Crossing grapes. Breeding of new varieties of grapes for wall pavilion culture. Obtaining varieties of early ripening

The crossing technique is quite simple; for this purpose, preparation is first mother plant.

Mother plant preparation

Most varieties of grapes have bisexual flowers and, with pure-grade plantations, as a rule, self-pollinate, that is, the egg is fertilized by pollen that develops on the same or neighboring flower.

In order to prevent the process of self-pollination or intravarietal pollination (by pollen from the flowers of neighboring bushes), pollen should be removed within the inflorescence. This process of removing pollen is called "castration". Castration starts 2-3 days before flowering. Castration is done with tweezers, which carefully remove the flower cap (corolla) and at the same time anthers with pollen. If the flower has short filaments and the anthers sit at the level of the stigma of the pistil or below it, then in this case only the cap of the flower is removed first, and then the stamen filaments with anthers are cut off.

In the inflorescence, not all flowers are castrated, but only 40-50% of the total number, approximately 100-150. The remaining flowers are cut off so that the castrated flowers are evenly distributed on the inflorescence. After castration, the inflorescence should be immediately isolated with a bag made of parchment paper. The paper insulator prevents the flowers from being exposed to pollen.

When using varieties with a functionally female type of flower for hybridization, castration is not carried out, since the pollen of these flowers is not capable of fertilization. However, such flowers are also isolated until the moment of artificial pollination.

Harvesting pollen paternal plant

Then proceed to harvest the pollen of the paternal plant. For this purpose, during the flowering of the paternal plant, the filaments with anthers are collected in paper bags, after which they are transferred to the room and spread out on paper for drying and ripening. After a day or two, when the anthers burst, the pollen is separated from the filaments and anthers by sifting through a silk sieve and placed in test tubes. Harvested pollen should be stored in a dry and cool place. In the case when the flowering of the mother and father plants coincides, the pollen of the father plant is not collected, and in order to fertilize the mother plant, the plucked inflorescences of the father plant are shaken over the inflorescence of the mother plant. When the flowering of the paternal plant is later than the mother plant, it is necessary to artificially either accelerate the flowering of the paternal plant, or delay the flowering of the mother plant.

You can speed up the beginning of flowering by layering with a vine. As observations have shown, flowering on layering occurs 7-10 days earlier compared to flowering on ordinary bushes. Flowering is accelerated even more if greenhouse frames are installed above the bushes. You can delay the beginning of flowering by carrying out snow retention and late spring watering. For a longer period, flowering can be delayed if a hole is dug under the bushes intended for hybridization, into which snow is poured and covered with straw and earth on top.

With earlier flowering of paternal plants, pollen can be prepared in advance and stored until the moment of use. Under appropriate conditions of heat and humidity, pollen can be stored for up to a year.

pollination process

After harvesting pollen or inflorescences with pollen, they begin to artificially apply the pollen of the paternal plant to the flowers of the mother. The process of pollination is usually started when a special, slightly sticky liquid appears on the stigmas of the pistils of the mother plant. In order to prevent foreign pollen from getting onto the stigma through the air, the insulator is usually not removed, but a round hole is cut out in it, through which pollen is applied with a brush or cotton wool, after which the hole is sealed with a circle of parchment paper. If pollination is carried out by shaking the plucked inflorescence, then in this case it is better to remove the insulator and, after applying pollen to the flowers of the mother plant, put it on again.

Since not all flowers of the mother plant are simultaneously prepared for the perception of pollen, pollination is recommended to be repeated after 2-3 days.

In order to ensure interspecific or intergeneric crossing, I. V. Michurin developed a method of vegetative convergence. To do this, before crossing, the initial forms are grafted. It is possible to instill the future paternal form on the maternal one and, conversely, the maternal one on the paternal one. As a result of the mutual influence of the scion on the rootstock, pollen or an egg appear, which are biologically more similar, and the process of fertilization occurs.

In some cases, to overcome non-crossing, a mixture of pollen from several species is used, or the mother's pollen is mixed with the father's. A. Ya. Kuzmin developed another way to overcome non-crossing, which consists in the late application of pollen to the stigma of the pistil, when the stigma is on the verge of dying off.

After the berries have developed to the size of a pea, the parchment insulators are removed and gauze bags are put on instead to better preserve the hybrid seeds.

Working with seeds

The resulting hybrid berries remain on the bushes until the seeds fully ripen. Then the clusters are removed from the bushes along with gauze bags and transferred to a storage room. In winter, the seeds are removed from the berries, washed thoroughly and slightly dried on well-ventilated racks. Then the seeds are placed in wet sand and stored in clay pots in unheated rooms at a temperature of 5-7 degrees Celsius. The room where the seeds are stored (at the same time the seeds are stratified) should not be excessively damp. Two weeks before sowing in the ground or greenhouses, they are transferred to a warm room, where, after transplanting into boxes with sand, the swelling process occurs and the seeds begin to germinate.

The seeds that have hatched are transplanted into greenhouses or directly onto the ridges in the ground. Transplanting seeds into the ground should be done at such a time that the seeds do not experience a sharp fluctuation in temperature.

Sowing seeds in greenhouses is carried out at a distance of 8 cm between rows from each other and is covered with humus, mixed half with river sand, to a depth of 3-4 cm. is located depending on the scale of work and methods of mechanized tillage. With a small amount of breeding work and manual processing of ridges, the distance between rows is 35-40 cm. With horse cultivation, row spacing increases to 70-75 cm. Seedling care consists in maintaining the necessary soil moisture, combating weeds, diseases and pests.

From the moment of seed germination to the entry of young seedlings into a state of full fruiting, hybrid plants are good conditions for development.

Directed parenting

IN young age a hybrid plant, being plastic, can develop certain properties corresponding to environmental conditions. The growing conditions of a hybrid plant are of decisive importance for identifying the required traits and properties and the time of entry into fruiting seedlings.

On the issue of creating new varieties by the method of hybridization and directed education, I. V. Michurin wrote “In this matter, everything depends on the experimental selection of combinations of crossed pairs, plants, and, mainly, on expedient education hybrid seedlings at their young age. Here, almost entirely the qualities of the future variety depend on the mode of its upbringing. Directed education is necessary to accustom the plant to easily endure all the adverse conditions of the area. So, if the task is to develop high-yielding, high-quality and cold-resistant varieties, hybrid seedlings should be placed in natural conditions of low winter temperatures. Seedlings obtained, for example, from crossing European varieties of grapes with Amur grapes should be slightly covered with earth in the first year, and then they should be gradually taught to endure winter temperatures without any earth cover. In addition, to increase cold resistance, you can use the “mentor” method of education developed by I. V. Michurin. For this purpose, young seedlings need to be grafted onto a cold-resistant stock of Amur grapes, or a cutting of this cold-resistant species is grafted onto a seedling. Under the influence of a cold-resistant stock or scion, the property of cold resistance is enhanced in a hybrid seedling.

If the task is to develop Muscat resistant to oidium and mildew diseases, then, in addition to crossing this variety with some American disease-resistant variety, it is sometimes necessary to strengthen this resistance again by grafting. The same method of directed education can be used in breeding more productive varieties with early ripening of berries and with other features and properties. In particular, with distant interspecific hybridization, it often becomes necessary to improve the quality of the variety. For this purpose, cuttings of high-quality European grape varieties are grafted onto the seedling. In this case, the tissues of the seedling are built on the nutrients produced by the leaves of a quality European variety, due to which the same trait develops in the hybrid seedling.

Improvement in the quality of the variety and increase in yield can be achieved by improving the nutritional conditions a year before fruiting. To do this, organic fertilizers are applied in a mixture with granular phosphorus and potash fertilizers. In the year of the beginning of fruiting, the amount of fertilizer applied increases.

To ensure strong growth and quick fruiting, seedlings should not be replanted frequently, and the leaf area should also be reduced when pruning. Seedlings should be transplanted only after the first rejection at the age of one.

When transplanting, seedlings are given normal distances between bushes and rows, established for a fruit-bearing vineyard in a given area, while the root system should be significantly deepened compared to its location in a one-year-old seedling. Pruning shoots in this case is long, which contributes to the early entry young plant into fruition.

rejection

But not all seedlings obtained should be brought to fruiting. Some seedlings can be selected and discarded already at an early age. Depending on the task, the selection of unsuitable seedlings can be carried out different ways and on various grounds.

So, for example, when breeding cold-resistant varieties, the selection of seedlings is achieved in a natural way. That part of the seedlings that does not have sufficient cold resistance, when left for the winter without shelter with earth, will have varying degrees of damage by winter frosts. Seedlings severely affected by frost can be rejected in the first year if they do not have other valuable traits and it is not intended to carry out additional work with them in the future to increase their cold resistance by grafting. By the time of ripening of the vine, one can also judge the property of cold resistance and the duration of the growing season. The faster and better the annual shoots of seedlings ripen, the more cold-resistant the latter.

In the spring of each year, seedlings can be selected not only for cold resistance, but also for other characteristics. During the development of fungal diseases or during artificial infection, the most disease-resistant seedlings should be selected. During the flowering period of grapes, seedlings with an abnormal flower structure can be isolated and discarded.

Evaluation of the resulting hybrids

The most complete assessment of the resulting hybrids can only be given after they have entered fruiting. It must be borne in mind that in the first year of fruiting it is impossible to judge the yield and quality of fruits, since at this time both clusters and berries are usually smaller. With the further development of grapes and the improvement of nutritional conditions, the size of clusters and berries gradually increases and the quality indicators of plants are revealed.

It is necessary to remember the instructions of T. D. Lysenko that “ good varieties plants, as well good breeds animals in practice have always been created and are created only under the condition of good agricultural technology, good animal husbandry. With poor agricultural practices, not only can good varieties never be obtained from bad ones, but in many cases even good cultivars become bad after several generations. Therefore, newly obtained hybrids should receive good agricultural technology, since under poor growth and development conditions, valuable traits and properties may change for the worse in the future.

How great is the importance of abundant nutrition of hybrid seedlings can be judged from the data obtained by A.K. square meter 18 kg of humus, 150 g of superphosphate and 20 g of ash.

Seedlings grown on such an agricultural background were characterized not only by strong growth, but also laid fruit buds, starting from 12-13 nodes and above.

In the second year of vegetation, seedlings, as a rule, begin to bear fruit, which makes it possible to select valuable numbers not only in terms of growth and morphological features shoots and leaves, but also in terms of yield.

Seedlings grown with abundant nutrition, in the third year, in terms of overall growth strength and fruiting, do not differ from ordinary bushes that have already entered the fruiting season.

Abundant nutrition not only accelerates the fruiting of seedlings, but also contributes to the development of valuable traits in them. If in the first year of development of seedlings, fruit buds develop starting from the 12-13th node, then in two-year-old and older plants, the development of fruit buds moves closer to the base of the shoot.

Further propagation of newly bred varieties

Further propagation of newly bred varieties is carried out by cuttings. It must be remembered that not all cuttings can provide valuable traits of a new variety. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the selection of the best bushes and cuttings within the bushes. Considering that vegetative deviations often appear on young bushes, if the cuttings are not selected correctly, the variety can be worsened, and, conversely, if the best cuttings are carefully selected, the variety can be improved.

Many gardeners are happy to plant on their plots various varieties grapes, selecting the best, breeding and selecting the most suitable in terms of yield, endurance and palatability. Among them, a well-known breeder stands out, thanks to whose enthusiasm and painstaking work more than fifty varieties have appeared.

Breeder Pavlovsky brought about 50 varieties of grapes, including Rochefort

Breeder Pavlovsky

Evgeny Georgievich Pavlovsky is one of the most successful and talented breeders who managed to give excellent viable varieties. A simple miner who, in his free time, was engaged in his personal plot, back in 1985, he brought out the first copies that received many awards and prizes at international competitions and exhibitions. Many of them are successfully cultivated in various regions of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine.

The collection is based on hybrids bred through painstaking selection and selection. best qualities and properties. Among the unifying positive points can be identified:

precocity;
frost resistance;
high yield;
attractive presentation of bunches;
resistance to fungal diseases.

All gardeners note the excellent taste and sufficient sugar content, which make the new plants bred by Pavlovsky indispensable on land.

Hip-Hop grapes, like other varieties of Pavlovsky, have a high sugar content.

All varieties developed by E.G. Pavlovsky, are a novelty on the market, therefore, it is worth buying them for planting in special nurseries with seedlings, having previously studied the features of the species so that it meets all expectations.

Almost all of them are adapted for planting in spring and autumn, they require protection from cold winds, but they winter well due to their excellent frost resistance. The land for planting must be prepared, taking into account the standard requirements for any grape, not planted immediately after the old bush, allowing the soil to rest for several years.

Optimal care conditions

Like any fruit-bearing plant, grapes need a sufficient amount of moisture, so regular full-fledged watering, especially on hot dry days, will favorably affect the amount of the harvest.

E.G. himself Pavlovsky recommends, at least sometimes, feeding the bushes with humus, potash or phosphate fertilizers, be sure to mulch the ground around for the best supply of nutrients to the root system. For this, blackened sawdust, sprinkled with a layer of 3 centimeters, will come in handy.

Important necessary step is a well-thought-out pruning of a bush, affecting its ability to bear fruit well. By reducing the excessive number of stepchildren, you can direct nutrients to the fruits, as well as to form a clear, neat shape.

With the onset of cold weather, grapes need shelter, especially if the growing area is characterized by winters with average temperature about 20 degrees below zero. Young seedlings are insulated with specially prepared tubs, clean plastic containers from under the water, and covered with earth. Adult fruit-bearing bushes are covered with a film, trying to leave some air space.

Carmen grapes and other varieties of Pavlovsky should be carefully wrapped for the winter

Features of the selection of cuttings for planting

The laying of a generous harvest begins with a leisurely choice of cuttings, compliance with all conditions for planting in the ground, and high-quality care for it. Experienced growers themselves receive the material on their site. And when choosing in a nursery or on the market, you need to consider the following points:

the seedling must have a developed root system;
the roots should have a whitish tint, and the cut should be green;
there must be at least three buds on the handle.

Before planting, they should be pre-prepared by soaking in a special solution for a day.

The famous breeder constantly pleases fans with new hybrids with improved qualities, but it is worth mentioning in detail the varieties that have already proven themselves and have received high consumer ratings in recent times.

The grape seedling must have a healthy and attractive appearance.

Ali Baba: nutmeg dessert

Obtained as a result of crossing popular unpretentious varieties, this hybrid species immediately fell in love with a delicate harmonious taste with pleasant nutmeg notes. Thanks to its amazing persistence and productivity, it has been chosen as the main one by many industrial vineyards.

It pleasantly amazes its owners with luxurious brushes weighing up to 800 grams with densely spaced large berries. They have an excellent presentation, in addition to a beautiful dark red color, attracting with a light aroma, delicate rich taste. Under a thin, imperceptible shell on the tongue, a fairly dense fleshy pulp is hidden.

Among the undoubted positive sides"Ali Baba", noted by gardeners, the most important when growing are called:

a short period of aging;
high yield and quality berries;
the presence of flowers of each sex on the vines;
resistance to diseases and frosts up to 23 degrees.

This species is perfectly propagated by cuttings that have excellent adaptive properties in new conditions. They grow quite quickly, giving good rich harvests in a few years. The vegetative period declared by the breeder is about 100 days, depending on weather conditions and the amount of sunlight.

A pleasant feature of "Ali Baba" is the ability of young stepchildren to bear fruit, although they produce clusters that are less plentiful in weight, ripening later than on the main lashes. Even from a green stepson, you can collect up to 4 kilograms of quality grapes.

Among the negative aspects of this specimen, the owners note that the strong density of berries on the gron prevents them from forming the oval shape characteristic of the variety. Although young branches bear fruit, they strongly take away the nutritious juices of the main part of the bush, requiring enhanced care and feeding. Therefore, in the spring there is always a dilemma: to leave or remove new shoots in order to get a high quality crop.

Ali Baba grapes produce fruits with a nutmeg flavor

Delicate table "Marshmallow"

Very popular among gardeners with a wonderful taste and quality variety. table grapes"Marshmallow", bred by Pavlovsk breeding on the basis of the frost-resistant "Talisman". It is also characterized by the presence of bisexual flowers, problem solving pollination, excellent adaptability to changeable weather, suitable for non-hot areas of the middle regions of Russia.

This is an early ripening hybrid form, characterized by large heavy clusters, the berries on which reach an average of 14 grams. Zephyr is characterized by a very beautiful red color with a slight purple tint, iridescent in the sun. On average, one brush reaches 600 grams, but with persistent warm weather and enhanced feeding, you can get more than a kilogram. Large appetizing berries are densely packed, not having the property of peas, and their flavor is very sweet and unobtrusive.

Zephyr has an interesting distinguishing feature: despite the precocity, a fully ripened crop can not be harvested until frost. It is perfectly stored on the sleeves without loss of taste and visual commercial qualities, allowing you to shoot a small amount every day without cutting off the rest of the brushes. A big number bunches makes it a very profitable acquisition for a small plot.

Marshmallow grapes have an unusual color

Rostov "Ayuta"

A wonderful hybrid variety, named Pavlovsky in honor of the river flowing near Rostov, appeared on the market in 2012 and was immediately liked by lovers of breeding early table species. It is distinguished by a pleasant aftertaste with a touch of tea rose, remaining in the mouth after dense pulp. One of the most popular in the collection of the famous selector, Ayuta grapes have many advantages for gardeners:

crunch characteristic of this species when biting;
normal resistance to cold;
resistance to rot, diseases and pests;
early aging;
flower stalks on the vine are always of both sexes.

Clusters of "Ayuta" have a good presentation, attracting large purple berries, lying tightly on a massive bunch weighing up to a kilogram. They are fully ripe by August, and can remain on the lashes until the first frost without bursting and without losing their sweet delicate taste. A dense shell allows you to transport it to the place of sale without any special precautions.

This specimen does not require special additional care, constant loosening, calmly referring to a slight lack of moisture, poor soil condition, is not subject to different types decay, damage by pests and insects. And good resistance to freezing made "Ayuta" a gift for gardeners from regions with a cool climate.

Ayuta grapes produce bunches weighing up to a kilogram

Amber "Monarch"

Tasty and beautiful table variety "Monarch", obtained by Pavlovsky as a result of many years of selection, belongs to the early ripening time. Depending on the climatic features of the region, the harvest can be obtained as early as mid-August, and the average growing season is no more than four months.

This specimen is characterized by a fairly good yield, the ability to collect brushes up to one kilogram. Large, elastic berries have an even conical shape, slightly reminiscent of medium-sized plums. IN sunshine they play with amber hues, with a slight redness.

The pulp is juicy and fleshy, with a pronounced nutmeg taste, and not big amount bones. The berries do not crumple during transportation, are perfectly stored and are liked by customers with their appetizing appearance.

The indisputable advantages of Monarch are:

excellent taste and sweetness, regardless of the vagaries of the weather;
the same size of berries;
good performance in grafting and transplanting;
excellent frost resistance up to 25 degrees.

From one adult plant, it is quite possible to collect about 7 kilograms of delicious fruits. But this species has an increased growth force, increasing by a third during the season due to the growth of greenery and stepchildren, therefore, it needs pruning and thinning of the leaves. But the presence of female and male flowers on the bush simplifies the task of pollination for the owner.

The only problem of "Monarch" is a large number of falling ovaries during the flowering period, even under the most favorable conditions. But the remaining inflorescences cope with the task quite well, turning into large, heavy clusters.

Monarch grapes are distinguished by large berries

Golden "Ozone"

Despite the absolutely identical source material with Ali Baba, E.G. Pavlovsky managed to get a completely different hybrid grape, markedly different in form and properties.

Fragrant and juicy "Ozone" surprises the owners with generous brushes up to 1.5 kilograms, on which golden grapes of a cylindrical shape are grouped. Despite the simple nutmeg taste, they are very juicy, sweet and contain many useful substances.

The yield of "Ozone" is quite stable, but it needs correction of greenery and ovaries in the spring so as not to get a lot of small berries. The full ripening period is equal to 105 days, allowing you to enjoy a natural dessert in early August. He, like Ali Baba, is not afraid of freezing on the soil, ideally adapting to the conditions of the middle lane.

This is a wonderful tasty specimen, the only drawback of which is his youth. It was bred in 2012 and has not been studied enough, so it can give unpredictable results in new conditions.

Grapes Ozone gives large brushes of 1.5 kg in weight

Delicate "Romeo"

An interesting hybrid with the usual even taste is the Romeo table variety, which belongs to the late varieties that ripen by early autumn. Quite unpretentious to weather conditions and temperature, it quickly takes root, grows intensively, forming luxurious clusters of about one kilogram. However, in cool weather, the weight may be slightly less.

Delicate lilac berries on the brush are always papillary of an unusual shape, but the thin skin is easily damaged, making it difficult to transport the crop. Therefore, it is not recommended to grow it for sale.

The distinctive characteristics of "Romeo" are called:

Very good harvest from one bush;
sustainable resistance to diseases that affect grapes;
the presence of flowers of different sexes;
frost resistance and adaptability.

"Romeo" is a worthy hybrid for home breeding, capable of providing the whole family from one adult bush.

Romeo grapes - a fruitful hybrid of a very pleasant taste

Sweet "Beauty"

Another hybrid form, proposed by Pavlovsky, was bred by mixing pollen from tender European and resistant Amur vines. The resulting tall massive bush turned out to be above average among similar ones, but ripens well, giving a delicious harvest in early August.

Grons "Pretty Woman" cannot offer a record mass, being limited to a neat brush of 700 grams, producing attractive dark pink berries small size with a nutmeg aftertaste and a violet tip characteristic of this variety.

Of the positive aspects of "Pretty Woman" - its resistance to frost and rapid maturation, ideal for areas with a short summer period. And the disadvantages are its little study due to its youth, which does not provide full-fledged research material on the level of resistance to certain diseases characteristic of grapes. Therefore, the bush requires very close care and health monitoring, a quick response to any manifestations of rot or mildew.

Grapes Beauty is suitable for regions with a cold climate

Graceful "Juliet"

Many growers often purchase "Juliet" complete with "Romeo", which look perfect and complement each other in taste and color. Despite the different basis taken by E.G. Pavlovsky for selection, they ripen and fill with juice at the same time.

"Juliet" is a vigorous, low plant, on which small brushes grow up to 500 grams with a very subtle flavor, reeking of nutmeg. On a small crown, large sweet grapes of a beautiful yellow-green hue are formed with a lot of sugar.

This vine tends to lose yield when the bush is overloaded with tassels, therefore, it requires mandatory thinning during the release of peduncles. If this is not done, a large yield will prevent the creation of a rich shade of nutmeg and give tasteless unleavened berries.

Juliet grapes produce sweet nutmeg berries

Breeder, continuing cooperation with many famous colleagues from different countries, constantly improves its work, releasing new forms for reproduction, most of which immediately appeal to gardeners:

"Carmen": novelty with short term aging, characterized by luxurious tassels of dark saturated of blue color, With Large Oval Grapes. The standard taste of "Carmen" is complemented by a special combination of natural sugars and acids. The plant is quite resistant to winter cold, confidently gaining popularity in middle lane countries.
"Rochefort": causes genuine interest of gardeners for the opportunity to grow clusters of stunning size, reaching 4 kilograms in favorable weather. When ripe, the grapes turn blue, as they become saturated with sweetness, becoming an unusual almost black color. The variety has successfully passed the tests of cold and diseases typical for grapes.
"Hip-Hop": behind a frivolous name lies a very promising hybrid novelty from Pavlovsky, ripening on early term and presenting delicious juicy grapes with a yellowish tint. For its fleshy pulp, thin, strong skin that can easily withstand transportation, the ability to quickly propagate by cuttings, large agricultural producers are seriously interested in Hip Hop.

Given the great variety of grape varieties obtained by the talented hands of E.G. Pavlovsky, the list is endless. But many of them have common features, appearing on the basis of the same mother bush by green grafting.

Most of them have already passed some testing, including the ability to survive the cold, resist gray rot or leaf pests, but the latest still require attention and special conditions for a full harvest.

» » Newest hybrid varieties grapes Pavlovsky E.G

Methods are known that accelerate the fruiting of grape seedlings - laying vigorous seedlings with katavlak, awakening stepson buds, direct technology. For the hybridization of new varieties at the Donetsk Experimental Station of Viticulture, grafting of lignified eyes onto adult bushes using the method of splitting or a lignified one-eyed cutting into a green shoot was used. With good accretion, the vaccinations in the first year gave an increase of up to two meters, in the second year they developed fruitful shoots, and the inflorescences were used for hybridization. To accelerate fruiting, seedlings in the cotyledon state were grafted onto the green shoots of adult bushes using shelves and wet chambers. Then, developing new methods for protecting green grafts from drying out, they came to the conclusion that for this purpose it is enough to use ordinary laboratory test tubes or plastic covers, which reduces labor costs by 5 times. As a rootstock, you can take any cultivated grape variety or rootstock varieties. Before bud break, most of the shoots are removed with secateurs, leaving 2-3 knots with 2 eyes on each. At the first fragment, 2-3 vigorous green shoots are left on the bush. When they reach 25 cm in length, they start grafting (from May 15-20 to June 15-20). A day or two before that, on the abandoned shoots, stepchild buds, the beginnings of wintering eyes and leaves are removed (up to about the 4-6th node). Hybrid grape seeds are germinated in such a way that by the time of grafting, the seedlings are with cotyledons or two or three true leaves. On the day of vaccination or the day before, they are carefully pulled out of the soil and placed with roots in a bowl of water so that they are well saturated with moisture. It is best to plant seedlings in the early morning or in the evening hours, in cloudy weather - throughout the day.
When grafting 2-3 cm above the third or fourth node, the top of the shoot is removed and an incision is made on it to the very node, preferably slightly oblique.
On the root neck of the seedling or slightly higher, make an oblique cut up to 1 cm long, and insert it under one side of the split. The grafting site is carefully tied with a thin rubber thread, which fastens the grafted components and stretches as the tissues grow. You can tie vaccinations with a thin plastic film. Then put on a well-whitened test tube with a diameter of 2 cm or a polyethylene cap painted over with silver.
When the seedling starts growing well and forms 2-3 new leaves, the wet chamber can be removed.
During the entire growing season, all shoots on the rootstock are systematically removed. On the grafted seedling, as it grows, stepchildren are pinched, and the shoots are tied to a trellis or peg.
If interspecific hybrids are grafted onto bushes of European varieties, then in the fall they must be covered with earth, especially the lower part. If the seedling is grafted on a frost-resistant variety, then it should not be covered.
The survival rate of seedlings varies between 60-80% depending on the year and the quality of the vaccination.
In the first year, vaccinations usually give an increase of 1 to 2.5 m, and some of them lay fruit buds. In the second year of life, from 30 to 50% of plants bear fruit, the rest usually enters the time of fruiting in the third year.
Own-rooted seedlings enter fruiting time only in the 4-6th year of life.
Thus, this method allows to speed up the selection process by 2-3 years.
To accelerate the fruiting of seedlings, the Ukrainian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after V.E. Tairov developed a method of abundant feeding of seedlings (P.K. Ayvazyan). To do this, before sowing the seeds, a plot is prepared, that is, they dig a trench to a depth of 65-70 cm and fill it well with structural soil with organic and mineral fertilizers.
10-30 kg of humus, 100-200 g of superphosphate, 50-70 g of ash are added per square meter.
Fresh or not completely rotted manure should not be applied. In the presence of pests (bearworm, larvae, beetles, etc.), the soil is seeded with hexochloran. The trench is filled with mixture
soil with fertilizer with a layer of 55-60 cm, after compaction, the remaining part of the trench is covered with structural soil. Fertilizers are not applied to this layer, so as not to cause a burn when sowing seeds. After sowing and emergence of seedlings, watering is carried out. During the growing season, 4-5 liquid mineral supplements are made at the rate of 150 g of superphosphate, 75 g of potassium salt per 1 bush. Plant nutrition area - 0.75 x 1 m.
Complete nutrition contributes to the good growth of plants, the laying of fruit buds in the first year, and some plants bear fruit in the second year.
Thus, growing seedlings on a high agricultural background contributes to the accelerated formation of generative organs and earlier fruiting of plants.
It should be remembered that pruning principles developed for existing grape varieties cannot be mechanically transferred to seedlings that have not yet entered the fruiting season.
In the first year, if the seedling has an increase of more than 1 - 1.5 m, then it is necessary to leave the entire mature part of the shoot, which makes it possible to avoid the removal of fruit buds, located, as a rule, in the upper nodes of the annual shoot. After the development of green shoots, when inflorescences are already visible on them, they make a fragment of barren and weaker ones, that is, the load is regulated by a green fragment. Young plants should not be overloaded with crops. If the seedling is barren or even weak, then one or two green shoots are left on it, during the growing season, stepchildren are pinched on it. During the growing season, a well-formed shoot with fruitful eyes grows, and the next year the plant bears fruit.
Fruiting seedlings are cut and formed in the same way as bushes of ordinary standard varieties - frost-resistant forms on a high stem with two cordons.
When the seedlings enter the fruiting season, they begin to isolate the best specimens that combine high resistance to frost, disease and high quality products with great looks. When these qualities are confirmed, they begin to accelerate their reproduction within 2-3 years.

Scientists have found that adults healthy person it is necessary to eat 70 kg of grapes of various varieties per year. In reality, 30 kg is not even an average result, but the best. All this is because in many regions grapes continue to be a delicacy. Many summer residents are seriously considering growing vines on their plots. This is possible because modern varieties and hybrid forms are bred not only for every taste, but for various conditions growth. In the article we will talk about new grape varieties (description and comparison), give their detailed characteristics.

Description of the earliest grape varieties, advantages and disadvantages

Thanks to the painstaking work of modern breeders, hybrid forms have appeared, the ripening period of which has surpassed all stereotypes, and is 100 days.

Ruslan is one of the early varieties.

The most popular among gardeners are:

№	Name	Description	Advantage	Flaws
1.	"Ruslan"	The hybrid form of the varieties "Kuban" and "Gift to Zaporozhye" of the famous Ukrainian breeder V.V. Zagorulko. Tall shrubs with multi-sex flowers. Fruits with an average weight - 20 g. Ripening period - 100 - 115 days. Clusters weighing - 800 - 900 g. Pulp of fruit flavor with plum aftertaste. Harvest - the second decade of August.	Frost resistance up to minus 23 0 . High resistance to fungal diseases.	Does not tolerate excess moisture.
2.	"Lelik"	Hybrid form of folk breeder E. G. Pavlovsky, created on the basis of the variety "Baklanovsky" and "Hybrida 41". Vigorous climber with bisexual flowers. Berries of pink color, weighing 8 g. The mass of one bunch reaches 1 kg.	Withstands frosts down to minus 24 0 . Moderately resistant to oidium mildew and gray mold.	Heterogeneous ripening of berries in bunches.
3.	Muscat Novoshah-	The author of the hybrid, E. G. Pavlovsky, brought him out of the "Talisman" and "XVII-10-26". The weight of a bunch, on average, is 500 g. The taste is very sweet. Ripens by mid-August.	Ripe berries can be stored on the bushes for a long time without compromising taste. Moderately resistant to major diseases.	The vine is prone to overload, requires normalization
4.	"Melting"	A hybrid of the Ukrainian breeder A. A. Golub, appeared as a result of crossing "Atlanta" with "Arcadia" and a mixture of pollen. Bisexual form with early maturation. Fruit color is white.	It has an increased resistance to diseases and successfully tolerates frosts down to minus -23 0 .

In addition to the others described earlier, ripen:

"Outrigger",
"Beloved Muscat"
"Vitannya",
"Alexa Early"
"Mary Magdalene"
"Libya",
"Sphinx",
"Primitive"
"Pulsar",
"Charlie",
"Azalea",
"Vovchik",
Vera, etc.

The listed varieties and hybrids are relatively unpretentious in care, therefore, more often than others, they are planted in summer cottages.

"Lelik" - a variety of E. G. Pavlovsky - one of the gardeners' favorites.

Features of mid-early varieties and hybrid forms

In terms of ripeness, they require more time than the early ones, but not by much. On average, the hybrids of this group are harvested at the end of August. Gardeners prefer these grape varieties:

"Leah"- an early variety, ripening in 110 - 115 days. Created by V. V. Zagorulko by crossing the varieties "Arcadia" and "Atlant Zaporozhye".

Table form, that is, what is intended for fresh use.
Bushes give up to 3 m of growth annually.
The color of ripe fruits is white-pink.
Clusters of 900 g each, the weight of 2 kg has been repeatedly noticed.
The sweetness of berries depends on the number of sunny days, the warmer, the more sugar.
Withstands frost without shelter - minus 21 0 .
The defeat of the main diseases 3.5 - 4 points.

Disadvantage: the variety reacts negatively to excessive watering and prolonged rains.

"Liya" is a relatively frost-resistant variety of early ripening.

"Prometheus"- another hybrid of V.V. Zagorulko, bred by crossing the varieties "Kishmish radiant" and "Arcadia".

Distinguished by functionally female flowers.
The bunch is similar in structure to the Arcadia variety.
Fruit color is dark pink.
Resistance to winter cold up to minus 21 0 .

"Ksenia"- the variety was bred by V.N. Krainov, has a second name "Angelica".

Vigorous bushes of medium early maturity 115 - 125 days.
Large clusters, weighing up to 1.5 kg, with oblong berries of white - pink color.
The pulp is sweet and crunchy with several flavors.

The advantage is high disease resistance. Handles transportation well.

Tip #1Note! Variety "Xenia" requires annual pruning for 8 - 10 eyes.

"Carmen"- E. G. Pavlovsky connected the Nadezhda AZOS variety and the hybrid form FVC-94-3.

Ripening period - 3.5 months in mid-August.
Vigorous bushes - 2 m or more.
Flowers bisexual.
The weight of a bunch of grapes is 600 - 800 g.
The color of the fruit is red-violet, the shape is elongated.
The disadvantage is that the variety is prone to overload and needs thinning of the ovary.

Gardeners favorably relate to the cultivation of relatively unpretentious early and mid-early varieties such as:

"Vlada",
"Glad",
"Sofia",
"Fupshetny",
"Elf",
Abu Hasan.
"Blessing"
"Victor",
"Long-awaited"
"Zlatogor", etc.

Grape varieties of medium and medium late ripening

Among the popular ones are:

Medium maturity	Middle late
"Anapsky giant"	"Ataman"
"White Giant"	"Juliet"
"Anthony the Great"	"Zagrava"
"Black Grand"	"Lactic"
"Anyuta"	"Roadside"
"Cowberry"	"September"
"Ataman Pavlyuk"	"Moldova"
"Valentina"	"Original"
"Lady Patricia"	"Kara Palvan"
"Golden Rain"	"Alphonse Lavalle"
"Verona"
"Odessa souvenir"
"Meteorite"
"PG - 12"

The following varieties and hybrids deserve more detailed attention:

"Anapsky giant"- a variety of universal, vigorous. It belongs to medium-ripening, the berries are gaining ripeness by mid-September. Clusters are small, 200 g each, the color of the fruit is white.
Ataman Pavlyuk"- the result of the selection work of V. U. Kapelyushny, by crossing the varieties "Talismpn" and "Autumn Black". The result is a fast growing bush with large clusters up to 1300 g, often up to 2 kg. The advantage is the complete absence of peas. The variety is popular because of the good preservation both on the vine and in the plucked form.

A feature of the variety "Ataman Pavlyuk" is a wax coating that protects the fruits from diseases, pests and abnormally low temperatures for grapes. The colder the weather, the thicker the plaque.

"Alphonse Lavalle"- a table French variety that has successfully taken root with us. Refers to the middle. It has bisexual flowers. Clusters are heterogeneous - from loose to dense. Berries of the correct round shape of dark purple. The ripening period is up to 160 days, subject to a positive temperature of +22 0 - +32 0. Disadvantage: not resistant to most fungal diseases, does not withstand frost and spring return frosts.

Growing conditions for late grapes

To get a harvest late varieties it will take 155 - 160 days. They are meant for long term storage. Read also the article: → "". Most often they are used in warm climate zones or in greenhouses.

Name of the hybrid

Peculiarities

Flaws

"Courage"

Vigorous shrub with bisexual flowers. The mass of one bunch is 1 - 2 kg.

Fruit color is white.

Ripening time is the end of September.

They are highly resistant to fungal diseases.

Weak frost resistance

"Skorensky Red"

The result of crossing Datier de Saint Valier, Nimrang x Pocket.

Table variety.

Bushes are large, clusters - 0.5 - 0.7 kg.

The color of the berries is purple-red.

The advantage is high resistance to fungal diseases.

Not stored.

For growing late varieties such as Courage, many of which are European, it is better to use an inclined landing.

Tip # 2. The successful development of a young vine and the quality of a mature crop depends on properly conducted irrigation. Mandatory watering is carried out the first 2 years. For adult plants, irrigation is necessary before flowering and water-charging watering for the winter.

The best varieties for the Crimea, the Volga region, the Moscow region, the Leningrad region, Siberia

Gone are the days when grapes were considered exclusively southern culture. Thanks to professional and amateur selection, modern varieties are able to satisfy gardeners living in various climatic zones. As before, Crimea is the leader in the cultivation of grapes. Thanks to the climate here, the earliest varieties ripen at the end of July.

"Pearl Saba"- medium-sized fruits, when ripe, amber-golden, rounded, with pulp of a delicate and pleasant taste, with a nutmeg aroma of nutmeg, clusters of small size, shape - friable.

"Pearl Saba" is one of the sweetest varieties.

"Queen of the Vineyards"- a variety with large berries, round or slightly elongated, golden amber in color, with large clusters.
"Tyfi pink"- with large long clusters up to 25 cm long. The color of the berries is dark pink, the shape is regular round. Ripens in 167 days.

These varieties are the most famous and popular. But thanks to selection, grapes are grown in many climatic zones, even in those whose conditions are opposite to Crimean. Such varieties and hybrids are typical for different regions.

Moscow region	Leningradskayaregion	Volga region	Ural	Siberia
F - 14-75 (shape)	F1475	Liepajas Dzintars	Zilga	Tukay
Laura	Mars	Dovga	Aleshenkin	Solovyova-58
Shun	Russian Karinka	Tsiravas Agro	Sharov's riddle	Rusven
Nadezhda Aksaiskaya	In memory of Dombkowska	Silva	In memory of Dombkowska	Muromets
Victoria	Reline Pink Seedless,	Superearly Cicatricial	In memory of Shatilov	Super early red muscat
Nakhodka AZOS	Neptune	Zolotinka	Muscat white extra early	Kodryanka
Super Extra	Super extra	Super extra	Muscat pink early
First-Called	Victor	Elegant super early	Beauty of the North
	Laura	Victoria
Phenomenon (Augustin, Pleven steady)	Timur	Timur
Muscat summer	Augustine	Kolobok
Cherry	Extra	Prima
Aleshenkin	Ainset Seedless	Hip-hop
Charlie		Sphinx

Rubric: "Questions and answers"

Question number 1. What are the largest grape varieties?

Harold.
Laura.
Augustine.
New century.
Paul.
Memory of a surgeon.
Karmakod.
In memory of Negrul.
Stashensky.
Kodryanka.

Question number 2. Which varieties are best suited to transport?

Shami Abiad.
Gorgeous. Read also the article: → "".
chieftain,
Kodryanka.
Kishmish Kalina.
Arched.
Baikonur.

Question number 3. Which grape keeps the longest?

Ruslan.
Moldova - up to 160 days;
Memory of Negrul - up to 130 days;
Autumn black - up to 120 days;
Criuleni - up to 100 days;
Original - up to 130 days;
Light - up to 100 days;
Hope AZOS - up to 90 days;
Tahir - up to 90 days.

Question number 4. What grape varieties are the most frost-resistant?

Carmen - 30 0,
September - 21 0,
Moldova - 23 0,
Anthony the Great - 23 0,
Black grand - 23 0,
Cowberry - 24 0,
Valentine - 24 0,
Meteorite - 24 0,
Romeo - 23 0.

Serious mistakes gardeners make when choosing new grape varieties

Mistake #1. Choosing a grape variety that is not suitable for growing in a given climate zone.

Often when acquiring a new variety, gardeners find themselves hostage to unscrupulous sellers who distribute plants that do not grow locally. At best, this will affect the quality and quantity of the crop, but most likely the grapes will not take root.

Mistake #2. Planting new varieties in a common vineyard.

A newly acquired plant is best planted separately or kept in quarantine. It is not known how the local "environment" will affect the new variety, it is better to protect it (if possible) from infection with diseases.

Mistake #3. The choice of heat-loving varieties for a zone with a harsh climate.

In this case, the main criterion is frost resistance, otherwise grapes can only be grown in a greenhouse.

Breeding of new varieties of grapes. The current stage in the development of viticulture is characterized by specific features. Industrial viticulture is concentrated in ecological areas with the most favorable natural conditions, mainly in specialized farms. Vineyards are laid in large arrays, so the planted varieties must be adapted to the mechanization of labor-intensive processes: pruning, caring for bushes, tillage, and harvesting.

Whereas in the past breeders have devoted all their skill and experience to improving appearance bunches and the taste of berries, now the tasks of increasing the resistance of grapes against frost, pests, and diseases, while increasing productivity, have come to the fore before breeding. There is also an obvious need for selection for a certain chemical composition, achievement in the berries of the optimal amount of organic acids, sugars, amino acids, vitamins, aromatic compounds and other biologically active substances.

International congresses on viticulture and symposiums devoted to the issues of genetics and selection of grapes have shown that the main method for improving its genetic properties on present stage is combination breeding based on sexual hybridization and the production of offspring with an updated combination of valuable traits and the strengthening of some of them due to heterosis or transgression.

The decisive point in the application of hybridization is the choice of starting material for selection. It depends on the set selection task and the availability of species and varietal resources. When breeding grape varieties resistant to frost, pests and diseases, intervarietal, distant, repeated and complex hybridization is used with the use of high-quality varieties of the Euro-Asian grape V. vinifera as a source material, including those with a slightly increased endurance against frost damage, damage gray rot, phylloxera, as well as representatives of the species - Amur V. amurensis, American - V. Labrusca, V. riparia, V. rupestris and others, characterized by complex resistance to adverse environmental factors.

Perennial practical work on the breeding of new varieties, carried out in the conditions of Odessa, Crimean, Donetsk, Kherson and Kiev regions of Ukraine, allowed researchers to clarify certain methodological provisions in grape breeding to increase immunity against phylloxera, fungal diseases, as well as winter hardiness.

It is necessary to take into account the polymorphism of Amur grapes. It is far from indifferent which forms of V. amurensis are taken for selection, since some give offspring that are more resistant to frost and mildew, while others are less resistant. Seedlings also differ in the degree of adaptation to arid and soil conditions in the south of Ukraine. Many forms are not viable and show depressive growth, low combination ability when crossed with different varieties.

Repeated hybridization of European-Amur and European-American varieties with European ones leads to a sharp decrease in resistance to frost, mildew, and phylloxera. Only single individuals are sufficiently cold-resistant in the conditions of the south of the Odessa region, but they are poorly winter-hardy in the middle and northern parts of the viticultural zone of Ukraine. In areas with more severe climatic factors, the most promising selection for resistance is through the use of complex hybridization of resistant forms with each other.

When breeding varieties resistant to the impact of one or another negative factor, one should take into account not only the polygenic nature of the property of resistance, but also the role of cytoplasmic heredity. For a more complete inheritance of resistance, it is better to take the most hardy forms as maternal parents.