Passport of the station "Garden. Yablonya” Location: section of group No. 6 “Topolek” Brief description of the route: 1. Yablonya. 2. Strawberries 3. Bird feeder. 4. Nest of birds. 5. Flower plantations (calendula, kosmeya, marigolds). Ecological signs and pointers are expected. Mode of use: Excursion cognitive classes. Ecological walks. Rest. The route was developed by: Shakhova V.I. Melnikova E.V. Station "Yablonya" Actuality. The apple tree is not in vain called the tree of love and fertility, because it patronizes youth, marriage and children, as well as the harvest. In the Christian tradition, this is the tree of knowledge. Since ancient times, the apple tree has been treated with honor and respect. Any education, be it ecological, aesthetic, moral, should be the education of the heart, which gives rise to feelings, thoughts and actions. All the great teachers of the world talk about it. The heart is the source of humanity in man. “The years of childhood are, first of all, the education of the heart,” wrote V. Sukhomlinsky. Ecological education of preschool children without education of the heart is impossible. And the term for this has been set aside for a short time - seven years, then it will be extremely difficult to do this. At preschool age, the assimilation of the basics of environmental knowledge is most promising, since it is at this age that the child perceives nature very emotionally, pays attention to such features of nature that an adult will not even notice. The child is able to be surprised at what surrounds him. Nature is an amazing phenomenon, the educational impact of which on the spiritual world of a preschooler can hardly be overestimated. Nature is the source of the first concrete knowledge and joyful experiences, often remembered for a lifetime. The child's soul is revealed in communication with nature, interest in the world around is awakened, the ability to make discoveries and be surprised by them is formed. To help children see the originality and mystery of plant life, understand the beauty of their native nature and take care of all living things. It's no secret that preschool children are explorers by nature. An unquenchable thirst for new experiences, curiosity, a constant desire to experiment, independently seek new information about the world are traditionally considered the most important features of children's behavior. Research, search activity is the natural state of the child, he is tuned in to the knowledge of the world, he wants to know it. To explore, to discover, to study means to take a step into the unknown and the unknown. It is exploratory behavior that creates the conditions for the child's mental development to initially unfold as a process of self-development. Communication of the child with objects of nature gives a bright emotional coloring to his Everyday life , enriches his experience of knowing others and self-knowledge, forms compassion for a living being, a desire to take care of him, joy and admiration from interaction with nature, i.e. positive motivation towards nature. When working with preschoolers, great importance is attached to the moral aspect: the development of ideas about the inherent value of nature, an emotionally positive attitude towards it, the development of the first skills of environmentally competent and safe behavior in nature and at home Purpose: To arouse interest in a specific object - an apple tree; cause a desire to protect, protect, take care of him. To form in children a stable positive attitude towards the apple tree as a living being, to teach them to perceive the habit of taking care of it in the course of vigorous activity, to form a steady desire to support, protect, protect; to help children realize such categories as sympathy, kindness, mercy, love of neighbor. Tasks: To develop children's cognitive interest, the desire to observe, explore, acquire new knowledge, skills. To form an idea of ​​the life of a plant as a living being (it grows, develops, can be sad, healthy, sick ...), as a single holistic organism; building; functions and purpose of its parts (root, bark, trunk ...); influence of light, heat, water; tree connections with other animals; the role of man in plant life; environmentally literate behavior, communication between a person and a plant. To consolidate the rules and skills of environmentally safe and competent communication with a living being; exercise in the application of acquired knowledge and skills in feasible practical environmental activities. To introduce children to a plant - an apple tree, to learn to distinguish a tree (by the shape and color of leaves, by the presence of fruits), to maintain interest in the life of a plant, to teach preschoolers to enjoy communication with nature, to see its beauty. To give children an idea of ​​the garden, fix the name of the fruit, cultivate the ability to behave in nature, show the importance of fruits for human health. Enrich and expand the vocabulary of children; Cultivate feelings of friendship and collectivism. - develop communication skills and the ability to communicate with adults in different situations. Purpose: To introduce children to a plant - an apple tree, to learn to distinguish a tree (by the shape and color of leaves, by the presence of fruits), to maintain interest in the life of a plant, to teach preschoolers to enjoy communication with nature, to see its beauty through cognitive and gaming activities. Expected result: Development of children's cognitive activity, creativity, communication skills; promoting the creative development of children; development of emotional responsiveness; harmonization of relations between adults and children - to realize such categories as sympathy, kindness, mercy. Appendix No. 1 Excursion “What grows in the garden” Appendix No. 2 Conversation “Examining the apple tree” Appendix No. 3 Summary of the lesson “Apples ripened in our garden” Appendix No. 4 Summary of the lesson “Miracle apple” Appendix No. 5 Poems about apple trees and apples Appendix No. 6 Riddles about apple trees and apples Appendix No. 7 Proverbs about apples Appendix No. 8 Outdoor games Appendix No. 9 Didactic games Appendix No. 10 Russian folk tale “Geese-Swans” Appendix No. 11 K.D. Ushinsky. “The story of one apple tree” Appendix No. 12 K.D. Ushinsky. "Dispute of trees" Appendix No. 1 EXCURSION "WHAT GROWS IN THE GARDEN" Program content: Learn to observe natural phenomena, analyze them, draw conclusions about patterns. To develop children's knowledge about trees, about the benefits of plants. To educate in children the need to protect nature, respect for trees. Vocabulary work: trunk, fruits - activate in colloquial speech. Demonstration material: leaves, fruits (models or pictures). Preliminary work with children: observing trees on a walk, observing insects, memorizing poems. Preliminary work of the educator: writing a summary, preliminary work with children, preliminary inspection of the site for an excursion. The course of the lesson Educator. Guys, now we will go on a tour. Today we will have an excursion to the garden. Let's first remember how to behave in nature. Children. Keep quiet. Do not litter. Don't break branches. Educator. That's right, kids. I think you can go to the garden with you. (We go to the garden) Educator. Here is our beautiful garden. Look around, what do you see in the garden? Children. Trees. Flowers. Shrubs. Grass. Educator. What are these flowers called? Children. Daisies. Dahlias. Daffodils. Asters. Cornflowers. Marigold. Educator. Right. And now I'll give you a riddle. Listen carefully. “I am woven from heat I carry warmth with me. I warm the rivers “Swim!” - I invite. And you all love me for this.” Educator. What time of year are you talking about? Children. It's about summer. Educator. How did you guess? Children. Because in the summer you can swim, sunbathe. Now the season is summer. Educator. That's right guys. Well done. We have already said that both trees and shrubs grow in our garden. Can you please tell me how to tell them apart? Children. The trees are tall and the bushes are low. Educators. Also, what distinguishing features did you notice? Children. Trees have a trunk, but shrubs do not have a trunk. Educator. Fine. Who's to say they're the same? Children. Yes, they are. They have branches, leaves, fruits, roots. Educator. Right. And now we will play with you. The game is called “Which tree is the leaf from?”. I will show you the leaves, and you will tell me which tree or bush this leaf is from. (I show the leaves of an apple tree, currant, cherry, birch, gooseberry, wild rose.) Educator. What is the name of apple leaves? Children. Apple. Educator. And the birch leaf? Children. Birch. Educator. Fine. And now another game. It's called "Confusion". I'll show you a leaf and tell you what tree the leaf is from. And you be careful, I can mix them up. Educator. Fine. Guys, maybe one of you knows riddles, poems about trees, bushes. Child. Itself with a cam, Red barrel. If you touch it, it's smooth, and if you bite it, it's sweet. Children. Apple. Child. Blue uniform, Yellow lining, And sweet in the middle. Children. Plum. Educator. Well done, children. Also, what plants grow in our garden? Children. Berries are growing. Educator. Guys, look, what are visible at the berry? Children. Flowers are visible on the berry. Educator. Right. Do you know how berries appear? Children. First a flower, then a green berry, then a berry. Educator. Right. A berry is a fruit. Let's all say "fruit" together. (choral repetition). Trees also have fruits. What do you think the fruit of an apple tree is called? Children. Apple fruits are apples. Educator. What about oak fruit? Children. Oak fruits are acorns. Educator. Well done. Now let's play again. The game is called "Know the Fruit". I will show you fruits, and you guess what kind of fruit it is. (Pointing fruit). Educator. And what trees are most often found on the streets of our city? Children. Poplar. Maple. Birch. Educator. People in cities plant such trees that grow quickly and are not whimsical, they are not afraid of the city air. Poplar grows very fast. In one summer, a tree up to the second floor grows from a small twig. Why do you think trees are needed in the city. Children. Purify the air. To be beautiful Educator. Urban trees and shrubs should also be treated with care. After all, they help us a lot. Guys, this is the end of our tour. Let's remember where we went? What have you learned? Children. We went on a tour of the garden. We learned a lot of interesting things about trees, flowers, shrubs. Educator. What else did you find out? Children. Learned the names of fruits. How similar trees and bushes. Educator. Right. Nature must be protected. You can not break branches, scare the birds. Trees, bushes, flowers, herbs are simply necessary for us. They are our friends and helpers. You all answered the questions well today. Let's say "thank you" to the garden for introducing us to its trees, flowers, and shrubs. Appendix No. 2 CONVERSATION "Examining the apple tree" Purpose: to arouse interest in a particular tree - an apple tree, to develop cognitive interest, to cultivate love and respect for native nature. Itself with a cam, A ruddy barrel, You touch it - smoothly, You take a bite - it's sweet. What is this? (apple) Conversation questions: Is it a fruit or a vegetable? (children's answers). Where does an apple grow? (this is a fruit that grows in the garden, on an apple tree). Children, how is an apple born? (children's answers). An apple grows for a long time - from early spring until late autumn. In spring, the Apple tree pleases us with delicate white-pink flowers. In summer, the flowers turn into small apples. And who knows what determines the taste of an apple? (Suggested responses of children): If there was little sun, moisture, then the apple will be sour, not juicy. He must be taken care of. That's right, so that the apple fills with ripeness, becomes ruddy and juicy - a person must take care. But how should you take care of an apple tree? (children's answers). Of course, watering, loosening the ground, fighting harmful insects, tying up branches so that they do not break from the wind and heavy fruits. The story "Gardener":       The gardener tells the children that southern varieties of apple trees do not grow in Siberia, because they cannot withstand the harsh winter. Gardeners have developed many varieties that grow well in Siberia; such as ranet. It tolerates winter well, although their apples are small, but no less tasty. Our apple tree is also called a ranetka. (Examining the apple tree) Apple trees also have merits in treating a person. IN English proverb As the saying goes: "An apple a day and you don't need a doctor." One apple is good, but two or three are better. There are a lot of vitamins in apples. Which forest dweller likes to eat apples? Do pets eat apples? How? How does a person use an apple tree? Do you think eating apples is healthy and why? How do you understand the proverb: "An apple a day and a doctor is not needed"? Let's remember fairy tales:   You know many fairy tales and stories. Try to remember in which of the bottoms there was an apple tree and apples? "Geese Swans", "Rejuvenating Apples", "Sleeping Beauty", "The Old Man and the Apple Tree". Didactic game; "Magic bag" - children try to find an apple in a bag among other fruits without seeing it. An outdoor game "Apple" is being held. Children stand in a circle, pass an apple to each other, and say a rhyme in unison. It spun, spun, And rolled around in a circle. Where it stopped, With that, and made friends. Come out, don't yawn, start your dance! A child who, at the end of the counting rhyme, has an apple in his hands, performs an impromptu dance to a Russian folk melody (audio recording - at the choice of the teacher). Appendix No. 3 Summary of the lesson on the topic: "Apples ripened in our garden." Purpose: 1. To introduce children to seasonal changes in nature in autumn in an apple orchard. Give an idea about the structure of an apple tree and its fruits (trunk, branches, leaves, round shape, red color, large, tasty, juicy apple). Learn about the properties of soft paper. 2. Learn to design a collective landscape composition based on the semantic context of the background picture made by the teacher. Develop imagination, master the action of "objectification" - learn to see an apple in lumps of paper of different colors. Create new, more "apples" by identifying them by color. 3. Exercise children to crush soft paper with their fingers into large lumps of apples and “include” them to a limited extent in the context of a given composition. 4. Raise the desire to work together with peers on the background composition, transforming and supplementing it. Speech material: It is big, red, tasty and sweet (Apple). Round, ruddy. I grow on a branch. Adults love me And little children (Apple). Demonstration and handouts: 1. Application of an apple orchard (made on a large sheet of roll paper) - an image of three large apple trees. On each tree there are 2-3 apples - colored round lumps: on the first tree - red apples, on the second - yellow apples, on the third - green. 2. Paper table napkins of red, yellow, green colors - 3-4 small leaves of each color for each child, adhesive pencils. Course of the lesson: The teacher unfolds a roll of paper with the image of an apple orchard in front of the children and fixes it on tables moved together; then he calls the children to him and draws their attention to the image of the apple orchard, activates the attention of the children and draws their attention to the image of the apple orchard, activates the attention of the children. Questions for children: What is shown here? What do you see here? What is this? (This is a garden). What is it? (This is a tree). Here what? (Here are the branches). What's on the branches? (Apples). What is there? Children examine the picture in detail, name everything that is shown on it. The teacher clarifies that apples of a certain color grow on each apple tree, that there are few apples on the trees now. The teacher makes riddles for the children, then offers to make sure that there are a lot of apples on the apple trees. To do this, roll up colored balls and re-glue them on the crown of apple trees. Children work at tables. First, they, together with the teacher, consider paper napkins: thinning and colors (red, yellow, green) and actions with which you can make apples of different colors from each napkin (red, yellow, green apples). The teacher helps the children to crumple the paper, roll up tight lumps - apples from paper napkins. Possible comments while the children are working: -Katya, take a red napkin. -What is this? Katya, what did you take? (Napkin). - Katya, what color did you take the napkin? (Red) - Roma, can I give you a green napkin? What color is the napkin in your hand? (Green) - Guys, wrinkle napkins. - What did we get from napkins? (Lumps - apples). - How many apples did we get? (A lot of). -Lisa got a big apple, but what does Varya have? (Small). Children are invited to get up from the tables and go to the background composition "Apple Orchard". First you need to place paper "apples" on the crown of apple trees, taking into account their color (identify the apples by color), then help the teacher glue the lumps with glue. Children work standing up. Questions and comments: Educator: Guys, what are we going to do next? We will glue our apples. Glue them on the crown - to the branches of the apple tree. Masha will stick apples. We will stick our "apples" out of paper like this! Here are the apples that appeared on the apple tree. What are they? What size? What color is this apple? What color are these apples? The teacher shows the children the technical methods of working with a glue stick. Children admire the work done, rejoice good harvest apples, come up sweet words about apple trees and apples, about the resulting picture. Summary of the lesson. Questions on the topic. Appendix No. 4 Synopsis of an integrated lesson on cognitive development and manual labor. Theme: "Miracle Apple". Tasks: Expand children's ideas about apples, their growing conditions, variety of varieties; To consolidate the skill of explanatory and evidence-based speech of children, to contribute to the enrichment of children's speech with words - the names of varieties of apples, apple dishes; Continue to expand the prospects for the development of children's search and cognitive activity by including them in mental and transformative actions; Develop hand motor skills; Cultivate respect for nature. Preliminary work. Conversations about fruit trees. Reading fiction: V. Suteev “A bag of apples”, “Apple” “Rejuvenating Apples”, R.Sc. “Geese-Swans”, R.Sc. “Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf”, E.Blaginina “Yablonka”, R.Sc. “Khavroshechka”, I. Tokmakova “Yablonka”, I. Akim “Apple”. Material and equipment: a tray with apples of 3-4 grades, video material "Growing apples", "Varieties of apples", "Dishes from apples". Modeling boards, stacks, plasticine of red, green, yellow, brown color, plastic base of an apple, dummy of an apple. Course progress. Educator: Guys, today I brought you some objects to the lesson, and which ones you have to guess for yourself. Say how you can guess the objects without seeing them (children's guesses). First, we will try to guess by smell (the teacher gives the children a sniff of apples hidden under a napkin). (Children make guesses). To determine the most accurately, let's also touch (children identify objects by touch and make assumptions). Well done, you correctly made assumptions, but in order to be completely sure of the correctness of our assumptions, I propose to guess the riddle: Itself with a cam, Ruddy barrel. You touch it - smoothly, You take a bite - it's sweet (apple). Children: Apples. Educator: Are apples fruits or vegetables? (children's answers) Educator: guys, in which Russian fairy tales, stories this fruit is mentioned. Children: "Geese - swans", "Ivan - Tsarevich and the gray wolf", "A bag of apples", "Apple". - Where do apples grow? (On apple trees, in the garden). - What do you think, have apple trees always grown with us? Where did they come from? - At first there were wild varieties of apples and they grew in Central Asia. Scientists gardeners worked for a long time, and cultivated ones were brought out of wild varieties. And the birthplace of the apple is Greece. From the Greeks and Romans, apple trees appeared in Europe, and then settled around the world. Our country can rightfully be called an apple land. What do you think the taste of apples depends on? Children's assumptions (The taste of apples depends on whether they are ripe or not. Unripe apples are not tasty). Educator: In order for apples to grow rosy and juicy, a person must take care of the apple trees on which they grow. How many of you know how to care for fruit trees? Assumptions of children (trees need to be watered, loosen the ground under them, fertilize, cut dry branches. In order to fight harmful insects, fruit trees are sprayed with special solutions). Educator: tell me, where do the fruits come from on the apple tree? (Children make assumptions) Educator: first, in spring or autumn, you need to plant an apple tree seedling. When he grows up, and this does not happen so quickly, after 2 or 3 years in the spring, white-pink flowers with a delicate smell bloom on a young apple tree. Their fragrance attracts bees that sit on the flowers, drink the sweet flower nectar and carry the pollen from flower to flower on their furry legs. After a few days, the petals of the flowers fall off, and from their base (ovary) fruits begin to grow - small apples. Over the summer, they increase in size, poured with sweet juice, browned in the sun. Educator: the apples are ripe. Look at them (puts a tray with apples of different varieties on the table). Why do you think these apples don't look alike? What is the difference? Children: They differ in shape (round and oval), size (large and small) and color (yellow, red, green). Educator: right. And they also differ in taste. Now we will try, what do they taste like, are they all the same? (the teacher cuts off a piece from each variety, children describe the taste sensations). Guys, tell me, why do all apples have a different taste, color, shape, size? Children: because they grew up on different apple trees. Educator: Yes, gardeners have bred many varieties that differ not only in the shape and taste of the fruit, but also in the time of their ripening. Some ripen in the summer - these are early varieties, others - in the fall, they are called late or autumn. Each variety has its own name. And I suggest you look at different varieties of apples. Educator: do you think it is good to eat apples and why? Children: they have a lot of vitamin. Educator: that's right, there are a lot of substances in apples that people need. They also contain sugar, vitamins, acids, mineral salts. In order for you to taste the apples, I cut off a piece. Let's see what happened on the cut. The cut has darkened. This is because apples contain a lot of iron. Iron is such a vitamin that a person needs for health. He colored our apples. I suggest you play the game "Apple". Children stand in a circle, pass an apple to each other, and say a rhyme in unison. It spun, spun, And rolled around in a circle. Where it stopped, With that, and made friends. Come out, don't yawn, start your dance! The child, who, at the end of the counting rhyme, had an apple in his hands, performs an impromptu dance to a Russian folk melody. Educator: tell me what dishes can be prepared from apples? Children: jam, compote, jam, pies are made from apples. Educator: now we will see how many beautiful and tasty dishes are prepared from apples. Educator: And now we will do a very interesting craft. Choose plasticine of the color that your apple will be. Then we need to make a cake out of it, a disk. To do this, roll the plasticine into a ball and flatten it. Let's take a plastic blank and stick our cake to it, except for the area where the stalk and leaf are. We will remove the excess plasticine with a stack. Then take a small piece of plasticine of a different color and stick the barrel. Then we make a leaf and a leg. Put the second piece on top and press down. We have a beautiful apple. You can make a medallion out of it (shows). Guys, go out into a circle, show each other what apples you got. Tell who you want to give them to. - Guys, what new and interesting things did you learn about apples today, what did you remember the most and you will definitely tell it at home. - I was very pleased to talk with you, work with you, and I want to treat you to delicious apple juice. Appendix No. 5 Poems about apple trees and apples “About apple trees and apples” At a beautiful apple tree Fruits are a gift of summer. The apple tree-beauty Fruits - there is no tastier. Green and red, Useful, beautiful, Excellent flavor - Everyone is happy to taste. On a twig-wonderful A row of useful fruits, At the end of the golden summer They go out to the parade. And then they go Into boxes and baskets, And they come fresh To us immediately stores. Author: Iris Revue “The apple spoke” The apple spoke to its branch: “Give me freedom, branch, Let me go soon. Round, ruddy, I’ll sway from the hill And again to the apple tree I’ll turn back to the night. The twig answered: “Wait three days. You're even more rosy Become me. I will give you honey to drink, I will shake your Cradle in the evening. And if you fall off the tree - Have a good trip - The apple on the apple tree will not grow again. Author: S. Marshak "Apple tree" A small apple tree in my garden. White-white All is in bloom. I put on a dress With a white border. Little apple tree, make friends with me. Author: Irina Tokmakova "Here are apples, so apples, for glory" Here are apples, so apples, for glory! I can say that the best fruits in the whole earth, the only ones. Miracle! Color like amber or gold. How pure, transparent and brilliant! Like the sun, admiring them, leaves its rays in them. And the taste! Not like sugar Or honey - much thinner, higher ... Author: N.M. Yazykov Appendix No. 6 Riddles about an apple and an apple tree Itself with a fist, a red barrel, Touch it - smoothly, bite off - sweet. Answer: An apple A bun weighs on a branch, Its ruddy side Shines. Answer: Apple Round, ruddy, I grow on a branch. Adults love me, And little children. Answer: Apple Juicy, fragrant, ruddy, magical. We grow on trees. Answer: I will get round, ruddy apples from the tree, I will put them on a plate, “Eat, mommy,” I will say. Answer: Apple I will not tear off a ruddy Matryoshka from my friends, I will wait until the Matryoshka Falls into the grass itself. Answer: An apple While it was small, It did not fall, But it grew - it fell. Isn't it funny? Answer: Apple Look into the autumn garden Miracle - Balls are hanging. Reddish, ripe side Children on the tooth. Answer: Apple Dear Worm! You don't eat my barrel. I'll get the Kids. Fidget, naughty! Answer: An apple Not a mother is born, But she gave a gift. Answer: An apple tree There is a miracle tree, On the tree - balls: In summer - green, In autumn - ruddy. Answer: Apple tree Appendix No. 7 Proverbs about apples. What is an apple tree, such are apples. I ate my fill of apples - not scrap branches. Apples are always sweeter in someone else's garden! From the top it's nice, but from the inside it's rotten. That apple tree did not grow, so that worms would not sharpen it. All of Europe is talking about the Michurin hybrid. The apple seed knows its time. The soul is not an apple, you cannot divide it. The apple never falls far from the tree. Do not shake the apple tree while it is green: it will ripen and fall by itself. Phraseologisms The apple has nowhere to fall (about great crowding). Apple of discord (that which gives rise to a quarrel). Appendix No. 7 Outdoor games "Get the apple" Number of players: 1-6 people. Inventory: thread, apples. Hang apples on tree branches or other objects at different heights. Have the children jump and get the apples. "Dance with apples" Number of players: 2, 4 or 6 people. Inventory: several apples. Children stand opposite each other, holding an apple between their foreheads. To the cheerful music of the noise orchestra, couples try to perform any dance movements. If the apple falls, the couple leaves the circle. “Run to the named tree” Purpose: to train in quickly finding the named tree; fix the names of the trees; develop fast running. Game progress: the driver is selected. He names a tree, all children should listen carefully to which tree is named, and in accordance with this, run from one tree to another. The driver carefully watches the children, whoever runs to the wrong tree takes them to the penalty box. “Find a leaf, like on a tree” Purpose: to teach to classify plants according to a certain attribute; develop observation. Game progress: The teacher divides the group into several subgroups. Everyone offers to take a good look at the leaves on one of the trees, and then find the same ones on the ground. The teacher says: "Let's see which team will find the right leaves faster." The kids start looking. The members of each team, having completed the task, gather near the tree whose leaves they were looking for. The team that gathers near the tree first, or the one that collects the most leaves, wins. "Who is more likely to collect?" Purpose: to learn to group vegetables and fruits; to cultivate speed of reaction to words, endurance and discipline. Game progress: Children are divided into two teams: "Gardeners" and "Gardeners". On the ground are dummies of vegetables and fruits and two baskets. At the command of the educator, the teams begin to collect vegetables and fruits, each in their own basket. Whoever collected first raises the basket up and is considered the winner. “Such a leaf - fly to me” Purpose: to develop attention, observation; exercise in finding leaves by similarity; activate dictionary. Game progress: The teacher with the children examines the leaves that have fallen from the trees. Describes them, says what tree they are from. After a while, he gives the children leaves from different trees located on the site, and asks them to listen carefully. Shows a leaf from a tree and says: “Whoever has the same leaf, run to me!” Appendix No. 8 Didactic games "WHAT GROWS WHERE?" Target. To teach children to understand the processes occurring in nature; show the dependence of all life on earth on the state of the vegetation cover. Game progress. The teacher calls different plants and shrubs, and children choose only those that grow in the area. If they grow up, the children clap their hands or jump in one place (you can choose any movement), if not, the children are silent. Plants: cherry, apple, palm, rosehip, currant, apricot, raspberry, orange, lemon, pear, pineapple, etc. "KNOW WHOSE SHEET". Target. To teach children to recognize and name a plant by a leaf, to find it in nature. Game progress. Collection of leaves fallen from trees and shrubs. The teacher offers to find out which tree or shrub the leaf is from and find evidence (similarity) with non-fallen leaves that have a variety of shapes. "FIND A PAIR". Target. Develop in children thinking, ingenuity. Game progress. The teacher distributes one sheet to the children and says: “The wind blew. All the leaves are scattered. Hearing these words, the guys are spinning with leaves in their hands. The teacher gives the command: “One, two, three - find a couple!” Everyone should stand next to the tree whose leaf they hold in their hands. "GARDENER". Target. Strengthen children's knowledge about appearance some trees and shrubs (trunk, leaves, fruits and seeds). Game progress. A "gardener" is chosen, the rest of the children are his assistants. They came to help him collect seeds for new plantings. The “gardener” says: “There are a lot of apple trees (cherries, plums) growing on my site, let's collect seeds.” "gardener" can only describe a tree without naming it. Children look for seeds, collect them and show them to the "gardener". The winner is the one who scored more seeds and did not make a mistake. D / I “Spread the apples” Appendix No. 9 Fairy tale Geese-swans There lived an old man with an old woman; They had a daughter and a little son. - Daughter, daughter! mother said. - We will go to work, bring you a bun, sew a dress, buy a handkerchief; be smart, take care of your brother, don't go out of the yard. The elders left, and the daughter forgot what she was ordered to; she put her brother on the grass under the window, and she herself ran out into the street, played, took a walk. Geese-swans flew in, picked up the boy, carried away on wings. A girl came, look - there is no brother! Gasped, rushed back and forth - no! She called, burst into tears, lamented that it would be bad from her father and mother - the brother did not respond! Ran out into an open field; swan-geese rushed in the distance and disappeared behind a dark forest. Geese-swans have long acquired a bad reputation for themselves, a lot of mischief and stole small children; the girl guessed that they had taken away her brother, rushed to catch up with them. She ran, ran, there is a stove. - Stove, stove, tell me, where did the geese fly? “Eat my rye pie,” I say. - Oh, my father does not eat wheat! The oven didn't say. I ran further, there are apple trees. - Apple trees, apple trees, tell me, where did the geese fly? - Eat my forest apple, - I will say. - Oh, my father does not eat even garden ones! I ran further, there is a milk river, Kiselnye shores. - Milk river, jelly banks, where did the geese fly? - Eat my simple jelly with milk, - I will say. - Oh, my father and cream are not eaten! And for a long time she would run through the fields and wander through the forest, yes, fortunately, she caught a hedgehog; she wanted to push him, was afraid to prick herself and asked: - Hedgehog, hedgehog, did you see where the geese flew? - Get out there! - pointed out. She ran - there is a hut on chicken legs, she stands and turns. In the hut sits a baba-yaga, a sinewy muzzle, a clay leg; the brother sits on a bench, plays with golden apples. His sister saw him, crept up, grabbed him and carried him away; and the geese fly after her; villains will catch up, where to go? The milk river runs, the jelly banks. - River-mother, hide me! - Eat my jelly! Nothing to do, eat. The river put her under the bank, the geese flew by. She came out and said, “Thank you!” - and again runs with his brother; and the geese returned, flying towards. What to do? Trouble! Worth an apple tree. - Apple tree, mother apple tree, hide me! - Eat my forest apple! Ate quickly. She covered the apple tree with twigs, covered it with leaves; the geese flew by. She came out and again runs with her brother, and the geese saw - yes, after her; they completely fly in, they beat with their wings, and just look - they will tear it out of their hands! Fortunately, there is a stove on the road. - Madame stove, hide me! - Eat my rye pie! The girl quickly put the pie in her mouth, and herself in the oven, sat down in the mouth. Geese flew, flew, shouted, shouted and flew away with nothing. And she ran home, and it’s good that she managed to run, and then her father and mother came. Annex No. 10 K.D. Ushinsky. "The Story of an Apple Tree" A wild apple tree grew in the forest; in autumn a sour apple fell from it. The birds pecked at the apple and pecked at the seeds. Only one seed hid in the ground and remained. In the winter, a grain lay under the snow, and in the spring, when the sun warmed the wet earth, the grain began to germinate: it let the root down, and drove the first two leaves up. A stalk with a bud ran out from between the leaves, and green leaves came out of the bud, at the top. Bud after bud, leaf after leaf, twig after twig - and five years later a pretty apple tree stood in the place where the seed fell. A gardener with a spade came into the forest, saw an apple tree and said: “Here is a good tree, it will come in handy for me.” The apple tree trembled when the gardener began to dig it up, and he thinks: “I have completely disappeared!” But the gardener carefully dug up the apple tree, did not damage the roots, transferred it to the garden and planted it in good soil. II The apple tree in the garden became proud: “I must be a rare tree,” she thinks, “when they transferred me from the forest to the garden,” and looks down at the ugly stumps tied with rags; She didn't know she was in school. The next year, a gardener came with a crooked knife and began to cut the apple tree. The apple tree trembled and thought: "Well, now I'm completely gone." The gardener cut off the entire green top of the tree, leaving one stump, and he even split it from above; the gardener stuck a young shoot from a good apple tree into the crack; closed the wound with putty, tied it with a cloth, furnished a new clothespin with pegs and left. III The apple tree is ill; but she was young and strong, soon recovered and grew together with someone else's twig. The twig drinks the juice of a strong apple tree and grows quickly: it throws out bud after bud, leaf after leaf, shoots out shoot after shoot, twig after twig, and three years later the tree blossomed with white-pink fragrant flowers. White-pink petals fell off, and a green ovary appeared in their place, and by autumn apples became from the ovary; Yes, not wild sour, but large, ruddy, sweet, crumbly! And such a pretty apple tree succeeded that people from other gardens came to take shoots from it for clothespins. Appendix No. 11 K.D. Ushinsky. DISPUTE OF TREES The trees argued among themselves: which of them is better? Here the oak says: - I am the king of all trees! My root is deeply gone, the trunk has three girths, the top looks into the sky; my leaves are carved, and the branches seem to be cast from iron. I do not bow to storms, I do not bend before a thunderstorm. The apple tree heard the oak bragging, and said: “Don’t brag too much, dunce, that you are big and fat: but only acorns grow on you, for fun for pigs; and my ruddy apple is even on the royal table. The pine tree listens, shakes its needle top: “Wait a minute,” he says, “boast; winter will come, and you will both stand on your shins, but my green thorns will still remain on me; without me, there would be no life for people in the cold side; I heat their stoves and build huts.

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1 Business plan for an apple orchard We offer individual development of business plans One of the main tasks of a business plan is to build a chain of actions and calculate risks, but there are also a number of other advantages worth noting. Firstly, it will help you understand the prospects of the direction, figure out where to start, save you from many mistakes, and save hundreds of hours of time. Our advantage is that we offer not just a business plan, but a whole infrastructure with the opening and registration of a company, accounting services, assistance from highly qualified lawyers, and many other services, without which a business turns into a lottery. Tel: +7 (495)

2 Contents: 1. Varieties of apples 2. Organization of an apple orchard 3. Collection and storage of apples 4. Expensive and profitable parts of a business plan Project summary It would seem, what is the point of doing business on a fruit that already grows in everyone's garden? But it turns out that there is a shortage of clean, environmentally friendly apples grown using all technologies on the market. The apple business is convenient because there are a lot of different varieties this fruit. Its cultivation can be organized in almost any area of ​​the country. Therefore, the first point of the business plan for such a case should be the choice suitable variety apples. 2

3 Varieties of apples The most productive varieties of apples are: Antonovka ordinary; Sary-Sinap; Renet champagne; Butskoye; Zelenyak; Calvil snowy; Renet Simirenko; Parmen winter golden. From the first four, you can collect up to 500 kg of apples from a tree, from the rest up to 300 kg. Slightly less prolific are the popular varieties Renet Kursk Gold, Astrakhan Red. The apple business is convenient with a variety of apples. They can be of various shapes, colors of all possible shades of red, yellow, green. Weight and size also varies depending on the variety from 70 g to 400. Not to mention the aroma and taste characteristics from sour to sweet. Moreover, some varieties begin to bear fruit after the first year of planting. The most fruitful will be an apple orchard from the varieties "Renet champagne", "Zelenyak", "Antonovka ordinary". The average yield is distinguished by "Renet Kursk Gold", "Astrakhan Red". Which variety of apples to choose for cultivation largely depends on the market. Apples are used for cooking bakery products, preserves, jams, wine, cider, vinegar. They are widely used in cosmetology and medicine. Not to mention that they can be sold fresh or dried in markets, shops, supermarkets just for eating. Organization of an apple orchard Growing an apple orchard will require a land plot of at least 1-2 hectares. Of course, it is desirable that it be located in an ecologically clean area. They will fit near the trees. Seedlings are planted in rows at a distance of about 3 meters from each other. The best time to plant a garden is autumn. In order for the garden to begin to bear fruit enough, to bring the business to payback, it is necessary to take care of it for at least three years. The health, fertility of each tree, the quality of the crop, and hence the success of your business, depend on proper planting. Proper tree planting plan: Plow the area. Dig holes according to the desired distance. Holes should be the diameter of the roots of seedlings. Fill holes with water. Slightly trim the roots of the seedling, place them in the hole so that the earth covers them completely. Fill the hole with dry soil at the beginning, then with earth from the hole, forming a place for watering. Water apple trees. 3

4 The next three years should be devoted to growing a garden. There are several technologies: growing one-year-olds and branched one-year-olds, two-year-olds and modified two-year-olds, knip baum and modified knip baum. It is easiest to do one-year-olds. It is enough for them to vaccinate at a height of 5-15 cm in winter or autumn and feed them in spring or autumn. Nitrogen fertilizers are used as top dressing for the garden. Two-year-old apple seedlings are in the greatest demand. To get them, you need to cut off the branches that are below 50 cm, and the upper shoots, leaving only one central one. Top dressing is carried out with the same fertilizers in the same period. Knip baum technology initially involves the cultivation of an ordinary unbranched one-year-old. Then it is cut off at a height of about half a meter, and a branched seedling is grown already from the upper bud. When the central branch is extended by 20 cm, it must be treated with a growth regulator and pinned. Top dressing is carried out in a similar way. Growing according to this technology gives advantages in yield. Thanks to the branched crown, up to 3 kg of apples can be removed from the tree in the first year, and up to 6 kg in the second. And after 5 years, such gardens can produce up to 350 centners per hectare. It is during this period that the maximum yield of the planted garden falls. Of course, for this plan to work, it is necessary to additionally provide it with proper irrigation, fertilizer, sunlight and correct pruning. Collection and storage of apples In order for apples to bring the planned income, they must be properly collected and stored. The time for harvesting usually falls in September, when the stone inside the fruit turns brown, and the skin takes on the color characteristic of the variety. Moreover, in winter and autumn varieties of apples, the maturity is removable and consumer. When it is time to collect them, they are still unusable. To do this, they need to ripen in storage. Apples are picked directly from the trees in cool weather, and only by hand. They should not have any damage and the stalk should be preserved. It is also necessary to transfer from one container to another without pouring. Fruits that have fallen to the ground quickly darken in a “clogged” place and begin to deteriorate. They should be collected separately and can be used for drying, making jam, etc. Apples are collected and stacked in boxes, preferably wooden ones. Fruits are stacked in layers, each layer is separated from the previous one by a sheet of paper. It also serves as a substrate for fruits, they also cover apples from above. But many do not shift apples with paper, this is not always justified. For storage, it is not necessary to purchase special equipment. You can keep the crop in the basement. It is important to ensure that the temperature in it is kept at about 0-2 degrees. Autumn and winter varieties are well preserved; they can be kept fresh until April. 4

5 Cost and Profit Parts of the Business Plan The cost plan assumes that an average of 250 trees can be planted per 100 acres of land (one hectare). If you plant two-year-old seedlings, then the next year you can get a crop of about 8 kg of fruit from one tree. In subsequent years, the yield will increase to about 10 kg. On average, the price of one seedling is 800 rubles. That is, the business plan should provide for 200 thousand rubles. for the purchase of seedlings. Growing an apple orchard requires constant fertilization of the soil. For this, potash fertilizers and superphosphate are used. The plan for calculating their cost is based on the cost of 30 rubles. for one tree. In total, 7.5 thousand rubles should be allocated for 250 trees. for fertilizer. But it will be necessary to fertilize not only the soil directly around the trees, but also the rest of the territory. This is at least 4 thousand rubles. every month. In total, at least 212 thousand rubles will be needed to start a business. and another 4 thousand monthly. Also, the expenditure plan should include salaries for harvesters and logistics costs. As for the revenue side, in the first year, having removed 8 kg of fruit from each apple tree, you will receive 2 thousand kg of the crop. On average, a kilogram of apples costs 30 rubles. That is, from 2 tons you can get 60 thousand rubles. for the first year. In the future, income will grow to 75 thousand rubles. in year. You can increase the revenue side by organizing the drying of non-marketable apples. Drying goes well in winter and spring. 5

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Ecological passport of the site kindergarten

Ecological passport of the site

MBDOU kindergarten №36"Alenka" of a general developing species in Fryanovo, ShchMR MO

Vegetable world.

In the territory kindergarten various life forms are represented plants: trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants.

Trees: maple, apple, birch, etc.

In some places, shrubs form a hedge.

herbaceous plants: odorous chamomile, large plantain, medicinal dandelion, coltsfoot, nettle.

Animal world.

On the kindergarten site meet: crows, jackdaws, sparrows, bullfinches, magpies, rooks, starlings, pigeons; different kinds insects - butterflies, beetles, flies, mosquitoes, wasps, bumblebees, ants and spiders.

Programs and methods.

The work uses the following programs: S. N. Nikolaeva "Young ecologist"," From birth to school. The program of upbringing and education in kindergarten"/ Under the editorship of N. E. Veraksa, T. S. Komarova, M. A. Vasilyeva.

Used methodological literature.

S. N. Nikolaev "Young ecologist";

S. N. Nikolaev " Ecologist in kindergarten";

N. A. Ryzhova " environmental education in kindergarten";

S. N. Nikolaev " ecological education of preschoolers";

S. N. Nikolaeva "Education ecological culture in preschool childhood";

"Animal World", encyclopedia;

Big encyclopedia for preschoolers

Didactic materials. Ecological games:

"The fourth extra"; "Find by description"; "Forest School"; "Gardener";

"What is your name, little tree?"; "Gifts of Nature"; "Animals"; "Find extra";

"Collect a picture"; "What tree leaf", "Extra Item", "Mushrooms, vegetables, fruits".

Lotto:

"Seasons"; "Associations"; "Plants"; "Twins"; "Who lives where?";

"Neighbors on the planet"; "Native nature". "Where does it grow",

"What a bird", "What season", "Shop "Seeds"",

"Tops and Roots", "Zoological Lotto".

Maple is a genus of woody and shrubby plants of the Sapindaceae family, previously placed in the Maple family. Widely distributed in Europe, Asia and North America.

Most species of maple are trees 10-40 m tall, but among them there are also shrubs 5-10 m tall with a number of small branches growing from the base of the trunk.

The leaves are opposite, palmate in most species (finger-shaped, with 3-9 veins on each lobe, one of which runs in the middle. Only in a few species are the leaves compound-fingered, compound-pinnate, with pinnate venation or without lobes.

The fruit is a double lionfish, splitting into two single-seeded non-opening fruitlets, with two long (3.5-5.5 cm) wings diverging at an obtuse angle or almost horizontally, which are capable of carrying the seed over a long distance.

Maple - comes from the Latin 'acer' - sharp (leaves with sharp lobes).

Trees or shrubs with deciduous, simple, rarely compound, long petiolate leaves. beautiful drawing leaves of various shapes, bright autumn color, original inflorescences and fruits, bark pattern and color of shoots have long attracted people's attention to them. Almost all species are good honey plants.

Folk omens and beliefs associated with maple:

Maple (sycamore)- a tree into which a person can be turned after death or through evil witchcraft. Perhaps this is due to the fact that maple leaves look like hands.

Between a man and a maple growing in front of his house, there is an undoubted connection. While a person lives, the maple is slender and tall, the leaves on its branches are large and juicy. The old owner dies - and the maple dries up. Apparently, the ancestors or close people of a person live in such trees, after death they leave the orphaned place near the house. And the life from the maple that sheltered her also leaves with her soul.

A child who is passed through a maple tree will live a long time.

Back in the 19th century this belief in Russia was very popular in many rural areas of the country. The threading was carried out between the branches of the maple, and in this way all the children in the village were threaded.

According to Serbian beliefs, if a dry maple is embraced by an unjustly convicted person, the maple will turn green; if an unhappy or offended person touches a maple green in spring, the tree will dry up.

Maple was considered a donor tree with light magical powers.

This tree, which helps to find peace of mind for people, brings peace, self-confidence, a tree inner strength and balance.

On the Trinity, on the day of the Body of God and on other holidays, houses, outbuildings, gates, etc. were decorated with maple branches. It was a great sin not to decorate the house. Ancestors believed that on the holiday the souls of dead relatives fly to the living and hide in the branches.

If the branches of the maple are all leaning to one side, this is a sign that there is a water vein nearby.

If the maple in the spring releases juice - to warming;

If maple leaves bloom later than birch - by dry summer;

If "tears" dripped from the maple, it will rain in a few hours.

Poems about maple

You are my fallen maple, icy maple ...

You are my fallen maple, icy maple,

Why are you standing, bending down, under a white blizzard?

Or what did you see? Or what did you hear?

As if you went out for a walk outside the village

And, like a drunken watchman, going out onto the road,

He drowned in a snowdrift, froze his leg.

Oh, and now I myself have become unstable,

I won't get home from a friendly drinking party.

There he met a willow, there he noticed a pine tree,

He sang songs to them under a blizzard about summer.

To myself I seemed to be the same maple,

Only not fallen, but with might and main green.

And, having lost modesty, having become foolish on the board,

Like someone else's wife, he hugged a birch.

Riddles about maple

Bitches horny,

winged fruits,

And the leaf is a palm,

With a long leg.

Under my lush foliage

You can hide in the summer heat.

If you think "K" is superfluous,

The meaning will be different.

I'll be white and fluffy

Fibrous, silky

Towel, sheet can get out of me.

Worth Antoshka

in red clothes,

Under the wind whistle

Drives the sheet.

Every year on it with hunting

Helicopters are growing.

It's a pity that every helicopter

For just one flight.

Sayings about maple:

Maple and ash - spit and die (spit on the ground).

Maple and birch, why not firewood (increase: bread and water than not food)

Without wind, the maple leaf will not move.

Application:

Maple juice is tasty, not inferior to birch - in the old days sugar was evaporated from it.

Clarinets and flutes are made from its wood.

Maple is a heavy and dense wood, strong and hard. Moderately drying out, it swells a little and warps. Maple splits with great difficulty.

In ancient Novgorod, maple was a favorite material for craftsmen who made spoons, ladles, carved and turned vessels.

Oars, knife handles, bearings and other critical parts of the simplest machines were made from it.

Such widespread use of maple is not accidental. Maple is well processed by cutting tools. Very thin cuts can be made on wood. Moreover, the cuts are clear, clean and smooth, with a soft glossy sheen. Due to the density and uniform structure of the wood, cuttings on maple can be done in almost any direction, with almost no fear of chipping.

Graphic artists use maple wood in woodcuts (in woodcut).

Plywood is produced from Canadian, or sugar, maple, sometimes with a very bizarre texture pattern called "bird's eye".

Medicine:

For medicinal purposes, leaves and shoots are used, which are collected in the spring.

Infusion and decoction of maple leaves have a diuretic, choleretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and wound healing effect.

ancient folk remedy treatment cough: In 1 glass of hot milk, add 1 tablespoon of maple juice and drink.

For cuts, apply clean crushed maple leaves to the wound.

Apple tree (lat. Mlus)- a genus of deciduous trees and shrubs of the Pink family with spherical sweet or sweet-sour fruits.

The genus includes 36 species. Most common: domestic apple tree, or cultivated, which includes most of the varieties cultivated in the world, plum-leaved apple tree, Chinese apple tree, and low apple tree.

Many types of apple trees are grown as ornamental plants V gardens and parks, are used in field-protective afforestation. All species are good honey plants. The wood of the apple tree is dense, strong, easy to cut and well polished; suitable for turning and joinery, small crafts.

Poems about the apple tree

Sleeping tired in winter

Under a snow blanket.

In spring white

How the girl is dressed.

And with the onset of summer

Gives gifts to children.

Its fruits are juicy and tasty.

They eat right up until winter.

One barrel is green.

Raised under the sun.

Another barrel is on fire

And the sun's ray plays in it.

Baby funny poems about apple:

E. Borisova

An apple from a branch, falls into the grass,

An apple from a branch, a hedgehog will find it.

The hedgehog will bring an apple home.

Grated crumbs hedgehogs.

T. Kunilova

Aha, aha, goofs!

Apple Andryushenka -

Right into your hands

Jumping gallop!

Come on, eat me, my friend!

chubby,

Red-cheeked.

D. Sirotin

I was told:

"Apple is useful,

Because there is a lot of iron in it!”

Well I do not know…

I ate three

Nothing rattled inside!

bad worm

Bite the barrel off the apple.

The apple became wormy

One-sided, ugly.

Life ruined the fruit of the beast.

How can he be now?

A. Ignatova

On the table in a glass of apple juice.

The pie is baked - Apple.

The fragrance floats in orchards – Apple.

And the blush on the cheeks - Apple!

Who is the reddest of all in the world?

These are apples and children!

An apple in my garden on a branch,

As if caught on a knot,

Full of juice tart:

Don't touch him you worm!

I'll take it off when it's ripe.

On a bright holiday - Apple Savior,

When the apple tree grows heavy

We have ripe apples.

Daughter draws an apple

It came out dark as night.

- A beautiful apple

Why blue? -

We asked Alla a question.

What did we hear in response?

- It flew from a branch -

Turned blue from the injury.

Blue color is not just

It's a big BLUE!

E. Eslyna

Irina Nikolaevna is cheerful today -

She gave us beautiful apples for lunch.

We all crunched loudly

Only Romka did not eat.

He held a beautiful apple in his hand,

He soaked the cookies in warm milk -

Three teeth immediately fell out the day before yesterday,

And the older sister will eat a beautiful apple.

Counting.

an apple rolled

past garden,

past garden,

Past the city.

Who will raise

That one will come out.

I am strong, crispy,

A real miracle.

yellow and red

- Satin skin.

The most ruddy

All children wish! (apple)

Look into the autumn garden

Miracle - Balls are hanging.

Reddish, ripe bock

To the kids on the teeth. (Apple)

Dear Worm!

You don't eat my barrel.

I'll get the Kids.

Fidget, naughty! (Apple)

I look in the window

On the branch of the Sun.

The sun is red and white

The sun is very ripe. (Apple)

round, ruddy,

I grow on a branch.

Adults love me

And little kids. (Apple)

Just off the cam

red barrel,

You touch - smoothly,

Take a bite - sweet. (Apple)

Sparrows are classified as a sparrow family. These birds are small in size, leading a sedentary lifestyle. Sometimes nomadic passerine species are found, but this is rare. A feature of the sparrow is its short legs, which allow it to move on the ground, exclusively jumping from place to place. Sparrows are often combined with other groups, while new families or ranks are formed, or, on the contrary, a single family is divided into several subfamilies.

Appearance

Body length up to 16 cm, weight 23-35 g. The general color of the plumage is brownish-brown above, rust-colored with black spots, whitish or gray below. The cheeks are white, the ear region is pale gray. Wings with a yellowish-white transverse stripe.

It feeds mainly on plant foods, only in spring partially on insects, with which it also feeds chicks.

The sparrow's diet includes seeds of agricultural crops, garbage of various products that it picks up in human settlements, cereals in the fields, berries of cherries, currants, grapes in gardens, spring flower buds. In the absence of fields nearby, it flies to feed on meadows, forest edges and in the steppe, where it collects seeds of wild herbs and insects.

Proverbs and sayings

The word is not a sparrow, it will fly out - you won’t catch it

You can't fool a shot sparrow on chaff

Shoot sparrows with a cannon

Although the sparrow does not have growth,

But he also guards his nest.

In autumn, even the sparrow is rich. - Russian proverb

Sparrow takes the burden according to his strength.

Beliefs and rituals

In Christianity, it is a symbol of modesty, insignificance, as well as obscenity and debauchery.

Among the Greeks, it was an attribute of Aphrodite and was identified with Lesbia.

In Japan, it represents loyalty.

S. Ya. Marshak

Where did the sparrow eat?

Where did the sparrow eat?

Where did you dine, sparrow?

In the zoo with animals.

I ate first

Behind the bars at the lion.

Refreshed at the fox,

I drank some water from the walrus.

Ate a carrot from an elephant.

I ate millet with a crane.

Stayed with a rhinoceros

Bran ate a little.

I've been to a feast

Tailed kangaroos.

Was at a dinner party

At the furry bear.

A toothy crocodile

Nearly swallowed me.

Ladybug

ladybugs (lat. Coccinellidae)- a family of beetles, characterized in that their legs seem to be three-segmented, since the third, very small segment, together with half of the fourth, is hidden in the furrow of the bilobed second segment.

The body of a ladybug is hemispherical or ovoid, more or less convex. The head is short, with 11, rarely 10 jointed cords attached to the sides of the anterior margin of the head and able to fold under the head. The abdomen consists of 5 free segments.

In children, a ladybug is considered a very gullible creature. In Russia, England and Denmark there is a game - the child catches ladybug and read to her rhyme:

Bring me some bread.

Black and white

Just not hot.

Ladybug fly to the sky

There your children eat sweets,

All one by one

And you don't have one.

If the cow flies away, then she believed.

Butterflies have long attracted the attention of man. Not only can they, without a doubt, be considered the most beautiful insects, but they also go through a stage of transformation, turning from a caterpillar into a charming winged creature.

Butterflies are a large group of insects that can be found everywhere in any region of the world. Together with moths, they form the order Lepidoptera. (Squamoptera). There are about 12 families of butterflies. Many adult moths and butterflies feed on the nectar they suck from flowers. In the process of feeding, they can transfer pollen from one flower to another - thus, many plants depend on moths and butterflies for pollination. Like moths, butterflies have elongated sucking mouths and two pairs of wings that function as one pair. Their wings are covered with scales, which are shaken off in the form of dust if the butterfly is touched.

PUZZLES:

1. On a flower - a flower, drinking flower juice.

2. The pattern on the pine is bright

I wanted to see him

Suddenly the halves came together

And the drawing is gone.

3. I wove myself a huge vest,

She hid there. Go find a coquette.

Time passed, suddenly out of there!

(Who will believe in this miracle)

A slim lady appears!

Not a caterpillar already, but. BUTTERFLY.

POETRY:

You are right. One aerial outline

I'm so sweet

All my velvet with its live blinking -

Only two wings.

Do not ask: where did it come from?

Where am I in a hurry?

Here on a flower I sank lightly

And here I am breathing.

How long, without purpose, without effort,

Do you want to breathe?

Right now, sparkling, I will spread my wings

And I'll fly away. (Fet.)

Little girl

Fluttered across the field,

Little girl

She played with a butterfly.

old grandmother

Fluttered across the field.

old grandmother

She played with a butterfly.

Here is a butterfly in the field

Met a butterfly

And flutter a couple

With bow and stick.

(Igor Zhukov)

I'm at the yellow butterfly

Quietly asked:

Butterfly tell me

Who colored you?

Maybe it's buttercup?

Maybe a dandelion?

Maybe yellow paint

That neighbor boy?

Or is it the sun

After winter boredom?

Who colored you?

Butterfly, tell me!

The butterfly whispered

Dressed in gold:

Colored me all over

Summer, summer, summer!

PLANTAIN

Plantain (lat. Plantgo) is a genus of annual and perennial herbs, less often shrubs of the Plantain family (Plantaginaceae). It has more than 200 species distributed throughout the globe; many of them are considered weeds.

Usually have a short rhizome, seated with thin cord-like roots.

The leaves are collected in a basal rosette, petiolate.

Peduncles erect, leafless. In some species, the flower stem is branched, leafy. The flowers are small, inconspicuous, collected in a dense terminal spike or head.

The fruit is a multi-seeded capsule. Pollination occurs with the help of wind.

GRASS TRAVELER

Plantain is called the travel herb. This unpretentious plant was able to travel around the whole wide world. "Track white man» - so the Indians called the plantain, the seeds of which, together with the settlers from Europe, crossed the ocean and ended up in America. Wherever the aliens appeared, this grass grew. The plantain settled both in Africa and in Australia.

Riddles about the plantain

He lay down in a bed by the road, spreading his arms and legs.

They beat him with boots, they crush him with a wheel,

He does not care a straw.

A doctor grew up by the road,

Along the meadow path;

He is a pharmacist for you and me.

Guess who is?

The traveler often hurts his leg

Here is the doctor on the road.

(Plantain)

THANKS TO PLANTAINE

You went into the forest and - what a nuisance! - cut or rubbed his leg. No problem. Pick a plantain leaf, wash it with water to wash off the dust, and apply it to the wound. And soon the blood will stop, the pain will subside ... You say: "Thank you, plantain!"- and you will regret that you can not thank him with anything ...

But you have already helped this weed many times and will continue to help. Only he did not notice it and you will not notice it!

The fact is that tiny psyllium seeds become sticky from rain or dew. You walked along the road, a lot of seeds stuck to your shoes ... You walk, and the seeds gradually fall from your feet. And where the seed falls, in time a young plantain will appear.

A. A. Pleshakov

DANDELION

Dandelion is a plant with a branched, taproot about 2 cm thick and about 60 cm long, in the upper part turning into a short multi-headed rhizome. Leaves glabrous, pinnately incised or entire, collected in a basal rosette. The flower-bearing arrow is juicy, cylindrical, hollow inside, ending in a single basket of reed bright yellow flowers. All parts of the plant contain a thick white milky sap. Dandelion blooms in May, bears fruit with achenes with a white crest - from June.

Dandelion Riddles

I am a fluffy ball

I whiten in a clean field.

And the wind blows

The stalk remains.

Above the meadow parachutes

They swing on a twig.

The dandelion is a very curious flower. Waking up in the spring, he carefully looked around him and saw the sun, which noticed a dandelion and illuminated it with a yellow ray. The dandelion turned yellow and fell in love with the luminary so much that it does not take its enthusiastic gaze away from it. The sun will rise in the east - the dandelion looks to the east, rises to the zenith - the dandelion will raise its head up, approach the sunset - the dandelion does not take his eyes off the sunset. And so all his life, until he turns gray. And it will become gray-haired, fluffed up - and fluffs-parachutes with seeds will fly in the wind, they will see a good clearing, they will descend, the grain will hide in some hollow and lie until spring.

S. P. Krasikov

Chamomile (lat. Matricria)- a genus of perennial flowering plants of the family Asteraceae or Compositae (Asteraceae). Low, flowering in the first year of life, often fragrant herbs.

Riddles about chamomile

White petal, in the middle - yolk. What flower is this?

I walked through the meadow, along the path,

I saw the sun on a blade of grass.

But not hot at all.

The sun's burning rays.

Sisters are standing in the field: yellow eye, white eyelashes.

At the top of the stem

Sun and clouds.

White basket, golden bottom,

There is a dewdrop in it

And the sun is shining.

There is a curl in the field -

White shirt,

golden heart,

What it is?

Poem

Hidden muzzles in wide panamas,

Daisies go for a walk in the meadows.

Each daisy has an embroidered shirt

With a green handkerchief in a pocket.

S. P. Krasikov

SISTER OF MERCY

This flower is popularly called the sister of mercy. The healing properties of chamomile have been known since ancient times. It will comfort in trouble, raise the patient, please with a fragrant bouquet - that's what it is, chamomile. Stands in the middle of a clearing in a white cap, as if offering a saving tincture in a faience cup. Pharmacy chamomile can be recognized by its smell, it resembles the aroma of apples.

If mosquitoes begin to overwhelm you in the forest, by the fire, throw a bunch of chamomile into the fire, they will disappear in an instant.

I. G. Belavina, N. G. Naidenskaya

Nettle (lat. Urtca) is a genus of flowering plants in the Nettle family. The stems and leaves are covered with stinging hairs (which gave the Latin Name: lat. r "burn"). The genus includes about 40-45 species. They grow mainly in the temperate zone in the Northern and (less common) southern hemispheres. The greatest distribution in Russia is nettle stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) and stinging nettle (Urtica urens L.).

Stinging nettle is a perennial herb. Grows up to 170 cm in height.

The stem is densely covered with burning and short hairs, the rhizome is long, creeping, branched. Stems erect, not branched, tetrahedral.

The leaves are opposite, the shape is intermediate between ovate and lanceolate, the petioles are long. Nettle leaves are large-toothed, dark green with oblong stipules.

The flowers are greenish, small, collected in bunches in inflorescences. Inflorescences are different species: branched, intermittent axillary, spicate. Flowers are unisexual. Nettle flowers from May to July.

The fruits are yellowish-gray ovoid nuts enclosed in the remaining perianths.

Nettle Riddles

Not fire, but burning.

Not a bumblebee, not a bee, but stings.

It burns without a fire.

A green bush grows.

Touch - bite.

HERB THAT BURNS

As soon as they do not scold the nettle, which is only to blame for the fact that it knows how to protect itself! Burns, of course, nettles. Inadvertently touch it - for a long time then the hand will be "burn". Nettle burns because stiff hairs sit on its stem and leaves. Inside the hairs is a caustic liquid. If you touch the plant, the needles dig into the skin, break off, and the caustic liquid will pour out. She causes a burning sensation on the skin. How amazing it is that you can cook very tasty and healthy soups from nettles, which are scary to touch!

Aggregated indicators

investment project implementation

apple orchard bookmarks

intensive type A

Saint Petersburg

BRIEF OVERVIEW (Summary) of the project

Name of the project - " Aggregate indicators of the implementation of the investment project for laying an intensive-type apple orchard with an area of ​​30 hectares ».

The investment project provides for the laying of an intensive apple orchard in the Kharkiv region, Lozovsky district, with. Garden, with an area of ​​30 hectares on a trellis support using drip irrigation, equipped with modern equipment.

Payback period of the project - 5 years

Apple orchard business plan

Apple orchard

Rootstock - M9

Landing patterns: 4m x 1m;

Number of trees per 1 ha planted: 2500 trees;

The source of water is an artesian well.

Irrigation system - drip.

The planned planting of the garden will be carried out with promising varieties of late ripening: Idored, Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Ligol, Gloucester, Renet Semirenko

When planting a garden on a dwarf rootstock using intensive technology, it is planned to install trellises and bamboo as a means of individual support for each tree.

Intensive fruit growing technology, as the most cost-effective one, is currently used by all European countries.

The technology of planting an intensive garden includes the following costly aspects:

Design;

Soil preparation;

Breakdown of the site into quarters, cells, rows;

planting;

Support installation;

Irrigation system device;

grass mowing;

Herbicidal weeding in rows;

Protection of plants from pests and diseases;

Plant nutrition in conjunction with watering;

Pruning, green operations and other types of work;

Acquisition of specialized equipment.

Growing technology

Site description

The plot of the apple orchard consists of cells, the varieties in each cell alternate in rows (for better pollination during the flowering period), it is more convenient for each variety to have an even number of rows. Row length should not exceed 150m (due to drip irrigation and harvesting restrictions). The cells are separated by roads 15m wide.

The satellite image shows 2 possible areas (32ha and 38ha) for the first stage of planting (autumn 2012). These sections were selected due to the possibility of their faster commissioning compared to the rest. Rows should be placed in the direction of the North-East - South-West (parallel to the shelterbelts).

In each row, poles are installed every 10-13m (3-4m height of the pole: 1m underground, 2-3m above the ground), the poles must be metal (used drill pipe NKT60) or reinforced concrete (the most expensive). The end posts are fixed with galvanized steel wire (4mm) and anchors (1m long) screwed into the soil, or anchored in any other available way (for example, concreted or fixed with a load buried in the soil). 3 rows of galvanized steel wire (3mm) are stretched between the posts (at a height of 0.5m, 1m, 1.5m). A drip line is subsequently attached to the bottom wire (through 100 cm of length) and the lowest branches. Subsequent rows of wire (at a height of 2m and 2.5m) are stretched as the trees grow in height. Immediately after planting the seedlings, individual supports should be installed for each bamboo seedling (2-3 cm in diameter, 3 m high) or any available analogue.

One of the most important measures in the laying of industrial plantations of apple trees is the selection of modern varieties. To establish an intensive fruit orchard, it is advisable to use, first of all, economically advantageous varieties of winter-ripening apple trees, which are in high demand on the market, are transportable and can be stored well. In industrial plantations should be grown up to 5-6 winter varieties apple trees, which occupy 70-80% of the area. If there is a sales market near the farm, then a certain proportion of high-quality summer and autumn varieties should be introduced for direct sale.

With a small number of varieties in the garden, it is easier to implement a system for protecting plantings from diseases and pests, varietal formation and pruning of trees. When selecting varieties, one should take into account their requirements for soil and climatic conditions, primarily temperature regime and length of the growing season.

Brief description of varieties.

	Idared. The tree is medium-sized with a rounded dense crown, quite winter-hardy. Early-growing variety with an annual yield. Affected by powdery mildew, foliage - slightly scab. The fruits are large, flattened, slightly ribbed, regular shape. The peel is thin, slightly oily, shiny. The main color is greenish-yellow, the integument is bright red over most of the surface. The pulp is greenish, dense, fine-grained. The taste is sweet and sour, slightly astringent with a slight aroma, rough. The fruits are stored in ordinary fruit storages until June-July. Due to early maturity, high annual yield, transportability and ability of fruit to long-term storage, the Idared variety, which has been recommended in Ukraine since 1986, will still hold a prominent place among other winter varieties in the near future.
	Golden Delicious. One of the world leaders, a fast-growing, medium-sized variety with low winter hardiness of trees, it does better in microzones with a warm climate. The trees are slightly damaged by powdery mildew, the fruits are resistant to scab, which affects the foliage. The fruits are medium, elongated-conical regular shape. The peel is rough, light yellow. The pulp is yellow, dense, fine-grained, sweet taste with barely perceptible sourness, pleasant aroma. They are stored until May, but with reduced air humidity in storage facilities they wither.
	Jonagold and his clones. One of the most promising varieties of European countries. The trees are vigorous, very high yielding, insufficiently winter-hardy, unstable to scab and powdery mildew. The fruits are large (225 g), round, intense yellow, sometimes green with bright red or orange stripes, shooting maturity - October, stored until April-May. The pulp is yellow, juicy, fragrant, high palatability. Triploid requires at least two pollinators, the best of which are: Idared, Alkmene, Melrose, Spartan. Clones with a more intense fruit color are spreading: Jonagored, Jonika, Wilmut and others. The fruits ripen 8-10 days earlier than the variety Golden Delicious, higher palatability are stored for 8-9 months.
	Ligol. The tree is early-growing, above average vigor, easily formed. Fruits generously with a tendency to periodicity. Frost resistance is above average, average resistance to scab and powdery mildew, is affected by bacterial burn and wood diseases. The variety is self-fertile, the best pollinators are Idared, Gala, Golden Delicious. The fruits are large or very large, aligned, round-conical, with expressive ribbing near the calyx. The peel is strong, smooth and shiny, greenish, completely covered with a bright red blush on the sunny side. The pulp is creamy, fragrant, sour-sweet, tasty. Harvesting maturity occurs in late September - early October, consumer maturity - in January-April.

Rootstock characteristic.

M9 (England): This is a typical dwarf rootstock and is the international standard for dwarf rootstock. M9 is the most significant and widespread rootstock in the world. Trees grafted on the M9 rootstock begin to bear fruit 2-3 years after planting in the garden, and if the seedlings are of high quality (knipp-baum), flowering is observed already in the year of planting. The main disadvantage of the M9 stock is the low frost resistance of its root system (-10C) and, in connection with this, trees planted in risky, extreme for gardening areas must be spudded with earth or organic matter for the winter so that their roots do not freeze in snowless winters. The problem of winter damage to the root system of trees grafted on M9 in most cases is eliminated by the presence of snow on the soil surface. The depth of penetration of zero temperature in the proposed area of ​​laying the garden reaches 80 cm. Orchards on this rootstock are successfully grown in the Voronezh region, where the depth of soil freezing reaches more than 120 cm, which means that there should be no freezing of the root system in the conditions of the proposed site for laying the garden. Trees on the M9 rootstock are very demanding on irrigation. Drip irrigation is most preferred, allowing the application of fertilizing with watering. This is important, since most varieties on M9 are very early-growing and prone to overloading and shrinking fruits with a lack of moisture and nutrition. About 30 clones of M9 are common in industrial gardens: M9 EMLA (England), RN 19, RN 29 (Belgium), T337, T338, T339, T340 (Holland), etc. Immediately after planting, it is imperative to install permanent supports near those grafted on M9 trees, and in their absence - temporary supports, which, no later than the end of the first growing season, should be replaced with permanent ones.

Features of protection against pests and diseases.

Diseases and pests are a significant threat to fruit plantations. They cause weakening of plants, reduced yields and deterioration in fruit quality. In intensive gardens, the same diseases and pests are harmful as in gardens of traditional designs. To combat them, you can use all the recommended chemical and biological means of protection. The list of pesticides, doses and terms of their application are published in the professional literature, constantly supplemented with the advent of new pesticides and methods of their application.

In densely dense plantations with smaller trees, the frequency and intensity of manifestations of individual diseases or pests may be somewhat different than in traditional garden designs. The technique of spraying trees is also specific.

Due to their small size, trees in an intensive garden are better ventilated and more efficiently treated with chemicals that reduce the development of diseases and pests inside the crown, and spraying requires much less working fluid, manual work and energy costs.

To spray an intensive garden with a conventional garden sprayer, it is enough to use about 600 l/ha of working fluid, and with a special "column-like" sprayer 300 l/ha, reducing the dose of the drug by 20-25%.

Fan" href="/text/category/ventilyator/" rel="bookmark"> fan with airflow over 30000 m3/h cause significant loss of working fluid, which only 25-40% gets on foliage and fruits, polluting environment and require a significant amount of energy.

Changes in plant spraying technique consist in the use of economic "column-like" sprayers with horizontal air flow, fan capacity of 20-30 thousand m3/h. And optimal size drops of working fluid (70-150 microns), which provides best coverage sheet surface and low runoff losses. Thanks to the use of a tractor with a lower power of 30Kn, fuel costs are reduced, up to 30% of funds for the purchase of pesticides are saved, and the environment is less polluted.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/218/images/image009_104.jpg" align="left" width="207" height="277 src="> Herbicides. When using herbicides, the width of the near-stem strip in plantations up to 4 years of age is about 0.5 m, in older ones - 0.7-1 m, and their application is carried out in the absence of wind, and at a temperature not lower than +50C, making sure that the drug does not fall on boles and foliage of trees.

The choice of herbicide and the dose depends on the age of plantings, weed species and their number, soil type and availability of drinking water near sources.

In Western European countries, the following herbicides are used in apple and pear plantations: soil - simazine and its analogues (azotope), kerb, devrinol kazoron; contact - basta and combined action - roundup (fosulene, glyphosate, nitosorg) and others.

Apple tree on rootstock M9, on the root shoots of which the herbicide Roundup got in the past year.

Soil herbicides are used in cloudy weather in early spring before the emergence of weeds, spraying the surface of the moist soil near the trunk with the working liquid to create a so-called herbicide film that prevents the growth of weeds. Herbicides of the simazine group, in addition, are used in the fall after harvest. Before applying, the surface of the stump strip is freed from plant residues so that the drug solution gets on the cleaned soil and creates a "herbicide film". In dry weather, soil herbicides are impractical to apply, or they need to be incorporated into the soil to a depth of 5 cm. Some farms use a desiccant - Reglon, instead of herbicides, it has a more gentle effect compared to preparations based on glyphosate.

Contact and systemic herbicides should be applied to vegetative weeds in sunny and calm weather at least 2-3 hours before rain falls. Roundup and other systemic herbicides are applied by directed spraying, preventing liquid from getting on the foliage and stems of trees, and the height of the weeds should not exceed 15 cm. In Holland, it is not recommended to apply roundup after the beginning of July, as this can cause damage to the trees due to its active evaporation.

The working solution of herbicides is prepared before use. The consumption of working fluid per 1 hectare of the cultivated surface when using soil herbicides is 200-300 l, and when vegetative weeds are treated with contact or systemic herbicides - up to 600 l/ha. Spraying is carried out with reduced pressure (2 atm.) in the absence of wind with the lowest speed of the unit, using T-shaped or special (eccentric) nozzles and directed spray torches and protective shields.

Fertilizer and irrigation.

Joint rationed application of water and fertilizers to the soil is the organizational, technological and environmental basis for optimizing the conditions for growing high yields of agricultural crops and their quality. This method is based on the use various systems drip irrigation with simultaneous supply of a fertilizer solution, which allows you to constantly maintain soil moisture in optimal proportion in the “water-air” system in the soil and apply fertilizer to plants in small doses. This contributes to their increased digestibility, lower leaching in comparison with traditional methods fertilizer application and, as a result, a higher nutrient uptake by plants.

In addition, such a system of fertilization with irrigation - fertigation allows you to make a balanced amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients, taking into account the phases of plant growth. The supply of fertilizer solutions with irrigation water leads to a more uniform distribution of them throughout the moistened layer. The drip-moistened soil layer is located in the zone of the main mass of roots, has a certain horizontal and vertical dimensions, depending on soil type and irrigation dose. During fertigation, not the entire surface of the soil of the plot is moistened, but strips of a certain width, which saves water, prevents the growth of weeds, and reduces the cost of maintaining the soil in a weed-free state.

When using drip irrigation with an automatic control system, the exact dosing of the intake of all fertilizers in the solution is carried out, and the amount of solution per unit area of ​​irrigation is controlled.

Fertigation is carried out during the entire irrigation cycle or in the middle - end of the cycle, but in such a way that at the end of the fertigation cycle clean water is supplied to flush the drip irrigation system.

Fertigation allows you to maintain the required level of nutrient concentration in the soil on soils with low absorption capacity, poor in reserve nutrients. Fertigation saves labor and energy costs for fertilization compared to traditional methods. Fertigation, in contrast to conventional irrigation using large doses of irrigation, allows not only the efficient use of fertilizers, but also the prevention of pollution. ground water, does not create conditions for secondary soil salinization.

The use of fertigation requires compliance with certain requirements for the use of fertilizers. For fertigation, only completely soluble fertilizers are used, free from sodium and other harmful impurities.

The fertigation program should take into account the type of soil and the presence in it of mobile forms of basic nutrients available to plants. Based on agrochemical analyzes according to standard methods and the planned yield level, a fertilizer application program is drawn up. It can be based not only on the use of fertigation, but also on the application of part of the fertilizer during soil preparation - the main application + fertigation. However, the international practice of fertigation shows that on sandy and sandy soils all fertilizers are best applied by fertigation. On the average texture(light and medium loamy) soils with a low level of nutrient content combine the main fertilization with fertigation, and with an average and high level supply with batteries, only fertigation is used. On soils heavy in mechanical composition - various types chernozems and heavy loamy podzolized soils - with a low and medium level of supply with nutrients, a combination of the main application of fertilizers with fertigation is used, at high rates only fertigation is used. Usually, up to 10% nitrogen is given in the main application - 40% phosphorus and 30% potassium. For the main application, you can use various types of poorly soluble fertilizers: superphosphate, ammophos, potassium chloride, nitroammophoska and others.

When calculating the norms for the introduction of nutrients, a recalculation is made using coefficients that take into account the degree of use of fertilizers by plants. For nitrogen fertilizers in the main application, a coefficient of 1.2 is used, for fertigation - 1.1, for phosphorus, respectively - 1.9 - 2.25 and 1.6, for potassium - 1.4 and 1.2-1.6. Coefficients can be specified taking into account local conditions.

Regulations for the use of fertilizers.

When fertigation is used, due to obtaining consistently high yields, the removal of nutrients from a unit area increases significantly, which should be taken into account when planning a fertilizer system.

For fruits, the removal is N - kg / t, P2Okg / t, K2O - 7.79 kg / t, according to E. Degodyuk et al., 1992.

According to M. Roelos, Germany, 1998, in intensive orchards on loamy soils with a pome crop yield of 40 t/ha, N-kg/ha, P2Okg/ha, K2O - kg/ha are applied, taking into account soil fertility, including N - 50kg/ha, P2O5 - 30kg/ha, K2O - 80kg/ha in the main application.

According to I. Papadopoulos, firm "Kemira", 1997, the minimum need for certain types of fruit in nutrients is presented in the table.

Fertilization rates for apple trees (kg/ha a.i.).

culture	Plantation age
	12 years or more

The indicated doses of fertilizers are usually applied with fertigation.

The fertilizer rate planned for a certain yield is recalculated using coefficients that take into account the use of fertilizers by plants, as well as the level of soil fertility, according to the analysis.

A feature of the fertigation of fruit crops is that each fruit plant uses a large volume of soil, so intermittent fertigation can be used under the condition of basic fertilization. Usually starting from early spring, fertigation continues until mid-summer and ends 1 - 1.5 months before harvest. To improve the keeping quality of pome fruits, nitrogen fertilizers are applied in the first half of the season, no later than two months before harvesting. The average rate of fertilizers applied with fertigation in intensive fruit-bearing orchards varies from 80 to 130 kg/ha for nitrogen, from 115 to 140 kg/ha for potassium. With post-harvest fertigation for better overwintering, give kg/ha of nitrogen and kg/ha of potassium. The remaining fertilizers are usually used as the main application.

An example of irrigation and fertilization of an intensive apple orchard by months:

Irrigation rate 10 l/der (20 m3/ha)

Fertilizer application: norm for 2012 according to a.i. N23 P13 K22

For one watering with fertigation, give no more than 2 kg. d.v. per ha

Interval between waterings fertigation at least 3 days

Fertilizers use only completely soluble

Breakdown of fertilizer application in a.i. by months per 1 hectare:

April N6 P3

May N6 P3 K3

June N3 P2 K3

July N2 P1 K4

August N3 P1 K6

Master 13:40:13(N-13% P2O5-40% K2O-13%)

Ammonium nitrate(N-34%)

Potassium sulfate(K2O-50%, S-18%)

Total amount of fertilizers in physical weight:

Master 13:40:13- 32.5kg

Ammonium nitrate 56 kg.

Potassium sulfate 38 kg.

April

1st watering 2.04 N1 P0.5 1st watering 2.04 master 13:40:13- 1.25kg (physical weight)

2nd watering 7.04 N1 P0.5 ammonia village - 2.5kg (phys. weight)

3rd watering 12.04 N1 P0.5 2nd-6th watering same as first

4th irrigation 17.04 N1 P0.5

5th watering 22.04 N1 P0.5

6th irrigation 27.04 N1 P0.5

May: number of waterings-6 after 4 days

1st watering 2.05 N1 P0.5 K0.5 1st watering 2.05 master 13:40:13- 1.25kg (physical weight)

2nd watering 7.05 N1 P0.5 K0.5 ammonia village - 2.5kg (phys. weight)

3rd watering 12.05 N1 P0.5 K0.5 potassium sulfate - 0.7 kg (physical weight)

4th watering 17.05 N1 P0.5 K0.5 2nd-6th watering same as first

5th irrigation 22.05 N1 P0.5 K0.5

6th irrigation 27.05 N1 P0.5 K0.5

June: number of waterings-6 after 4 days

1st watering 1.06 N0.5 K0.5 1st watering 2.06 ammonia plant - 1.5kg (phys. weight)

2nd watering 6.06 N0.5 P0.5 K0.5 potassium sulfate - 1kg (physical weight)

3rd watering 11.06 N0.5 P0.5 K0.5 2nd watering 6.06 master 13:40:13- 1.25kg (physical weight)

4th watering 16.06 N0.5 P0.5 K0.5 ammonia village - 1kg (phys. weight)

5th watering 21.06 N0.5 P0.5 K0.5 potassium sulfate - 0.7 kg (physical weight)

6th watering 26.06 N0.5 K0.5 3rd-5th watering same as second

6th watering is the same as the first

July: number of waterings-4 in 4 days. Watering is carried out in the first and last week months (the second and third weeks of the month we do not water to create a stressful situation that will contribute to the differentiation of the kidneys, but at the same time not allowing the N.V. to drop below 70%). The non-irrigation period is desirable to agree in advance.

1st watering 1.07 N0.5 P0.5 K1 1st watering 1.07 master 13:40:13- 1.25kg (physical weight) 2nd watering 6.07 N0.5 P0.5 K1 ammonia village - 1kg( physical weight)

3rd watering 25.07 N0.5 K1 potassium sulfate - 1.7 kg (phys. weight)

4th watering 30.07 N0.5 K1 2nd watering same as first

3rd watering 25.07 ammonia village - 1.5 kg (phys. weight)

potassium sulfate - 2kg (phys. weight)

4th watering same as the third

August: number of waterings-6 after 4 days

1st watering 4.08 N0.5 K1 1st watering 4.08 ammonia village - 1.5kg (phys. weight)

2nd watering 9.08 N0.5 K1 potassium sulfate - 2kg (physical weight)

3rd watering 14.08 N0.5 K1 2nd-4th watering same as first

4th watering 19.08 N0.5 K1 5th watering 24.08 master 13:40:13- 1.25kg (physical weight)

5th watering 24.08 N0.5 P0.5 K1 ammonia village - 1kg (phys. weight)

6th irrigation 29.08 N0.5 P0.5 K1 potassium sulfate - 1.7 kg (phys. weight)

6th watering same as fifth

September: number of waterings-6 after 4 days

1st watering 4.09 N0.5 P0.5 K1 1st watering 4.09 master 13:40:13- 1.25kg (physical weight)

2nd watering 9.09 N0.5 P0.5 K1 ammonia village - 1kg (phys. weight)

3rd watering 14.08 N0.5 P0.5 K1 potassium sulfate - 1.7 kg (physical weight)

4th watering 19.08 N0.5 P0.5 K1 2nd-6th watering same as first

5th irrigation 24.08 N0.5 P0.5 K1

6th watering 29.08 N0.5 P0.5 K1

In dry autumn, it is necessary to make water-charging irrigation of 200-250 m3/ha.

Corrective nutrition system (foliar top dressing)

1st top dressing - loosening the bud Megafol 0.5-1 l/ha

2nd feeding - phase rose bud. Boroplus

3rd dressing- after flowering, in the phase of falling petals. Boroplus - 50-60ml \ 100l of working solution. Master Special (N-18, R-18, K-18, Mg-3 + micro) - 2 kg/ha.

4th feeding - fruit up to 3 cm Megafol 0.5-1 l/ha

5th feeding - during the period - the fetus is more than 3 cm. Kalbit S Master (3:11:38+4+micro) - 2 kg/ha.

6th dressing- during the period of filling and ripening of fruits. Kalbit S 60 - 80 ml \ 100l of working solution.

Frost and hail protection.

From frost effective protection is overcrown sprinkling, but it requires a significant amount of water - up to 5000 m3 per 10 ha of orchard for 10 hours at a temperature of -5°C. During the freezing of water, heat is released (80 calories / liter), which is enough to maintain the temperature around zero degrees.

With fine sprinkling (water costs are reduced by 50-70%), it is possible to protect the most valuable quarters in a relatively small area. Micro-irrigators are placed above the crowns of trees on supports or trellis existing in the garden, so most of the water falls on the crown, and not on the soil surface.

The efficiency of micro-irrigation is ensured under the following conditions:

Cloudless weather, irrigation should be started at an air temperature of + 3 ° C (the buds on the trees at this time will have about 0 ° C);

The wind speed does not exceed 8 km/h;

The air temperature cannot be lower than -7°С;

Water must be supplied continuously throughout the night until it begins to appear on the branches under a layer of ice.

Traditional methods of frost protection - mixing air or burning straw, fuel oil, car tires, etc. - are ineffective or pollute the environment. The use of fire extinguishing foam is also being tested.

Additional agrotechnical measures - maintaining the cleanliness of the near-trunk strips, low grass mowing between rows and the inclusion of drip irrigation - can increase the temperature by only 0.5 ° C, but this is enough to save the crop.

From hail, the only, but very expensive means of protection is the anti-hail net, which is widely used in Germany and France (in Holland it costs 10 thousand dollars per hectare). In Belgium and Holland it is more common to insure gardens against hail damage.

Pollination and thinning of the ovary.

Efficient pollination is a prerequisite for ensuring active fruiting of plantations and the formation of high-quality fruits with high keeping quality. Insufficient number of pollinating insects during the flowering period can be the cause of weak setting and the formation of low-quality deformed fruits. This is of particular importance in case of unfavorable weather or a short flowering period, especially for triploid varieties such as Jonagold, Mutsu, as well as Elstar, Cox Pepin orange, etc.

In terms of the fact that insects are able to pollinate no more than 30% of flowers, in plantations of traditional designs, it is recommended to exhibit bees at the rate of two hives per hectare. However, taking into account the possible unfavorable conditions during flowering and the need for guaranteed pollination, 3-6 bee colonies should be placed per hectare of an intensive garden, and 9 bee colonies per hectare of a high-intensity garden.

Bees bring about 10% of flowers during the opening period, placing every 100-150 m through one row spacing, and leave them in plantations for up to two weeks. To avoid disorientation of bees near plantations, honey plants that bloom earlier or simultaneously with fruit plants (winter rapeseed) should not be grown, and flowering weeds should be destroyed in a row-spacing and near-trunk strips in a timely manner.

Spraying with insecticides during the flowering period is excluded. If the flowering of trees is not intense enough, fungicide treatments should also be avoided, since preparations of the benzimidazole (topsin) group can impair pollen germination, and copper preparations can cause burns to flowers.

Thinning the ovary, like pruning, is one of the most important garden care practices. Of the common apple cultivars, only Cortland, Jonathan, Idared, Melrose, and Boskop Beauty can bear fruit regularly without removing excessive buds, while others bear fruit intermittently and require thinning.

The most effective is manual thinning, however, it requires a significant amount of work and is difficult to perform in a timely manner over a large area. Therefore, this event is used in addition to chemical thinning and on young trees.

Chemical thinning consists in spraying crowns fruit trees appropriate preparations, starting from the period of active flowering up to several weeks after its end. If the intensity of flowering of individual varieties in the quarter differs significantly, the rows with intensive flowering should be marked and sprayed separately from the others.

Calculation of capital and operating costs for laying 1 hectare of garden.

Calculation of costs for the purchase of seedlings:

Planting pattern: 4m row spacing, 1m in a row.

Food area - 4 sq. m.

Taking into account the insurance fund, 2625 seedlings are required per 1 ha.

Estimated price of "Knipp-baum" seedlings for autumn 2011 is 4.8€.

Total required for the purchase of planting material 12600 €

Design cost calculation:

The average cost per 1 hectare of garden design is about 50€.

Calculation of costs for soil preparation:

Average cost of soil preparation for planting 60€

Breakdown cost calculation:

The average cost of laying out 1 ha of a garden is 30€

Landing cost calculation:

The average cost of planting one seedling is 0.75€

Total required for planting 1ha 1970€

Calculating the cost of installing a drip irrigation system:

Irrigation cost per 1 ha 1400€

Calculation of costs for the installation of a support:

The cost of one metal pole from the drill pipe NKT60 is 10€

reinforced concrete – 20€

221 supports are required for 1 ha - 4420€

(with a row length in a cage of 150m and an average distance between supports of 12.5m (alternating in a row of distances between supports of 12 and 13m))

The approximate cost of bamboo (0.40 € / piece) per 1 ha - 985 €

Organizing a tapestry - 920€

Total costs for the installation of a support - - in the version with reinforced concrete pillars) 6325€

Calculation of weeding costs:

The average annual cost per 1 ha for weeding is 30€

Calculation of plant protection costs:

The average annual cost per 1 hectare of protection is 70€

Calculation of food costs:

The cost of fertilizers per 1ha annually is 250€ (1st and 2nd year: 100€, 3rd: 150€,

4th and subsequent 250€ (with a yield of 35-40 t/ha)).

Calculation of costs for the purchase of specialized equipment.

Bar machine based on MTZ tractor€

Garden tractor 83000€

(Claas NECTIS, John Deere 5725, New Holland TN95FAorFendt 209)

John Deere5725 can be purchased for 50000€

dearest Fendt 209 83000€

New Holland TN95 FAcosts about 72000€

Basic requirements for a tractor:

Front and rear PTO, hitch

Plenty of hydraulic outlets front and rear

Sufficient power for the SIMULTANEOUS operation of the rotary mower and sprayerhp)

Tractor width - the narrower the better

Tractor New Holland TN95 FAhas a swivel front axle, which gives it an additional advantage when working in intensive gardening over other tractors

Garden sprayer (2pcs) 14000€

Pillar 3200€

Rotary mower 3000€

Herbicide sprayer 875€

Total expenses for the purchase of specialized equipment 45075 €

Capital costs for planting 30 hectares of garden in 2012:

Purchase of seedlings 378000€

Installation of irrigation systems 41666€

Well drilling 25000€

Support installation 189750€

Purchase of special mechanisms 31975€

Design 1500€

Soil preparation 1800€

Breakdown 900€

Landing 59100€

Total: 729691€

Capital expenditures in 2013:

Purchase of containers 3750€

Total: 5250€

Capital expenditures in 2014:

Acquisition of a container ship 1500€

Purchasing a garden tractor 83000€

Purchase of containers 18750€

Total: 103250€.

Capital expenditures in 2015:

Purchase of containers 24375€

Total: 24375€

Capital expenditures in 2016:

Purchase of containers 9375€

Total: 9375€

Total capital costs for project implementation 689816€

Operating expenses in 2013:

Weeding 900€

Watering and nutrition 3000€

Total 6000€

Operating expenses in 2014:

Weeding 900€

Plant protection products 2100€

Watering and nutrition 3000€

Cleaning costs (yield 12t/ha) 10170€

Total: 16170€

Operating expenses in 2015:

Weeding 900

Plant protection products 2100€

Watering and feeding 4500€

Cleaning costs (yield 25t/ha) 21187€

Total: 9687€

Operating expenses in 2016:

Weeding 900€

Plant protection products 2100€

Watering and feeding 7500€

Cleaning costs (yield 35t/ha 29663€

Total: 40163€

Operating expenses in 2017:

Weeding 900€

Plant protection products 2100€

Watering and feeding 7500€

Cleaning costs (yield 40t/ha) 33900€

Total: 44400€

Calculation of payback periods by years.

Naming of expenditures

Capital investments, Euro

Operating costs, Euro

Total costs, Euro (clause 1 + clause 2)

Accumulated costs by years, Euro (clause 3, with accumulation)

Gross harvest, kg

Gross income, Euro

Accumulated income by years, Euro (item 7, with accumulation)

Net income of the project, Euro (clause 8-clause 4)

Productivity by years, t/ha

Garden area, ha

Wholesale price, Euro/kg

From the table, we can see that the excess of income over expenses occurs in the fifth year after planting the garden (in 2016). According to the results of 2016, the expected net profit from the project being implemented will be 389179 Euro. The service life of gardens of this type is 15-20 years.

the payback period of the project is 5 years.

Domestic apple is confidently pushing Polish imports out of the Ukrainian market. The last bastion of the Polish product is the late spring, when Ukrainian apples practically disappear from the market due to the worst quality indicators and storage conditions. The main driving force behind Ukraine's apple progress is not even financial resources that are invested in intensive apple orchards, but experienced practicing agronomists who provide high-quality apple harvests. One of these agronomists is Vasily Antonovich Shvets. He has behind him the experience of laying and growing not only 8 large apple plantations in Ukraine, but also two orchards in Poland.

I am from the Buchach district of the Ternopil region, I graduated from the Uman Agricultural Institute, the faculty of horticulture and viticulture in 1994. I was very lucky that back in 1993, thanks to the efforts of the head. Department of Professor G.K. Karpenchuk and (then) Associate Professor Ph.D. A.V. Melnyk (now - Professor, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Head of the Department of Fruit Growing), I had an internship in Poland. Our teachers wanted Ukrainian students to see the most progressive European practices and technologies. Therefore, we ended up in the most advanced farms in Poland - intensive type pilot orchards, planted according to Dutch technology. It was there that I made the final decision to completely connect my life with gardening.

Upon my return to Ukraine, I was offered a job at a scientific horticultural station in the village. Medvezhye Ushko, Vinnytsia region At that time, a new orchard was laid there, as it was believed, the most intensive, on the rootstock MM-106 according to the 4x2 m scheme. When I said at the interview that in Poland this has long been considered an anachronism, and that 40-60 tons are already harvested in Poland apples per hectare, the station employee asked me again: “Aren't you confusing anything? Maybe centners, not tons?

Indeed, in Soviet times, the harvest of apples on a state farm ranged from 5 to 15 tons / ha. Moreover, 10–15 t/ha was collected in a few state farms in the Vinnitsa region.

Now the usual yield of apples in Ukraine is 40–60 t/ha. However, there are records and 80-100 t/ha. But gardeners who have received such results claim that they will no longer set such records: it's a pity for the trees. It is better to have 60 t/ha every year than 100 once, and then spend 3 years on tree restoration.

Back then, in the 1990s, a lot of farm managers offered me to plant these “Polish” gardens for them, but there were no resources at that time. However, by the end of the 90s, the crisis in the economy had reached such an extent that the laying of gardens in Ukraine was out of the question. And I went to Poland - to establish gardens and earn a living for the family.

During my time in Poland, I was very lucky to establish excellent relationships with Polish gardeners, as well as to work with Dutch specialists, who became my best teachers. First of all, with Jan Holter, now, unfortunately, deceased. He was a gardening "star" and was known from Belgium to Italy. And even now, when meeting with Dutch, German, Belgian, Italian gardeners, Holter's name sounds like a password, like a pass to the elite world of European gardening.

Vinnytsia - the nest of apple conservatism

He returned to Ukraine in 2002, and began working at the Sadivnik farm in the Bar district of the Vinnytsia region. Much has been done, but I must note the extreme conservatism of local gardeners, which is still evident today. In Soviet times, the fruit trust included 30 horticultural state farms in the region. Now at least 20 of them have been preserved, having changed only the form of ownership.

As a result, despite the presence of a huge potential in horticulture, the Vinnitsa region is now almost the last in terms of application. modern technologies: Soviet gardens are still being “squeezed out” there.

And now Bukovina is the locomotive of progress. Back in Soviet times, local resourceful guys made money supplying dried plums and fresh apples to Moscow. And now it is there that they are laid best gardens intensive type, and in general there are no frankly weak projects. Vinnytsia region dominates not in the apples themselves, but in the volumes of apple concentrate - more than half of the entire national production.

In the Vinnitsa region, there is still such a negative feature in the work as complete secrecy. They looked at me like I was an idiot when I told absolutely everything I knew. Jan Holter always told me: “Vasya, information is like a fresh bun. And in order for it to sell well, it must always be the freshest. And then people will go to you, and not you to people, to learn something.

- What varieties do you work with and which ones do you recommend?

- There are varieties for the supermarket, "money": Golden Delicious, Fuji, Gala, Red Delicious clones (RedCap, Top Red, Sandige, Early Red Van), Jonagold line, the most effective of which is Red John Prince. There is a local variety Renet Simirenko, but it is losing ground due to its specific taste.

The next group is immune or resistant varieties. Their advantage is that they do not suffer from scab and require less chemical treatment. This is the so-called. "re-sorts": Reanda, Recolor, Reglindis, Remo, Renora, Revena, Rebella. Their main drawback is the sour taste. These are technical grades for processing.

However, dessert varieties were also derived from immune varieties: Topaz and its clone Red Topaz, Sirus, Luna, Orion. These are varieties of Czech selection. In addition, there is a variety of Rubinol, and Florina - a variety that has already won a strong position in Ukraine. The newest varieties, yet little known, but very promising varieties of the Italian selection Modi, Smeralda,.

I want to emphasize separately that these varieties are probably the last ones obtained by traditional selection. Everything that will appear new is definitely genetically modified products. This is especially true for such a novelty as red-fleshed apples. Mankind has been cultivating apple trees since biblical times, purposeful selection has been carried out for the last 250 years, but never in all this time has a mutation been observed that gives red flesh - with the exception of individual reddish nets along the pulp from the skin of the Gypsy fruit. But as soon as genetic engineering appeared, as many as 5 varieties with red pulp appeared at once! And the second generation has already appeared, with different skin colors, but with the same red flesh!

- Most effective method- under the planter. But besides the planting of the apple trees themselves, first of all, you need to think about the supports. Recently, I have been watching how hurricanes and storms completely break, like matches, concrete poles for anti-hail nets - they mow at once over the entire area, like dominoes. Therefore, even before planting, you should think about purchasing reliable, tested concrete poles, or acacia stakes. Foresters should also think about this in order to plant plantings of acacias on stakes for gardens. After all, acacia is a Ukrainian "iron" tree.

First of all, you should organize an irrigation system. For already existing gardens, even on strong and medium-sized rootstocks - MM-106, M-54-118, M-26, and even M-7 and A-2. Apple trees on seedlings also react very positively to watering: both the quality and quantity of fruits improve.

If we plant an intensive garden on M-9, M-7, or MM-106 rootstocks, the root system is in the surface layer of the soil at a depth of 40–80 cm. There is no need to plantage plowing up to 80 cm. which gardens were planted, were loosened to a depth of 40-50 cm. Further - the usual plowing to 30 cm, cultivation, leveling. And then plant as convenient: under a shovel, planter or hydraulic drill.

Green manure is just perfect if sown a year before planting, for example, mustard, lupins or vetch. Green manures give up to 60 t/ha of organic matter, and this is a very serious top dressing for trees in the first years.

You can plant one-year-olds, or two-year-olds - crowned knipbaums. Three-year-old seedlings are already overgrown, illiquid assets of the nursery, and they need special, more expensive care.

You can plant in spring and autumn, but in our area I strongly recommend only spring planting.

The row spacing is determined only by the equipment that will work in the intensive garden. With maximum intensification, row spacings up to 2.8 m can be compacted, but this is only if there are special tractors and equipment for such a width. Therefore, the most common width is 3.2 and 3.5 m. Personally, I successfully “crammed” apple trees on MM-106 into 3.5 m. But this works on low-growing varieties such as Champion, Topaz, Eliza, Modi.

In an intensive-type apple orchard, the trellises are stretched either before planting trees or after. Before landing, it is recommended to lay a system of anti-hail nets. And the trellises themselves can be placed after planting. The distance between the posts is no more than 6–7 m. They tried to somehow save money and put them in 11 m, but in the 4th year the wire sagged under the weight of 40–50 t/ha of fruits. I had to add extra supports. We use Belgian-made wire with a thickness of 2.8 mm, it can withstand breaking up to 900 kg.

Chemical treatments in the intensive garden are carried out at least 15 times per season, and these are mandatory, insurance treatments. Fungicidal treatments - 22–25 times, against scab and powdery mildew. Immune varieties are treated up to 7 times - from powdery mildew and wood diseases. Insecticides for all varieties are applied up to 7 times.

Top dressings are brought in at once in a tank mix. In addition to calcium chloride, which is applied before picking to improve the storage of apples.

Root top dressing is carried out with nitroammophos, if necessary - with saltpeter and urea. Nitroammophoska is best applied in the spring, at the start of the growing season. The tree first takes nitrogen, and after 4-6 months. - phosphorus and potassium. When fertilizing in the autumn, we lose nitrogen, and the plant does not need phosphorus and potassium then.

- Are underground irrigation systems suitable?

In Ukraine, such systems are not used. I saw such a system in Poland, and then as an experimental one on one hectare. Its main enemy is rodents. And in terms of efficiency, it has no advantage over surface irrigation.

- What is the life span of an intensive garden?

On average - 15–25 years. The intensive type orchard reaches the working volumes of the harvest and the first profit from the 5th year. Harvests are on the rise until the 7-10th year. Then for 10-15 years the yields are stable. And after 22-25 years they decrease. But the garden can be operated for 30-40 years. So, in Italy, I saw an intensive orchard on M-9, aged 36, and 60 tons / ha of apples are harvested there. But under our conditions, after 25 years, the yield drops sharply to 15–25 t/ha. In Holland and Belgium, the question is raised of uprooting the orchard when the yield drops to 40 t/ha.

After uprooting the orchard, reclamation is carried out for 3-5 years, and a new intensive-type garden is laid, preferably a stone fruit one. It is undesirable to plant apple trees after apple trees or other pome trees.

In Ukraine, seedlings and nurseries have already appeared that meet modern standards. First of all, it should be noted the seedlings of the Bakhmut station.

Abroad the best varieties, seedlings and nurseries - in Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy. And do not be afraid of any Italian seedlings or varieties. Yes, in Italy the growing season is a month longer, but in our conditions they show themselves well and winter well. The main nuance: Italian varieties and seedlings, like others, should be planted only in the spring to give the trees a year to adapt. If he survives the first winter, then there are no further problems. But the autumn planting is an unnecessary lottery. In one very famous farm after autumn plantings there were from 5 to 30% losses: the seedlings did not move away after the winter.

- What can you say about cherries? I see outside your window not only apple trees, but also cherries.

Cherry is a wonderful crop. But it should initially be laid for processing and harvesting. Here in Gorodok, Lviv region, 600 hectares of cherries were planted at once. But they also have a freezer, and a juicer, and a pitting machine.

- What is your view on the overall further development of the apple industry in Ukraine?

To be honest, I have a premonition that Ukraine has the last good price for fruits and berries. And that's only because the frosts in May mowed down the harvest throughout Europe.

- And what to do? To plant intensive gardens or not to plant?

First, you should take good care of what you already have. Secondly, only those who have sufficient financial resource and gardening experience.

We must not repeat the situation of 2002, 2005 or 2010, when orchards were formally planted under the state program to support horticulture. And in fact, money was laundered and embezzled. Under this program, instead of gardens, they planted all the garbage from nurseries that they could find. First, they cleaned and buried all the rotten brushwood from Ukrainian nurseries. Then - from the Moldovan, then from the Polish, and now they even got to the Italian ones.

In practice, it looks like this: the first truck brings the ideal material, the second already raises questions, and in the third - really bunches of moldy brushwood, which were once seedlings. Moreover, this happens at the suggestion of not a hired manager, but the owner, who takes cheaper. Of course, as an agronomist, I refuse to work with such material. A high-quality seedling in Italy costs 4.5 euros / piece, but they manage to bring it for 1.2 euros. But this is such rubbish that cannot be found in Ukraine either. So it's either money laundering or some other scheme.

But for those who plan to really engage in apple cultivation as a long-term business, I want to give some advice:

The most important thing in this enterprise: site selection for intensive gardens! Much has been said and written about this throughout the horticultural literature. Exposure of slopes, wind rose, presence of natural or artificial protective plantings, etc. But for some reason, most of those who want to have gardens neglect these rules, forgetting that we can improve the quality of the soil, but never the location of the garden!

1. Plan initially the entire financial resource so that it is enough for the entire scope of work at once. And proceed from the fact that the laying of 1 hectare of an intensive garden costs about 30 thousand euros.
2. Don't be afraid of competition. I have been hearing the same argument for 25 years: there is no point in planting, because everyone around is planting apple trees. This was said in the 90s, and in the 2000s, and now. Remember that even if everyone is planting apple trees, not everyone will have this apple, and not everyone will have the patience to do it. And in the end, you will have enough space in the market.
3. An apple orchard should be planted only if you get ahead of competitors from the very beginning: plant only the newest and best, but already proven varieties. There is no point in trying to compete in the market with old varieties: they are already overabundant.
4. Be guided by the principle of my Dutch teacher Jan Holter: "There is no place for greed and pity in the garden." Don't be greedy and give the trees what they need here and now: supports, water, fertilizers, treatments, and so on. And in the same way, do not let your hand tremble uproot when it comes time to change the garden.

Vadim Naninets

Snyatyn, Ivano-Frankivsk region