

CAREFULLY look at these pictures, tell me how the plants differ from each other? (size, shape, color, living conditions, structure)

Let's remember what parts plants are made of. Let's do the task in groups. Card number 1. Work directly in the card. Adding your answer. You have 3-4 minutes for this.

Card #1

Identify the organ that anchors the plant in the soil (ROOT)

Branched part of a plant that bears leaves, buds and flowers (STEM)

Grows - turns green, flies - turns yellow, falls - turns black (LEAF)

Part of a plant that looks like a corolla of petals (FLOWER)

Sometimes tasty, juicy, but sometimes dry, hard, formed in place of the flower (Fruit)

From it grows a new plant (SEED)

Examination

Each group is asked one question, the rest of the groups check.

Slide PARTS OF THE PLANT No. 4

Well done guys, you did a great job.

Do all plants have named parts? (no)

Right. That is why botanists divide the plant kingdom into groups.

What do you think, what goal will we set for ourselves today and will look for answers to it?

The purpose of our lesson is to get acquainted with the groups of plants and the features of their structure, that is, according to what signs scientists divided all plants

Group work. Learning new.

So the guys scientists divided the entire plant kingdom into 5 groups. And which ones you will find out now. Speakers, please give everyone a number. The teacher puts numbers at this time. The first group will study algae, the second group will study mosses, etc.

Gr. No. 1 - algae

Card assignments

Retell in pairs

-Where are algae found?

-What size are they?

-What kind do they have?

Gr. No. 2 - MHI

Card assignments

Choose a plant suitable for your group

Retell in pairs

Answer questions on your card

-Where do mosses grow?

-What parts do they have?

-Are there many of them in the world?

Gr. No. 3 - ferns

Card assignments

Choose a plant suitable for your group

Retell in pairs

Answer questions on your card

- How easy is it to recognize ferns?

-What parts do they have?

- Are there many of them in the world?

Gr. No. 4 conifers

Card assignments

Choose a plant suitable for your group

Retell in pairs

Answer questions on your card

-Name several elements of coniferous plants.

-What kind of leaves do they have?

What parts do conifers not have?

Gr. No. 5 - flowering plants

Card assignments

Choose a plant suitable for your group

Retell in pairs

Answer questions on your card

-What parts do they have?

– Where do they meet?

– When they bloom ?

Seaweed - these are lower plants that live in water, in algaethere are no roots, stem, leaves, flowers and fruits with seeds. They absorb everything they need with the entire surface of their body. They can be quite small, in the form of balls. This is chlorella. But also quite large, similar to long threads or ribbons, for example, "seaweed" - kelp.

Mosses. In a humid forest, in a swamp, on the trunks of old trees, mosses can be found. Mosses have stems and leaves, but no roots or flowers. They obtain water and minerals from the stem and leaves. Mosses usually form dense clusters in dark places and close to water.

ferns plants that live in damp shady places. .They have root, stem, leaves. They do not have flowers or fruits. Fern leaves are like feathers. Ferns never bloom. Ferns are herbaceous or tree-like. There are ferns - giants - these are trees up to 200 meters high.

coniferous plants - these are trees and shrubs with leaves-needles. These plants have roots, stems and leaves. They have no fruits and flowers, seeds are formed in cones. Most coniferous trees are evergreen. There are about 6oo species of coniferous trees. Coniferous plants include - pine, juniper, cedar, spruce.

flowering plants - the most widespread group on the whole Earth. These are plants that have flowers. They have all organs - root, stem, leaves, flower, fruit and seed. These include trees that give fruit (oak, birch, apple tree), shrubs - a dog rose, lilac, currant, herbs (dandelion, strawberry, lily of the valley) and all flowers.

Each group had questions, let's check how you answered the questions. Each group reads the question and answers.

Other groups can ask questions

Well done guys, you have successfully completed this task.

Summarizing conversation

How many groups did scientists divide the entire plant kingdom into? (for 5 groups)

Name them. (algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants)

For what hallmarks scientists divided them into such groups? (by structure, growth condition)

How carefully you listened and learned new things about plants, we will check by filling out a table on this topic on this topic.

Examination

But before we finish our lesson, I would like to consolidate the knowledge you have gained.

Each group makes a question on the topic and by choosing a group asks it, other groups can add something if the group did not fully answer the question posed.

Let's remember what goals we set in the lesson.

Have we learned about the structural features of each group?

Have we achieved our goals?

Creative task

Group work. Decorate pictures of plants and stick them on the globe models. And show us your variety of plants.

Exhibition of works

Reflection. Success rainbow. Each of you worked fruitfully today, evaluate your work

Lesson summary

– What's new did you learn about in class?

Who in the group would you like to thank?

Will the knowledge gained be useful to you in the classroom?

Homework. Choice

pp 108-109 read and retell,

retell and make a crossword puzzle.

prepare a message by selecting any group of plants

Conclusion of the lesson.

And finally, please put your hands on your chest (one under the other), close your eyes and try to send a piece of your warmth into your hands. Do you feel your hands become warmer? Now slowly blow on your hands and send your warmth to the Universe. Let our world become a little better from the warmth of our hearts. The lesson is over.

Conifers (gymnosperms) Although the total number of species of conifers is relatively small, they play a very important ecological role. Coniferous dominant plants in vast areas of land. Many coniferous plants secrete a resin designed to protect the tree from insects and fungi. Resin of fossil trees amber. amber

The use of amber in ancient world Since time immemorial, people have endowed fossil resin, whose age is estimated at millions of years, with miraculous properties. A small piece of amber jewelry was often more expensive than a young slave in the slave market, because the delivery of amber to Rome along the Amber Route was fraught with great difficulties. Medicines and jewelry made from fossilized resin were recommended for a variety of diseases. Even the Roman scientist Pliny the Elder (2379 AD) was convinced that amber amulets protect against male diseases and mental disorders.

Pea cypress - Chamaecyparis picifera. Of the cypress varieties, only this species can be fearlessly purchased for a garden near Moscow, and even then it is worth choosing a protected quiet place in the garden for it. These are slow growing shrubs with elegant green, blue or yellow needles.

Microbiota - Microbiota decussata, a wonderful, unfortunately little known ground cover coniferous plant for shade and partial shade, 0.5 m high, spreads, by the age of 10 it will take 1.5-2 m. The needles are very beautiful in summer, dark green, in spring and autumn - red-brown. It is not exacting neither to moisture, nor to the soil, does not break with snow. Bad transplant.

Ferns In a dark, shady corner of the forest you can find a large herbaceous plant with dark green oblong leaves and a thick rhizome covered with numerous dry scales. This fern is a very common perennial plant.

Ferns Many probably know about the ancient holiday of Ivan Kupala, or Ivan's Day. There was a belief that on the night before Ivan's Day (June 24), the fern blooms only once a year, shining with a fiery flame and illuminating everything around. It was believed that the fern flower has a wonderful property to open treasures. Many tried to find a flowering fern, but no one succeeded because the fern does not bloom at all!

Algae Organisms grouped under the algae group have a number of common features. In morphological terms, for algae, the most significant feature is the absence of multicellular organs - roots, leaves, stem, typical for higher plants. For most algae, water is a permanent habitat, but many of their species can live out of water. MARINE MACROPHYTES are the largest algae in the world. These multicellular organisms resemble green plants more than any other algae.

Moss habitats Mosses are found on all continents, including Antarctica, often in extreme conditions a habitat. Mosses usually form dense clusters in shady areas, often in close proximity to water, although they can also be found in relatively open, dry areas. Among mosses there are species living in freshwater reservoirs. There are no marine life, although some species settle on the rocks in the surf. Moss in the drainpipe in winter.

Green mosses. They are found everywhere: they grow on the soil, tree trunks, rocks and roofs of houses, but are most widespread in damp forests, forming a continuous green carpet. One of the most famous and most common mosses is cuckoo flax, which forms dense tufts of erect, unbranched stems densely covered with narrow linear-lanceolate leaves.

Sphagnum A feature of sphagnum mosses is the continuous growth of the stem at the top and the death of the lower part. However, the complete decay of dead parts does not occur, since there is little oxygen in waterlogged soil. Peat is formed. Sphagnum is a common name for various (primarily in color) types of moss: “white moss”, “brown moss”, “red moss”, etc. Common to all mosses is that living on very wet soils, they accumulate in there is a lot of water in the leaves and in the surface layers of the stems.

The work of the primary school teacher Nazarova A.N.