Interesting facts about plants of the Far East. Animals and plants of the Far East. Treehead: favorite of the sun

Kalopanax seven-lobed (Kalopanax septemlobum) or white walnut

The Araliaceae family is mainly late-flowering shrubs, but quite tall trees are also found among them. Let's talk about some representatives of this family: white walnut, high lure, bicolor lespedeza.

white walnut

Among the extensive Araliaceae family, to which ginseng, bushy Aralia, Acanthopanax and Eleutherococcus belong, there are real trees. Of these, at the latitude of Moscow, only the seven-lobed calopanax (Kalopanax septemlobum) can be grown. Its other names are dimorphant or white walnut. In the south of Primorsky Krai, where it grows in broad-leaved and coniferous-broad-leaved forests, it is a huge tree 10–25 m tall with a slender powerful trunk (50–80 and even 120–150 cm in diameter). The crown is rather low-set, well-formed, tent-shaped or round-ovate. The bark of the trunk and branches is light, silvery-gray, smooth, in older trees it is darker and deeply longitudinally furrowed. The trunk, branches and shoots are planted with numerous strong, laterally compressed thorns up to 1–2 cm long, on the trunks the thorns gradually disappear with the age of the tree, by the age of 50 they are almost completely absent and remain only on the crown.

The leaves are usually seven-finger-lobed, almost round in outline, usually with a width exceeding the length (8–25 cm long, 10–35 cm wide), with a truncated or deeply heart-shaped base, green above, shiny, lighter below, sometimes bluish, glabrous. The lobes are broadly triangular, broadly ovate to oblong or lanceolate, with a sharp apex. The petioles are equal in length to the plate or exceed it.

The flowers are small, whitish, on thin pedicels 5–10 mm long, in many-flowered umbels about 2 cm in diameter, sitting on long peduncles and collected, in turn, 100 or more in large terminal umbellate inflorescences 20–30 (60) cm in diameter, effectively standing out against the background of foliage.

Fruits are spherical, bluish-black, with fleshy pulp and two trihedral stones.

Flowering in July-August, fruiting in September-October. In St. Petersburg, it grows slowly, freezes slightly. In Moscow, it is winter-hardy, but does not bloom.

According to the shape of the leaves, the degree of their lobation, as well as the degree of development of the thorns, 2 varieties are distinguished:

• Var. maximowiczii - with a predominance of deeply palmately divided leaves and with numerous spines. This variety is more common in culture, especially in foreign countries. This also includes Variegata - with white-colored leaves.
• Var. magnificum - with shallow palmate-lobed leaves and a few thorns. The leaves of this variety are pubescent on the underside with curly hairs, while the variety with bare leaves is designated as var. typicum.

High lure (Oplopanax elatus)

With a certain degree of convention (since it blooms at the end of June-July), one more representative of the Araliaceae, rarely found in culture, can be included in the group of late-flowering ones - zamaniha.

Zamaniha high (Oplopanax elatus) - a shrub about 1 m tall, less often up to 1.5–2 m, with straight, unbranched or slightly branched trunks, dressed in light gray bark and densely seated with easily broken off needle-shaped spikes 3–10 mm long. The leaves are rounded in outline, with a heart-shaped or notched base, 15–30 (40) cm in diameter, glabrous or with scattered spines above, spiny along the veins below, shallowly 5–7-lobed. Petioles 6–16 cm long, densely covered with yellowish bristles and spines.

Inflorescences 7–18 cm long are collected in the form of an elongated brush or weakly branched panicle, consisting of umbrellas 9–13 mm in diameter. The fruits are bright red, 7–12 mm long. Blooms in June-July. The fruits appear from September. It grows in the south of Primorsky Krai in the upper part of mountain coniferous forests, forming groups and thickets. Zamaniha is demanding for constant high humidity of air and soil and for a large stable snow cover.

Tincture of lure is similar in properties to ginseng, but is weaker. It is used as a central stimulant nervous system in depressive and asthenic conditions.

Contraindications to taking lure drugs: irritability, insomnia, hypertension.

White walnut and high lure are listed in the Red Book of Russia. Harvesting them in nature is possible only under special licenses, with the permission of environmental authorities.

Lespedeza bicolor (Lespedeza bicolor)

Lespedeza bicolor (Lespedeza bicolor) is a shrub up to 2.5 m tall, with a thin, dense, black bark with lentils on old (10-12-year-old) trunks. The branches are rod-shaped, up to 2-3 cm in diameter at the base, directed upwards. The ends of the branches are frosted over every year even in the south of Primorye. Forms abundant root offspring. Lives up to 50-55 years. Shoots are ribbed, green, slightly pubescent, one-year-olds are red-brown, glabrous. The leaves are trifoliate. Leaflets are elliptical, rounded or notched at the apex and with a short thin spine, 2–5 cm long and 1.5–3 cm wide. Young - silky pubescent, and later - almost naked.

The flowers are red or pink-purple, in axillary racemes, 4–8 cm long, forming large terminal pyramidal panicles. Pods are flat, 5–7 mm long, 1-seeded. Seeds are kidney-shaped, about 2.5 mm long and 1.5 mm wide, almost black, with light brown spots. Blooms from July to September.

The fruits ripen in September-October. Distributed in Transbaikalia, the Amur Region, in the south of the Khabarovsk Territory, in South Sakhalin, in the Primorsky Territory, as well as in China and Korea. It grows in the undergrowth of mixed and deciduous forests, especially from Mongolian oak and black birch, forms thickets on the edges, in cutting areas and conflagrations. It is considered an indicator of soil fertility.

Due to the abundant bright flowers and light greenery, the ability to grow, fix the soil and enrich it with nitrogen, it is recommended for landscaping in the southern part of the forest zone, as well as for the southern regions of the country. A very valuable fodder plant for cattle.

Preparations of flavonoids from the leaves of lespedeza have a diuretic effect and contribute to the excretion of nitrogenous metabolic products from the body.

IN home first aid kit you can use dried lespedeza leaves. They are brewed instead of tea and drunk to prevent kidney disease.

The Far East is an amazing territory, whose nature is able to surprise with its diversity, beauty and even some fabulousness. And the flora of this region is so rich that a detailed list of it will take more than one page. So a significant area of ​​the territory of the Far East is covered with mixed forests. Let's talk on this page www.site about what the mixed forests of the Far East of Russia are in a little more detail, let's recall which plants in mixed forests are more common than others, including trees characteristic of these territories.

The main feature of the mixed forests of the Far East is that in these places the Siberian taiga, as well as the subtropics, come together, mixing in the most amazing way. Gloomy spruces can be fancifully shrouded in clusters of wild grapes, and cedar and larch can grow near a cork tree, as well as near a Manchurian walnut. Mountain slopes can be covered with larch with birch undergrowth, and cranberries can be found in its moss cover. And just a few meters away, a linden forest grows safely with lush thickets of prickly aralia and fragrant jasmine bushes.

Plants of mixed forests of the Far East. General list

Forests are the predominant type of vegetation in the Far East. They cover approximately 60% of its territory. Mixed forests are represented by coniferous-deciduous forests.

The dominant conifers are considered to be whole-leaved fir and Korean pine. Korean cedar also occupies a significant place. Whole-leaved fir forms forests, in all tiers of which there are various heat-loving representatives, including hornbeam and small-fruited, actinidia, Sakhalin cherry, Manchurian and false-sybold maples, dimorphant, etc.

Also, the mixed forests of Russia in the Far East are rich in a variety of types of lindens, for example, Amur, take and Manchurian. Elms are found in them, for example, valley and mountain. In addition, Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut and other types of maples (small-leaved, green-bark, etc.) grow in the Far East. The second canopy of the tree layer consists of the Amur katnik, mountain ash (Amur and bicolor), Amur lilac, Maksimovich cherry, etc.

As for shrubs, the mixed forests of the Far East include mock oranges, honeysuckle, eleutherococcus, aralia, weigela, euonymus, Manchurian hazel, etc.

In forest clearings, as well as along the edges, various trees and shrubs are twined with lianas, in total there are about fifteen species. The most famous plants of this type should be recognized as Amur grapes, Chinese magnolia vine, among them there is also a vineyard, red bubble, actinidia, etc.

As for the grass cover, in mixed forests it can be either poorly developed or dense, quite high and at the same time diverse. In particular, many flowering herbs are found on the edges of the forest, as well as in its clearings. The most common crops of this type should be recognized as the forest Volzhanka, palm-shaped meadowsweet, lilies of the valley, lilies, beautiful days and others.

In spring, before the leaves bloom on the trees, as well as on the shrubs, ephemeroids appear, which delight the eye with a bright color. Such plants include forest poppy, adonis, anemone, corydalis. After the death of the ephemeroids, various ferns appear: osmund, maidenhair, woodsia, etc.

The main trees of the mixed forest in the Far East

Whole-leaved fir is the tallest tree in the Far East, its height can exceed forty-five meters, and its diameter is one and a half meters. Such a tree is characterized by a powerful beautiful spreading crown and has valuable wood.

Ayan spruce is considered a classic representative of mixed forests of the Far East. It usually reaches a height of up to forty meters. Such a tree gives medium-sized cones - no more than three to five centimeters long, and is considered one of the most important species of the timber industry.

The hornbeam is a fairly recognizable plant, its trunk is wrapped in silver ribbons that look like snake skin. Usually the tree reaches ten to twelve meters in height, less often - fifteen meters. It grows slowly.

Small-fruited is a fairly common plant with edible fruits. Most often, the height of the tree does not exceed eighteen meters, its crown may look narrow, pyramidal or ovoid (the shape depends on the level of illumination). Trees can grow in groups or on their own.

Sakhalin cherry can reach fifteen meters in height. Such a plant blooms in May and produces small, bitter, spherical fruits that are inedible.

The Manchurian maple is a slender and attractive tree that usually reaches twenty meters in height. The bark on its trunk is painted in light gray tones, and the leaves have a complex shape and are graceful trifoliate.

The Pseudo-Siebold Maple is a beautiful small tree or shrub that resembles the Siebold Maple that grows in Japan. This plant has small rounded, beautifully cut leaves, and is characterized by a surprisingly graceful tiered growth pattern. False-sybold maple is found in the shrub layer of forests on rocky slopes, and its leaves adorn the slopes with luxurious flowers from orange-yellow to wine-red.

Small-leaved maple is a small tree - its average height does not exceed fifteen meters. The plant has a pyramidal crown, five or seven-fingered leaves.

The main difference of the green-barked maple is the bark, which is colored green and covered with vertical white stripes, with age its color changes to dark gray. The height of the plant is also small - no more than fifteen meters. The width of the crown is no more than nine meters, the tree can grow like a shrub.

Another vegetation of mixed forests of the Far East is a dimorphant, also known as calopanax. Such a culture can reach twenty-five meters in height, its main feature is beautiful and large five or seven-lobed leaves, whose length can reach twenty-five to thirty centimeters. Dimorphant is actively used for therapeutic purposes.

Among the common trees of the mixed forests of the Far East is also the Korean cedar. This is a giant tree that can reach forty meters in height and two meters in diameter. Korean cedar is able to live up to five hundred years, it has a strong, durable and beautiful wood. The seeds of such a plant are the most important food source.

Trees growing in a mixed forest, as we mentioned above, are adjacent to lindens. Amur linden is a common leafy tree that reaches twenty-five to thirty meters in height. Most often, such a culture grows on the lower parts of the slopes of the mountains, as well as in river valleys. This type of linden is similar to the small-leaved linden.

In the mixed forests of the Far East, the Amur linden usually coexists with the take linden, it grows to the same size, and its main difference is the dense reddish pubescence of the petioles of the leaves, as well as young shoots.

As for the Manchurian linden, it differs from the varieties already listed in its drooping inflorescence and larger leaf size.

These three varieties of lindens bloom at different times of the year. At the end of June, the Amur linden begins to bloom, a week later - the take linden, and the Manchurian linden blooms the very last. Linden, or rather its color is actively used for therapeutic purposes.

Such a common tree as a valley elm can be easily recognized by its wide-spreading, as it were, broken crown, which is bordered by long, thin and light gray branches. The branches of such trees are planted with flower heads, which are collected in bunches, and in winter they look like rounded buds.

As for the mountain elm, its crown has a wide-cylindrical shape, the tree can reach thirty meters in height. The bark is brownish in color and looks deeply riddled with cracks. The leaves are large and rough.

A fairly common tree of mixed forests of the Far East is the Manchurian ash. It has a slender columnar trunk and a highly raised crown. Such trees are considered one of the largest in this part of Russia and can reach thirty-five meters in height.

The Manchurian nut is a relative of the beloved walnut. This tree has a spreading crown and can reach twenty-five to thirty meters in height. This kind of nut has long been used by our ancestors for medicinal purposes: for the treatment of diathesis, diarrhea, rickets and stomach diseases.

Also in the forests of the Far East, Amur velvet is found, which is a dioecious, perennial and deciduous tree with a beautiful openwork crown and feathery leaves. Such a culture can reach twenty-eight meters in height, and its distinctive feature is the specific aroma of the leaves, which can be felt after rubbing them in your hands. Amur velvet fruits are used in folk medicine: for therapy diabetes, acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections, hypertension, etc.

Amur katnik is another tree of mixed forests of the Far East, it can reach a height of twenty-five meters and has surprisingly valuable wood that is resistant to aggressive influences. Akatnik Amur is actively used by folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antitumor, expectorant and analgesic.

In the mixed forests of the Far East, there are also mountain ash: Amur and bicolor. The Amur mountain ash is a small tree (4-15m in height), while the bicolor usually ranges from 7 to 10m in height. Such a culture produces juicy, bittersweet and tart fruits, which are a source of a significant amount of ascorbic acid, and have multivitamin, antiscorbutic, choleretic, astringent and diuretic qualities.

Amur lilac is a common low-growing tree, it blooms late, and the color of its leaves may vary depending on the season. The flowers of such a culture are characterized by a small size, cream or white color, they are collected in large inflorescences that smell pleasantly of honey.

A well-known tree of the Far East is also the blood-red hawthorn. This is a low tree that rarely grows more than three to four meters in height. Such a plant is actively used for therapeutic purposes; cardiotonic preparations and agents that regulate blood circulation are prepared on its basis.

shrubs

One of the most beautiful shrubs of the mixed forests of the Far East is the mock orange, which can reach a height of three meters. Such a plant has attractive rather large flowers, thanks to which it is often mistakenly called jasmine.

Another representative of shrubs is honeysuckle. It can reach one and a half to two and a half meters in height, and its fruits are actively used for therapeutic purposes: to prevent cardiovascular and gastrointestinal ailments.

Eleutherococcus prickly is also a widely known medicinal shrub of the Far East. Its height reaches four to five meters in height, and the rhizomes and root of this culture are used to prepare a liquid extract and other medicines that have a general tonic and adaptogenic effect.

Occasionally, in the forests of the Far East, one can find a high aralia or a Manchurian aralia. This shrub usually grows singly or in small groups, preferring well-lit areas. Aralia is actively used for therapeutic purposes, its components have an exciting effect on the central nervous system.

Another well-known shrub of the Far East, Acanthopanax sessile, also known as a healer, has similar medicinal qualities. Such a plant is used by gardeners for cultivation for decorative purposes.

Weigela is also considered a common shrub of mixed forests of the Far East. This culture usually reaches a height of one and a half meters no more. It pleases the eye with large flowers (up to five centimeters) of different colors - red or pink.

Even among the shrubs there are winged euonymus. They usually reach a height of one to two meters. Such plants look especially decorative in autumn - their leaves and fruits turn red in different shades. It should be noted that euonymus are poisonous.

Also a common shrub of the mixed forests of the Far East is the Manchurian hazel. It reaches three to four and a half meters in height. In forests, such a plant plays the role of undergrowth; in clearings, it can form thickets.

Also in this group of plants is buckthorn - a perennial low shrub (usually one to three meters tall). The bark of this plant is actively used for therapeutic purposes: for internal and external use. Buckthorn bark has a pronounced laxative effect, is used as a choleretic and anthelmintic agent.

creepers

Actinidia kolomikta is a fairly common plant of mixed forests of the Far East, it is a woody vine, the thickness of the trunk of which can reach two to five centimeters in diameter. An interesting feature of actinidia is the leaves that change color. At first they are bronze, then green, before flowering they become bright white, and after flowering they are pinkish, then crimson red.

Amur grapes are common in the forests of the Far East, its vines rise to the tops of trees, braiding them, and they can also creep along shrubs, grasses, stones or stumps. This powerful vine can reach twenty to thirty meters in length, in autumn its leaves are painted in attractive reddish, purple, chestnut and transitional tones. The berries are edible, reaching 1.2 cm in diameter.

A well-known plant of mixed forests of the Far East is considered to be Chinese magnolia vine - a liana-like perennial climbing culture. This plant is actively used in folk medicine as a stimulant and tonic for the central nervous system.

Another liana found in the Far East is the red bubble (tree pliers). It is a creeping or slightly climbing shrub that can reach two and a half to five meters in length. For medicinal purposes, the roots of this culture are used, medicines based on them help improve blood circulation and cure skin diseases.

Also a common plant in the mixed forests of the Far East is the vineyard - a deciduous woody liana that climbs a support, fixing itself with twisting tendrils. The fruits of such a culture reach 0.7-0.9 cm in diameter, they are inedible.

In the mixed forests of the Far East, Nippon Dioscorea can also be found - a perennial liana that can reach a length of four meters. This culture tends to populate secondary plant communities that form after clearings and fires. Dioscorea nipponica is used for medicinal purposes for the treatment of cardiovascular ailments.

Herbs

Volzhanka forest is a common grass that feels great on the edges and clearings. This plant belongs to perennials and can reach a meter or even more in height. In summer, the Volzhanka blooms beautifully - with small white or cream flowers that gather in large inflorescences thirty to sixty centimeters long.

Hand-shaped meadowsweet is another common herb found in the mixed forests of the Far East. Such a culture grows very quickly over large areas, reaches a height of sixty to one hundred centimeters. Meadowsweet can be used for medicinal purposes, and is also a good honey plant.

On the edges and glades of mixed forests, lily of the valley is often found. Its amazingly beautiful and fragrant flowers are familiar to everyone. They are painted white and shaped like bells. Lilies of the valley are often used for medicinal purposes.

Also in the mixed forests of the Far East, wild lilies can be found. It is believed that in such a climatic zone one can find several varieties of such plants, represented by drooping, false brindle, callus, two-row and copper lilies. Such plants usually grow on the edges and slopes.

Krasnodnev is a common grass that is found on the outskirts of mixed forests, in clearings, slopes and among shrubs. It is also known as the daylily because of its distinctively shaped flowers.

Also in the forests of the Far East, you can find aconite (wrestler), it can grow rapidly, forming gloomy thickets. Such a plant can reach a height of one and a half to two meters, it is very poisonous, although it attracts attention with dense tall inflorescences.

Among the mixed forests, there is occasionally a lure, which got its name from the bright red juicy berries that attract (lure) birds. But it is very difficult for people and quadrupeds to get to them, since its parts are covered with very sharp spikes.

Another amazing plant of the Far East is ginseng. This culture has been known since ancient times, as Chinese healers have been using its root for therapeutic purposes for four millennia. But it is not easy to find it in the forest, because it hides in bushes, ferns and at the bottom of ravines.

A common herb in the mixed forests of the Far East is the stinging nettle. This weed plant is known for its ability to cause severe burning on contact with the skin. In addition, it is actively used by traditional medicine specialists as a hemostatic agent and cosmetic composition.

Occasionally, hemlock grass can also be found on the edges of the mixed forests of the Far East. This is a biennial poisonous plant that has a lot of healing properties. Traditional medicine experts advise using it for the treatment of very serious diseases, including cancer.

Ephemeroids

Such plants are characterized by an extremely short growing season, which falls on the most optimal time of the year. Among them, the forest poppy is a perennial, whose height usually does not exceed twenty to forty centimeters. This is a poisonous plant that can be used for medicinal purposes, as an antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive and sedative.

Adonis is another ephemeral found in the mixed forests of the Far East. This plant is also known as Adonis, due to the large bright flowers of intense color. Adonis is actively used for therapeutic purposes, as an anticonvulsant, diuretic and sedative.

Another ephemeral is the anemone. It usually grows in shrubs, edges and hills. This grass got its name due to its sensitivity to the wind, because even a slight movement of air leads to its flutter and to the swaying of flowers on long peduncles.

Also in the mixed forests of the Far East, there are several varieties of Corydalis (corydalis deceptive, smoke-leaved, spaced and Corydalis Bush). Typically, such plants reach a height of no more than twenty-five centimeters, they are distinguished by attractive medium-sized flowers of different colors: pink-purple, bluish-lilac, purple, sky blue, etc.

ferns

Ferns are among the oldest plants on Earth. Among them are osmunds, which have large, pinnate non-wintering leaves of a light green color. In especially favorable conditions, these plants can reach a height of two hundred centimeters, but their average height is eighty to one hundred centimeters.

Adiantums belong to medium-sized ferns of mixed forests of the Far East. The leaves of these plants are painted in light green colors, they are arranged as if in the shape of a fan. Usually the height of this variety of fern does not exceed fifty centimeters.

Another undersized fern of the Far East is Woodsia. This plant usually does not grow more than twenty centimeters in length. This variety of ferns sheds leaves for the winter, but looks very decorative, so many gardeners tend to cultivate it on their plots.

Various mixed forests grow on the territory of the Far East, the plants of which we examined today. You can talk about such cultures and their unique properties for a very long time. Time to end the story for today. We will continue this topic in future posts.

This is a significant group of vicarious species that are extremely similar to our trees and shrubs: Mongolian oak, Manchurian ash, Amur linden, downy alder, whole-leaved fir, Daurian larch, etc. Typical plantations can be created from these plants, although many of them are quite decorative and suitable for tapeworms in park plantings. However, the most interesting are those types of plants that give the local nature a unique originality. These species have been preserved since the glaciation, which spared the local flora. In the forests of the Far East and on numerous islands near it, representatives of the taiga and subtropics coexist with each other. This is perhaps the only place in our country where you can see cedar pine and magnolia, lemongrass and strict spruce nearby. The harsh climate of the Far East has developed many valuable properties in these plants, primarily frost resistance. Therefore, the "Far East" take root well in the temperate latitudes of the European part of the country. But what always sets them apart from other plants is the early end of the growing season. European, North American and other plant species are still vegetating, and the "Far East" in September begin to turn yellow and even shed their leaves.

When it comes to the most decorative representatives of the flora of the Far East, cedar pines are most often recalled from conifers. These majestic trees are so unique that it is difficult to compare any coniferous tree with them. Sometimes cedar pines are incorrectly called cedars: real cedars are not found here, and they do not look like cedar pines. The most beautiful and powerful Korean cedar pine. Huge trees of this cedar pine are typical of the Far Eastern taiga. Silver-green thick needles cover the branches almost to the base of the trunk, so the cedar pine seems like a giant elegant column among the surrounding vegetation. Siberian cedar pine is widespread in Siberia, which is not much inferior to Korean in beauty and elegance. Everywhere in Siberia and the Far East, cedar elfin is found - a low shrub with characteristic creeping shoots. It, as it were, repeats in miniature all the distinguishing features of cedar pines. The peculiar form of elfin is unusual for pines, and this makes it one of the most ornamental coniferous shrubs in cultivation.

Cedar pines differ from ordinary pine not only appearance trees, needles (they have 5 needles in bunches) and cones. They are quite shade-tolerant, grow slowly at a young age, preferring moist and fairly fertile soils (pine dwarf elfin even manages sand and stone soil). Cedar pines are very hardy, so the northern border of their cultivation approaches the border of forest and tundra. They are propagated by seeds, which must first be stratified in wet sand or peat. To speed up the growth of young cedar pines, they are often grafted onto Scots pine. In the same way, mature plants can be propagated, which means that the formation of cones on grafted trees can be accelerated.

Of the several types of fir trees that are found in the Far East, the Ayan spruce is the most decorative. It is distinguished by flat, curved needles, the underside of which has a bluish-white color. The crown of the tree looks very elegant. El Ayanskaya is quite winter-hardy not only in Moscow and Leningrad, but also in more northern latitudes. Grows well in moist loamy soils. At a young age, it grows slowly. Ayan spruce is very shade-tolerant, and therefore it can be planted even under the canopy of trees. This breed is propagated by seeds. They germinate well on the 12-14th day after sowing. Before sowing, it is advisable to soak the seeds in water for 8-12 hours.

Fir trees are quite numerous in the Far East. There are about a dozen of them here. These moisture-loving breeds like the damp climate of Primorye.

Many of them are very decorative. For example, fir has whole-leaved long pointed needles. The crown of the tree falls to the ground. Unfortunately, whole-leaved fir is quite rare in cultures, especially in park plantings, and in fact it is not only an ornamental, but also a frost-resistant tree. Of all the firs, it is one of the fastest growing. Whole-leaved fir is easy to grow from seeds. Like all firs, this species is demanding on fertile and moist soils. Quite decorative in culture are other types of Far Eastern firs: white, Sakhalin, etc.

Well-known in landscaping is the spiky yew, a relict tree of the Far East. Unlike other coniferous species, yews do not form cones, but bright pink seedlings that look like berries. Such "berries" are formed only on female specimens of yew, which makes them especially decorative during the seed ripening period. Hard yew seeds germinate for a very long time, at least 2 years, so they need a long pre-sowing stratification. Yew easily reproduces in other ways: cuttings and offspring from a stump (by the way, the latter property is extremely surprising for conifers). Yew spiky shade-tolerant, quite winter-hardy, grows best on fertile and moist soils. The yew has many different decorative forms: thick, low, golden. They differ in appearance and coloring of needles. Such forms are propagated mainly by vegetative methods.
Far Eastern junipers are beautiful in plantings. They are quite varied. For example, hard juniper grows as a tree up to 8 m high. But Siberian juniper forms dense almost spherical pillows. Another species - coastal juniper - grows with a low carpet with creeping branches. So among these plants you can find the most opposite life forms, which form a rare contrast in decorative plantings. These plants are very unpretentious and frost-resistant, they can be cultivated in various plant and climatic zones of the country. Unfortunately, it should be noted that they are practically not used in landscaping. Far Eastern species of juniper can be grown from seeds (they need pre-sowing stratification) or vegetatively. They grow relatively slowly. Plants are quite shade-tolerant, and therefore get along well under the canopy of trees.

There is another interesting coniferous plant in the Far East - the cross-pair microbiota. This species is found only in the Sikhote-Alin mountains, on the stony deposits of the southern slopes. Botanists call the microbiota endemic because it does not grow anywhere else in the world. This creeping shrub, whose long branches are easily rooted by adventitious roots. The needles of the microbiota are small, opposite. She has large single-seeded cones. Seeds germinate after preliminary stratification. This fairly frost-resistant and shade-tolerant plant can be used for planting even in the most northern regions of our country: the creeping form of the shrub is completely hidden under the snow in winter, it is not afraid of frost. The microbiota grows best in moist, humus-rich soils. This is one of the most beautiful undersized shrubs. It can be propagated not only by seeds, but also by rooted branches. The microbiota is better suited for creating rocky slides, planting the banks of a reservoir, for planting in mixborders. In the collection of plants of the Far East, it needs to allocate a place in the foreground of the exposition.

When selecting exotic plants of the Far East to form the main exposition group or as tapeworms, first of all, from deciduous species, it is necessary to pay attention to obovate magnolia. This is the only species of the oldest magnolia family, which is found in its natural state on the territory of the USSR. Magnolia obovate grows in the deciduous forests of the island of Kuna-shir and in Japan. This is a large tree with unusually large, up to 30-40 cm long, leaves. The flowers are white or creamy white, up to 15-18 cm in diameter. The fruits, better called seedlings, ripen in September and look like long red cucumbers. Magnolia obovate is propagated by seeds. They need to be stratified first. Young plants need shelter for the winter, but over the years their winter hardiness increases. This magnolia is successfully cultivated in Ukraine and the Baltic states, but in Moscow and Leningrad it freezes a lot. Magnolia needs fertile and moist soils, can grow with little shading, but blooms only in lighted areas. Magnolia also includes Chinese magnolia vine - the most valuable medicinal and fruit plant Far East.

The most interesting exotic species are found among representatives of the Araliaceae family. Aralia themselves in the Far East grow in the form of trees and perennial grasses. For example, Manchurian aralia grows to a height of 12-15 m. Its thick, almost unbranched stem is covered with thorns, and rosettes of long, up to 1 m, complexly dissected leaves are placed on top. It is not without reason that in their homeland this aralia is called the “Far Eastern palm tree” or the “devil's tree” - there are enough reasons for both names. Aralia flowers are unattractive, but by autumn numerous black fruits ripen in long panicles, and they decorate the plants very much. Herbaceous species (aralia racemose and continental aralia) during the summer rise to a height of up to 2 m, forming lush clumps of greenery and paniculate clusters with fruits.

The seven-lobed calopanax, or dimorphant, is also very peculiar - another representative of the Araliaceae. It is a large maple-like tree. Dimorphant is quite winter-hardy in Moscow, although it freezes a little there in severe winters. Eleutherococcus grows as a small thorny shrub, the complex five-fingered leaves of which are so similar to ginseng leaves. Both of these plants are considered the most valuable medicinal species, so growing them on the site is a great pride for the gardener. All Araliaceae are demanding on fertile and moist soils. They are propagated mainly by seeds (root coppice aralia and eleutherococcus - transplantation of roslevins). Seeds first need to be stratified. Herbaceous and shrub species bloom already in the 3-4th year, and woody species a little later, after 6-7 years. Araliaceae are one of the best decorations of the collection of Far Eastern plants.

It should be noted that the flora of the Far East is replete with lianas, among which there are many amazing exotic species: Chinese magnolia vine, petiolate hydrangea, various types of grapes, wood pliers and actinidia. Many of them are very insidious.

Hydrangea paniculata with large, numerous inflorescences is especially valued in landscaping.

It blooms late, around August - September, when most of the plants are already finishing their seasonal development. Therefore, decorators highly appreciate the hydrangea. In culture, a large-flowered form of this species is also known, in which the panicles consist of barren, but unusually beautiful flowers. Their corollas do not crumble after flowering. Gradually, the color of the petals changes from white to pink. In this state, the bushes remain throughout the winter. Hydrangeas are propagated by seeds or cuttings. Hydrangea paniculata is quite winter-hardy. It is planted in an open area with moist fertile soil, where it blooms profusely and annually. This is one of the most attractive and elegant shrubs for the foreground of the exhibition.

Of the low, but very decorative shrubs of the Far East, first of all, wrinkled rose hips and bicolor lespedets should be mentioned. Rosehip wrinkled - one of the local attractions of Primorskogr Territory. It forms dense thickets near the seashore and on the slopes of the hills. Shiny wrinkled leaves with large red flowers adorn these thickets, but they are especially attractive in August - September, when numerous bright red ones ripen on the tops of the shoots. They are very nutritious, containing up to 2% ascorbic acid and about 14 mg% of provitamin A, based on dry weight. Rosehip wrinkled is quite winter-hardy in temperate latitudes of the European part of the country. It grows and fructifies abundantly even on poor sandy soils, where it forms root-growth clumps and thickets. Before sowing, rosehip seeds must be stratified.

You can breed this type of wild rose and transplant individual shoots. They take root well and in the first year they can bloom and bear fruit.

Lespedeza bicolor is a relatively low shrub from the legume family. It blooms in the second half of summer, and then the bushes are covered with red or purple tassels of flowers. Lespedeza continues to bloom until frost, which is why it is rightly considered one of the most decorative late-flowering shrubs. Lespedets is successfully bred in the Baltic States, in Ukraine. In Leningrad and Moscow, it is severely beaten by frost, but it grows quickly. Propagated by seeds lespedetsu. It grows best in light fertile soils, but does not tolerate drought.

Finishing the review of the most promising exotic plants of Far Eastern origin, one cannot fail to note Amur velvet and Manchurian walnut. These are rather large trees, reaching a height of 25 m in their homeland. The leaves of both are complex pinnate. Trees are also beautiful during the period of fruit ripening, for velvet - black fleshy drupes that remain on the tree throughout the winter, for walnuts - false drupes in long peculiar garlands. Both trees are quite winter-hardy and suffer little from frost even at the latitude of Moscow and Leningrad. By the way, the Manchurian walnut is the most frost-resistant species among other nuts. Therefore, its future is in breeding not only as an ornamental, but also as a fruit tree. Velvet and walnut are propagated by seeds, which must first be stratified. Young plants grow relatively quickly. When loosening near-stem circles, both species significantly accelerate growth. The majestic crowns of velvet and walnut are one of the main attractions of the collection of Far Eastern plants.

Lianas are ornamental climbing (some beautifully flowering) plants, a special life form of plants that are not able to stand on their own in a vertical plane. This is not a defect, but an adaptation to environmental conditions. For example, in tropical forests, where there is intense competition between plants for a "place in the sun", climbing and climbing plants are especially numerous and diverse. In our latitudes, you can also find several types of perennial and annual vines.

Various creepers have been cultivated for a very long time, not only as ornamentals, but also as food plants. In gardens, they are used mainly as a "green screen" to decorate an unsightly wall, decorate and shade the gazebo; to create dense green hedges, spectacular shady arches or entire galleries.

Maiden grape:

The most popular and unpretentious of perennial vines is, of course, girlish grapes. In the Moscow region, it does not freeze even in harsh snowless winters, it grows rapidly, completely hiding the support under it, to which it is attached with the help of antennae. Girlish grapes have perennial, wintering stems - in early spring they may be unsightly, but as soon as the buds start to grow, the leaves and new shoots that appear will transform the plant, turning it into an emerald cascade or a dense wall. In autumn, the leaves of girlish grapes change color to maroon, and fall off by winter. This plant does not need shelter. Even if the girlish grapes freeze, the next spring the shoots will quickly grow back. Girlish grapes grow almost all summer, and it is important not to start it - this plant is very aggressive and, if possible, is ready to “crush” its neighbors. In addition, sometimes too dense thickets can rot, especially if the summer turned out to be rainy, so it is important to cut or thin out its shoots from time to time.

Parthenocissus can also grow as a groundcover, but only in large areas. Any support will suit him - from a chain-link fence or a high pergola to a wall or roof. IN middle lane three types are grown. The most famous are girlish grapes attached and girlish grapes five-leafed, or virginian grapes. This species has several forms, variegated (variegated) varieties are known. Flattened grapes, or girlish three-leafed grapes. native to Southeast Asia is less common. Propagated by seeds. Well cuttings.

Hop:

Hops (Hamulus) are the second most popular among vines. Its stems are annual, non-wintering, so in spring it grows more slowly than the same girlish grapes, but unlike it, hops bloom profusely. Hop is a dioecious plant, that is, male and female flowers("knobs") he has on different plants. Male inflorescences are also decorative, however, if “beer cones” are important to you, you should take care of that. to get sure female plant. Hops are usually propagated by seeds, but cuttings are easier. In addition to common hops, on sale (mainly in the form of seeds), you can also find Japanese hops (Hamulus japonicus) of the Samurai variety with more dissected leaves, which do not form cone-shaped inflorescences.

The reverse problem, which is also common - how to get rid of hops on the site

How to deal with hops for many summer residents, the question is not idle, since the common hop root is very aggressive, viable, cruel and unpretentious. Every year in spring, long, sometimes up to 18 m, curly, usually hexagonal stems grow from its rhizomes, hollow in the middle. It is very difficult to fight him. Herbicides will destroy the leaves, and new shoots will soon grow from the rhizomes. Therefore, you need to try to uproot, although it is difficult to pull out of the ground. You can dig a hole in this place after uprooting with a shovel made of hardened steel (it cuts the remains of rhizomes) and make a fire. In the spring, cover this place with black agrofibre. You may have to uproot in subsequent years to destroy the remnants of rhizomes.

Clematis: for lush blooms

Clematis, or clematis, is an ornamental flowering plant that clings to a support with the help of antennae. Clematis flowers are diverse in color, size and shape, flowering is plentiful and long. Both species (clematis short-tailed, clematis whole-leaved) and hybrid clematis, which are often found on sale, are interesting in culture. For supporting lush flowering Clematis needs pruning to encourage branching.

Schisandra chinensis: in flowers and berries

Kirkazon:

Herbaceous lianas of the genus Kirkazon, or Aristolochia (Aristolocbia), are also relatively rare in gardens near Moscow. These are mostly deciduous perennials with large whole-edged heart-shaped leaves and unusual flowers that resemble a saxophone in shape. For vertical gardening, tubular or fluffy k.

How to plant kirkazon large-leaved?

Kirkazon very quickly builds up lush attractive foliage, therefore it is often grown as a decorative screen from the sun and prying eyes.
And the main condition is good support. If you plant against a wall, you need to stretch the wire for which the shoots could cling. Kirkazon will feel especially comfortable near the northern or eastern wall (the distance to it is at least 10 cm).

On the south side (and even if the soil is dry!) ​​The plant is uncomfortable. Here, the kirkazon will often be affected by pests, such as spider mites. To prevent this, frequent watering is necessary: ​​the more sun the plant gets, the more often it needs to be watered. Kirkazon is preferable to use in single plantings. The combination with undersized shrubs and herbaceous perennials that shade his "legs" is quite acceptable.

For the lower tier, for example, forest sage, Bumald's spirea or shrub cinquefoil are suitable.
It is advisable to buy seedlings in containers. And choose specimens with healthy foliage, yellowed can be a sign of pest damage. The soil when planting needs loose, rich in humus. It can be sandy or clayey, but it is necessarily moisture-intensive. Kirkazon tolerates calcareous soil well.

The best time for planting is spring and autumn. The planting hole should be prepared twice as wide as the root ball. Improve the excavated soil with compost. Having taken the plant out of the container, slightly spread the roots in the lower part of the coma. Water well after planting.

Guide the shoots along the support and secure them with twine.
Kirkazon overwinters well and planted in open ground, and in tubs left on the street. On dry, frost-free days, the soil in the containers needs to be slightly moistened.
Warning: all parts of the plant are poisonous!

Ivy:

Common ivy (Hedera helix) is an evergreen plant with characteristic leathery, palmately divided leaves, attached to a support with the help of special sucker roots that can strengthen even on a fairly smooth surface of the support. Unfortunately, in the middle lane, ivy on a support winters poorly, it needs shelter and a dense snow cover, so it is better to use it as a ground cover. Ivy can be grown in containers or hanging pots and removed for the winter.

Treehead: favorite of the sun

Tree pliers (Celcistrus) are sometimes erroneously called ivy, but they belong to different families. This perennial liana is so aggressive that under natural conditions it fully justifies its name - wrapping its shoots around trees, the wood pliers can literally strangle them. On the territory of the Russian Federation, it is found in the wild in the Caucasus. In the middle lane, the round-leaved tree pliers (or red blister) confidently endures winters. The tree plier (although it can tolerate shade) prefers sunny places.

Amur grapes: fruits - in the load

For vertical gardening in the middle lane, you can use Amur grapes (Vilis amurensis). In nature, it grows in the Far East and winters well in our conditions. Often grown as a fruit plant, however, for abundant fruiting, grapes need special care, but for vertical gardening, it can be used even in urban areas.

Codonopsis: fragrant stems

Codonopsis (Codonopsis) from the bell family is little known among gardeners. This is a climber with annual herbaceous stems up to 2 m long, which, if disturbed, exude a specific aroma. Codonopsis bloom in June-July with drooping bell-shaped flowers. In lanceolate codonopsis, the flowers are pale with a purple pattern inside the corolla, in Ussuri condonopsis, they are purple-violet.

Practical tips for growing ornamental climbing vines

Lianas, with rare exceptions, are shade-tolerant - after all, they are mainly plants of shady forests. Some species reproduce well by seeds, but it is more reliable to either buy seedlings or cuttings. To do this, a piece of the stem is cut off, placing it in wet perlite or in a peat-sand mixture, or the stems are pressed to the ground - in both cases, small roots will appear on the shoots.

The grown cuttings are planted in the ground. In the first year, shelter for the winter may be required. Creeper care consists mainly of regular pruning, but the most important thing to start with is the choice of support.

Hops, codonopsis, honeysuckle and other creepers that wrap around the support, and not cling to it, are best hung on a pergola or net - an ordinary chain-link or a special plastic net with large cells. These plants cannot be used for wall decoration - on a relatively smooth vertical surface they just can't find a foothold.

If you still decide to choose these particular types to decorate your country house (decorating outbuildings), stretch a mesh or wire along the wall. Maiden and Amur grapes, ivy and other clinging species can grow both on pergolas and cling to walls. For fast-growing vines or for plants with thick woody stems, a stronger support is needed - the plastic mesh simply cannot support their weight and will sag.

When choosing a support, it is important to take into account the size of the plant - if it turns out to be small for it, the shoots will fall and the form will fall apart, become sloppy, and the vine will not completely envelop a pergola or pyramid that is too large. As a rule, the height of a support (pergola, column or arch) should not exceed the length of the shoot.

The choice of supports for climbing plants today is diverse. , bamboo or steel pergolas, tripods, figured supports. The latter will help to take a fresh look at the vines in your garden - thanks to them, climbing plants can be used not only to decorate unsightly elements, they can become the centerpiece of the garden.

How to trim decorative vines

For abundant flowering, vines may need pruning. As a rule, creepers that bloom in spring form flower stalks on perennial shoots; those that bloom in summer or autumn are annuals. The latter are pruned in the spring to stimulate the formation of new shoots. Otherwise, the plant will quickly “bald”, flowering will be weak and not abundant. Spring-blooming vines practically do not need pruning. Pruning is also necessary for young plants with perennial wintering shoots. In order for the plant to branch, it must be cut off at the first node with good buds.

Landing Notes:

Fast-growing vines should not be planted next to trees or shrubs, especially young ones - there should be at least two meters between them. When choosing a support made from natural materials, be careful, especially if you plan to settle a vine on it for a long time. Wood tends to rot, and hidden under the shoots of plants, it will rot unnoticed. And quickly - the vine will prevent the tree from "breathing". In order for the support to last for a long time, it is better to impregnate it with mold preparations and paint it. This is especially true of wooden fences and arbors. Bamboo pergolas are slightly more durable.

Photo 1 with plants which are described.

1. For vertical gardening in the middle lane, well-wintering Amur grapes are suitable.
2. Ivy in the middle lane on supports winters badly, but it can be grown
   in containers, putting them away for the winter, or as a groundcover.
3. Hops ordinary.
4. Clematis in a decorative composition.
5. Honeysuckle is a decorative flowering vine.

Photo 2

1. Girlish five-leafed grapes are the most unpretentious liana.
2. Yellow honeysuckle (Lonicera ftava) is a deciduous vine.
3. The berries of Schisandra chinensis are not only decorative, but also edible.
4. Clematis are good both on pergolas and on walls.
5. Ivy can take root even on a smooth support surface.

Cultivation of vines in practice or 5 true stories about vines

I read a lot of articles about potatoes, vegetables, trees, flowers, but little is said about vines. But it is a wonderful addition to the garden. In addition, creepers grow up and there is always a place for them.

Our Far East is famous for its unusual nature, a combination of northern and southern plants. For us, spruce or cedar, entwined with vines, is a common thing. It’s just amazing how all this combines and survives in our climate, in winter frosts of over 30 ° happen, and in summer it is often hot, also over 30 °. As we say, "the latitude is Crimean, and the longitude is Kolyma." Despite this, our gardeners stubbornly "accustom" the southern guests, but the hassle
there is more with them: protect, shelter, but this is such a trifle for a person in love with his garden!

Bridegroom for Actinidia

When we began to develop the site, in the very first year we dug a small, about a meter, actinidia liana in the ravine. I really liked its two-color leaves, then they didn’t even think about the fruits, just for the sake of beauty. She was given a place on the western side of the house, the liana was fixed to the wall, they did not give any top dressing, they were afraid to harm the forest guest, they only threw a fallen leaf and grass to the trunk.

The first year they didn’t notice any growth, they were glad that she even threw out the leaves, for the winter they blocked the vine from the wind with a wooden shield. In the spring, we were looking forward to when she would wake up. And, to our happiness, she went to growth, and so amicably that by autumn she reached the roof. Apparently, in the first year, she simply built up the root system. The husband urgently threw an old grid with large cells onto the roof, securing it with thin slats. The liana clearly liked such a support, and in two seasons it covered the entire roof with lush greenery, and then bloomed. There were few berries, it turned out that she needed a male for pollination. I had to go to the ravine again and bring the "betrothed".

And then we pleased her, because a lot of berries began to set, we picked a bucket each, and even left the birds to feast.
Our liana lived for more than twenty years, generously endowing us with berries, and they were tender when ripe - very soft, sweet and fragrant.

Lemongrass for tea drinking in the gazebo

The second guest from the forest turned out to be a small shrub of lemongrass. They arranged it near the fence on the south side, here the wind is calmer, and warmer, and more humid. Very quickly, our fence turned into a solid green lace, just know to direct the ends of the vine in the right direction.

Schisandra blossomed already in the second year, fragrant clusters of white flowers really adorned the dull fence, and by autumn they turned into brushes of bright red berries. By the way, they are very healing, I prepared them for the winter, dried them, froze them, even tried to make a tincture - delicious!

Creepers, which sometimes interfered or accidentally broke, were not thrown away - they were brewed into tea. An excellent tool for tone, and the aroma and taste are magnificent. I sit in a gazebo entwined with lemongrass and drink tea brewed with lemongrass. Beauty!

Far Eastern savage grapes from the forest

Another native of the forest has taken root with us - wild Far Eastern grapes.

Carved foliage in winter and summer is red, in autumn it perfectly complements the composition. A place was determined for him at the edge of the gazebo, they let the vine through the glass and onto the roof, the grapes quickly found something to cling to with their twisted antennae, tightly wrapped around the support, and he did not need any additional support. For three years, it has grown throughout the gazebo and outbuildings, decorating unsightly places, creating shade and hiding places for birds.

It bears fruit annually, does not require any care, we water it very rarely and throw rotten grass around the trunk. His berries, of course, are not as sweet as those of the south, but they are very fragrant, the compote of them is delicious, and even a very beautiful red color.

Maiden grapes - live tent

Grows in the garden and another wonderful liana - parthenocissus. When the site was being equipped, it was necessary to allocate space for the old Moskvich. We decided to make not just a check-in, but a small overpass. All that was needed was some kind of awning.

All options did not fit: stuffiness under cover, the wind vomited the awning. Decided to do
natural shelter. The husband drove in high pipes, attached bars to them from all sides, and threw a net over the bars. On the one hand, he lowered it almost to the ground, and on the other, as far as it was enough. I made a small bed, enclosing it with slate, and in the spring I planted three cuttings of girlish grapes. Honestly, at that time I didn’t even know what kind of liana it was, I just somehow saw a braided fence and broke off three pieces of 30 cm each. I brought it home and put it in the water.

All three shoots quickly gave roots, so we planted them in the garden near the car. Already in the second year, the vine reached the roof. And a year later it began to hang from the opposite side.
Now we are not afraid of any heat. The foliage is very dense and beautiful, the liana blooms, I can’t say that it is very beautiful, but it gives small inedible fruits. It serves us as a reliable tent from the heat.

Caring for this beauty is elementary: watering in the heat, and every year in the spring I shake out compost on the bed, that's all.

Wisteria is not afraid of frost?

The last vine that I wanted to tame is wisteria. I saw the picture in a magazine and was simply fascinated, I was looking for seeds, I was happy when I bought it, I grew it on the loggia for three years, but when I planted it in the garden, it failed each time. Last year I again saw a box with a familiar picture and again could not resist. But this time it was already a rooted sprout (20 cm). At home, she transplanted it into a pot of earth and left it on the loggia in the shade, it was still April - it was cold.
the liana is southern and will die anyway in winter. I was despondent, and I was sorry for the money spent, I even stopped paying attention to wisteria, accustomed myself to the idea that she lives only until frost.

Winter came, snow fell, frosts crackled, and I didn’t even try to somehow protect the poor southern woman, I thought: let her freeze without suffering. Spring came, work in the garden occupied all my free time. And I didn’t even go to the place where I planted wisteria, so as not to be upset.
One day, at the end of May, my husband asked: “What kind of bush did you plant there - I don’t understand, are there some wonderful leaves?” I came up to see, and my wisteria is alive! And even threw out tiny leaves. I stood over her, and even felt ashamed, I didn’t believe in her, threw her to her death, and she took it and miraculously survived in a 30-degree frost. Or maybe it was so well covered with snow.

I apologized to her and promised that I would not quit again, I would fight and believe. Over the summer, the wisteria has grown, now a little more than a meter, and the trunk has become thicker.
This winter I put two cardboard boxes on it, and between them I laid dried stems from gladioli. As long as it's not too cold, that's enough, but when the frost hits, I'll go to the dacha and cover it warmer. Life goes on!

: Madagascar jasmine - Propagation and...: Plants for the patio: decorating in...

Vegetation of the Far East The territory of the Far East is subject to the general laws of latitudinal zonality, which manifests itself here in a very peculiar way. ^ The forest zone of the Far East can be divided into 4 subzones:

Northern coniferous forests of the Okhotsk type - Kamchatka and Khabarovsk Territory to Ayan - Daurian larch, stone birch, fragrant poplar, chosenia, and elfin cedar.

Medium coniferous forests of the Okhotsk type - from Ayan to Amur - Dahurian larch, stone birch, Ayan spruce, white fir.

Southern coniferous forests with the participation of deciduous species - from Amgun to Sikhote-Alin, northern Sakhalin - Korean cedar, Scotch pine, Far Eastern birch and aspen appear.

Mixed coniferous-deciduous forests - middle Amur, Ussuri, Sikhote-Alin, southern Sakhalin. The climate here is monsoonal, with warm summers but rather harsh winters. The growing season (frost-free period) begins in April and lasts from 160 days (in the north of the zone) to 190 - in the east; the sum of the effective temperature is 2300-2900 °C. Precipitation (up to 1170 mm per year) falls mainly in summer in the form of heavy and prolonged rains, often causing floods on rivers. The monsoonal climate, due to the proximity of the Pacific Ocean, combined with fertile soils contributed to the development of multi-tiered coniferous-deciduous forests with a wide variety of species of trees, shrubs, semi-shrubs and lianas (over 280 in total). There was no glacier here, and relics of the Tertiary period have been preserved (spiky yew, microbiota, calopanax, Amur velvet, girlish grape triostrate, etc.), as well as vicarious species of European plants. The main coniferous forest-forming species are: Ayan and Siberian spruce, white and whole-leaved fir, Dahurian larch, Korean cedar, Scots pine, dwarf pine; Mongolian oak (on loaches in the form of dwarf), Manchurian ash, Manchurian walnut, Amur velvet, Amur linden, small-leaved, Manchurian and green-bark maples, Korean and Maksimovich poplar, maakia, Maak bird cherry, ribbed birch, Dahurian and Schmidt.

The species composition of shrubs of the undergrowth and edges is very rich in representatives of the genera hazel, euonymus, rhododendron, lespedeza, healer, etc. In this zone, there are 22 species of lianas (actinidia kolomikta and acute, Chinese magnolia vine, Amur grapes, etc.), which is much more than in any other region of Russia. ^ Steppe and forest-steppe vegetation The forest-steppe zone is represented by alternating forest and steppe vegetation formations. The soils are formed on loess and moraine deposits, mainly leached chernozems and slightly podzolized gray soils. In the Siberian forest-steppe, the climate is sharply continental and dry (300 m of precipitation per year), in the European one it is milder (January temperatures -5 ° C) and humid (precipitation per year up to 550 mm). Accordingly, the species composition of forests differs: in the east, small-leaved birch forests, aspen forests, as well as low-quality pine forests, in the west, broad-leaved species - oak, linden, ash, maple, hornbeam, elm. The steppe zone in the northern and northwestern regions of the European part of the Russian Federation is dissected by deep ravines and river valleys; further to the east and south, it is an almost flat plain. The soils are chernozem of varying thickness, chestnut to the south. Parent rocks of loess origin, permeable loams in the west, dense loams in Western Siberia, as a result of which many lakes, both fresh and salty, were formed there. Woody vegetation is possible along the river valleys, for example, from white and black poplars, white and brittle willows. On the slopes of river valleys, ravines, gullies, depressions, they can form quite extensive shrub thickets no more than 1.5 m in height (gorse, Russian broom, steppe cherry, blackthorn, spirea, steppe almond, caragana shrub, narrow-leaved sucker, etc.). The main obstacle to forest growth is the lack of moisture - both in the soil and in the air. Herbaceous vegetation is capable of the ephemerality of the annual cycle, i.e. during the spring and early summer periods of moisture, it has time to grow, bloom and bear fruit - due to the small biomass of an individual plant. ^ Desert and semi-desert vegetation of Central Asia Latitudinal zonality in the flat part is represented by dry steppe, semi-desert and desert. In the mountains, vertical zoning is well expressed - forest-steppe, broad-leaved and coniferous forests, shrubs, alpine meadows. In the lower belt of mountains there are real pistachio, narrow-leaved sucker, Caspian willow. Above - plantations of walnut, apple, apricot, cherry plum, white mulberry, hawthorn, Semyonov's maple and birches. Then Tien Shan spruce, Siberian fir, birch and aspen appear. Above the cloud level there is a belt of junipers, consisting of junipers and eastern biota. The semi-desert zone is located south of the steppes and extends in the form of a narrow strip from Ergeni to the Zaisan basin. It has a sharply continental climate, with hot, extremely dry summers and frosty, little snow (or no snow at all) winters. Soils are predominantly saline. Vegetation cover is open. Xerophilous herbs and half-shrubs-halophytes (species of wormwood, astragalus, hyssop, cumin, cochia) predominate. Thickets of ephedra, saltwort, juzgun, tamarix are common. Ephemerals play a significant role in the vegetation cover. Trees (white, graying, black, trembling poplars, white and brittle willows, downy and drooping birches) grow here only in floodplain forests along river valleys. Desert zones of temperate and subtropical zones. Deserts are located south of semi-deserts on the territory of neighboring states that were once part of the USSR, and occupy a vast territory from the Caspian Sea in the west to the border with China in the east, and in the south they are replaced by the Central Asian mountainous country, the relief is flat, the soils are poor in humus and differ in salinity . The climate is sharply continental, extremely arid, with little precipitation mainly in winter. The air temperature in summer can rise to 50 °C, and on the surface of the sand - up to 70 °C, in winter in the north of the zone it can drop to 35 °C. ^ In deserts, 5 types of vegetation are distinguished. Ephemeral on gray soils. Typical for the southern regions. In early spring numerous ephemera develop, which die off by the beginning of summer, after which the desert appears to be completely devoid of vegetation. ^ Ephemeral-wormwood on saline gray soils. In addition to ephemera, thickets of semi-shrub marine sagebrush are common here. Wormwood-salt marshes. It is distinguished by the distribution of tree-like black saxaul, as well as shrubs - succulents and halophytes (saltwort, saline tamarix). ^ Sandy. It is represented by thickets formed by white saxaul, sandy acacia, various types juzguna. Tugai, confined to the most moistened soils of the banks and river valleys. In places flooded with water, powerful thickets of reeds are common. In less frequently flooded areas, there is a rather rich tree vegetation - tugai forests and shrub thickets. Different types of poplar grow here (grey-gray and multi-leaved turanga, white and black poplars), willows, tamarix, honeysuckle, as well as chingil, sucker. In general, the dendroflora of the deserts of the states bordering Russia is distinguished by a very high species diversity. Woody and semi-woody plants (over 250 species) are found here, among which shrubs and semi-shrubs clearly dominate. The entire territory of the deserts adjacent to our country is divided into 2 subzones: the deserts of the temperate zone and the subtropical, located south of 40 ° N. sh. The boundary between these zones runs approximately along the zero isotherm of January: in the temperate desert average temperature the air of the coldest month is negative, in the subtropical desert it is positive. In the current century, the vegetation cover of the subtropical desert zone has undergone changes due to the intensive development of agriculture on irrigated lands. The thermal conditions of this most heat-provided natural zone (the sum of the average daily air temperature above 10 °C exceeds 5000 °C) are such that they allow growing on irrigated lands the most heat-loving varieties of fine-staple cotton, rice, and many valuable fruit trees (grapes, peaches, apricots, pomegranates). , figs, almonds, quince, etc.).

Ticket 28

Winter hardiness, frost resistance, cold resistance of plants

Cold resistance plants, ability of plants long time tolerate low positive temperatures (from 1 to 10 ° C). X. should be distinguished from frost resistance (See frost resistance) of plants, which is usually understood as the resistance of plants to the action of negative temperatures. X. is characteristic of temperate plants. Tropical and non-wintering subtropical plants at temperatures slightly above 0 ° C are damaged and gradually die off, sometimes even when cooled for only a few min(see Heat-loving plants). To cold-resistant include, for example, barley, oats, vetch, flax. The degree of H. is not the same for different plants. The degree of X. of different organs of the same plant is also different, for example, in corn and buckwheat, the stem has the least X., in peanuts, the roots. Damage to plant leaves is accompanied by a loss of turgor and a change in color due to the destruction of chlorophyll. However, these external signs of damage do not appear immediately. Much earlier, "invisible" changes occur, which are revealed only after the cooled plants move to favorable conditions for them. temperature conditions: healthy-looking plants begin to die off after a while. The main reason for the death of heat-loving plants from the action of low positive temperatures is probably a metabolic disorder: decay processes begin to prevail over synthesis processes, poisonous compounds may accumulate, and the structure of protoplasm is disturbed. Apparently, different "heat lovers" die from various, not yet fully clarified reasons. The chemical composition of plants is determined by their ability to maintain the normal structure of the protoplasm and, accordingly, to reorganize their metabolism during the period of cooling and the subsequent increase in temperature.

To a large extent, plant chemistry depends on external conditions, by changing which it is possible to increase the plant's resistance to cold. For example, the application of potash fertilizers and the cultivation of plants at low temperatures, high air humidity, and good light contribute to an increase in chlorine. The most promising was the hardening of plants by short-term exposure to such an extremely low temperature, which does not yet cause damage. At the same time, it is advisable to apply measures to combat pathogenic soil microflora, which at low temperatures affects the roots of heat-loving plants. However, cold hardening of seedlings of vegetable crops, although it increases ch., slows down the subsequent growth of plants, so it is more expedient to harden germinating seeds. The temperature is selected according to the degree of X. plants (in the range from 0 to -5 ° C) and act for short periods of time (12 h) so as not to damage the germinating seeds. For the rest of the day, the seeds are placed in favorable conditions (at 15-20 ° C). Such a change of cold and heat is produced for a month or a little longer. This method makes it possible to move tomatoes, watermelons, melons and other heat-loving crops to the north. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with solutions of some salts is also used. An increase in blood pressure is also achieved through vaccinations, which can be used to obtain crops of watermelons and melons in the Kirov and Moscow regions. Plants in the seedling phase are grafted onto a pumpkin, in which, in addition to the root system, part of the leaves is also left. It is promising to breed more cold-resistant varieties; Seeds that have begun to germinate are cold-hardened. This technique is carried out in a number of generations. So, for example, new, more cold-resistant varieties of tomatoes were bred. Instead of cold treatment of seeds, they are also sown under winter in the ground (for example, tomatoes, buckwheat), carried out in a number of generations.

winter hardiness plants the ability of plants to endure unfavorable winter conditions without damage. In severe frosts, as a result of the formation of ice in cells or intercellular spaces, freezing of plants can occur. The ice crust that appears on crops during thaws impairs the aeration of cells and weakens the frost resistance of plants. Winter crops that have been under deep snow for a long time at a temperature of about 0 ° C suffer from exhaustion and damage by mold fungi (see Plant damping). Due to the formation of an ice layer in the soil, tearing the roots, bulging of plants occurs. Often there is a simultaneous action of many of these adverse factors.

Z. r., and in particular their frost resistance, develop by the beginning of winter in the process of hardening of plants (see. Hardening of plants). Plants can tolerate frosts: winter rye down to -30°C, winter wheat up to -25°C, apple tree down to -40°C. The resistance of plants to decay is ensured by: the accumulation in them by the beginning of winter of a large amount of sugars and other reserve substances; economical consumption by plants (at a temperature of about 0°C) of reserve substances for respiration and growth; protection of plants from fungal diseases. The resistance of plants to bulging is determined by the power and extensibility of the roots. Bulging is observed more often on dense, humus and moist soils during their repeated freezing and thawing, therefore it is very important to choose the right site for sowing. Dangerous and autumn stagnation of water in the fields (wetting of plants); with it, the hardening of plants worsens and they are more easily damaged by frost. Even more destructive is the stagnation of water in the spring; plants weakened and damaged in winter die off with a lack of aeration, so it is necessary to improve the physical properties of the arable soil layer.

To increase the winter hardiness of fruit trees, agrotechnical methods of accumulating and conserving moisture in the soil, watering, and other soil cultivation should be applied. It also decreases under the influence of summer droughts: due to lack of water, trees do not have time to complete their development cycle and go into a dormant state, therefore windbreaks play an important role. In fruit trees, winter hardiness often decreases in harvest years, because. plants do not have time to prepare for winter. Therefore, it is necessary to select varieties with a uniform yield over the years. To ensure Z. r. control of plant pests and diseases is also required. Of great importance is the correct zoning of existing varieties and the breeding of new, winter-hardy varieties. The most winter-hardy varieties of winter rye and wheat, alfalfa, clover, and apple trees are found in the USSR; the most winter-hardy varieties of winter rye in Siberia and Yu.-V. country, winter wheat - in the eastern regions. See also Wintering of plants.

Frost resistance plants, the ability of plants to survive in the period of short-term frosts or long frosts. One of the types of winter hardiness of plants (See Winter hardiness of plants). In wintering plants, M. develops every year as a result of their long and complex preparation for winter (see. plant hardening). In the warm period of the year, when plants grow, their M. is insignificant, during the period of winter frosts - it is maximum. During thaws, M. falls sharply, and then, if the intensification of frost proceeds slowly, it rises again. Sharp fluctuations in temperature are dangerous, because the plants do not have time to go through re-hardening. M. is due to the fact that physicochemical processes occur in cells, firstly, making it difficult for intracellular water to freeze, and secondly, increasing the resistance of cells to dehydration of protoplasts and to mechanical deformations by their extracellular ice. These properties of cells develop in the process of hardening plants at low temperatures in several stages, starting from a dormant period. If at any stage the necessary processes do not take place in plant cells, then the plants will not be frost-resistant enough and may die.

M. is determined primarily by inheritance. features. Some types of plants die in mild frosts (for example, lemon trees die at temperatures from -5 to -12 ° C), others are able to survive in the most severe winters (for example, some apple trees can withstand frosts down to - 40 ° C); larch, birch and other trees in Eastern Siberia can survive at -70 °C. Even different varieties of the same plant species have unequal M.: for example, some varieties of winter wheat die at temperatures below -15 ° C, others only at - 23 ° C. Therefore, one of the most effective methods for increasing frost is the development of frost-resistant varieties and their correct zoning. M. is also influenced by soil and climatic conditions and agricultural practices that provide plants with optimal conditions food, water supply, aeration. Cultivated plants under natural conditions (in a field or garden) usually do not reach their maximum M., since the conditions for preparing for winter are often unfavorable. Winter wheat, for example, freezes at temperatures below -15 ° C at the depth of the tillering node; after hardening in laboratory conditions, it can withstand frosts down to -30 ° C. Apricot, after laboratory hardening of annual seedlings, is only slightly damaged at a temperature of -60 ° C, and the Antonovka apple tree is still able to bloom after such a frost. Blackcurrant cuttings after laboratory hardening can take root and develop even after keeping at an ultra-low temperature (-253 ° C). Evaluation of M. plants is carried out by the field method (according to the number of overwintered plants per unit area) and laboratory, which allows refrigeration units to determine at what temperature the plants begin to freeze, and to trace M. for a long time.

Ecological and geographical groups of plants according to their frost resistance

According to the ability to tolerate temperature drops, tree species are divided into five groups.:

1. Very frost-resistant (up to -35 ... -50 °)

Trees: downy birch, common and Siberian spruce, Dahurian and Siberian larch, Siberian cedar, aspen, balsam poplar, common juniper;

Shrubs: crimson hawthorn, red elderberry, Siberian derain, yellow acacia, elfin cedar, silver sucker, mountain pine.

2. Frost resistant (up to -25…-35°)

Trees: Canadian and Engelman spruce, prickly and Tien Shan, white willow, elm (elm), English oak, Norway maples, small-leaved linden, metasequoia, Manchurian and gray nuts, mountain ash, Weymouth pine, bird cherry, common ash;

Shrubs: common hawthorn, Tatar honeysuckle, shadberry, common viburnum, wrinkled rose, common lilac, western and eastern arborvitae.

3. Moderately frost-resistant (up to -15 ... -25 ° С)

Trees: white acacia or robinia, honey locust, beech, hornbeam, yew-leaved pseudosuga, magnificent catalpa, horse chestnut, field maple, silver, large-leaved and Crimean lindens, Japanese sophora, yew berry, cedar (with short cold weather), Arizona cypress, pistachio, white and black mulberry, maple leaf, gingko, pomegranate, rosemary;

Shrubs: boxwood, cherry laurel, common privet, Japanese quince, deutsia, viburnum, narrow-leaved sucker, golden skumpia, spirea, mock orange or jasmine, wild rose.

4. Non-frost resistant (up to -10…-15°C)

Trees: Babylonian willow, common cypress, cedar (in prolonged cold weather), paulownia, eucalyptus, seaside and Himalayan pines, Italian or pine, evergreen sequoia, plane tree or oriental plane tree;

Shrubs: large-leaved hydrangea, wisteria, fragrant olive, yucca.

5. The least winter-hardy (not lower than -10°C) subtropical tree species are palms, evergreen deciduous and some conifers.