Classification of fire water supply systems. Fire water supply systems types and advantages Outdoor fire water supply

The water supply system is called a complex of engineering structures designed for water intake from a water source, its purification, storage and supply to places of consumption.

The purpose of fire water supply is to ensure the supply of the necessary volumes of water under the required pressure during the standard time for extinguishing a fire, subject to a sufficient degree of reliability of the operation of the entire complex of water supply facilities.

The figure shows the general scheme of the city's water supply

1- water intake; 2 - gravity pipe; 3 - coastal well; 4 - pumps of the first lift; 5 - settling tanks; 6 - filters; 7 - spare tanks of clean water; 5 - pumps II lift 9 - conduits; 10 - pressure-regulating structure; 11 - main pipes; 12 - distribution pipes; 13 - house inputs; 14 - consumers.

Water tower device or other pressure-control structures is often necessary if there is a significant uneven consumption of water by the city by the hours of the day and its supply by lift pumps II. Pressure control facilities are designed to store a supply of water to extinguish a fire.

The task of the water supply system of an industrial enterprise is to provide it with water for industrial, drinking and fire fighting needs.

1 - water intake structure; 2 - pumping station; 3.8 - treatment facilities; 4 - independent network; 5 - network; 6 - sewer network; 7 - workshops; 9 - village

Pumping station 2 located near the water intake 1 , supplies water for production purposes to workshops 7 over the network 5 . Waste water flows through the sewer network 6 into the same reservoir without treatment (if it is not contaminated) or, if necessary, after cleaning it in a treatment plant 8 . If it is necessary to supply water for production needs at different pressures, several groups of pumps are installed at the pumping station, feeding separate networks. Day of economic and fire-fighting needs of the village 9 and workshops of the enterprise 7 water is supplied to an independent network 4 special pumps. The water is pretreated in the treatment plant 3 .

1 - water intake; 2.5 - pumps; 3 - conduits; 4 - cooling facilities; 6.8 - pipelines; 7 - production units.

The pumps 5 pump water after cooling at the facility 4 through pipelines 6 to production units 7. The heated water enters pipelines 8 and is discharged to cooling facilities 4 (cooling towers, spray pools, cooling ponds). The addition of fresh water from the source through the water intake 1 is carried out by pumps 2 through conduits 3. The amount of fresh water in such systems is usually an insignificant part (3-6%) of the total amount of water.

Classification of external water pipes

Wireless PV based on water intake from natural or artificial fire reservoirs. To do this, sites are arranged on the shore for the placement of fire pumps, and sometimes water intake devices.

Tap water supply - based on the intake of water from fire hydrants of the ring or dead-end network.

By type of object served

According to the method of water supply

Pressure water pipelines called those in which water is pumped from the source to the consumer

Gravity is called , in which water from a high-lying source to the consumer flows by gravity. Such water pipelines are sometimes arranged in the mountainous regions of the country.

Gravity water supply scheme: 1 - water intake; 2 - gravity structures; 3 - coastal well and treatment facilities; 4 - unloading well; 5 - unloading tank; 6 - plumbing; 7 - water supply network

Requirements for sources of fire water supply

Buildings, structures and structures, as well as the territories of organizations and settlements, must have sources of fire-fighting water supply to extinguish fires.

As sources of fire-fighting water supply, natural and artificial reservoirs, as well as internal and external water supply systems (including drinking, household and drinking, household and fire-fighting) can be used. The need for the installation of artificial reservoirs, the use of natural reservoirs and the installation of fire-fighting water supply, as well as their parameters are determined by this Federal Law.

On the territories of settlements and urban districts there should be sources of external or internal fire-fighting water supply. Settlements and urban districts must be equipped with fire-fighting water supply. In this case, the fire water supply system may be combined with a drinking or industrial water supply system.

The sources of external fire-fighting water supply include:

• external water supply networks with fire hydrants;
• water bodies used for firefighting purposes in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

In settlements and urban districts with a population of up to 5,000 people, free-standing public buildings with a volume of up to 1,000 cubic meters, located in settlements and urban districts that do not have an annular fire-fighting water supply system, industrial buildings with facilities of categories C, D and D for fire and explosion hazard and fire hazard at a water flow rate for outdoor fire extinguishing of 10 liters per second, in roughage warehouses with a volume of up to 1000 cubic meters, in mineral fertilizer warehouses with a volume of up to 5000 cubic meters, in buildings of radio and television transmitting stations, buildings of refrigerators and storages of vegetables and fruits, it is allowed to provide external fire fighting sources as sources water supply natural or artificial reservoirs.

Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of one- and two-story production facilities and one-story warehouse buildings with a height of not more than 18 meters with load-bearing steel structures and enclosing structures made of profiled steel or asbestos-cement sheets with combustible or polymer insulation should be taken at 10 liters per second .

In the high-pressure water supply, stationary fire pumps must be equipped with devices that ensure that the pumps are started no later than 5 minutes after a fire alarm has been given.

The minimum free head in the low-pressure fire-fighting water supply network during fire extinguishing should be at least 10 meters.

The minimum free pressure in the high-pressure fire-fighting water supply network must ensure the height of the compact jet at least 20 meters with a full flow of water for fire extinguishing and the location of the fire nozzle at the level of the highest point of the tallest building.

The installation of fire hydrants should be provided along highways at a distance of no more than 2.5 meters from the edge of the carriageway, but not less than 5 meters from the walls of buildings, fire hydrants may be located on the carriageway. At the same time, the installation of fire hydrants on a branch from the water supply line is not allowed.

The arrangement of fire hydrants on the water supply network should ensure fire extinguishing of any building, structure, structure or part thereof served by this network from at least 2 hydrants at a water flow rate for external fire extinguishing of 15 or more liters per second, with a water flow rate of less than 15 liters per second - 1 hydrant.

REQUIREMENTS FOR SOURCES OF FIRE-FIGHTING WATER SUPPLY OF A PRODUCTION FACILITY

Production facilities must be provided with external fire-fighting water supply. The arrangement of fire hydrants on the water supply network should ensure fire extinguishing of any building, structure, structure or part of the building, structure, structure served by this network.

The supply of water for fire extinguishing purposes in artificial reservoirs should be determined based on the estimated water consumption for external fire extinguishing and the duration of fire extinguishing.

Fire hydrant and fire column

Purpose, device, operation, procedure for use and operation

A hydrant with a fire column is a water intake device installed on the water supply network and designed to take water when extinguishing a fire.

A hydrant with a column when extinguishing a fire can be used:

• as an external fire hydrant in case of connection of a fire hose for water supply to the place of fire extinguishing,
• like a fire engine pump water feeder.

fire column

fire column design

The column consists of body 8, head 1, cast from aluminum alloy AL-6, and socket wrench 3. A bronze ring 10 with a thread for installation on a hydrant is installed in the lower part of the column body. The column head has two branch pipes with coupling heads for connecting fire hoses.

The opening and closing of the branch pipe is carried out by valves, which consist of a cover 5, a spindle 6, a poppet valve 7, a handwheel 4 and a gland packing seal.

The socket wrench is a tubular rod, in the lower part of which a square coupling 9 is fixed to rotate the hydrant rod. The socket wrench is rotated by handle 2 fixed at its upper end. The sealing of the rod exit point in the column head is provided by a stuffing box.

Hydrant column

Hydrant column is a hydrant combined with a water column. The selection of water from the hydrant is carried out using a pressure hose with a diameter of 66 mm with its direct supply to the fire barrel or the pump of the fire truck.

The hydrant shutter is opened with a special key with a force of not more than 300 N, the spindle speed is not more than 18 and at a water pressure in the network of not more than 1 MPa (10 kgf / cm2). The water remaining after the operation of the hydrant in its body is removed by the ejector of the water column by pressing its handle for 3 ... 7 minutes.

It is intended for the selection of water from the water supply network for extinguishing fires, as well as for household and drinking water supply.

Column hydrant design

Depending on the design features and conditions of fire protection of protected objects, hydrants are divided into:

Underground fire hydrant

Fire underground hydrant, shown in the figure, consists of three parts cast from gray cast iron: valve box 9, riser 5 and mounting head 4.

Cast iron hollow valve 12 drop-shaped, assembled from two parts, between which a rubber sealing ring 11 is installed. There are clamps in the upper part of the valve 8, which move in the longitudinal grooves of the valve box.

Spindle 7, passed through the hole in the riser cross, is screwed into a threaded sleeve in the upper part of the valve. Coupling is fixed on the other end of the spindle 6, which includes the square end of the rod 3. The upper end of the rod also ends with a square for the end key of the fire column.

By rotating the rod and the spindle (using the end key of the fire column), the hydrant valve, due to the presence of clamps, can only perform translational movement, ensuring its opening or closing.

When opening and lowering the valve, one of its latches closes the drain hole 2, located at the bottom of the valve box, preventing water from entering the hydrant well. To stop the selection of water from the water supply network, by rotating the rod and the spindle, the hydrant valve rises, while ensuring that the drain hole is opened by the latch. The water remaining after the operation of the hydrant in the riser flows through the drain hole and the drain pipe 1 into the hydrant well, from where it is removed by force. To prevent water ingress V the hydrant body on the drain pipe is equipped with a check valve.

Overhead fire hydrant

Overhead fire hydrant, is shown schematically in the figure.

Although there is an opinion among many that the use of ground hydrants is impossible in countries with a cold climate (such as Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, etc.), an example of a city such as Chicago can immediately counterbalance this opinion. In a word, the use of overground SGs is possible in any climatic conditions, it is only necessary to choose the appropriate type of aboveground SG, namely with a constant water supply (wet SG) or with a regulated water supply (dry SG).

The last option is, in principle, a Moscow-style SG with a fire column wound around it. The use of above-ground SG not only removes all the shortcomings of the above-ground one, but also reduces the time for the free development of a fire, and in terms of aesthetics, they can be much more attractive than it might seem at first glance.

Operation of fire hydrants and columns

Fire hydrants, as a rule, are installed along the street on the water supply network at a distance of 50 ... 120 m from each other, while providing convenient access and use. To find underground hydrants on the walls of buildings and structures against which the hydrant is installed, attach a special plate or indicator of the location of the hydrant.

The selection of water by the pump of a fire truck must be carried out through two hoses (diameter 66 mm) connected in parallel to the column, one of which must be pressure-suction, and the other - pressure.

The hydrant valve is opened in the following order:

• turn the handle of the socket wrench of the column by 2 ... 3 turns and fill it with water,
• after the noise stops, pause and continue turning the socket wrench handle until the hydrant valve is fully opened,
• then turning the handwheels counterclockwise, open the valves of the pressure nozzles of the column,
• close the hydrant in the reverse order, with the valves of the column pressure pipes closed,
• when unscrewing the column, the socket wrench must not move.

Requirements of labor protection rules when working with fire columns and hydrants

When using a fire hydrant, its cover is opened with a fire hook or crowbar. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the lid does not fall on the feet of the opener.

If the air temperature is negative (not lower than -15 ° C), then the hydrants are inspected only externally, and at lower temperatures it is forbidden to open the covers of the wells. Hydrants with water start-up are checked only with the help of a fire column, since the use of socket wrenches or other devices can lead to an accident.

Literature:

• Federal Law No. 123-FZ of July 22, 2008 Technical regulation on fire safety requirements;
• Order No. 1100n "On approval of the Rules for labor protection in the divisions of the federal fire service of the State Fire Service" dated December 23, 2014;
• Dmitriev V.D. The history of the development of water supply and sanitation in St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg, 2002;
• Fire water supply: Textbook. - M .: Academy of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2008;
• Textbook V.V.Terebnev, V.A.Grachev, A.V.Podgrushny, A.V.Terebnev Fire drill training.

If we consider the device of the water supply system, then it is a whole complex of technical structures that provides a guaranteed supply of water of the required pressure and volume to the place of fire. This system is one of the categories of water supply. Fire water supply is determined by combining measures to provide the right amount of water to the consumer required to extinguish a fire.

Therefore, when designing the construction of an object for any purpose, in addition to technical and drinking water supply, they plan to install a fire-fighting water supply.

Types of fire water supply

There are two types of system under consideration. by pressure:

1. High.
2. Low.

The first type is a system capable of supplying water with the right pressure to extinguish large buildings. In this case, a large volume of water should be supplied at the very beginning of the extinguishing. For this, stationary pumps are used, which are installed in a separate room or building. Such a system is capable of extinguishing a fire of high complexity without fire trucks.

The second type of system is a water supply system that supplies water through hydrants with pumps to the fire site. Hydrants are connected to pumps with special hoses.

All structures and equipment are designed so that there is enough water to extinguish the fire, but at the same time, technical and drinking water supply can operate at full capacity. In other words, one plumbing should not affect others. At the same time, a reserve of water for fire purposes is being created. It is most often created in water towers, open reservoirs or underground tanks.

The water supply scheme includes a system of hoses and pumps. It consists of pumps, pipes through which water is supplied to objects, as well as sleeves that can be twisted and laid in boxes designed for this. To distinguish these boxes from others, they are painted red.

This is a kind of water tanks, which should be considered separately and in more detail. It is designed to extinguish a fire. Water towers allow you to regulate the pressure and consumption of water in the water supply. Outdoor fire water supply should be created so that the towers serve as the beginning and end of the water supply network. The tower is made up of a reservoir and a shaft that acts as a support. To protect the water from freezing, the tower is closed with a special tent.

If the tower is not closed, the water will freeze in winter and damage the reservoir. The height of the tower depends on the terrain and is usually in the range of 10-45 meters. The volume of the tower tank also varies.

One of the types of water towers are water tanks. Their task is to store such a volume of water, which is sufficient to extinguish the fire of an object with a duration of more than 2.5 hours. They are equipped with measuring instruments that allow you to control the water level.

Fire hydrant

This is a water intake device during fire extinguishing. Depending on the terrain, hydrants can be used to connect to a fire hose, as well as to fill the tank of a fire truck.

There are two types of hydrants: ground and underground. The second type should be located below ground level in a hatch equipped with a lid, but have free access, not be closed with any locks and locks. Connection to the fire hose should be easy.

The ground hydrant is mounted above the ground, and is a column with a head on which there is a thread or a convenient lock for connecting a fire hose.

Pumping stations

In order to forcibly distill water through the system and create the necessary pressure, pumping stations have been created, which are an integral part of fire water supply systems. Most often, the pumping station is located in a separate room with pumps. The number of them depends on the type of system.

Pressure gauges and vacuum gauges are installed on the pumps, which measure the vacuum during water injection. The location of all elements of the station is chosen in such a way as not to create obstacles to free access to these elements, to guarantee normal operation and future increase in the area of ​​the station.

The scheme of operation of the pumping station must be built according to such a principle that in the event of a fire there is the possibility of a prompt response. Another feature of fire pumps should be the ability to suck in water that serves for technical needs. This makes it possible to extinguish the fire if there is not enough water in the fire extinguishing system.

Most often, pump stations are created in the basement of a house or separately from a residential building. The connection to the electricity of pump stations is carried out from high voltage, therefore, in this matter, great attention is paid to safety at the pump station, and in case of accidents. Electricity and water together are dangerous neighbors in relation to people.

Other types of fire water supply

There are other types of water supply systems for fire sites:

1. By type of service: agricultural, industrial, district, city networks, etc.
2. According to the method of water supply, determined by the source of water supply. These are open and closed sources. Usually these systems are combined with each other. If we consider statistical data, then water for extinguishing fires from open sources is about 84%, from underground sources - 16%.
3. By number of consumers. It depends on the service. For example, if a water supply works for one city, then it is called local, if for several settlements - group. If consumers are far from each other, but are served by the same water supply, it is called a zone. If the fire extinguishing complex captures a large area with many consumers, this is a district water supply system.

Types of fire water pipelines

There are internal and external fire water pipelines. Sources of external fire-fighting water supply are pumping stations, pipes and hydrants located on the territory. The first is pipelines laid through the building, connected to an external network.

In small settlements, small-scale production workshops, fire-fighting water supply is not equipped as a separate structure. It connects to other water supply networks, such as a drinking system. Often, a fire extinguishing system is created on the basis of fire trucks replenishing the supply of water directly from reservoirs. At the same time, there is no pumping and hose system.

domestic water supply

The name of the systems indicates where the source of fire extinguishing water is located. Let's figure out which of these types of water supply is the most effective. In practice, it becomes clear that in order to optimally extinguish a fire and reduce the negative effects of a fire, an indoor and outdoor system can perform at its best. But this issue has its own peculiarities.

A large building in terms of volume and number of floors should be equipped with both types of fire water supply. An exception can only be small buildings that have a small volume, or few floors.

The internal water supply system is fire hydrants, which should be located in easily accessible places. Most often, these are landings, lobbies, corridors, if they are heated. According to the SP, the internal fire water supply provides for an equal length of fire hoses located inside fire hydrants, and the same diameter of the faucet and sleeve lock.

The purpose of the internal water supply

An internal fire suppression system is needed as an alternative. It allows you to quickly stop the fire before the arrival of fire trucks. Fire water pipelines are most effective in extinguishing small fires in the first stage without smoke. The use of such a system is possible when it satisfies the safety regulations. When it is started, employees of the enterprise or residents of the building should not be endangered.

According to the type of scheme, fire water supply in a building is divided into the following types:

• dead end;
• annular.

The second type has a feature in locking devices that can block faulty sections of the circuit. Water will still flow during an accident. The dead-end scheme is applied if the number of cranes is less than 12 pieces per building.

Locations for installation of internal fire protection systems

According to the regulations, such systems should be installed in the following facilities:

1. Dormitories.
2. Residential complexes and houses over 12 floors.
3. Industrial premises and warehouses.
4. Administrative buildings over six floors.
5. Public places - cinemas, assembly halls, clubs.

Installation of such a system is not required in small buildings:

1. • in open stadiums and cinemas;
   • in schools, except for those where pupils permanently live;
   • in warehouses with fertilizers;
   • in industrial buildings made of fire-resistant material;
   • in chemical shops for special purposes;
   • in warehouses and workshops where it is possible to draw water from a reservoir or tank.

The main condition of the fire water supply system is a complete set and working condition. Being in public places ensures the rapid localization of any fire.

Packing requirements

Internal fire water supply must be equipped with the following elements:

1. Locking and control equipment.
2. Station with a system control panel and a fire pump that provides the necessary pressure in case of insufficient pressure in the external source. The pump and control point should be located in the basement of the building.
3. Access to the control panel with a button to start and stop the pump.
4. Fireproof water tank, in case there is no water in the water supply. The smallest margin is needed to start the pump before the arrival of firefighters.
5. The fire nozzle, laid in closed boxes, and sealed, is placed in a conspicuous place.
6. Fire hydrants at the entrance, landings, corridors. Start-up and use of hoses must be in accessible places. The length of the fire hose is calculated to be sufficient to the point of ignition. The crane is placed at eye level.
7. Networks and risers created in advance. The scheme is organized according to the layout of the building, with the optimal location of the fire water supply. A building with more than six floors must have fire risers connected to a common system with metal pipes.

Checking the fire water supply

The effectiveness of this system should be regularly checked, without waiting for the occurrence of accidents. Functional verification of important characteristics is carried out by testing or verification. This is necessary to determine the efficiency of pipelines, check pumps and pressure in the network. The performance of the check must be entrusted to authorized personnel.

This check includes:

• testing the pressure in the system and water supply;
• control of gate valves.

The internal fire water supply in the building must be checked for various parameters for operability. According to the test methodology, maintenance of internal water supply should be carried out at least once every six months:

• crane operation;
• pressure in pipes;
• stop valves;
• what area does the water jet cover?
• complete set of fire cabinets.

Every year, hoses should be tested for their resistance to pressure. The operation of the pumps is checked every month. After testing, documents are drawn up:

• list of deficiencies;
• protocol on the operation of cranes;
• checking act;
• maintenance report.

The level of water return is controlled by measuring instruments in the system. Tests should be carried out according to the scheme:

• 1. Open the closet, turn off the sleeve.
  2. If there is a barrel diaphragm, then its diameter is checked according to the specified values.
  3. The manometer is connected to the fire hydrant.
  4. The sleeve is connected to the system, and the nozzle is directed into the reservoir.
  5. The fire detector starts, the pump starts and the valve opens.
  6. The pressure gauge shows the pressure, the data is recorded 30 seconds after starting.
  7. The pump is turned off, the valve closes, the readings are recorded in a special journal, an act is drawn up. The equipment is removed, the sleeve and other elements are returned to their places.

Documents are signed by members of the commission. The operation of the equipment is recognized as effective if the entire system is in good working order. The full use of equipment for extinguishing fires depends on the professionalism of the personnel. Training is provided periodically.

Conclusion

Over the long-term practice of extinguishing fires, it has been repeatedly confirmed that the fire service will not always be able to quickly extinguish a fire. Work on extinguishing the fire should begin immediately after the discovery of fire. In this case, the serviceability of the fire water supply plays a crucial role. Layout during construction and control of the operation of the water supply are the main factors that affect the safety of property and the lives of people.

Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation of March 25, 2009 N 178
"On approval of the set of rules "Fire protection systems. Sources of external fire water supply. fire safety requirements

With changes and additions from:

2 In case of zone water supply, the water consumption for external fire extinguishing and the number of simultaneous fires in each zone should be taken depending on the number of residents living in the zone.

3 Number of simultaneous fires and water consumption per one fire in urban districts with more than 1 million inhabitants. subject to justification in special technical conditions.

4 For a group water supply, the number of simultaneous fires should be taken depending on the total number of inhabitants in the settlements connected to the water supply.

The water consumption for the restoration of the fire volume through the group water supply should be determined as the sum of the water consumption for settlements (according to the number of simultaneous fires) that require the highest fire extinguishing costs in accordance with paragraphs. 6.3 and 6.4.

5 The estimated number of simultaneous fires in the settlement includes fires in production and storage buildings located within the settlement. At the same time, the calculated water consumption should include the corresponding water consumption for fire extinguishing in these buildings, but not less than those specified in table 1.

6 In settlements with a population of more than 100,000 people and with buildings with a height of no more than 2 floors - the water consumption for external fire extinguishing per 1 fire is taken as for a settlement with buildings with a height of 3 floors and above.

5.2 Water consumption for external fire extinguishing (per one fire) of buildings of functional fire hazard classes F1, F2, F3, F4 for calculating the connecting and distribution lines of the water supply network, as well as the water supply network within the microdistrict or quarter, should be taken for the building requiring the highest water consumption, according to table 2.

Table 2 - Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of buildings of functional fire hazard classes F1, F2, F3, F4

Name of buildings	Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of buildings regardless of their degree of fire resistance per fire, l / s, with the volume of buildings, thousand m3
	no more than 1	but not more	but not more than 25	but not more than 50	but not more than 150
Buildings of functional fire hazard F1.3, F1.4 single and multi-section with the number of floors:
no more than 2
more than 2 but not more than 12
more than 12 but not more than 16
more than 16 but not more than 25
Buildings of functional fire hazard F1.1, F1.2, F2, F3, F4 with the number of floors:
no more than 2
more than 2 but not more than 6
more than 6 but not more than 12
more than 12 but not more than 16

_____________________________

* For rural settlements, water consumption per fire is 5 l/s;

Notes:

2 If the performance of external water supply networks is not sufficient to supply the estimated water flow for fire extinguishing or when connecting inputs to dead-end networks, it is necessary to provide for the installation of tanks, the capacity of which must ensure the flow of water for external fire extinguishing for 3 hours.

3 In rural areas, in the absence of water supply for fire extinguishing buildings of functional fire hazard F2, F3, a fire reservoir or reservoir should be provided to ensure fire extinguishing for three hours.

5.3 Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of buildings of functional fire hazard F5 per fire should be taken for the building requiring the highest water consumption, according to tables 3 and.

Table 3 - Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of buildings of functional fire hazard class F5

The degree of fire resistance of buildings			Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of buildings with lanterns, as well as buildings without lanterns with a width of not more than 60 m per 1 fire, l / s, with the volume of buildings, thousand cubic meters
			no more than 3	more than 3 but not more than 5	more than 5 but not more than 20	more than 20 but not more than 50	more than 50 but not more than 200	more than 200 but not more than 400	more than 400 but not more than 600

_____________________________

* If there are building elements specified in paragraph 5.6, the water consumption in table 3 and paragraph 5.6 are summed up.

Table 4 - Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of buildings of functional fire hazard class F5

The degree of fire resistance of buildings	Class of constructive fire hazard of buildings		Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of buildings without lanterns with a width of 60 m or more per 1 fire, l / s, with the volume of buildings, thousand cubic meters
			no more than 50	more than 50 but not more than 100	more than 100 but not more than 200	more than 200 but not more than 300	more than 300 but not more than 400	more than 400 but not more than 500	more than 500 but not more than 600	more than 600 but not more than 700	more than 700 but not more than 800

Notes :

1 For two design fires, the design water consumption for fire extinguishing should be taken for two buildings that require the highest water consumption.

2 Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of detached auxiliary buildings should be determined according to table 2 as for functional fire hazard buildings F2, F3, F4, and those built into industrial buildings - according to the total volume of the building according to table 3.

3 Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of buildings of agricultural enterprises of I and II degrees of fire resistance with a volume of not more than 5 thousand m3 with categories D and D for fire and explosion hazard should be taken as 5 l / s.

4 Water consumption for outdoor fire extinguishing of buildings of radio-television, relaying and district transmitting stations, regardless of the volume of buildings and the number of people living in the settlement, should be taken at least 15 l / s, if according to tables 3 and no more water consumption is required. These requirements do not apply to radio and television repeaters installed at existing and planned communication facilities.

5 Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of buildings in volumes greater than those indicated in tables 3 and , is subject to justification in special technical conditions.

6 For buildings of the II degree of fire resistance with wooden structures, the water consumption for external fire extinguishing should be taken 5 l / s more than indicated in tables 3 or.

7 Estimated water consumption for external fire extinguishing of buildings and premises of refrigerators for food storage should be taken as for buildings with category B premises for fire and explosion hazard.

5.7 Water consumption for external extinguishing of fires in closed and open timber yards per one fire should be taken not less than the values ​​\u200b\u200bspecified in Table 5.

Table 5 - Water consumption for external fire extinguishing in closed and open timber warehouses

Type and method of timber storage	Water consumption for extinguishing a fire, l/s, with a total capacity of timber warehouses, solid m3
		over 10,000 to 100,000	St. 100,000 to 500,000
Closed warehouses:
lumber
wood chips and sawdust
Open warehouses:
lumber in stacks
round timber in stacks
pulpwood, tar and firewood in heaps
wood chips and sawdust in piles
heaps of wood waste

5.8 Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of open storage areas for containers with a carrying capacity of up to 30 tons should be taken depending on the number of containers:

30 - 50 pcs. - 15 l/s;

51 - 100 pcs. - 20 l/s;

101 - 300 pcs. - 25 l/s;

301 - 1000 pcs. - 40 l/s;

1001 - 1500 pcs. - 60 l/s;

1501 - 2000 pcs. - 80 l/s;

Over 2000 pcs. - 100 l/s.

5.9 The water consumption for extinguishing a fire with a combined water supply for sprinkler or deluge installations, internal fire hydrants and external hydrants within 1 hour from the start of fire fighting should be taken as the sum of the highest costs determined in accordance with the requirements and this set of rules.

The water consumption required for the time of extinguishing the fire after turning off the sprinkler or deluge installations should be taken in accordance with paragraphs. 5.3, 5.6, 5.11 and 5.12.

Note - The simultaneous operation of sprinkler and deluge installations should be taken into account depending on the fire extinguishing conditions.

5.10 Water consumption for outdoor fire extinguishing with foam installations, installations with fire monitors or by supplying sprayed water should be determined taking into account the additional water consumption from hydrants in the amount of 25% in accordance with clause 5.3. In this case, the total water consumption must be at least the flow rate determined according to tables 3 or.

5.11 For firefighting of buildings equipped with internal fire hydrants, additional water consumption should be taken into account in addition to the costs indicated in tables 1-4, which should be taken for buildings that require the highest water consumption in accordance with the requirements.

5.12 The estimated water consumption for fire extinguishing should be provided at the highest water consumption for other needs:

household and drinking water consumption;

needs of municipal enterprises;

production needs of industrial and agricultural enterprises where drinking water is required or for which it is not economically feasible to build a separate water supply system;

own needs of water treatment plants, flushing of water and sewer networks, etc.

At the same time, at an industrial enterprise, water consumption for watering the territory, taking a shower, washing floors and washing process equipment, as well as for watering plants in greenhouses are not taken into account.

In cases where, according to the conditions of the technological process, it is possible to partially use industrial water for fire extinguishing, it should be provided for the installation of hydrants on the production water supply network in addition to the hydrants installed on the fire water supply network, which provides the required water flow for fire extinguishing.

The estimated water consumption for fire extinguishing other types of parking lots should be taken:

multi-tiered above-ground and underground parking lots - 40 l/s;

underground car parks up to two floors inclusive - 20 l/s;

box-type car parks with direct exit to the outside from each box with the number of boxes from 50 to 200 - 5 l / s, more than 200 - 10 l / s;

open areas for car storage with the number of cars up to 200 inclusive - 5 l / s, more than 200 - 10 l / s.

Table 6 - Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of buildings of elevated parking lots of closed and open types

The degree of fire resistance of the building	Building constructive fire hazard class	Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of parking buildings per one fire, l/s, with the volume of buildings (fire compartment), thousand m3
			over 5 to 20	over 20 to 50
	Not standardized

5.14 Estimated water consumption for external fire extinguishing of car storage areas of a motor transport enterprise should be taken from Table 7.

Table 7 - Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of car storage areas of a motor transport enterprise

	Water consumption for external fire extinguishing with the number of cars, l / s
	up to 200 inclusive

When storing a mixed fleet of vehicles in an open area, the water consumption for external fire extinguishing should be determined for the total number of vehicles according to the arithmetic mean norm established for vehicles of each category.

When placing production facilities for the maintenance and repair of vehicles under a canopy, the water consumption for external fire extinguishing should be taken according to Table 6 based on the total number of work posts or storage sites, equating them to the number of open storage sites for vehicles. Fire hydrants are not required.

	Vehicle dimensions, m
	up to 6 incl.	up to 2.1 incl.
		2.1 to 2.5
		2.5 to 2.8

Notes :

1 For vehicles with a length and width different from the dimensions indicated in table 7, the category is determined by the largest dimension.

3 Articulated buses belong to category III.

5.16 The estimated water consumption for external fire extinguishing of fuel filling stations and sites for the placement of mobile fuel filling facilities should be taken at least 10 l / s.

When placing a filling station outside the territory of a motor transport enterprise, it is allowed to provide fire extinguishing from fire tanks. At filling stations located at a distance of no more than 250 m from the fire-fighting water supply networks, fire-fighting tanks are not provided.

5.17 At linear filling stations located outside settlements and in settlements where there is no fire-fighting water supply, it is allowed not to provide for fire-fighting water supply (including tanks). If there are natural sources at a distance of less than 250 m from fueling stations, an access and a platform for fire engines should be provided for them.

5.18 Systems of fire-fighting water supply of enterprises (water pipelines, pumping stations, tanks of fire-fighting water supply) should be attributed to the I category of water supply according to the degree of availability of water supply.

6 Estimated number of simultaneous fires

6.1 The estimated number of simultaneous fires at an industrial enterprise should be taken depending on the area it occupies; one fire - with an area of ​​up to 150 hectares, two fires - with an area of ​​more than 150 hectares.

Note - The estimated number of simultaneous fires in the territory of open and closed timber warehouses should be taken: one fire - with an area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe warehouse up to 50 hectares, more than 50 hectares - two fires.

6.2 With a combined fire-fighting water supply system of a settlement and industrial enterprises located outside the settlement, the estimated number of simultaneous fires should be taken:

with the area of ​​the territory of an industrial enterprise up to 150 hectares with the number of inhabitants in the settlement up to 10 thousand people. - one fire (on the territory of the enterprise or in the settlement at the highest water consumption); the same, with the number of inhabitants in the settlement over 10 to 25 thousand people. - two fires (one on the territory of the enterprise and one in the settlement);

with an area of ​​​​the territory of an industrial enterprise over 150 hectares and with the number of inhabitants in the settlement up to 25 thousand people. - two fires (two on the territory of the enterprise or two in the settlement at the highest expense);

with the number of inhabitants in the settlement more than 25 thousand people. - according to clause 5.11 and table 1. In this case, the water consumption should be determined as the sum of the required larger flow rate (on the territory of the enterprise or in the settlement) and 50% of the required lower flow rate (at the enterprise or in the settlement).

6.3 The duration of fire extinguishing should be taken as 3 hours;

for buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance with non-combustible supporting structures and insulation with rooms of categories D and D for fire and explosion hazard - 2 hours.

for closed timber warehouses - at least 3 hours;

for open timber warehouses - at least 5 hours.

6.4 The maximum period for the restoration of the fire volume of water should be no more than:

24 hours - in the settlement and at industrial enterprises with premises of categories A, B, C for fire and explosion hazard;

36 hours - at industrial enterprises with premises of categories G and D for fire and explosion hazard;

72 hours - in settlements and agricultural enterprises.

Notes :

1 For industrial enterprises with water consumption for external fire extinguishing of 20 l / s or less, it is allowed to increase the recovery time of the fire volume of water:

up to 48 hours - for rooms of categories G and D;

up to 36 hours - for rooms of category B.

2 For the period of restoration of the fire volume of water, it is allowed to reduce the supply of water for domestic and drinking needs by water supply systems of categories I and II to 70%, category III to 50% of the estimated flow rate and water supply for production needs according to the emergency schedule.

Information about changes:

7 Fire safety requirements for pumping stations

7.1 Pumping stations that supply water directly to the fire-fighting and integrated water supply network should be classified as category I.

Pumping stations of the fire-fighting and integrated water supply of the facilities specified in note 1 of clause 4.1 may be classified as category II.

7.2 The mark of the axis of the pumps should be determined, as a rule, from the condition of installing the pump casing under the bay.

When determining the axis mark of the pumps, the allowable vacuum suction height (from the calculated minimum water level) or the required suction pressure required by the manufacturer, as well as the head loss in the suction pipeline, temperature conditions and barometric pressure, must be taken into account.

Note - In pumping stations of category II, it is allowed to install pumps not under the bay, while vacuum pumps and a vacuum boiler should be provided.

7.3 The choice of the type of pumps and the number of working units should be made on the basis of calculations of the joint operation of pumps, water conduits, networks, control tanks, fire extinguishing conditions.

When choosing the type of pumping units, it is necessary to ensure the minimum amount of excess pressure developed by pumps in all operating modes, through the use of control tanks, speed control, changing the number and types of pumps, trimming or replacing impellers in accordance with changes in their operating conditions during the calculated term.

Notes :

1 In machine rooms, it is allowed to install groups of pumps for various purposes.

2 In pumping stations supplying water for household and drinking needs, the installation of pumps pumping odorous and poisonous liquids is prohibited, with the exception of pumps supplying a foam solution to the fire extinguishing system.

7.4 In pumping stations for a group of pumps of the same purpose, supplying water to the same network or conduits, the number of standby units should be taken: in pumping stations for category I - 2 units, for category II - 1 unit.

7.5 In pumping stations of integrated high-pressure water pipelines or when installing only fire pumps, one standby fire unit should be provided, regardless of the number of working units.

7.6 In pumping stations of water pipelines of settlements with a population of up to 5 thousand people. with one power supply, a backup fire pump with an internal combustion engine and automatic start (from batteries) should be installed.

7.7 The number of suction lines to the pumping station, regardless of the number and groups of installed pumps, including fire pumps, must be at least two.

7.8 The number of pressure lines from pumping stations of categories I and II must be at least two. For category III pumping stations, one pressure line is allowed.

7.9 When one suction (pressure) line is turned off, the rest should be counted on skipping the full design water flow for fire extinguishing.

7.10 Fire water pumping stations may be placed in industrial buildings, while they must be separated by fire barriers with fire resistance limits REI-120 and have a separate exit directly to the outside.

8 Fire safety requirements for water supply networks and structures on them

8.1 The number of water lines should be taken taking into account the category of the water supply system and the sequence of construction.

8.2 When laying conduits in two or more lines, the need for a switching device between conduits is determined depending on the number of independent water intake structures or conduit lines supplying water to the consumer, while in the event of a shutdown of one conduit or its section, fire extinguishing needs must be provided by 100%.

8.3 When laying a conduit in one line and supplying water from one source, a volume of water must be provided for fire extinguishing purposes during the liquidation of an accident on the conduit in accordance with clause 9.3. When water is supplied from several sources, the emergency volume of water can be reduced, provided that the requirements of clause 8.2 are met.

8.4 Water networks should be, as a rule, ring. Dead-end water supply lines are allowed to be used: for supplying water for fire-fighting or for household fire-fighting needs, regardless of the water consumption for fire extinguishing - with a line length of not more than 200 m.

Ringing of external water supply networks with internal water supply networks of buildings and structures is not allowed.

Note - In settlements with a population of up to 5 thousand people. and water consumption for external fire extinguishing up to 10 l / s or with the number of internal fire hydrants in the building up to 12, dead-end lines longer than 200 m are allowed, provided that fire-fighting tanks or reservoirs, a water tower or a counter-reservoir at the end of the dead end containing the full fire volume of water are installed.

8.5 If the width of the carriageway is more than 20 m, it is allowed to lay duplicate lines, excluding the crossing of the carriageway by inputs.

In these cases, fire hydrants should be installed on accompanying or backup lines.

If the width of the carriageway within the red lines is 60 m or more, the option of laying water supply networks on both sides of the streets should also be considered.

8.6 Fire hydrants should be provided along highways at a distance of no more than 2.5 m from the edge of the carriageway, but no closer than 5 m from the walls of buildings; it is allowed to have hydrants on the roadway.

Fire hydrants should be installed on the annular sections of water lines. It is allowed to install hydrants on dead-end water supply lines, taking into account the instructions of clause 8.4 and taking measures against freezing water in them.

The arrangement of fire hydrants on the water supply network should ensure fire extinguishing of any building, structure or part of it served by this network from at least two hydrants at a water flow rate for external fire extinguishing of 15 l / s or more and one - at a water flow rate of less than 15 l / s, taking into account laying hose lines with a length not exceeding that specified in clause 9.11 on paved roads.

The distance between the hydrants is determined by a calculation that takes into account the total water consumption for fire fighting and the throughput of the installed type of hydrants according to GOST 8220.

The pressure loss h in meters per 1 meter of the length of the hose lines should be determined by the formula

, (1)

where is the performance of the fire jet, l/s.

Note - On the water supply network of settlements with a population of up to 500 people. instead of hydrants, it is allowed to install risers with a diameter of 80 mm with fire hydrants.

Fire hydrants must be in good condition, and in winter they must be insulated and cleared of snow and ice. Roads and entrances to sources of fire-fighting water supply must ensure the passage of fire equipment to them at any time of the year.

At hydrants and reservoirs (water sources), as well as in the direction of movement to them, appropriate signs should be installed (volumetric with a lamp or flat, made using reflective coatings that are resistant to precipitation and solar radiation). They must be clearly marked with numbers indicating the distance to the water source.

8.7 Water lines should generally be laid underground. During the heat engineering and feasibility study, ground and above-ground laying, laying in tunnels, as well as laying of water lines in tunnels together with other underground utilities, is allowed, with the exception of pipelines transporting flammable and combustible liquids and combustible gases. When laying fire lines (and combined with fire lines) water pipes in tunnels, fire hydrants should be installed in wells. When ground and above-ground laying of water supply, above-ground hydrants are installed directly on the network. At the same time, fire hydrants and shut-off valves should be placed in ground chambers that exclude freezing of fire hydrants at negative outside temperatures.

When laying underground fire lines and combined with fire water pipelines, shut-off, control and safety pipeline valves should be installed in wells (chambers).

Shut-off valves on water conduits and lines of the water supply network must be manually or mechanically driven (from mobile vehicles). Installation of fire hydrants in a common well with shut-off valves having an electric drive is not allowed.

Installation of shut-off valves outside wells (chambers) is allowed if justified in special technical conditions.

8.8 Gate valves (gates) on pipelines of any diameter with remote or automatic control must be electrically driven.

The use of pneumatic, hydraulic or electromagnetic drive is allowed.

In the absence of remote or automatic control, shut-off valves with a diameter of 400 mm or less should be provided with a manual drive with a diameter of more than 400 mm - with an electric drive or a hydraulic drive; in some cases, when justified, it is allowed to install valves with a diameter of more than 400 mm with a manual drive.

In all cases, the possibility of manual opening and closing of the valve should be provided.

8.9 When determining the dimensions of wells, the minimum distances to the internal surfaces of the well should be taken:

from the walls of pipes with a pipe diameter of up to 400 mm - 0.3 m, from 500 to 600 mm - 0.5 m, more than 600 mm - 0.7 m;

from the plane of the flange with a pipe diameter of up to 400 mm - 0.3 m, more than 400 mm - 0.5 m;

from the edge of the socket facing the wall, with a pipe diameter of up to 300 mm - 0.4 m, more than 300 mm - 0.5 m;

from the bottom of the pipe to the bottom with a pipe diameter of up to 400 mm - 0.25 m, from 500 to 600 mm - 0.3 m, more than 600 mm - 0.35 m;

from the top of the valve stem with a rising spindle - 0.3 m;

from the flywheel of the gate valve with a non-rising spindle - 0.5 m;

from the hydrant cover to the well cover not more than 450 mm vertically, and the clear distance between the hydrant and the top of the shell is not less than 100 mm;

the height of the working part of the wells must be at least 1.5 m.

8.10 The choice of pipe diameters for water conduits and water supply networks should be made on the basis of technical and economic calculations, taking into account the conditions of their operation during emergency shutdown of individual sections.

The diameter of the pipes of the water supply system, combined with the fire-fighting one, in urban districts (settlements) and at production facilities must be at least 100 mm, in rural settlements - at least 75 mm.

9 Requirements for reservoirs and reservoirs with water reserves for the purpose of external fire extinguishing

9.1 Tanks in water supply systems, depending on the purpose, should include control, fire, emergency and contact volumes of water.

9.2 The fire volume of water should be provided in cases where obtaining the required amount of water to extinguish a fire directly from a source of water supply is technically impossible or economically impractical.

Note - When determining the fire volume of water in tanks, it is allowed to take into account its replenishment during fire extinguishing, if water is supplied to them by water supply systems of categories I and II.

9.5 The fire volume of water in the tanks of water towers should be calculated to extinguish one fire outside the building and inside the building for ten minutes, while at the same time the highest water consumption for other needs.

Note - When justified, it is allowed to store in the tanks of water towers the full fire volume of water, determined according to clause 9.3.

9.6 When water is supplied through one conduit in tanks, an additional volume of water for fire extinguishing should be provided in the amount determined in accordance with clause 9.3.

Note - An additional volume of water for fire extinguishing may not be provided for with a length of one water line of not more than 500 m for settlements with a population of up to 5000 people, as well as for economic facilities with a water consumption for external fire extinguishing of not more than 40 l / s.

9.7 The total number of tanks of the same purpose in one water supply unit must be at least two.

In all tanks in the node, the lowest and highest levels of fire, emergency and control volumes must be respectively at the same level.

When one tank is turned off, the rest must store at least 50% of the fire and emergency volumes of water.

Tank equipment should ensure the safety of the fire volume of water, as well as the possibility of independent switching on and emptying of each tank.

The device of one tank is allowed in the absence of fire and emergency volumes in it.

9.8 Storage of fire water volume in special tanks or open reservoirs is allowed for enterprises and settlements specified in the note. 1 to clause 4.1.

9.9 The volume of fire tanks and artificial reservoirs should be determined based on the estimated water consumption and the duration of fire extinguishing in accordance with paragraphs. 5.2-5.8 and 6.3.

Notes :

1 The volume of open artificial fire reservoirs must be calculated taking into account the possible evaporation of water and the formation of ice. The excess of the edge of an open reservoir above the highest water level in it must be at least 0.5 m.

2 To fire tanks, reservoirs and receiving wells, free access for fire trucks should be provided.

3 At the locations of fire tanks and reservoirs, signs should be provided in accordance with GOST R 12.4.026.

9.10 The number of fire tanks or artificial reservoirs should be at least two, while each of them should store 50% of the volume of water for fire fighting.

The distance between fire tanks or artificial reservoirs should be taken in accordance with clause 9.11, while the water supply for fire extinguishing should be provided from two adjacent reservoirs or reservoirs.

9.11 Fire tanks or artificial reservoirs should be placed on the basis of their service to buildings located within a radius of:

in the presence of autopumps - 200 m;

in the presence of motor pumps - 100-150 m, depending on the technical capabilities of motor pumps.

To increase the service radius, it is allowed to lay dead-end pipelines from tanks or artificial reservoirs with a length of not more than 200 m, taking into account the requirements of clause 9.9 of this set of rules.

The distance from the point of water intake from reservoirs or artificial reservoirs to buildings of III, IV and V degrees of fire resistance and to open warehouses of combustible materials must be at least 30 m, to buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance - at least 10 m.

9.12 Water supply for filling fire tanks and artificial reservoirs should be provided through fire hoses.

9.13 If the direct intake of water from a fire tank or reservoir by car pumps or motor pumps is difficult, it is necessary to provide receiving wells with a volume of 3-5. The diameter of the pipeline connecting the reservoir or reservoir with the receiving well should be taken from the condition of skipping the estimated water flow for external fire extinguishing, but not less than 200 mm. In front of the receiving well on the connecting pipeline, a well with a valve should be installed, the steering wheel of which must be brought out under the hatch cover.

A grid should be provided on the connecting pipeline from the side of the artificial reservoir.

9.14 Fire tanks and artificial reservoirs are not required to be equipped with overflow and discharge pipelines.

9.15 Outside the reservoir or water tower, on the outlet (inlet-outlet) pipeline, a device should be provided for water sampling by tank trucks and fire engines.

9.16 Pressure tanks and water towers of high-pressure fire water pipelines must be equipped with automatic devices that ensure their shutdown when fire pumps are started.

9.17 Tanks and their equipment must be protected from water freezing. It is allowed to provide for water heating in fire tanks using water or steam heating devices connected to central heating systems of buildings, as well as using electric water heaters and heating cables.

10 Fire safety requirements for electrical equipment, process control, automation and control system of pumping stations and tanks

10.1 The categories of reliability of power supply of power receivers of water supply systems should be determined according to the requirements.

10.2 In pumping stations, it is necessary to provide for measuring pressure in pressure conduits and at each pumping unit, water flow in pressure conduits, as well as monitoring the emergency water level in the engine room at the level of the foundations of electric drives.

It is necessary to provide for constant voltage monitoring in the control and signaling circuits of fire pumps.

10.3 Pumping stations for all purposes should be designed, as a rule, with control without permanent maintenance personnel:

automatic - depending on technological parameters (water level in tanks, pressure or water flow in the network);

remote (telemechanical) - from the control point;

local - periodically arriving personnel with the transfer of the necessary signals to the control point or point with the constant presence of service personnel.

With automatic or remote (telemechanical) control, local control should also be provided.

10.4 In pumping stations, blocking should be provided, excluding the use of a fireman, as well as an emergency volume of water in the tanks.

10.5 The fire pumps should be controlled remotely, while simultaneously with the fire pump being turned on, the blocking prohibiting the use of the fire volume of water should be automatically removed, and flushing pumps (if any) should also be turned off. In high-pressure fire water pipelines, simultaneously with the inclusion of fire pumps, all pumps for other purposes should be automatically turned off and valves on the supply pipeline to the water tower or pressure tanks should be closed.

10.6 In reservoirs and tanks with water supplies for firefighting purposes, it is necessary to provide for the measurement of water levels and their control (if necessary) for use in automation systems or signal transmission to a pumping station or control point.

10.7 The control point of the fire water supply system must be operatively subordinate to the control point of an industrial enterprise or settlement.

It is allowed to provide for the management of the fire water supply system from a joint control point for an industrial enterprise and public utilities, provided that this point is equipped with independent control panels and control panels for fire water supply systems.

10.8 Dispatch control of the fire water supply system should be provided by direct telephone communication of the control point with controlled structures, various services for the operation of structures, the energy dispatcher, the organization operating the water supply, and the fire brigade.

10.9 Control points of the fire water supply system should be located on the sites of water supply facilities in administrative buildings, filter buildings or pumping stations.

11 Fire safety requirements for fire water supply systems in special natural and climatic conditions

11.1 In areas with seismicity of 8 points or more, when designing fire water supply systems of category I and, as a rule, category II, it is necessary to provide for the use of at least two sources of water supply, it is allowed to use one surface source with a water intake device in two alignments, excluding the possibility of a simultaneous interruption of the water supply .

11.2 In water supply systems, when using a single source of water supply (including surface water when taking water in one alignment) in areas with seismicity of 8 points or more in tanks, the volume of water for fire extinguishing should be provided twice as much as determined by clause 9.3.

11.3 The estimated number of simultaneous fires in areas with seismicity of 9 and points more # should be taken one more than indicated in paragraphs. 5.1, 6.1 and 6.2 (with the exception of settlements, industrial facilities and detached buildings with a water flow rate for external fire extinguishing of not more than 15 l / s).

11.4 In areas with a seismic activity of 7 points or more, to improve the reliability of fire water supply systems, the following should be considered: dispersal of pressure tanks; replacement of water towers with pressure tanks; installation of jumpers between the networks of household, industrial and fire water supply, as well as the supply of untreated disinfected water to the fire water supply network.

11.5 In areas with a seismic activity of 7 points or more, pumping stations for firefighting and domestic and drinking water supply, as a rule, are not allowed to be blocked with industrial buildings and structures.

In case of blocking pumping stations with buildings and structures, it is necessary to provide for measures that exclude the possibility of flooding of machine rooms and electrical equipment rooms in case of leakage of capacitive structures.

11.6 In areas with seismic activity of 7 points or more, the number of tanks of the same purpose in one water supply unit must be at least two, while the connection of each tank with the supply and discharge pipelines must be independent, without a device between adjacent tanks of a common switching chamber.

11.7 In areas with seismicity of 7 points and more rigid sealing of pipes in the walls and foundations of buildings is not allowed. The dimensions of the openings for the passage of pipes must provide a clearance around the perimeter of at least 10 cm; in the presence of subsiding soils, the height gap must be at least 20 cm; the sealing of the gap must be made of dense elastic materials.

The device for the passage of pipes through the walls of the underground part of pumping stations and capacitive structures should exclude mutual seismic effects of walls and pipelines. As a rule, glands should be used for this purpose.

11.8 When installing fire water pipelines in areas with permafrost soils, thermal insulation of pipelines is provided to protect the transported water from freezing; water heating; pipeline heating; continuous movement of water in pipelines; increase in hydrodynamic friction in pipelines; use of steel reinforcement in a frost-resistant design; installation of automatic water outlets.

Tanks with a capacity of up to 100 can be placed in heated rooms with a ventilated underground.

Car service companies

RD 153-34.0-49.101-2003

Instructions for designing fire protection for energy enterprises

Water is the most common fire extinguishing agent.

Fire water supply is a set of measures that ensure the supply of water to extinguish fires.

Fire water supply can be tapped and non-piped.

A water pipeline is a complex of engineering and technical structures designed to take water from a water source, clean it, store it and supply it to places of consumption. According to their purpose, water pipes are divided into household, industrial, fire-fighting and combined (for example, household-drinking and fire-fighting).

Fire water pipelines are of low and high pressure in terms of pressure. In low-pressure water pipelines, the necessary pressure at fire nozzles is created using fire truck pumps that take water from the water supply system. The high-pressure fire-fighting pipeline provides the pressure at the fire nozzles necessary to extinguish the fire in the tallest building, without the use of fire truck pumps.

Water is withdrawn for firefighting and other needs directly from water supply networks. Water supply networks are laid below the freezing depth of the soil and, as a rule, along roads and driveways. They are divided into ring and dead-end. Ring networks are the most widespread. Dead-end lines for firefighting needs are allowed to be laid no longer than 200 meters.

The water yield of water supply networks (see Table 5.8) depends on the diameter of the water pipes, the pressure and the type (ring or dead end) of the water supply network.

Table 5.8

Water yield of water supply networks

Pressure in the network (before the fire), m water column	Type of water supply network	Pipe diameter, mm
Water yield of water supply networks, l/s
I	II	III	IV	V	VI	VII	VIII	IX
	dead end
Ring
	dead end
Ring
	dead end
Ring
	dead end
Ring
	dead end
Ring
	dead end
Ring
	dead end
Ring
	dead end
Ring

Fire hydrants are installed on water supply networks to take water for fire extinguishing. The most common are underground hydrants of the Moscow type (see Fig. 5.30). They are installed on water pipes, in special wells, closed with a lid. Depending on the depth of the well, hydrants are produced in heights from 500 mm to 3000 mm with an interval of 250 mm.

The main parts of the hydrant are: valve box 9, riser 5, mounting head with thread and cover 4.

The hydrant is bolted to the water pipe using a standard fire stand (water supply tee) 10 and a flange connection. Cast iron hollow valve 12 drop-shaped assembled from two parts, between which there is a rubber sealing ring 11. In the upper part of the valve there are retainers 8 that move in the longitudinal grooves of the valve box. Spindle 7, passed through the hole in the riser cross, is screwed into a threaded sleeve in the upper part of the valve. At the other end of the spindle, a coupling 6 is fixed, which includes the square end of the rod 3.

The upper end of the rod also ends with a square for the end key of the fire column. When the rod and spindle are rotated (using the end key of the fire column), the hydrant valve, due to the presence of clamps, performs only translational movement, ensuring its opening or closing. In addition, one of the clamps, when opening and lowering the valve, closes the drain hole 2 located in the lower part of the valve box, thereby preventing water from entering the hydrant well. To stop the selection of water from the water supply network, by rotating the rod and the spindle, the hydrant valve rises, while ensuring that the drain hole is opened by the latch. The water remaining after the operation of the hydrant in the riser flows through the drain hole and the drain pipe 1 into the well of the hydrant. A non-return valve is installed on the drain pipe to prevent water from entering the hydrant body.

Technical characteristics of the underground fire hydrant of the Moscow type

Working pressure - 1.0 MPa (10 kgf / cm 2)

Case inner diameter – 125 mm

Valve stroke - 24 ... 30 mm

The number of revolutions of the rod until the valve is fully opened - 12 ... 15

To locate fire hydrants on the walls of buildings and structures opposite which the hydrant is installed, an index plate is attached, made using fluorescent or reflective coatings. The plate (see Fig. 5.31 "a") contains fire hydrant symbols and numerical values ​​\u200b\u200bthat indicate

distance in meters from the pointer to the hydrant. In St. Petersburg, the index plate of city fire hydrants (see Fig. 5.31 "b" and "c") is 12 × 16 cm in size, red and has an inscription of symbols and digital values ​​​​in white. On it, in addition, the number of the fire hydrant, the internal diameter of the water supply in millimeters are indicated. The letter T on the plate indicates that the hydrant is located on a dead-end water supply network. The index plate in fig. 5.31 "b" is read as follows: fire hydrant No. 5 of the Moscow type, installed on an annular water supply with a diameter of 300 mm, the distance from the index plate to the hydrant is 2 meters straight and 0.4 meters to the right. On fig. 5.31 "c": fire hydrant No. 7 of the Moscow type, installed on a dead-end water pipe with a diameter of 100 mm, the distance from the index plate to the hydrant is 3 meters straight and 2 meters to the right.

The fire column (see Fig. 5.32) is a removable device installed on an underground hydrant to open and close it. It consists of a body 8, a head 1 and a socket wrench 3. A bronze ring 10 with a thread for installation on a hydrant is installed in the lower part of the dispenser body. The column head has two branch pipes with coupling heads for connecting fire hoses. The opening and closing of the branch pipe is carried out by valves, which consist of a cover 5, a spindle 6, a poppet valve 7, a handwheel 4 and a gland packing seal.

The socket wrench is a tubular rod, in the lower part of which a square coupling 9 is fixed to rotate the hydrant rod. The socket wrench is rotated by handle 2, fixed at its upper end. The sealing of the rod exit point in the column head is provided by a stuffing box. Installing the column on the hydrant is carried out by rotating it clockwise, and opening the hydrant and valves of the column, respectively, by rotating (counterclockwise) the socket wrench and handwheels. To prevent water hammer, the opening of the hydrant is ensured only when the column valves are closed. The fulfillment of this condition is achieved by blocking the end key with the column valves open. In this case, the spindle with handwheels is in the plane of rotation of the socket wrench handle, which excludes the possibility of its rotation and, consequently, the opening of the hydrant when the column valves are open.

Technical characteristics of the fire column

Working pressure - 1.0 MPa (10 kgf / cm 2);

Conditional passes:

inlet pipe - 125 mm;

outlet pipes - 80 mm;

Opening and closing force of locking devices at operating pressure - 450 N (45 kgf);

Torque on the handle of the socket wrench, during its rotation (without pressure) - 20 N. m (2 kgf. m);

Dimensions:

length (along the fangs of the connecting heads) - 430 mm

width (along the column body) - 190 mm

height - 1090 mm

Weight - 16 kg.

To take water from the water supply network, a fire column is installed on a fire hydrant. Attach to it and the pump of the fire truck (through the water collector) pressure-suction fire hoses (one pressure hose is allowed, and the other pressure-suction hose). Then, by smoothly rotating the handle of the fire column socket wrench counterclockwise, the hydrant valve is opened. By rotating the handwheels of the head of the fire column counterclockwise, the valves of the pressure pipes of the column are opened. After that, water from the water supply network flows through the hydrant, column and fire hoses to the pump of the fire truck. Close the hydrant valve in the reverse order with the valves of the column pressure nozzles closed. When removing (unscrewing) the fire column, its socket wrench must be stationary. The water remaining in the hydrant riser must be drained through the drain hole. In case of clogging or closing of the drain hole, after the end of work in the winter period, water from the fire hydrant riser can be removed (pumped out) using a fire pump foam mixer (working as when taking a foam concentrate from an external container).

In the absence or low productivity of the water supply for fire extinguishing, tap water is used.

Wireless water supply is carried out from natural (rivers, lakes, seas, etc.) and artificial (reservoirs, reservoirs) water sources. Natural water sources, compared with artificial ones, have the advantage of an almost inexhaustible supply of water. However, there are also disadvantages - it is not always possible to freely and quickly take water from them due to high, steep or swampy banks. To ensure reliable water intake, natural and artificial water sources are equipped with fire entrances or piers (see Fig. 5.33) that can withstand the load of fire trucks.

The entrance (pier) platform is located no higher than 5 m from the level of the low water horizon (LHW) and at least 0.7 m above the high water horizon (LHW). The width of the platform flooring should be at least 4 - 4.5 m, with a slope towards the coast and have a strong side fence 0.7 - 0.8 m high. not less than 25 × 25 cm. If the water depth is less than 1 m (taking into account freezing in winter), a pit (pit) is arranged at the place of its intake. In winter, to ensure a quick water intake near the entrances and piers (in places of water intake), non-freezing ice holes are arranged. To do this, a wooden barrel is frozen into the ice so that most of its height is below the lower surface of the ice (see Fig. 5.34).

The barrel is filled with insulating material, closed with the upper bottom and lid, covered with snow. The location of the fire hole is marked with a sign. Before taking water, it is necessary to remove the lid and the upper bottom of the barrel, remove the insulation from it and knock out the bottom bottom.

If it is impossible to get to the water source (wetlands, etc.), gravity (receiving) wells are arranged (see Fig. 5.35), connected to the water source by gravity pipelines.

Gravity wells have dimensions of at least 0.8 × 0.8 m in plan. They are made of concrete or stone and equipped with two covers, the space between which is filled with insulating material in winter to protect water from freezing. The well is connected to the water source by a gravity pipe with a diameter of at least 200 mm. The end of the pipe on the side of the water source is located at least 0.5 m above the bottom and at least 1 m below the low water horizon. The intake end of the pipe is protected by a metal mesh that prevents foreign objects from entering. The depth of water in the well must be at least 1.5 m. Free access is provided to the gravity well, designed for the simultaneous installation of two fire trucks.

If it is not possible to use natural water sources for fire extinguishing, fire reservoirs are provided: digging reservoirs or reservoir reservoirs (see Fig. 5.36).

Reservoir reservoirs are more capital structures than bath reservoirs and are more reliable in operation. Reservoirs-reservoirs can be of different

forms. Their depth is from two to five meters. Each tank has a hatch 0.6×0.6 m with a double cover and a ventilation pipe. The hatch is used for water intake by fire fighting equipment and for tank inspection. A pit with a depth of at least 0.4 m is provided under the hatch. The bottom of the tank must have a slope towards the pit. The capacity of fire reservoirs is taken from the calculation of extinguishing fires for three hours.

If the direct intake of water from a fire reservoir is difficult, they arrange receiving wells, which in their design resemble the gravity wells discussed earlier. At the same time, a well with a valve is installed in front of the receiving well on the connecting pipeline (its minimum diameter is also 200 mm), the steering wheel of which is brought out under the hatch cover.

Water should be drawn from each fire reservoir by at least two fire pumps. Entrances are arranged to reservoirs and receiving wells with platforms for turning fire trucks with a size of at least 12 × 12 m. m 3 and the number of fire trucks that can be installed at the same time.

Modern water supply systems are a complex set of engineering structures that provide reliable water supply in the required quantity and pressure to each consumer. One category of the water supply system is fire water supply. It is determined by a set of measures to provide the necessary volume of water to consumers, which is directed to extinguish fires. Therefore, even at the design stage of an object, it does not matter if it is a residential building or an industrial area, not only domestic and drinking water supply or technical, but also fire-fighting is immediately taken into account.

Fire water supply system

Varieties of fire water supply

Basically, fire water supply is divided into two types:

• high pressure;
• low.

The first is a system that can supply water with the necessary pressure to extinguish the largest building of the designed facility. In this case, the supply of large volume water should begin to be supplied within the first five minutes. For this, specially installed stationary pumps are used. For them, a separate room or a whole building is usually allocated. Such water supply can put out a fire of any complexity without the involvement of fire engines.

The second group is a water supply system, from which water is supplied through hydrants and with the help of pumps to the fire extinguishing zone. Pumps are connected to hydrants with special fire hoses.

Pumping station

It should be noted that all structures and equipment installed in them are designed in such a way that as much water is allocated for fire activities, which would be enough to extinguish the fire. But at the same time, both the domestic and drinking water supply and the technical (technological) one worked at full capacity. That is, one type of water supply should not interfere with the rest. At the same time, a backlog of water is necessarily made, as an emergency reserve. It usually accumulates in underground reservoirs, outdoor pools or water towers.

The fire-fighting water supply scheme also includes a pump-hose system. In fact, these are installed pumps (of the first and second lift), pipelines through which water is supplied to each object, as well as fire hoses that are twisted and put away in special boxes. The latter are painted red, indicating their relation to the fire-fighting water supply system.

fire box

Other classification options

There is another division of fire water supply systems.

The fire water supply itself is divided into external and internal. The first is pumping stations, pipelines and hydrants located on the territory. The second is pipelines scattered inside buildings and connected to an external water supply complex.

In small towns, in small factories and plants, the fire water supply system is not arranged as a separate unit of engineering structures. It is combined with other water supply networks, that is, water, for example, to extinguish a fire is taken directly from the drinking system. Although in many places the fire safety system is organized from special machines that replenish their water supply from open or closed sources directly. That is, as such, there is no pump-hose fire water supply system.

Water intake from an open reservoir

Sources of water supply

So, two sources of water intake determine two groups of fire water supply. The choice of one of them is determined by local conditions, which should provide the necessary volume to extinguish the fire. That is, if a river is located next to the object, then it is best to draw water from it. But the use of the source must be subject to the following conditions.

• required volume of water;
• the easiest way to take it, that is, economically justified;
• it is optimal if the water in the source is clean without a high degree of pollution;
• the closer it is to the subject, the better.

As mentioned above, open reservoirs and deep structures can be sources of external fire water supply. With open everything is clear. But as for the deep ones, there are several positions that differ from each other by various aquifers in terms of structure and location.

• Aquifers that are protected from above by impermeable layers.
• Non-pressure layers with a free surface that are not protected by impervious layers.
• Spring sources. In fact, these are underground waters that lie close to the surface of the earth, therefore they make their way through a small layer of soil to the surface.
• The so-called mine waters. This is industrial water that is drained into drainage facilities during mining.

Well hydrant

Fire water supply schemes

The layout of the external part is the simplest, because it is defined by a pipeline drawn from the water intake source to the pumping station and further to the buildings. But the internal fire water supply may be different. And they are based on the conditions for creating pressure inside the system necessary to extinguish a fire.

The simplest scheme is a system in which, apart from pipes, there are no other devices and devices. That is, the pressure of water from the external fire water supply is enough to solve the problems of fire safety.

The second scheme is a pipeline in which an additional pump is installed. It is usually called the second lift pump. It is installed only if the pressure in the main water supply line is small. That is, it is not enough to extinguish the fire. But this pressure provides completely water for the domestic and drinking system. Therefore, the pump is installed after the fork in the pipeline, which divides the entire water supply into two parts: drinking water and fire fighting.

Attention! The start of the second lift pump and the opening of the valve after it is carried out automatically immediately after pressing the button in any fire box.

The third scheme is a fire water supply, in which a storage water tank and a pump are installed. It is used if the pressure in the main network is low. The scheme works like this: the pump pumps water into the tank, and from there it enters the hydrants throughout the scattered piping. In fact, the tank itself performs the functions of a pressure-regulating reservoir. At the same time, it is provided with automatic float type. When the water in it drops to a certain level, the pump immediately turns on, which pumps water into it.

Scheme of a fire water supply with a water tank

This scheme works well for an integrated system, when a fire water supply and a drinking water supply are connected into one circuit. That is, the fire pump provides the necessary pressure and systems for household and drinking needs. In this case, excess water flows directly into the tank. By the way, such containers do not have drain pipes, that is, water is not discharged into the sewer. It just enters the network. If the volume of consumption increases sharply, the pump starts to work continuously.

In this scheme, you can additionally install another pump. That is, one will pump water for household needs, the second will turn on only in case of fire, when water consumption increases sharply, and the first pumping unit cannot cope with the supply. By the way, the photo above shows exactly this scheme, where number one is a pump for household needs and drinking, and number two is a fire unit.

True, it should be noted that such a fire water supply system is used only in high-rise buildings. The thing is that the most difficult thing in this scheme is to install a water tank at the required height, which should provide pressure to the entire system.

In the fourth scheme, a pneumatic tank is mounted instead of a water pressure tank, and a compressor instead of a pump. Sometimes two tanks are combined. That is, both water and pneumatic are installed. The principle of operation of such a system is that the air pumped into the tank creates the necessary pressure in the system, which is enough to create a pressure of water to extinguish the fire. But it is clear that the water tank will be emptied, so a pump is installed in the circuit that will fill it. It turns on automatically from a float switch installed in the tank itself. This scheme is used only if the pressure in the main water supply does not exceed 5 m and it is possible to set the water tank to the required height.

Fire water supply scheme with two tanks: water pressure and pneumatic

All the above schemes shown in the photo are dead ends. That is, their ultimate goal is a consumer in the form of a hydrant. But there are also ring networks, the main advantage of which is the ability to turn off one section while all the others are working. For example, if this section is emergency. Typically, such schemes are used where there is always a need for water consumption, and at the same time, the fire water supply itself performs the functions of technological or economic. For example, in baths.

Attention! The ring internal fire protection system must be connected to the external water supply in at least two places.

Ring scheme of fire water supply

Features of fire water supply

• The requirements that determine the norms for the construction and operation of fire protection systems are based on the set of rules "SP8.13130-2009".
• Based on the SP (external and internal fire water supply), it is necessary to strictly observe the design studies that define the system layout, materials and equipment that are included in its design. This mainly concerns the material and diameter of the pipes, as well as the power and pressure of pumping equipment.
• If possible, it is better to combine various water pipes into one network. But here it is necessary to take into account the intensity of use of each network. Therefore, it is best to combine the fire and economic network. If technical (technological) and fire fighting are combined, then it is necessary to take into account the mode of water consumption for technical needs.

So, it's all about fire water supply. As you can see, the fire extinguishing system is quite complex. And although there is little equipment in it, as practice shows, it is quite branched. And the more places on the site that fall under the category of fire danger, the more points where the pipe from this system should be laid.