Breeding of new varieties of grapes. Creation of a new variety of grapes in the garden. Mother plant preparation

When growing grapes near the walls and on the arbors, the bushes have to be left uncovered for the winter, since it is not possible to bend them to the ground. It follows from this that frost-resistant varieties are needed for the wall culture of grapes. But the existing high-quality European grape varieties, as already mentioned, are not frost-resistant enough, and frost-resistant isabelles do not produce high-quality fruits, hence the task is to work on breeding new varieties - high-quality and at the same time frost-resistant, as well as on increasing the frost resistance of existing valuable varieties.

Selection of varieties for hybridization

New varieties are created by hybridization followed by hybridization and selection.

In order to obtain high-quality frost-resistant hybrids, it is necessary to cross various European and Central Asian grape varieties with good taste of berries with varieties of frost-resistant species.

Of the European varieties, for example, the following can be recommended for hybridization: intensively accumulating sugar White Muscat, Pink Muscat and Black Kishmish, early varieties Zhemchug Saba, Madeleine Anzhevin and Chaush, in which wood ripens well; from Central Asian - large-fruited Taifi, Nimrang, Katta Kurgan, etc. Of the frost-resistant forms, the most suitable for hybridization are varieties of the species Vitis Labruska - Isabella, Lydia and others, as well as Amur grapes; in areas infected with phylloxera, varieties and hybrids of Riparia and Rupestris species can also be recommended.

The success of the business depends primarily on the ability to choose parent pairs on the basis of personal observations of the behavior of certain varieties in the area where breeding work is being carried out. It is important not only to skillfully select varieties for crossing, but also to select the most suitable bushes of parental varieties for this purpose. For example, if you notice that a bush is better than other bushes of this variety endures winter or has better maturation of wood and is less damaged by frost, then just such a bush should be taken for crossing.

It is desirable to cross in the area for which new varieties are being developed, so that hybrid seeds are formed on bushes growing in the conditions of this area. Hybrid seeds should be imported from other places only if there are no bushes necessary for crossing varieties in the place. In this case, you can contact any research institution for viticulture with a request to send hybrid seeds for breeding high-quality frost-resistant grape varieties.

How is crossbreeding done

The crossing technique is as follows. On the bushes selected for hybridization, large inflorescences are selected, located on strong, well-growing shoots. The upper part of the bunch is cut to half along the ridge. The rest of the flowers are castrated. With thin tweezers, in one or two steps, remove the cap along with anthers from each bud (Fig. 42). On each inflorescence, 50-100 buds are castrated, the rest are cut with scissors with sharp tips. It is necessary to castrate on the day when the first blooming flowers appear on the bush.

After castration, an insulator is put on the inflorescence to protect it from pollen from neighboring flowering bushes. The insulator is prepared from parchment paper, which is cut into pieces 20 centimeters wide and 25 centimeters long. Then the cut leaves are glued into a tube. To do this, take a half-liter bottle, wrap it with a leaf and glue its edges. The end of the resulting parchment tube (from the side of the neck of the bottle) is dipped into water for 3-4 centimeters, then it is tied with a nylon thread along the edge of the wetted place into one knot, the wetted border is folded back, removed from the bottle and the other end is tied with a thread, after inserting it into this edge a small ball of cotton.

The insulator prepared in this way (Fig. 43) is put on the inflorescence, the pedicel is wrapped with a piece of cotton wool and the thread is tightened. In the morning of the next day, the upper end of the insulator is untied and the stigmas of castrated flowers are examined. If droplets of liquid appear on them, pollination must be carried out; if no droplets appear, the insulators are tied and the inspection is continued every morning until droplets appear on the stigmas of the flowers. This moment cannot be missed, since pollination before the appearance of droplets or after they dry does not give results - crossing does not work.

If the paternal bush blooms earlier than the mother bush, pollen is collected in advance for pollination. To do this, anthers (along with pollen) are shaken from flowering inflorescences into a paper bag, dried in the shade and kept in a dry place until pollination is needed. During pollination, anthers with pollen are collected with a brush and shaken over the stigmas, on which droplets have appeared.

Crossing is best done if the paternal and maternal bushes bloom at the same time. Then, several branches are cut from the well-blooming inflorescences of the paternal bush, brought to the mother bush and inserted one by one into the untied insulators, touching the anthers to the stigmas, then removed. This method of pollination gives the best results.

Sowing seeds and obtaining seedlings

After two or three weeks, the paper insulators are removed and gauze bags are put on the inflorescences with young ovaries of berries. When the seeds are fully ripened, the clusters are cut off and hybrid seeds are extracted from the berries.

For about two months before sowing, the seeds are stratified.

They are soaked in water, the floating ones are thrown away, and the drowned ones are soaked for two days. Then the water is drained, and the seeds are mixed with soil of moderate moisture. For this purpose, one should take good black soil mixed in half with sand.

Seeds mixed with earth are poured into small bags, which are easy to make from pieces of an old canvas hose. A metal label is placed in each bag, which differs from the others in its shape. Labels can be round, triangular, square, with a different number of holes, etc. The journal records which crossover combination corresponds to one or another label shape.

Canvas bags with seeds are stored until spring in a box with soil of moderate moisture. At the bottom of a box measuring 40X50 centimeters and 25 centimeters high, a layer of earth of 10-12 centimeters is poured, bags are placed in one row and covered with the same layer of earth. The box is stored in the basement or in another room with a temperature not higher than 10-12 degrees Celsius and not lower than zero. They cover the box with a sheet of iron so that the earth does not dry out and so that the mice do not get to the seeds.

Grape seeds are sown at the time when the apple tree blooms. Two weeks before sowing, the box in which the seeds are stored is placed for a day under a greenhouse frame if there is sun, or in a very warm room if the weather is cloudy. At night, the box is taken out into the yard so that the seeds can cool as much as possible. With such sharp fluctuations in temperature, seed germination is accelerated. Usually on the seventh or eighth day they crack, and on the tenth day a spine appears. Therefore, starting from the fifth or sixth day, the condition of the seeds is monitored: a bag is taken out of the box, several seeds are taken from it, the adhering earth is washed with water and carefully examined. If there are no cracks, stratification is continued.

When cracks appear on most of the seeds, they are washed off the ground (preferably on a strainer under running water) and sown in pre-prepared beds. The distance between rows is 40 centimeters, between seeds - 7-8, thus running meter 12-15 seeds are sown. Seal depth - 3 centimeters.

Irrigate immediately after sowing. Watering should be moderate. Excessive watering is dangerous for grape seeds, as they can all rot, and waterlogging of the soil completely stops germination. The earth must be of normal humidity and loose so that the air has access to the seeds.

Under favorable conditions, seedlings appear in 8-10 days. If a cold snap sets in, they linger somewhat.

In the first year, care for seedlings is to provide them with good soil and air nutrition.

After the appearance of 5-6 leaves, the first dressing is done. For one bucket of water, take 100 grams of potassium nitrate, 100 grams of superphosphate and add a pinch of borax or boric acid. Seedlings are watered with the resulting solution at the rate of half a liter per linear meter of a row. It is necessary to ensure that the fertilizer solution does not fall on the leaves, as this results in burns. After fertilizing, watering is done so that the fertilizer penetrates deeper.

So that in the future the soil does not dry out and is moderately moist, it must be loosened frequently, preventing the formation of a crust from watering and rain. This is very important, as a grape plant develops well only if air freely penetrates to the roots.

In the middle of summer, when the roots have already grown sufficiently, granular superphosphate is introduced into the aisles and loosening is done to a depth of 15-16 centimeters. When the first tendril appeared on the seedlings, they are fed with the same fertilizer solution as for the first time, but this time they take a liter of solution per linear meter.

So that the seedlings do not lie on the ground, arrange a support. You can make a temporary trellis: drive in stakes every three to four meters and pull two rows of twine between them.

Seedlings are sprayed with Bordeaux liquid, which is prepared in the same way as for old bushes, and then diluted twice with water. When spraying seedlings, it is especially important that Bordeaux mixture has a neutral reaction (when wetted, blue and red litmus paper should retain its color). Excess blue vitriol(acid) or lime (alkali) causes very severe leaf burns in seedlings, especially the tops, which delays their development.

After the first frost, the seedlings are dug up. For this work, you need to choose a warm, frost-free day. Even with a frost of half a degree, the roots just taken out of the ground die very quickly.

The dug out seedlings are tied into bunches according to combinations of crosses, labels are attached to them, on which the names of parental forms and the number of plants are noted. In addition, make an appropriate list in the journal.

For the winter, seedlings are dug in with sand in the basement and make sure that they do not dry out. If they do dry out, they should be moistened, but very carefully to prevent excess water.

In the spring, in mid-April, the seedlings are taken out of the basement and planted on permanent place.

Raising hybrid seedlings

The upbringing of hybrid seedlings is a very important stage in breeding work. Everything must be done to ensure that the hybrid seedlings, before entering into fruiting, are powerful plants, with a strong root system and a sufficiently developed aerial part of the bush. Large reserves must be accumulated in the roots and in the wood of the trunk nutrients. In other words, before entering into fruiting, it is necessary to nurture such plants that would be able to produce large clusters, with large berries, accumulate a large amount of sugar in them, give tasty and beautiful fruits. Such results cannot be achieved from hybrids, if they are stunted plants grown in dense planting, on poor support, with insufficient soil nutrition and lack of soil moisture.

The method of formation of seedlings is also of great importance. I. V. Michurin wrote: “When growing trees from seedlings, in no case should they be given artificial forms of cordons, palmettes, etc., because with such violence of the free growth of seed trees, they remain barren for a long time .. This proves once again that many methods of so-called form culture often bring rather significant damage to the normal development of plants. best form for trees of new varieties grown from seeds, one must consider the one in which the growth of each tree of a new variety tends to take shape: for apple trees - low stem and bush, for pears - high pyramidal, for cherries and plums - bush, depending on the genus and type of plant.

Seedlings of grapes have a strong growth and, under favorable conditions, very quickly turn into powerful vine-like plants. The practice of many breeders-vine growers has established that fruiting occurs in the third year, if the seedlings are given the opportunity to form a tall trunk in the first two years. On the contrary, with a short pruning, the seedlings are frail and come into fruition much later.

To ensure the proper upbringing of hybrid seedlings, it is necessary to apply agricultural technology, the main elements of which are:

1) deep tillage and increase of its fertility before planting;

2) provision of water supply (complete elimination of the possibility of drought, that is, lack of moisture);

3) providing a sufficient feeding area, in which the leaves of hybrid seedlings would be well and evenly illuminated by the sun;

4) creation of conditions for the development of hybrids into vine-like plants;

5) pruning according to the principle of selection and leaving the strongest, well-developed annual vines on the bush;

6) timely top dressing and watering of plants.

Of course, this does not exhaust the agricultural technology of raising hybrid seedlings, only its main provisions are indicated here. Everyday observations of the development of the plant suggest in each case necessary measures improvements in agricultural technology for specific conditions in which selection work is carried out.

For planting hybrid seedlings, you need to choose open places, and not protected areas with a warmer microclimate. It is important that the hybrid nursery is located in the climatic conditions typical for the area. The soil is prepared in the same way as for the wall culture of grapes, but at the same time, fresh manure must be introduced. The site must be provided with water for irrigation.

Disembarkation to a permanent place

Seedlings are planted in a permanent place near the walls and arbors in the spring. The distance in the row between the bushes is 1.25 meters (in the future, the plant density will decrease as a result of the culling of non-frost-resistant seedlings). In an open area, the direction of the row should be from north to south. If seedlings are planted not in one, but in several rows, the distance between the rows should be 1.5 meters. Those who, in order to increase the number of plants, thicken the planting of seedlings, act incorrectly. Cushioned landing is the first violation of the conditions good food plants and growing powerful bushes.

After the breakdown is made on the planting grooves and the landing sites are marked, pits are dug 60 centimeters deep and 200 grams of granulated superphosphate are crushed along the bottom. The seedlings taken out of the basement are inspected, the cuts on the roots are updated. If there are several annual shoots, only one is left, for its entire length, the rest are cut off. After that, they start landing.

It is necessary to plant so that the root collar (the place where the roots pass into the shoot) is at a depth of 50 centimeters. If the shoot is longer than 50 centimeters, then after planting and watering, the hole is completely filled up, and the part of the shoot that protrudes above the ground is tied to a peg. If the length of the shoot is less than 50 centimeters, after planting and watering, the hole is not completely buried, but only for the length of the shoot, leaving the two upper buds unburied. In the fall, when a new shoot grows and stiffens, the hole is completely buried.

In the very first year after planting in a permanent place, many seedlings grow very strongly and can give an increase in annual shoots of 2-3 meters. If hybrid seedlings are not planted near walls and arbors, a trellis must be installed in the first year. Its height should be 2-2.5 meters in order to place shoots on it and later form high bush trunks from them. During the first summer, you need to give two or three top dressings, tie up green shoots, and take measures to combat mildew. In the southern regions, seedlings should not be closed for the winter, and in the northern and, especially, in the northeastern regions, annual vines should be covered during the first winter, but from the second winter (after planting in a permanent place), they do not need to be closed anywhere.

Hybrid seedlings are pruned in the same way as wall and gazebo bushes, but at the beginning, so as not to overload seed plants, you need to leave one at a time and only for very strong ones - two trunks each.

In the second and third years, seedlings begin to bear fruit, and at the same time a new crucial period in breeding work begins - the selection period.

Selection

Selection for frost resistance is made by nature itself in frosty winters. The selection for fruit quality and yield is made by the breeder. First, all hybrid seedlings with male flowers are discarded. Further, within three to four years, carefully monitoring the yield, quality of berries and frost resistance of the remaining bushes, the best hybrids for propagation are selected.

Bushes grown from cuttings taken from a seed grape plant often differ from it in a number of ways. Therefore, bushes obtained from cuttings of any selected hybrid seedling, you need to carefully check again for frost resistance, berry quality and yield. If the test showed that the traits for which the hybrid was selected remain the same in its offspring grown from cuttings, or even intensified, then we can assume that a new one has been obtained. good variety. It remains to give it a name and proceed to its mass reproduction.

It is possible to increase the frost resistance of existing varieties by clonal breeding.

Under the influence of conditions, certain properties of the vine can change, and these changes can often be inherited during vegetative propagation. It also happens that not the entire bush changes, but only its individual shoots. Quite often, these changes can be beneficial for a person. By selecting for reproduction bushes or shoots with traits that have changed in a direction useful to humans, improved varieties can be obtained. This is clone selection.

In viticulture, there are many varieties with valuable economic properties, which are obtained as a result of the selection of changed shoots and bushes. If the modified shoots are propagated by cuttings, so-called clones are obtained, which are often given new names and considered new varieties. Thus, through folk selection, the world-famous grape varieties Chassela rosea, Chassela muscat, Pinot white, Pinot gray, Chaush pink and others were created.

Under certain climatic and agrotechnical conditions, vines may change in the direction of increasing their frost resistance. By propagating these vines, growing their vegetative progeny under frost-hardy conditions, and applying repeated selection, a hardy clone of a good variety can be obtained.

Selection is made after a harsh winter with strong, prolonged frosts. In these cases, in the spring, the bushes are not pruned until the buds swell. When the buds begin to swell, inspect the vines. At this time, it is easy to distinguish shoots that have endured frost well from damaged ones. On shoots damaged by frost, the buds do not swell and easily fall off when pressed with a finger. A black spot is found in place of the fallen kidney. However, the presence of swollen buds is not yet sufficiently convincing evidence that the shoot endured frosts well. You need to look at the bark. To do this, make a small cut so as to only slightly touch the living tissue of the bark. If at the same time a bark of a bright emerald color is found, then the shoot is not damaged. If her color is dark green with a transition to brown, then this shows that the shoot is damaged by frost.

After that, those bushes are selected on which frosts did not damage the shoots at all or damaged only an insignificant part of them. On such bushes, the best vines are selected, cuttings are cut from them and planted in a school for rooting. The strongest, well-rooted seedlings are selected from the school and planted in a permanent place.

If selection is carried out in this way after each severe winter, it is possible to increase the frost resistance of bushes in each subsequent vegetative offspring. But in practice this is never done. Cuttings of European varieties are usually harvested in the fall, fearing that the vines will be damaged by frost and in the spring they will not be used for planting. Since the cuttings harvested since autumn are stored in the basement or trenches, their selection for frost resistance is completely excluded. This is inevitable in the conditions of industrial viticulture of collective farms and state farms, where bushes of European varieties take shelter for the winter. But in conditions of near-wall and pavilion culture, where the bushes remain uncovered for the winter, amateur growers can select for frost resistance. Unfortunately, they don't do that either.

To select vines for frost resistance, you can also use early autumn and late spring frosts. It is observed that after early autumn frosts, on most of the shoots the leaves die, but on some they remain completely intact. Such shoots, with intact leaves, should be noted and observed next spring, especially if the winter was frosty. If they overwintered well, it is advisable to take them for breeding.

Bedbug selection

Late spring frosts damage young green shoots, which in most cases die completely or have their tops frozen. However, a small part of the shoots (sometimes 2-3 per bush) still remains intact. Such shoots should also be noted and cuttings should be prepared from them.

It is believed that the buds and annual shoots of European grape varieties begin to be damaged at temperatures below -22 °, lasting more than 6 hours, and at lower temperatures, perennial wood is also damaged.

Our long-term observations of vine bushes have shown that the vines of European varieties, indeed, begin to be damaged at frosts of about -22 °, but the degree of damage to individual bushes and vines is different. While some have heavy frost damage, others remain undamaged or take little damage. In Odessa, in some years, frosts reach -35°. After such harsh winters, we observed many wall and pavilion bushes of European grape varieties, which were almost not damaged by frost. This ability to withstand low temperatures can be fixed and enhanced in vegetative offspring by repeated directional selection.

It must be said that such clonal selection can be carried out throughout the territory of Ukraine. Every opportunity should be taken everywhere to select vines for frost resistance.

The wide participation of amateur vine growers in this work can play a very important role in the creation of frost-resistant high-quality grape varieties.

Thanks to scientific achievements today it is possible to create new varieties of plants and improve existing ones. Breeding results in a variety of plant varieties with different characteristics which simplifies the breeding process. This science contributes to the flow of natural natural selection. Selective work makes it possible to improve agricultural crops, which makes it possible to grow them even in the most unsuitable, at first glance, conditions. For example, such a thermophilic crop as grapes is now grown even in the northern regions (Urals, Siberia).

Selection task

Grape breeding allows you to improve the basic varieties, as well as, by crossing them, create new grape varieties. Due to the fact that the selection is carried out artificially (by man), it is possible to develop varieties that correspond to the places of their future cultivation. In the process of selective work, weak characteristics are excluded from the plant.

Because of this, grape bushes become more resistant to external negative factors, diseases, and the quality of the crop also increases. Breeding allows you to create unique tastes of berries by crossing unusual grape varieties with each other. This task is especially important in winemaking, as such grapes allow the production of unique drinks.

Thanks to selection work, they appeared.

Methods

Before carrying out breeding work, it is necessary to select the correct samples of plants. The most common methods of selection: individual and mass. Primary material is evaluated according to the following characteristics:

genetic;
biological;
immunological;
ecological and geographical origin;
economic features.

Artificial sexual hybridization

This method is the most used in grape breeding. It is based on the artificial selection of parent seedlings. This increases the chances of inheriting the necessary characteristics. Thanks to this crossing, you can get grapes with unique qualities. During hybridization, a stepwise selection system is used, which allows creating bases of high-quality breeding material.

Vegetative selection

Breeding work is carried out by grafting the selected variety to a grape bush. This method has limited gene transfer between scion and rootstock. Thus, with "vegetative hybridization", the plant inherits only a part of the characteristics from the grafting grape variety.

This one will tell you how to plant grapes in the spring.

clone

The point of clonal breeding is the separation and subsequent study of the various clones that make up the studied grape variety, and the reproduction of the most valuable among them. For this purpose, bushes of well-known standard species are selected, which are characterized by high fertility and bring good-quality grapes.

Signs and properties, the manifestation of which is caused by agricultural techniques and influence environment, are not considered clones.

Variety study and variety testing

Variety study implies the study of local and imported grape varieties under production conditions by the method of expeditionary survey. It also uses the collection method. The collection collects varieties among local and imported, and then each planted 10-20 bushes. After studying, the best species are distinguished that correspond to the direction of cultivation and the natural conditions of the area.

Further, the selected varieties are transferred to the production variety testing and the state variety breeding network. Selected varieties are planted on test plots in selected areas in accordance with a specific production task. According to the test results, valuable species are introduced into the standard assortment of a particular area and less suitable species are excluded. The variety testing also carries out the zoning of new grape varieties.

The essence of variety testing activities is the improvement of the standard set of grape species, the selection of grapes for a new area and the zoning of new varieties.

Stages

The whole selection process is divided into stages, each of which solves a specific problem. If some stage is excluded or their order is changed, it can cause problems during selection. Before starting work, carefully study the sequence of actions.

Mother plant preparation

The mother grape bush should be with large inflorescences on strong shoots.. . For crossing, a pair of related grape varieties should be selected. In addition, among them it is necessary to choose the most suitable bushes for each other. At first appearance, the flowers on the selected bush are castrated, and then the inflorescence is covered with an insulator to prevent pollen from other flowering plants from entering.

In the inflorescence, not all flowers are castrated, but only 40-50% of the total number, approximately 100-150 pieces.

Collection of pollen from the paternal plant

Before starting breeding work, it is necessary to select a suitable pair for pollination. During the flowering period paternal plant filaments with anthers are collected in paper bags, and then they are transferred to the room and spread on paper for drying and ripening. Harvested pollen must be kept in a dry and cool place.

If the flowering of both plants coincides, no pollen is collected. For fertilization, the inflorescence of the paternal plant is shaken over the inflorescences of the mother.

pollination process

Usually, pollination is started after the appearance of a special adhesive liquid on the stigmas of the pistils of the mother bush. To prevent third-party fingers from entering, the insulator is not removed during pollination. A hole is made in it through which pollen is applied, and then it is sealed with parchment paper. For best results, pollination is recommended to be repeated after two to three days.

Working with seeds

The resulting berries should remain on the bushes until the seeds are fully ripe. Next, the bunches are removed together with protective bags and transferred to a storage location. Seeds are extracted in winter, well washed and dried. Then they are placed in pots on wet sand and stored in a room with a temperature of +5-7°C. 2 weeks before transplanting into the ground, they are placed in a warm room to start seed germination. Transplantation is carried out in a period without any special temperature fluctuations.

Directed parenting

During the growth period, the hybrid plant is very plastic and can develop certain properties that correspond to environmental conditions. Directed education allows you to accustom the plant to the adverse conditions of the area where it is grown. Depending on the direction of cultivation, grape bushes are placed in certain conditions. For example, if it is necessary to develop the cold resistance of a variety, the hybrid is placed in natural conditions of low temperatures.

rejection

Not all seedlings obtained need to be brought to the fruiting period. Some of them can be married at an early age. The selection of unsuitable plants is made depending on the tasks. For this, they are used various ways and selection criteria. It is easiest to reject when the plant is in a certain period. For example, during the flowering period, plants with an abnormal flower structure are selected, etc.

Evaluation of the resulting hybrids

The most accurate estimate can only be made after the beginning of the fruiting period of the hybrid. Agricultural technology greatly influences the development of certain qualities of a plant, so it should not be neglected during the period of growth and development of bushes. A more complete and accurate assessment of the capabilities of hybrid plants can be made in the second or third year of fruiting.

It is not necessary to evaluate the quality of berries and the yield of hybrid bushes in 1 year of fruiting.

Popular Representatives

Among the grape varieties bred through breeding work, certain representatives can be distinguished. According to their characteristic features, it is possible to judge the possibilities of selection.

frost-resistant

One of the main directions in selection work with grapes is an attempt to increase its frost resistance. Due to the fact that, by nature, grapes are a very thermophilic plant, it is extremely difficult to grow them in the northern regions. However, through breeding, varieties were developed that can withstand low temperatures.

Grape variety Amur breakthrough is a frost-resistant hybrid that can withstand temperatures down to -40 ° C.

marinovsky

Medium ripening grapes, able to tolerate temperatures as low as -30°C. With proper agricultural technology, bunches can reach a weight of up to 1 kg. The variety is mainly used for fresh consumption and the manufacture of sweet juices. You can also make homemade rosé and white dry wines from this.

Alpha

Technical grape of North American origin. Ideal option for middle lane Russia. Able to tolerate frost down to -35°C above the ground, and the root system can withstand up to -12°C. The berries taste like the Isabella variety.

Grape variety Alfa (Alpha) is a technical non-covering variety of black grapes that can withstand frosts down to -40 ° C.

elegant

Grapes of early ripening with high palatability. It is a table variety, therefore it is suitable for making juices, jams, preserves, as well as fresh consumption. Elegant tolerates heat and drought well, and in winter it can withstand temperatures as low as -25°C.

disease resistant

An equally important problem in the cultivation of grapes is disease resistance.. Due to the fact that most of Russia is not initially suitable territory for growing this crop, bushes may be more susceptible to disease. Through selection, this problem is gradually being solved.

Timur

Table variety of grapes with early ripening. There are two types - white and pink. Both species are resistant to mildew and oidium, and also calmly tolerate temperature drops to -24 ° C. Venus

Seedless variety of early ripening. Grapes are characterized by high yield and lack of seeds. Resistant to oidium and mildew, but in wet weather, mature clusters can be affected by gray rot. Frost-resistant - withstands up to -26 ° C. It is used in the preparation of wine, juices, and also consumed fresh.

Harold

White grapes of very early ripening. can give a double crop due to the fruiting of shoots and stepchildren. High resistance to gray mold, mildew and oidium. In winter, it can withstand temperatures as low as -25°C.

Video

This video shows the results of grape selection for frost resistance.

conclusions

Breeding works allow to improve old grape varieties and develop new ones.
Selection contributes to the creation of unique species and tastes, which is especially appreciated when creating wine.
Through selective development, resistance is increased plants to adverse factors (low temperature,).
Selection can be done independently. However, this process requires preliminary careful preparation.
Grapes are a heat-loving crop, but varieties have appeared thanks to selection able to withstand temperatures down to -25°C - -35°C without harm to the plant. These include and.

Scientists have found that adults healthy person it is necessary to eat 70 kg of grapes of various varieties per year. In reality, 30 kg is not even an average result, but the best. All this is because in many regions grapes continue to be a delicacy. Many summer residents are seriously considering growing vines on their plots. This is possible because modern varieties and hybrid forms are bred not only for every taste, but for various conditions growth. In the article we will talk about new grape varieties (description and comparison), give their detailed characteristics.

Description of the earliest grape varieties, advantages and disadvantages

Thanks to the painstaking work of modern breeders, hybrid forms have appeared, the ripening period of which has surpassed all stereotypes, and is 100 days.

Ruslan is one of the early varieties.

The most popular among gardeners are:

№	Name	Description	Advantage	Flaws
1.	"Ruslan"	The hybrid form of the varieties "Kuban" and "Gift to Zaporozhye" of the famous Ukrainian breeder V.V. Zagorulko. Tall shrubs with multi-sex flowers. Fruits with an average weight - 20 g. Ripening period - 100 - 115 days. Clusters weighing - 800 - 900 g. Pulp of fruit flavor with plum aftertaste. Harvest - the second decade of August.	Frost resistance up to minus 23 0 . High resistance to fungal diseases.	Does not tolerate excess moisture.
2.	"Lelik"	Hybrid form of folk breeder E. G. Pavlovsky, created on the basis of the variety "Baklanovsky" and "Hybrida 41". Vigorous climber with bisexual flowers. Berries of pink color, weighing 8 g. The mass of one bunch reaches 1 kg.	Withstands frosts down to minus 24 0 . Moderately resistant to oidium mildew and gray mold.	Heterogeneous ripening of berries in bunches.
3.	Muscat Novoshah-	The author of the hybrid, E. G. Pavlovsky, brought him out of the "Talisman" and "XVII-10-26". The weight of a bunch, on average, is 500 g. The taste is very sweet. Ripens by mid-August.	Ripe berries can be stored on the bushes for a long time without compromising taste. Moderately resistant to major diseases.	The vine is prone to overload, requires normalization
4.	"Melting"	A hybrid of the Ukrainian breeder A. A. Golub, appeared as a result of crossing "Atlanta" with "Arcadia" and a mixture of pollen. Bisexual form with early maturation. Fruit color is white.	It has an increased resistance to diseases and successfully tolerates frosts down to minus -23 0 .

In addition to the others described earlier, ripen:

"Outrigger",
"Beloved Muscat"
"Vitannya",
"Alexa Early"
"Mary Magdalene"
"Libya",
"Sphinx",
"Primitive"
"Pulsar",
"Charlie",
"Azalea",
"Vovchik",
Vera, etc.

The listed varieties and hybrids are relatively unpretentious in care, therefore, more often than others, they are planted in summer cottages.

"Lelik" - a variety of E. G. Pavlovsky - one of the gardeners' favorites.

Features of mid-early varieties and hybrid forms

In terms of ripeness, they require more time than the early ones, but not by much. On average, the hybrids of this group are harvested at the end of August. Gardeners prefer these grape varieties:

"Leah" – early variety, ripening in 110 - 115 days. Created by V. V. Zagorulko by crossing the varieties "Arcadia" and "Atlant Zaporozhye".

Table form, that is, what is intended for fresh consumption.
Bushes give up to 3 m of growth annually.
The color of ripe fruits is white-pink.
Clusters of 900 g each, the weight of 2 kg has been repeatedly noticed.
The sweetness of berries depends on the number of sunny days, the warmer, the more sugar.
Withstands frost without shelter - minus 21 0 .
The defeat of the main diseases 3.5 - 4 points.

Disadvantage: the variety reacts negatively to excessive watering and prolonged rains.

"Liya" is a relatively frost-resistant variety of early ripening.

"Prometheus"- another hybrid of V.V. Zagorulko, bred by crossing the varieties "Kishmish radiant" and "Arcadia".

Distinguished by functionally female flowers.
The bunch is similar in structure to the Arcadia variety.
Fruit color is dark pink.
Resistance to winter cold up to minus 21 0 .

"Ksenia"- the variety was bred by V.N. Krainov, has a second name "Angelica".

Vigorous bushes, medium early term maturation 115 - 125 days.
Large clusters, weighing up to 1.5 kg, with oblong berries of white - pink color.
The pulp is sweet and crunchy with several flavors.

The advantage is high disease resistance. Handles transportation well.

Tip #1Note! Variety "Xenia" requires annual pruning for 8 - 10 eyes.

"Carmen"- E. G. Pavlovsky connected the Nadezhda AZOS variety and the hybrid form FVC-94-3.

Ripening period - 3.5 months in mid-August.
Vigorous bushes - 2 m or more.
Flowers bisexual.
The weight of a bunch of grapes is 600 - 800 g.
The color of the fruit is red-violet, the shape is elongated.
The disadvantage is that the variety is prone to overload and needs thinning of the ovary.

Gardeners favorably relate to the cultivation of relatively unpretentious early and mid-early varieties such as:

"Vlada",
"Glad",
"Sofia",
"Fupshetny",
"Elf",
Abu Hasan.
"Blessing"
"Victor",
"Long-awaited"
"Zlatogor", etc.

Grape varieties of medium and medium late ripening

Among the popular ones are:

Medium maturity	Middle late
"Anapsky giant"	"Ataman"
"White Giant"	"Juliet"
"Anthony the Great"	"Zagrava"
"Black Grand"	"Lactic"
"Anyuta"	"Roadside"
"Cowberry"	"September"
"Ataman Pavlyuk"	"Moldova"
"Valentina"	"Original"
"Lady Patricia"	"Kara Palvan"
"Golden Rain"	"Alphonse Lavalle"
"Verona"
"Odessa souvenir"
"Meteorite"
"PG - 12"

The following varieties and hybrids deserve more detailed attention:

"Anapsky giant"- a variety of universal, vigorous. It belongs to medium-ripening, the berries are gaining ripeness by mid-September. Clusters are small, 200 g each, the color of the fruit is white.
Ataman Pavlyuk"- the result of the selection work of V. U. Kapelyushny, by crossing the varieties "Talismpn" and "Autumn Black". The result is a fast growing bush with large clusters up to 1300 g, often up to 2 kg. The advantage is the complete absence of peas. The variety is popular because of the good preservation both on the vine and in the plucked form.

A feature of the variety "Ataman Pavlyuk" is a wax coating that protects the fruits from diseases, pests and abnormally low temperatures for grapes. The colder the weather, the thicker the plaque.

"Alphonse Lavalle"- a table French variety that has successfully taken root with us. Refers to the middle. It has bisexual flowers. Clusters are heterogeneous - from loose to dense. Berries of the correct round shape of dark purple. The ripening period is up to 160 days, subject to a positive temperature of +22 0 - +32 0. Disadvantage: not resistant to most fungal diseases, does not withstand frost and spring return frosts.

Growing conditions for late grapes

To get a harvest late varieties it will take 155 - 160 days. They are meant for long term storage. Read also the article: → "". Most often they are used in warm climate zones or in greenhouses.

Name of the hybrid

Peculiarities

Flaws

"Courage"

Vigorous shrub with bisexual flowers. The mass of one bunch is 1 - 2 kg.

Fruit color is white.

Ripening time is the end of September.

They are highly resistant to fungal diseases.

Weak frost resistance

"Skorensky red"

The result of crossing Datier de Saint Valier, Nimrang x Pocket.

Table variety.

Bushes are large, clusters - 0.5 - 0.7 kg.

The color of the berries is purple-red.

The advantage is high resistance to fungal diseases.

Not stored.

For growing late varieties such as Courage, many of which are European, it is better to use an inclined landing.

Tip # 2. The successful development of a young vine and the quality of a mature crop depends on properly conducted irrigation. Mandatory watering is carried out the first 2 years. For adult plants, irrigation is necessary before flowering and water-charging watering for the winter.

The best varieties for the Crimea, the Volga region, the Moscow region, the Leningrad region, Siberia

Gone are the days when grapes were considered exclusively southern culture. Thanks to professional and amateur selection, modern varieties are able to satisfy gardeners living in various climatic zones. As before, Crimea is the leader in the cultivation of grapes. Thanks to the climate here, the earliest varieties ripen at the end of July.

"Pearl Saba"- medium-sized fruits, when ripe, amber-golden, rounded, with pulp of a delicate and pleasant taste, with a nutmeg aroma of nutmeg, clusters small size, the shape is loose.

"Pearl Saba" is one of the sweetest varieties.

"Queen of the Vineyards"- a variety with large berries, round or slightly elongated, golden amber in color, with large clusters.
"Tyfi pink"- with large long clusters up to 25 cm long. The color of the berries is dark pink, the shape is regular round. Ripens in 167 days.

These varieties are the most famous and popular. But thanks to selection, grapes are grown in many climatic zones, even in those whose conditions are opposite to Crimean. Such varieties and hybrids are typical for different regions.

Moscow region	Leningradskayaregion	Volga region	Ural	Siberia
F - 14-75 (shape)	F1475	Liepajas Dzintars	Zilga	Tukay
Laura	Mars	Dovga	Aleshenkin	Solovyova-58
Shun	Russian Karinka	Tsiravas Agro	Sharov's riddle	Rusven
Nadezhda Aksaiskaya	In memory of Dombkowska	Silva	In memory of Dombkowska	Muromets
Victoria	Reline Pink Seedless,	Superearly Cicatricial	In memory of Shatilov	Super early red muscat
Nakhodka AZOS	Neptune	Zolotinka	Muscat white extra early	Kodryanka
Super Extra	Super extra	Super extra	Muscat pink early
First-Called	Victor	Elegant super early	Beauty of the North
	Laura	Victoria
Phenomenon (Augustin, Pleven steady)	Timur	Timur
Muscat summer	Augustine	Kolobok
Cherry	Extra	Prima
Aleshenkin	Ainset Seedless	Hip-hop
Charlie		Sphinx

Rubric: "Questions and answers"

Question number 1. What are the largest grape varieties?

Harold.
Laura.
Augustine.
New century.
Paul.
Memory of a surgeon.
Karmakod.
In memory of Negrul.
Stashensky.
Kodryanka.

Question number 2. Which varieties are best suited to transport?

Shami Abiad.
Gorgeous. Read also the article: → "".
chieftain,
Kodryanka.
Kishmish Kalina.
Arched.
Baikonur.

Question number 3. Which grape keeps the longest?

Ruslan.
Moldova - up to 160 days;
Memory of Negrul - up to 130 days;
Autumn black - up to 120 days;
Criuleni - up to 100 days;
Original - up to 130 days;
Light - up to 100 days;
Hope AZOS - up to 90 days;
Tahir - up to 90 days.

Question number 4. What grape varieties are the most frost-resistant?

Carmen - 30 0,
September - 21 0,
Moldova - 23 0 ,
Anthony the Great - 23 0,
Black grand - 23 0,
Cowberry - 24 0,
Valentine - 24 0,
Meteorite - 24 0,
Romeo - 23 0.

Serious mistakes gardeners make when choosing new grape varieties

Mistake #1. Choosing a grape variety that is not suitable for growing in a given climate zone.

Often acquiring new variety, gardeners are being held hostage by unscrupulous sellers who distribute plants that do not grow locally. At best, this will affect the quality and quantity of the crop, but most likely the grapes will not take root.

Mistake #2. Planting new varieties in a common vineyard.

A newly acquired plant is best planted separately or kept in quarantine. It is not known how the local "environment" will affect the new variety, it is better to protect it (if possible) from infection with diseases.

Mistake #3. The choice of heat-loving varieties for a zone with a harsh climate.

In this case, the main criterion is frost resistance, otherwise grapes can only be grown in a greenhouse.

Some growers sleep and see how to breed a new variety, and what to cross to get a hybrid form that strikes the imagination in size, color and taste ... I want to disappoint those who want to try on Michurin's laurels. Selection is a long process.

If time doesn't scare you, be patient! You will need the following gentlemen's kit:

at least five years to breed one variety;
decent piece of land;
the ability to endure failure;
receive positive emotions from the lesson.

It is useful to familiarize yourself with the professional literature. This may be a textbook on viticulture by the authorship of Negrul, and "Genetics and selection of the vine" by Ayvazyan P.K. and Dokuchaeva E.N.

You also need to turn your vineyard into an impregnable fortress, otherwise the fruits of your combinations may go to banal thieves who will sell bunches on the market, and you will lose all the results of your work. Such cases are not just unsettling, they leave a bitter aftertaste for a long time.

And still it is necessary to put only feasible tasks. Breeding frost-resistant grapes with good performance whole scientific institutes are engaged, and the results are still modest.

An amateur breeder cannot handle such tasks. The probability of getting a variety with frost resistance -30...-32°C from offspring with frost resistance -23 ... -25 ° С is the same as hitting the jackpot in the lottery. The same can be said about high resistance to diseases.

Despite these limitations, the field of activity of enthusiasts is very extensive. You can improve the color of the bunches, the shape of the berries, the size, the taste, the structure, the ripening time, the vigor of the growth, the yield, the sex of the flower, the seedlessness… So that's enough work.

Never cross pairs at random. Use the “duet” rule: if you plan to breed a large-berry variety with a given color of bunches, then choose both parental forms with a given color. Use this rule when setting a selection problem. The probability of getting a bisexual variety is different: when crossing bisexual varieties, the probability is 3 to 1. That is, three seedlings will be bisexual, and one will be unisexual. Previously, all same-sex forms were rejected. But if we do this now, then we would be left without Talisman, Flora, Flamingo, Victoria, Sofia, Gourmets ... So do not rush to reject hybrid forms, maybe they will have other advantages. In industrial selection, out of a hundred seedlings, only one or two with the desired properties were selected, the rest were rejected. In amateur breeding, 20-30 seedlings are considered sufficient.

And the last. It has been noted that the earlier the maturation period of the mother form, the worse the germination of hybrid seeds. The lowest germination in super-early varieties is only 1-1.5%. And in maternal forms with early maturation - 10-25%. The best germination is in seeds from late mother bushes.

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Winegrowers who have experience in selling their own harvest know that the first thing a buyer pays attention to is appearance grapes. Beautiful clusters, consisting of many large berries, are sure to attract the buyer first, and the taste qualities are evaluated a little later. A variety that claims to be the best grape for the market must produce just such a crop. Shrubs must withstand stable and high yields, be exposed to minimal risk of infection with crop-threatening diseases and loss of ovaries from pests. Thanks to the ongoing selection work, winegrowers receive more and more interesting varieties and forms, which, after testing, sometimes crowd out the recognized leaders in the ranking. the best varieties grapes.

Arcadia grapes: description and photo of the variety

Created by Ukrainian breeders from crossing Moldova and Cardinal Arcadia, today it is recognized as one of the best grape varieties in many regions of the country where viticulture is developed. The variety belongs to table varieties and yields 115–120 days after the start of the growing season.

The plant forms a vigorous, early maturing vine with a powerful root system and good survival. Arcadia shows an average result in grape disease resistance, in order to protect the vine from mildew, two preventive treatments are needed, and protection from powdery mildew is also required. The variety tolerates frosts down to -21 ° С. With changes in humidity, the berries sometimes crack, which affects the quality of the crop.

As can be seen from the description and photo, Arcadia grapes form large, mostly dense clusters weighing from 0.5 to 2 kg. The shape of the brushes is cylindrical or close to conical. With a weight of about 15 grams, the berries of this market variety can grow larger than 2.8 cm. At the same time, the berries have a heart-shaped shape and a beautiful yellowish or White color. Since the variety is very high-yielding, the fruits cannot accumulate a lot of sugars, but with a slight acidity, the taste of Arcadia will not disappoint. It is refreshing, pleasant and light, which is especially felt when eating fresh berries with a fleshy texture.

Grapes Kishmish radiant

Seedless berries of medium-early Kishmish Radiant grapes are well known to consumers. The variety, bred in Moldova from crossing the grapes Cardinal and Kishmish pink, ripens in 125-130 days and is distinguished by high yields, ripening on medium or vigorous bushes.

Kishmish Radiant does not differ in high frost resistance and is susceptible to infections of this crop. At the same time, the variety is demanding of the grower's attention, and with proper care it compensates for the efforts, gives large and medium berries of golden and red-pink colors, up to 2.5 cm long and weighing up to 4 grams. I ripe berries dense texture and nutmeg flavor and aroma. The clusters of one of the best grape varieties on the market reach 40 cm in length and can weigh over 600 grams. The crop is easily transported and stored for a long time.

Description and photo of Kodryanka grapes

According to the photo and description of the grapes, Kodryanka can rightfully be considered one of the most interesting modern varieties. It takes 110 to 118 days for Kordyanka, obtained from the parent varieties Marshalsky and Moldova, to ripen. The variety forms a vigorous, high-yielding vine that can withstand a mass of large brushes weighing from 400 to 1500 grams.

Among the disadvantages of the best grapes is the crushing of the berries, which can be dealt with by applying gibberellin, which will make the berries grow and reduce the number of stones in them. Usually, the fruits of grapes, about 3 cm long and weighing about 7 grams, are distinguished by a thick bluish-violet color, dense pulp and inconspicuous skin. By the time of ripening, the berries accumulate quite a lot of sugar, but they acquire a pleasant taste even a little earlier. Brushes can be transported, are well stored and do not lose their qualities for a long time if they remain on the bushes.

Grape variety Hadji Murat

The basis for the work of Tajik scientists in the breeding of Hadji Murat grapes was the Zabalkansky and Muscat Hamburg variety. As a result, the variety became one of the contenders for the title of the best grape variety for the market, while the berries on vigorous bushes ripen in 125-135 days.

The Hadji Murat grape survives frosts down to -22 ° C, but feels better in a greenhouse or under winter shelter. Fruiting shoots of this variety mature by 75% or more, withstanding extremely large clusters weighing from 800 to 2500 grams and retaining their properties well during storage and transportation. The variety is high-yielding, tending to form a large number of ovaries, therefore, to ensure the quality of the berries, it is necessary to ration the future harvest.

The Hadji Murat grapes have an even conical shape and medium density. Ripe oval berries can weigh from 15 to 25 grams, have a thick almost black color, are covered with a bluish wax coating and have a decent taste.

Grape Beauty

It takes from 110 to 110 days for the beautiful berries of the Krasotka grape variety to ripen, dark pink with a dense purple tip. Beauty has bushes of medium growth strength, well-ripening fruit-bearing shoots and even, weighing about 500-700 grams of the brush. The variety shows average resistance to common infections and pests.

The clusters contain elongated, about 3 cm long and weighing up to 6 grams of berries with a good fresh taste, juicy and rather fleshy pulp and a skin that is hardly noticeable when biting. Berries of grapes Beauty with an excess of moisture at the ripening stage can sometimes burst. The fruits of this variety gain sweetness well, but they cannot compete with the brightness of taste with varieties for personal use.

Grapes Monarch: photo and description of the variety

When choosing the best varieties for the market, Monarch grapes can be awarded the attention of gardeners and specialists, since with an average ripening period it produces large, weighing about 900 grams, high quality brushes. The variety shows a high yield. One vine gives at least 7 kg of fresh commercial quality berries.

According to the photo and description, Monarch grapes are different high strength growth, good rooting of cuttings and maturation of more than 65% of the length of the shoots. The variety is frost-resistant and demonstrates high and medium resistance to known diseases of this crop. Characteristic of this grape - large, 20-gram oval berries of a beautiful yellow color. The pulp has a juicy, but not liquid consistency and a wonderful, rich taste. After ripening, being on the vine, Monarch grapes, as in the photo and in the description, almost do not lose quality, can be stored and transported for a long time.

Grapes Galahad

Extremely early hybrid grape Galahad on the territory of the Kuban and in other areas of viticulture gives a harvest within 95–100 days after the start of the growing season. The plant received the title of the best grape variety for the market due to the highest palatability, good growth force of bushes, the ability to winter at air temperatures down to -25 ° C, as well as noteworthy resistance to harmful fungi and rot.

Grapes give beautiful, weighing up to 1.1 kg, medium-density bunches of conical shape. The average length of oval, large amber berries is 2.6 cm. The weight of a fleshy with a pleasant texture and sweet berries reaches 12 grams.

Photo and description of Super-extra grapes

The hybrid of early maturity obtained by E. Pavlovsky gives a harvest in 100–110 days after the appearance of the first leaves. By the end of July, on the vigorous bushes of Super-Extra grapes, you can see large, up to 1.5 kg in weight, bunches of medium looseness. The variety is high-yielding, so the grower must deal with the rationing of the ovary and inflorescences.

According to the description and photo of the Super-Extra grapes, the brushes consist of oval or ovoid large berries weighing 7-8 grams. The color of the berry is white or light amber. The berries gain sweetness very quickly, their pulp is pleasant, dense with a sufficient amount of juice.

Grapes resist diseases and winter frosts well. Brushes after harvesting can be transported and stored, the only drawback is the diversity of berries inside the bunch.

Grapes Buffet

Bearing fruit 115–125 days after the start of the growing season, Furshetny grapes were bred in Ukraine by breeder V.V. Zagorulko from the variety Kuban and Gift to Zaporozhye. According to the data obtained by winegrowers who have already managed to get acquainted with this grape, Furshetny has an average resistance to fungal attack and successfully winters at a temperature of -22 ° C. Powerful bushes of this species actively form shoots, almost completely ripening by autumn.

Brushes on the bushes are dense, closer to cylindrical in shape. The weight of a bunch, consisting of oval berries weighing up to 16 grams, is from 600 to 800 grams. The length of an individual berry is about 3.5 cm, the color is dark, reddish-violet with a pronounced waxy coating. One of the best grape varieties has a great taste with notes of raisins and ripe mulberries.

The acquaintance with the best varieties for the market does not end with the description of Furshetny grapes. Read the article about the best grape varieties for sale. We hope that our selection will help you make your choice and start growing grapes for sale.

Video about the best grape varieties

This "sunny" berry has a wonderful taste and amazing properties. Among them are the charming and alluring beauty of grapes with their expressive color, the delightful range of numerous color shades that the best grape varieties have, the perfection and variety of the shape of the fruits of this amazing culture. After all, it is not without reason that they say that this berry is first eaten with the eyes ...

cultivation

Today, this crop, which was previously planted only in the southern regions, can also be seen in northern vegetable gardens or orchards. This became possible thanks to the work of breeders - they managed to create the best grape varieties, which are now grown in the conditions of the North. This berry is considered one of the ancient cultures. Grapes have existed since the Bronze Age, as evidenced by numerous archaeological finds. Its clusters are on ancient rock paintings, they are also on excavated ones, including on the territory of our country, especially in the Crimean region, amphoras and jugs.

Apparently, therefore, over the course of many centuries, the natural evolution of this culture took place, new best grape varieties appeared, which are distinguished by the size of berries and clusters, excellent taste, etc.

Today, around the world in countries where this plant grows, there are more than seven thousand of its varieties. In the countries of the former Soviet Union, the best varieties of grapes, including table grapes, were identified. These are the so-called indigenous species - Armenian, Dagestan, Georgian, Tajik, Uzbek. Many of them originated in a specific area, where they have been cultivated and improved in terms of quality for many decades.

In addition to domestic ones, the best grape varieties that were imported and introduced from such European countries like France, Spain, Italy and Germany.

Nevertheless, species that have a "local" origin are considered by specialists to be better adapted to the natural conditions of their native territory than those that were brought. As an example, we can bring the best Georgian grape varieties - Rkatsiteli and Saperavi, which are perfectly adapted to the Georgian climate, under the influence of which they were once formed. This is expressed not only in excellent yields, but also in excellent taste.

Kinds

Experts say that over the past twenty years in our country there has been a real boom in this berry crop. Breeders annually grow up to ten new products, and all of them claim the title of "the best grape varieties." However, in pursuit of the size of clusters and fruits, in some species reaching even twenty-eight grams, some varieties lose their taste and useful properties.

Today, this culture is very common in our gardens and orchards. But, in order for its cultivation to give the desired results, summer residents first need to understand the huge variety of species, find out which are the best grape varieties most suitable for a particular region.

By maturity, this plant is divided into late and very late, early, early-medium, as well as medium and medium-late, and according to its purpose - into universal, table and technical. Each subgroup, in turn, consists of a sufficiently large number of subspecies, many of which are really the best in their category. Table grape varieties are considered the highest quality. Most amateur gardeners prefer to plant them in their garden.

Benefits of table and wine types

They have an excellent presentation compared to other - universal and wine varieties. Today, there are numerous table varieties on the market with a wide variety of fruit characteristics, which are consumed mainly in a fresh state. Many species are interesting because they are cultivated for the subsequent production of wine. For amateur gourmets, the best varieties of wine grapes should differ in the following characteristics: sugar content of berries, the presence of nutmeg, high juice yield, and, importantly, resistance to frost and pests.

Ten

Beginning gardeners and summer residents are always first of all interested in specialists what plants to plant on their plots. Such a culture as grapes is no exception. And although it is difficult to reliably answer the question of the best variety, breeders mainly mention the 10 best grape varieties, although most often each of them has its own preferences and its own “favorites”. Nevertheless, for a very long time there have been such species that have not lost their taste qualities, they are great for a particular region. In addition, these are those that most often fall into the annual nomination “the best grape varieties”, their photos are most often printed in special literature, etc.

Arcadia

The variety has long been a real decoration not only for home plots, but also for large plantations. He deserved such universal recognition thanks not only to high quality yield, but also great stability and very easy establishment. Being an early grape, it deservedly occupies one of the places of honor in the top ten of the world assortment. Arcadia is characterized by very large clusters, reaching a weight of two or more kilograms. This table variety has fleshy and juicy flesh, a light nutmeg aroma.

Delight

This variety is always mentioned in the top ten one of the first. In addition, it belongs to a very early variety. In addition to resistance to disease and frost, Rapture also has one, but quite rare and, moreover, valuable advantage: its berries practically do not crack and do not rot at all.

Kishmish white

This mid-ripening grape, popular in our country, has cylindrical wide-brimmed brushes. They are not very large - up to three hundred grams, but with fleshy and tasty berries. This variety is considered one of the most sought after. Its berries help a person get rid of irritability and stress loads. They don't have bones at all. The skin on the fruit is thin and transparent, sometimes with small black dots. The pulp of the berries is fleshy, very pleasant taste.

Kodryanka

This Moldovan variety has a very pleasant taste, pleasing to the eye with its aesthetic forms. Super-early ripening combined with high yields and high palatability of its large dark purple oval berries have made Kodryanka indispensable for lovers of vine growing. The variety has deservedly taken its stable place in the top ten table grapes for many years.

Lady fingers

Almost all gardeners know about this grape, which is called somewhat original. This mid-season variety with medium-sized clusters - large and elongated, is characterized by the absence of stones and the shape of the berries - oval elongated. They are covered with weak wax and have a moderately sour and moderately sweet taste.

Pleven

Over the years of fruiting in the gardens of our summer residents, the variety showed the highest yield. Apparently, therefore, he is always in the top ten species. Pleven grows well on any soil, it is stable and resilient in all its indicators. Its clusters are aligned, with the same, as if calibrated, elongated berries and with a harmonious taste. The variety is in high demand in the market, besides it ripens very early.

Elegant super early

Grapes of this variety have proved their right to popularity. It ripens early, withstands frost, rain and drought, and practically does not get sick. Elegant has beautiful clusters with large, egg-shaped, original berries. Normalizing it, as gardeners testify, is very easy, and there are no problems at all with pinching. Clusters of the variety are not damaged, and therefore are in steady demand on the market. It is believed that this is - "grapes for the lazy."

Laura

The variety, according to breeders, shows great promise. In the south, Laura and Rapture ripen a week apart. The variety has very large oblong berries of a yellowish-golden color. Fruit pulp is crispy and tender. Laura's vine ripens well, easily enduring frosts up to twenty degrees. In more severe cold weather, the plant needs shelter.

Talisman, or Kesha-1

Being the "descendant" of the famous Rapture and the "parent" for many hybrid forms, this variety, due to its excellent characteristics - early ripening, high yield, resistance to pests or diseases, frost resistance and vigorous growth, is very popular with both amateurs and professionals, growing grapes on an industrial scale.

Strashensky

This variety withstands tough competition even with the best views. Its high drought resistance allows it to grow and develop at a time when other forms wither and die. The variety has round dark blue berries that grow from an average plum, as well as huge brushes that do not fit even in a five-liter bucket. At the same time, Strashensky is sensitive to overload, so it must be normalized to obtain large clusters. The variety ripens by mid-August, confirming its reputation as one of the best large-berry grapes in the world.

Scientists have found that an adult healthy person needs to eat 70 kg of grapes of various varieties per year. In reality, 30 kg is not even an average result, but the best. All this is because in many regions grapes continue to be a delicacy. Many summer residents are seriously considering growing vines on their plots. This is possible because modern varieties and hybrid forms are bred not only for every taste, but for various growing conditions. In the article we will talk about new grape varieties (description and comparison), give their detailed characteristics.

Description of the earliest grape varieties, advantages and disadvantages

Thanks to the painstaking work of modern breeders, hybrid forms have appeared, the ripening period of which has surpassed all stereotypes, and is 100 days.

Ruslan is one of the early varieties.

The most popular among gardeners are:

№	Name	Description	Advantage	Flaws
1.	"Ruslan"	The hybrid form of the varieties "Kuban" and "Gift to Zaporozhye" of the famous Ukrainian breeder V.V. Zagorulko. Tall shrubs with multi-sex flowers. Fruits with an average weight - 20 g. Ripening period - 100 - 115 days. Clusters weighing - 800 - 900 g. Pulp of fruit flavor with plum aftertaste. Harvest - the second decade of August.	Frost resistance up to minus 230. High resistance to fungal diseases.	Does not tolerate excess moisture.
2.	"Lelik"	Hybrid form of folk breeder E. G. Pavlovsky, created on the basis of the variety "Baklanovsky" and "Hybrida 41". Vigorous climber with bisexual flowers. Berries of pink color, weighing 8 g. The mass of one bunch reaches 1 kg.	Withstands frosts down to minus 240. Moderately resistant to oidium mildew and gray mold.	Heterogeneous ripening of berries in bunches.
3.	Muscat Novoshah-	The author of the hybrid, E. G. Pavlovsky, brought him out of the "Talisman" and "XVII-10-26". The weight of a bunch, on average, is 500 g. The taste is very sweet. Ripens by mid-August.	Ripe berries can be stored on the bushes for a long time without compromising taste. Moderately resistant to major diseases.	The vine is prone to overload, requires normalization
4.	"Melting"	A hybrid of the Ukrainian breeder A. A. Golub, appeared as a result of crossing "Atlanta" with "Arcadia" and a mixture of pollen. Bisexual form with early maturation. Fruit color is white.	It has an increased resistance to diseases and successfully tolerates frosts down to minus -230.

Variety "Melting" ripens in 100 - 115 days.

In addition to the others described earlier, ripen:

"Outrigger",
"Beloved Muscat"
"Vitannya",
"Alexa Early"
"Mary Magdalene"
"Libya",
"Sphinx",
"Primitive"
"Pulsar",
"Charlie",
"Azalea",
"Vovchik",
Vera, etc.

The listed varieties and hybrids are relatively unpretentious in care, therefore, more often than others, they are planted in summer cottages.

"Lelik" - a variety of E. G. Pavlovsky - one of the gardeners' favorites.

Features of mid-early varieties and hybrid forms

In terms of ripeness, they require more time than the early ones, but not by much. On average, the hybrids of this group are harvested at the end of August. Gardeners prefer these grape varieties:

"Leah"- an early variety, ripening in 110 - 115 days. Created by V. V. Zagorulko by crossing the varieties "Arcadia" and "Atlant Zaporozhye".

Table form, that is, what is intended for fresh consumption.
Bushes give up to 3 m of growth annually.
The color of ripe fruits is white-pink.
Clusters of 900 g each, the weight of 2 kg has been repeatedly noticed.
The sweetness of berries depends on the number of sunny days, the warmer, the more sugar.
Withstands frost without shelter - minus 210.
The defeat of the main diseases 3.5 - 4 points.

Disadvantage: the variety reacts negatively to excessive watering and prolonged rains.

"Liya" is a relatively frost-resistant variety of early ripening.

"Prometheus"- another hybrid of V.V. Zagorulko, bred by crossing the varieties "Radiant Kishmish" and "Arcadia".

Distinguished by functionally female flowers.
The bunch is similar in structure to the Arcadia variety.
Fruit color is dark pink.
Resistant to winter cold up to minus 210.

"Ksenia"- variety bred by V. N. Krainov, has a second name "Angelica".

Vigorous bushes of medium early maturity 115 - 125 days.
Large clusters, weighing up to 1.5 kg, with oblong berries of white - pink color.
The pulp is sweet and crunchy with several flavors.

The advantage is high disease resistance. Handles transportation well.

Tip #1 Note! Variety "Xenia" requires annual pruning for 8 - 10 eyes.

"Prometheus" is distinguished by a generous harvest.

"Carmen"- E. G. Pavlovsky connected the Nadezhda AZOS variety and the hybrid form FVC-94-3.

Ripening period - 3.5 months in mid-August.
Vigorous bushes - 2 m or more.
Flowers bisexual.
The weight of a bunch of grapes is 600 - 800 g.
The color of the fruit is red-violet, the shape is elongated.
The disadvantage is that the variety is prone to overload and needs thinning of the ovary.

Gardeners favorably relate to the cultivation of relatively unpretentious early and mid-early varieties such as:

"Vlada",
"Glad",
"Sofia",
"Fupshetny",
"Elf",
Abu Hasan.
"Blessing"
"Victor",
"Long-awaited"
"Zlatogor", etc.

Grape varieties of medium and medium late ripening

Grapes that take 135 to 145 days to reach full maturity are classified as medium varieties. There are hybrids that ripen between medium and late, they need 145 - 155 days. Sometimes, due to weather conditions, fruiting dates are shifted, and varieties of one group intersect with another. Read also the article: → "Growing grapes of medium ripening."

Among the popular ones are:

The following varieties and hybrids deserve more detailed attention:

"Anapsky giant"- variety universal, vigorous. It belongs to medium-ripening, the berries are gaining ripeness by mid-September. Clusters are small, 200 g each, the color of the fruit is white.
Ataman Pavlyuk"- the result of the selection work of V. U. Kapelyushny, by crossing the varieties "Talismpn" and "Autumn Black". The result is a fast growing bush with large clusters up to 1300 g, often up to 2 kg. The advantage is the complete absence of peas. The variety is popular because of the good preservation both on the vine and in the plucked form.

A feature of the variety "Ataman Pavlyuk" is a wax coating that protects the fruits from diseases, pests and abnormally low temperatures for grapes. The colder the weather, the thicker the plaque.

"Alphonse Lavalle"- a table French variety that has successfully taken root with us. Refers to the middle. It has bisexual flowers. Clusters are heterogeneous - from loose to dense. Berries of the correct round shape of a dark purple color. The ripening period is up to 160 days, subject to a positive temperature of +220 - +320. Disadvantage: not resistant to most fungal diseases, does not withstand frost and spring return frosts.

Growing conditions for late grapes

It will take 155 - 160 days to get a crop of late varieties. They are meant for long term storage. Read also the article: → "Overview of the best grape varieties for the middle lane." Most often they are used in warm climate zones or in greenhouses.

For growing late varieties such as Courage, many of which are European, it is better to use an inclined landing.

Tip # 2. The successful development of a young vine and the quality of a mature crop depends on properly conducted irrigation. Mandatory watering is carried out the first 2 years. For adult plants, irrigation is necessary before flowering and water-charging watering for the winter.

The best varieties for the Crimea, the Volga region, the Moscow region, the Leningrad region, Siberia

"Pearl Saba"- medium-sized fruits, when ripe, amber-golden, rounded, with pulp of a delicate and pleasant taste, with a nutmeg aroma of nutmeg, clusters of small size, shape - friable.

"Pearl Saba" is one of the sweetest varieties.

"Queen of the Vineyards"- a variety with large berries, round or slightly elongated, golden amber in color, with large clusters.
"Tyfi pink"- with large long clusters up to 25 cm long. The color of the berries is dark pink, the shape is regular round. Ripens in 167 days.

Moscow region	Leningradskayaregion	Volga region	Ural	Siberia
F - 14-75 (shape)	F1475	Liepajas Dzintars	Zilga	Tukay
Laura	Mars	Dovga	Aleshenkin	Solovyova-58
Shun	Russian Karinka	Tsiravas Agro	Sharov's riddle	Rusven
Nadezhda Aksaiskaya	In memory of Dombkowska	Silva	In memory of Dombkowska	Muromets
Victoria	Reline Pink Seedless,	Superearly Cicatricial	In memory of Shatilov	Super early red muscat
Nakhodka AZOS	Neptune	Zolotinka	Muscat white extra early	Kodryanka
Super Extra	Super extra	Super extra	Muscat pink early
First-Called	Victor	Elegant super early	Beauty of the North
	Laura	Victoria
Phenomenon (Augustin, Pleven steady)	Timur	Timur
Muscat summer	Augustine	Kolobok
Cherry	Extra	Prima
Aleshenkin	Ainset Seedless	Hip-hop
Charlie		Sphinx

Variety "Aleshenkin" grows in all climatic zones.

Rubric: "Questions and answers"

Question number 1. What are the largest grape varieties?

Harold.
Laura.
Augustine.
New century.
Paul.
Memory of a surgeon.
Karmakod.
In memory of Negrul.
Stashensky.
Kodryanka.

Question number 2. Which varieties are best suited to transport?

Shami Abiad.
Gorgeous. Read also the article: → "Description of the Krasotka grape variety, tips for growing and caring."
chieftain,
Kodryanka.
Kishmish Kalina.
Arched.
Baikonur.

Question number 3. Which grape keeps the longest?

Ruslan.
Moldova - up to 160 days;
Memory of Negrul - up to 130 days;
Autumn black - up to 120 days;
Criuleni - up to 100 days;
Original - up to 130 days;
Light - up to 100 days;
Hope AZOS - up to 90 days;
Tahir - up to 90 days.

Question number 4. What grape varieties are the most frost-resistant?

Carmen - 300,
September - 210,
Moldova - 230,
Anthony the Great - 230,
Black grand - 230,
Cowberry - 240,
Valentine - 240,
Meteorite - 240,
Romeo - 230.

Serious mistakes gardeners make when choosing new grape varieties

Mistake #1. Choosing a grape variety that is not suitable for growing in a given climate zone.

Often when acquiring a new variety, gardeners find themselves hostage to unscrupulous sellers who distribute plants that do not grow locally. At best, this will affect the quality and quantity of the crop, but most likely the grapes will not take root.

Mistake #2. Planting new varieties in a common vineyard.

Mistake #3. The choice of heat-loving varieties for a zone with a harsh climate.

In this case, the main criterion is frost resistance, otherwise grapes can only be grown in a greenhouse.

People began to grow grapes more than six thousand years ago. It comes in two varieties - technical and table. The first group includes varieties that are used for the manufacture of juices and the production of alcoholic beverages - wines and cognacs, the second group - table species.

What grapes are called table grapes?

Distinctive features of such grapes are beautiful appearance and high taste qualities. Large sweet clusters are consumed fresh, without processing. They tolerate transportation well. Berries have few seeds, thin skin and "fleshy" flesh. The most popular and elite grape varieties are presented below.

The most popular and best varieties

Arcadia

Grape variety Arcadia

The result of crossing Moldova and Cardinal, combined the successful properties of their parents. Consumers appreciate large bunches that can reach two kilograms, and gardeners - resistance to low temperatures and high immunity. Juicy light pulp of berries captivates with a delicate sweet taste and aroma of nutmeg when fully ripe. This early variety is the leader in yield, if the number of inflorescences is normalized, the bush is fed on time. An excess amount of moisture can lead to cracking of the ripening Arcadia berries, so water with caution, taking into account weather conditions.

Delight

Grape variety Delight

Very early ripening variety. The berries are large, with a refined nutmeg taste and loose skin with a wax coating. The vine can withstand temperatures down to -26°C, therefore, cultivation in the northern regions is allowed. The high immunity of the Rapture variety helps to fight fungal diseases and mildew, but you need to treat the bush from phylloxera. The yield is high, the fruits can be left on the bush for up to 1.5 months after ripening, while the taste remains excellent.

Experienced gardeners say that this grape has no flaws.

Kishmish white

Grape Kishmish white

An ancient dessert species with an average ripening period. Clusters are small. Seedless small oval-shaped berries, juicy, very sweet and not tart. Their skin is thin and transparent. Because of the fragility, the fruits are not stored for a long time and have low transportability. After harvesting, they must either be eaten immediately or used for drying raisins. Dried fruits made from Kishmish are a tasty and healthy delicacy. The vine is strong, but the yield is low. Frost resistance is average. Requires protection from pests and diseases. Needs pruning and rationing of the crop.

Kesha

Grape variety Kesha

Improved Rapture with beautiful brushes. White berries are sweet, with a slight sourness and 2-3 large seeds. Kesha is a mid-early variety, very tall, with excellent transportability and frost resistance. It develops well if it has a supply of perennial wood. Will appreciate planting in a sunny place and fertile soil. moderate watering, thinning bunches and regular top dressing have a beneficial effect on productivity.

Strashensky

Grape variety Strashensky

A handsome man with a black berry, medium early ripening. The fruits are juicy, the grapes are delicious. Clusters of medium density, highly marketable, usually weigh up to 1 kg. Poorly tolerates long-term transportation, winter hardiness is average. Uneven ripening is observed, so the crop is cut selectively. The load on the bush will decrease, the remaining fruits will pick up sugar well. This variety has reduced resistance to botrytis and oidium, but resists phylloxera, mildew and spider mites well. Needs pruning, depending on the growing region.

Laura

Grape variety Laura

Table form of grapes of very early ripening. Amber pulp contains a lot of sugar. The taste is rich, pleasant, with hints of nutmeg. Big beautiful bunches - distinguishing feature varieties, some record brushes weighing up to 2.4 kg. Transportability is high, it is in demand among buyers and is suitable for beginner winegrowers. Resists mildew and gray mold, withstands temperatures down to 20-23°C below zero. Variety Laura needs pollination during flowering and medium pruning, with the preservation of perennial wood. The bush is loaded optimally, leaving 30% of non-fruiting shoots. Such a plant has enough strength to form beautiful large brushes that will ripen on time.

Moldova

Grape variety Moldova

A time-tested look, purple berries with a waxy coating. Clusters of medium size, fleshy pulp has simple taste. Ripening dates are late or medium late. Frost resistance is not very high. Requires careful shaping of the bush - a vigorous vine does not like thickening. Excellent resistance to fungal diseases and phylloxera, treatment is needed only against oidium. Hypersensitivity to calcareous chlorosis is observed. It is used for cultivation on the arbor, the clusters retain their decorative appearance and pleasant taste on the bush for a long time. Handles transportation well.

Timur

Grape variety Timur

Early maturing hybrid. White berries with nutmeg aroma, a slight amber or slightly brown tan appears in the sun. Brushes of medium size, dense. Cuttings already in the second year after planting give a small "trial" crop. High frost resistance and resistance to gray rot and mildew. Grape Timur often becomes a victim of a tick. If the leaves "swell" and redness appears, the grapes must be treated with a sulfur-containing preparation. Experienced growers praise Timur for its ease of cultivation and early ripening. Care consists of regular watering, fertilizing and pruning.

Lady fingers

Grape variety Lady's fingers

An old mid-season variety, which, despite the difficulties in care, continues to be grown by many growers. The weight of one brush is about half a kilogram. Berries of the variety Lady's fingers are elongated, with a classic harmonious taste and appetizing aroma, pitted. Not resistant to low temperatures, may die already at 10 ° C frost, therefore needs shelter for the winter. Yields are variable, depending on weather conditions. The vine is sensitive to diseases and pests, regular treatment with appropriate preparations is necessary. Recommended for experienced growers.

Gourmets consider this variety to be the benchmark for the taste of grapes.

Mascot

Grape variety Talisman

Mid-early yellow-white grapes. Vigorous seedlings perfectly resist mildew and gray rot, resistant to low winter temperatures. Ripe bunches weigh a little more than a kilogram on average. The fruits are large, with a nutmeg aroma. Already ripened brushes can hang on a bush for a long time without losing their taste and retaining their marketable appearance. A transportable variety that does not require shelter for the winter. A record harvest can be achieved with proper agricultural practices and additional pollination before flowering.

Grapes are a wonderful gift of nature, a child of the gentle sun and fertile land. Ideal varieties do not exist, but you can always find a species that suits the growing conditions and personal preferences of the gardener.