From the life of our deciduous trees and shrubs in early spring - spring and autumn in the life of plants. Trees and shrubs in autumn. Autumn changes. Why leaves turn yellow and fall leaves appear on trees

Ulanova L. A., Jordan S. O. Guidelines organizing and conducting walks for children 3-7 years old.

Target- repeat the names of the trees. Discuss the structure of a tree (trunk, branches, leaves).

Progress of the walk

Observation: Pay attention to the fact that after winter sleep, each tree comes to life. Spring juices rise up the trunk to the branches, fill the buds, and they swell, swell, just about ready to burst. Consider the buds on the branches: in poplar they are long, sticky, fragrant, and in birch they are round, small. Look closely at the leaves that have appeared. On the birch - shriveled, sticky, accordion-like, dark green. On poplar - shiny, sticky, dark green. Considering the kidneys with children of older groups, explain that some trees wake up earlier, others later. To tell about healing properties birch and pine buds. Touch the leaves, find similarities and differences. Watch the leaves grow. Observe the planting of trees and shrubs, digging the earth. Explain why this is being done.

Related verses:

Noisy warm winds
Spring has been brought to the fields.
Earrings are fluffed on a willow,
Furry, like bumblebees.
Ya.Akim

The snow is already melting, streams are running,
Spring blew through the window ...
The nightingales will soon whistle,
And the forest will be dressed in foliage.
A. Pleshcheev

A little sun warmed the slopes
And it became warmer in the forest,
birch green braids
Hung from thin branches.
V. Rozhdestvensky

Got out of the kidneys
The first leaves
Rejoice in the sun
They will not understand from sleep:
- Is it really...
Is it summer?
- No, it's not summer yet.
But it's already spring!
V. Danko

Yesterday, the whole krokovnik shone -
He was cheeky and funny.
And now it has immediately blossomed,
It stands under the greenery.
E. Blaginina

Puzzles

I open my kidneys
In green leaves
I dress the trees
I water the crops.
Full of movement
My name is ... (spring).

The pillars are white
They have green caps.
(Birch)

Mother-spring I am in a colored dress,
Stepmother in winter - in a shroud alone.
(Bird cherry)

Above the water
Stands with a red beard.
(Kalina)

Proverb

May the forest dresses up, summer awaits for a visit.

Didactic games

"Review and Describe"- children examine and describe the plants proposed by the teacher. The goal is to consolidate children's knowledge about changes in nature in the spring. Learn to observe nature, to see the beauty of the landscape. Cultivate respect for nature.

"What leaf"- children describe the leaf of the tree proposed by the teacher. The goal is to use relative adjectives in speech.

Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of the hands

Lay out the leaves from the stones.
Fastening the leaves with a sprig, make a belt or wreath, hat.

Labor and individual exercise

Clear the ground of old foliage. Plant a tree or shrub.
Jump to the leaf (high jump).

Outdoor games

Gawker. The goal is to develop attention, practice throwing and catching the ball. Game progress: Children stand in a circle and begin to throw the ball, calling by name the one who should catch. The one who drops the ball stands in a circle and, on the instructions of the children, performs 2-3 exercises with the ball.

"Hunter". The goal is to practice throwing and throwing the ball. Game progress. One is chosen "hunter", all the rest - "game". "Hunter" plays the ball, the rest at this time walk around the court. After 3-4 exercises, he shouts: "Game!" Everyone stops, and he stains one of the children from his place. The tarnished becomes the hunter's assistant. The game continues until a certain number of assistants (3-5 people) appear.

Seasons are seasons that differ in weather and temperature. They change with the annual cycle. Plants and animals adapt perfectly to these seasonal changes.

It is never very cold or very hot in the tropics, there are only two seasons: one is wet and rainy, the other is dry. At the equator (on the imaginary midline) it is hot and humid throughout the year.

In temperate zones (outside the lines of the tropics) there is spring, summer, autumn and winter.

Usually the closer to the North or South Pole the cooler the summer and the colder the winter.

For three spring months, nature has time to change beyond recognition. In March, she is just beginning to wake up from hibernation. Spring heat is not enough to make the snow and ice blocks melt, but the air gradually warms up, preparing all living things for a gradual awakening, the first cumulus clouds appear, which are still very high.

Astronomers consider the beginning of spring to be March 21-22 - the moment of the vernal equinox, when the day is equal to the night, and the end - June 21-22 - the longest days of the year.

For naturalists, spring begins with the arrival of rooks (March 19 on average) and the movement of sap near the Norway maple (March 25).

This season is conditionally divided into three periods: early spring - before the snow melts on the fields (until mid-April), middle spring - before bird cherry blossoms (until mid-May) and late spring - before apple and lilac trees bloom (until early June).

Phenomena in inanimate nature.

In the second half of March, the days noticeably lengthen, the nights decrease; the sun rises higher and higher at noon above the horizon, its rays fall more directly on the earth and warm it more strongly. The snow becomes loose, begins to melt, and thawed areas form in open places.

In the second half of March, the first cumulus clouds appear.

They are very beautiful, they look like snow-white, dome-shaped masses with even bases. Clouds usually arise in the morning or at noon due to the heating of the air adjacent to the earth; towards evening, when the ascending currents weaken, they begin to disappear, to melt.

In the first half of April come off the ground snow; streams formed during its melting run down to reservoirs.

Ice drift usually begins in mid-April. Shortly before this, rims appear near the shore - narrow strips of water. Under the influence of water and the sun, cracks form in the ice, it breaks and starts to move. Ice floes, crowding and pushing, rush down the river, hitting the banks and piles of bridges. In the middle of the river, ice floes move faster than near the banks. They melt along the way. The river is freed from the ice cover, overflows its banks and overflows. The flood begins.

Usually in early May there is the first thunderstorm.

At this time and later, a sudden cold snap often occurs with frosts, from which plants suffer greatly, especially fruit and berry plants.

Spring awakening of trees. Soon after the appearance of thawed trees, trees wake up: they begin to flow sap. This phenomenon is revealed if the bark is pierced with a thick needle: a sweet transparent liquid flows out of the raki; in air, it oxidizes and acquires a reddish color.

Extraction of juice causes great harm to trees.

Sap flow is a complex physiological process. The roots begin to actively absorb water from the thawing soil, it dissolves winter reserves nutrients plants and in the form of a solution moves along the trunk and branches to the kidneys.

Swelling and bud break.

Top 16 primroses among shrubs and trees

Ten days after the start of sap flow, swelling of the buds becomes noticeable, in which, under the protective bud scales, there are rudimentary shoots.

Trees and shrubs, pollinated by the wind, bloom before they are covered with leaves, or at the very beginning of their deployment.

Alder and hazel are the first to bloom in the second half of April, and willow is among those pollinated by insects. Willow buds are densely tightened with brown scales that look like caps.

Having dropped them, the buds look like fluffy balls, consisting of hairs that protect the flowers from sharp fluctuations in temperature and rain.

In April, most of the trees are still bare, but the integumentary scales of the swollen buds are already moving apart, and the tailbones of the leaves are showing from them.
The appearance of leaves. The young leaves of some trees are covered with a sticky fragrant substance, while others have a fluff that protects them from the cold.

Gentle and transparent at this time is the light green outfit of the trees.

At the end of April, bird cherry and birch buds bloom; in the first half of May - buds of maple, yellow acacia, apple and pear, and then - oak and linden.

In late spring, in the second half of May, the real flowering of spring begins. Bird cherry blossoms, along with it - blackcurrant, a little later - wild strawberries and fruit trees, lilacs, mountain ash and most herbaceous plants.

In the last days of May, the fruits of aspen and willow ripen.

The petals of apple and lilac flowers fall off - spring ends, summer begins.

Biology Spring phenomena in plant life

Spring is the time for the awakening of nature. According to the calendar, spring begins on March 1. In nature, spring comes into its own with the beginning of sap flow in trees, earlier in the south, and later on March 1 in the north.

The spring movement of juices near trees and shrubs is the first sign of spring. It occurs after the soil thaws and water from the roots begins to flow into all organs of the plant. At that time leaves Not yet.

Water accumulating in cells plant stems, dissolves organic matter stored in them. These solutions move to the swollen and blooming kidneys. Already at the beginning of March, earlier than in other trees, the spring sap flow begins in the Norway maple, a little later in the birch.

The second sign of spring is the flowering of wind-pollinated trees and shrubs.

The gray alder is the first to bloom in the middle zone of the European part of the USSR. Its flowers are inconspicuous, but the blossoming earrings of staminate flowers are clearly visible. 123 . One has only to touch an alder branch with catkins, as the wind picks up a whole cloud of yellow pollen.

Pistillate alder flowers are collected in small grayish-green inflorescences. Next to them, dry, blackened cones of last year's inflorescences are usually clearly visible.

Almost simultaneously with the alder, the hazel, which you met in the fall, blooms.

Hazel staminate flowers develop in inflorescences - complex catkins, and reddish stigmas of pistillate flowers protrude from generative (flower) buds.

Early flowering of alder, hazel and other wind-pollinated plants- good adaptation to life in the forest.

Bare leafless branches do not impede pollination. Pollen, picked up by the wind, is freely transferred from one plant to another.

Flowering coltsfoot is also a sign of the coming spring. This perennial herbaceous plant grows in open, sunlit places, on railway embankments, river banks, steep slopes and cliffs.

As soon as the snow melts, its scaly stems already appear - flower stalks with bright yellow inflorescences, similar to dandelion inflorescences 124 . The large leaves of the coltsfoot grow after its fluffy fruitlets have ripened and scattered.

The coltsfoot received its unusual name for the originality of the leaves. Their underside is covered with white, soft, like felt, hairs, and the upper side of the leaves is smooth and cold.

The coltsfoot blooms in early spring, before the leaves bloom, perhaps because its thick, long rhizomes have accumulated reserves of nutrients deposited in the summer of last year.

Feeding on these reserves, flower plants grow shoots and fruits are produced.

The third sign of spring is the flowering of perennial herbaceous plants of the deciduous forest. In the districts middle lane they bloom almost simultaneously with the coltsfoot. The first to bloom in the forest are the noble liverwort with azure flowers and the medicinal lungwort, then the oak and buttercup anemones 125 , Corydalis 119 , spring chistyak 126 , spring primrose 127 .

Flowering shrubs in spring

All of them are photophilous and bloom under the canopy of the forest, when there are no foliage on the trees and shrubs yet.

In the life of some early-flowering herbaceous plants of the forest, their growth under snow is very interesting. Plants such as the blueberry, or snowdrop, grow even in winter under the snow.

In spring, many of them come out from under the snow with green leaves and with buds that were formed last fall.

Οʜᴎ often bloom before the snow melts 128 . That is why these plants are called snowdrops.

Plants that bloom in early spring always attract attention because they are beautiful and because after a long winter they are the first flowering plants. Unfortunately, they are often collected, making up large bouquets. Often they destroy entire plants, pulling them out with roots. Plants with flower-bearing shoots torn off do not produce fruits and seeds.

This makes it difficult for them to reproduce. Many of the plants have become very rare, for example, noble liverwort, sleep-grass. They cannot be allowed to disappear completely. We are obliged to take care of the preservation of plants, not to tear them in order to throw them away in a day, not to damage them. wild plants and actively protect nature.

Protection of Nature And rational use natural resources of the country are legalized by the Constitution of Russia, i.e.

e. obligatory for all citizens of our country.

Trees and shrubs pollinated by insects bloom later, after the leaves bloom. If you observe the course of spring from year to year, you will be able to establish the sequence of spring development of plants.

In the middle zone of the European part of the USSR, usually 8 days after the flowering of the coltsfoot, lungwort begins to bloom, after 21 days - dandelion and willow-willow.

The pear blossoms on the 29th day, the yellow acacia on the 30th, and the linden on the 75th day after the start of flowering of the coltsfoot.

Every year the spring phenomena come in strict order. For example, lungwort always blooms later than coltsfoot, but before dandelion.

Observations of spring phenomena in plant life help to establish best timing agricultural work and prepare for them in a timely manner.

For example, it is known: in the regions of the middle lane best harvest cucumbers are obtained by sowing their seeds during the flowering of lilac and yellow acacia, and the best crop of turnips and beets is obtained by sowing them during the flowering of aspen.

Knowing how many days after the coltsfoot blooms lilacs bloom, it is easy to set the time for sowing cucumbers and prepare for it.

Spring. Spring months. Spring phenomena of nature. Spring weather signs.

Answer left Guest

Signs of spring in inanimate nature:
1) main feature spring in inanimate nature is that the sun rises much higher above the horizon than in winter.
2) It shines brighter and warms more and more every day.

The days are getting longer.
3) The most noticeable sign of the onset of spring in inanimate nature is the melting of snow.
4) The ice starts to melt. Ice starts on the rivers.
5) It is very dangerous to walk on melted ice. You can not start games on the river during the ice drift.
6) When rivers and lakes overflow with water from melted snow, water fills meadows, forests, fields along the river.

This is called a flood.
7) The soil thaws from the spring heat. It accumulates a lot of moisture. This moisture is very necessary for plants.
8) It rains in spring, not snow. Not far from the first thunderstorm.

Signs of spring in wildlife:
a) in the life of birds with the advent of spring: migratory birds return, build nests, lay eggs, hatch chicks
Such changes have become possible because many birds feed on insects. And with the advent of spring, insects crawl out of their hiding places.

The birds got more food. The ice on the rivers and lakes has melted, so waterfowl are returning

b) in the life of animals: Animals molt - change winter coat for summer. Bears, badgers, hedgehogs, chipmunks wake up from winter sleep.

Many animals have cubs in the spring.

c) Buds swell on deciduous trees and shrubs; earrings, silvery lambs, flowers appear, then leaves appear. Coniferous trees change the color of the bark, needles.
The ground is covered with young grass, many plants begin to bloom. Usually early flowering herbaceous plants are called snowdrops.

if everything is short:
The sun is higher than in winter. The days got longer. It got warmer outside. The sky in spring is blue and high.

The clouds are white and light. Snow and ice are melting. On the rivers ice drift, flood. In the spring, in different months, it snows, then it rains. In May, the first thunderstorm rumbles. The soil thaws, buds appear on the trees, and then sticky leaves. Primroses bloom. Insects appear. The migratory birds are returning. forest animals produce offspring.

- familiarization with the change in trees and shrubs, with the change in buds.

Lesson progress:

I. Organization of attention.

Updating what has already been learned.

- What are the mushrooms that we meet in the forest consist of?

What is the name of the underground part of the fungus?

- Do you need a fly agaric?

Who is it useful for?

- What mushrooms can not be collected?

What should be done to avoid damage to the mycelium?

- Is it possible to collect old mushrooms?

But someone important

On a white leg.

He is wearing a red hat

The hat has polka dots.

Learning new.

1. Communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

It is impossible to imagine our nature without the white-trunk beauty of the birch. How many fairy tales, poems, songs have been composed about her? It is interesting that birch is the only tree in Russia with white bark that lives

birch 100 - 120 years old. Yes, people love birch, but how often do they not take care of it. Losing in the spring through the fault of man a considerable part of the juice, birch

If you inflict wounds on her for several years in a row, she can

die completely. Remember that the sugar contained in the juice is needed to feed the tree!

The movement of sap from trees and shrubs is a sign of their spring

awakening.

Another sign is the flowering of some trees and shrubs. Of the trees, the alder is the first to bloom. It is easy to recognize it in winter and spring by the black bumps on the branches. In the spring, earrings appear on the alder.

Which trees wake up first in spring? Urgently give 100 points

Earrings are many small flowers gathered together.

Willow blooms early in spring. Bees and bumblebees curl around its flowers. They come here for sweet nectar.

Of the shrubs, hazel and wolf's bast are the first to bloom. On hazel, as well as on alder, earrings are visible. And the wolf's bast is a poisonous plant.

All these plants are early flowering. They bloom before blooming

Birch blooms later, when the leaves on it are already beginning to bloom.

Even later, the bird cherry blossoms.

Swelling of buds and blooming of leaves is a sign of spring

awakening trees and shrubs.

Guys, interesting changes occur in the spring with conifers.

The larch is fully dressed with new needles. But coniferous plants never bloom.

Rules of friends of nature: do not damage the bark of trees, do not cut on

her letters.

Do not collect birch sap. Take care of the trees! Don't break branches flowering trees and shrubs. Without flowers, there will be no fruits!

IV. Fizminutka.

V. Practical work.

- Unravel the ball. (Circle around)

- Writing straight lines with a rounding at the bottom.

- Shade the tree.

(The material is taken from the book Psychological and Pedagogical Support for the Life of a Child in the Conditions of Preschool Education (Part II)) - N.

Despite the apparent chaos and disorder, in most plants the leaves are arranged on stems and branches so regularly that it is possible to establish their location. general rules.

On superficial observation, it seems that most often the leaves are arranged without any order, that they are scattered, as is said and still is in most of the descriptive writings (folia sparsa). Only in those plants in which each stem node bears more than one leaf, the correct leaf arrangement is striking and has long been noticed. If the leaves sit in pairs and one against the other, then it is rightly expressed about them that they are opposite, or opposite (folia opposita).

At the same time, it almost always happens that leaf pairs alternate with each other - then the leaves of the nearest pairs fall on each other crosswise, the leaves of the third pair, counting from below, fall directly above the leaves of the first pair, the leaves of the 4th pair are above the leaves of the 2nd, etc. To indicate this circumstance, the expression cross-seated (f. f. decussata) is used. This happens, for example, with our maples, lilacs, and all labiales (mint, sage, etc.). Instead of two leaves, there are 3 leaves on one node, for example. in the oleander, and then the nearest leaves of such triple rings or circles also alternate with each other; such plants are also known that have 4, 6, 10, and even more leaves on each node (many madder, Hippuris, etc.).

But even in these cases, the leaves of the nearest circles alternate. Such leaves can be called ringed, or ringed (f. f. verticillata). Paired and opposite, obviously, belong here, only the number of leaves in their circles is brought to the smallest. If, on stems with ringed leaves, we mentally connect all the leaves sitting on top of each other, we get several vertical and parallel lines, which are called orthostiches. The number of such orthostychus will obviously be doubled. more number leaves in this circle. The correctness resulting from this is so clear that, for example, in plants with opposite leaves, especially if there are many leaves, their four orthostiches are visible at first glance. Scattered leaves represent another kind of correctness. Stems and branches with such leaves produce one leaf at each node.

If we start from any leaf, eg. from the lowest, we mentally draw a line to the nearest sheet, and from the second again to the nearest, etc. to the end, then this line will turn out to be helical, and on a horizontal projection it will be spiral. Therefore, the L. itself is called spiral, the leaves - spirally arranged (f. f. spiraliter posita).

This turns out to be the following. Going in a spiral, for example. up from this sheet, we reach the one that is above the first (from which we started). In some plants, like the linden, this leaf is always the 3rd, the 4th is above the 2nd, the 5th above the 3rd, etc.; in others, like the alder, the 4th is above the 1st, the 5th is above the 2nd, etc.; the third, for example. in aspen, above the 1st there is the 6th, above the 2nd - the 7th, etc. If you draw vertical lines through all mutually covering leaves, then their number will be equal to the number of leaves located between two mutually covering leaves: 2nd for linden, 3rd for alder, 5 for aspen.

If we measure the horizontal distance between the orthostiches, then it will be constant for each plant and will be equal to the segment of the spiral connecting 2 mutually covering leaves. This segment is called the full cycle of leaf arrangement. In some plants (linden, alder) it makes one revolution around the stem, in others (aspen, poplar, apple tree) it makes 2 revolutions, in others (Carduus) - 3 revolutions, etc. This distance is measured by an arc and the corresponding angle , between the two nearest leaves is called the divergence (divergentia) of the leaves, and the angle measuring the magnitude of the divergence is called the divergence angle (angulus divergentiae).

It is clear that this angle depends on the number of revolutions in a complete cycle and on the number of leaves located along the line of a complete cycle. If there is one turn, i.e. one circle, and there are 2 leaves in the cycle, then to find the angle of divergence, you need to divide the circle in two, you get the angle of divergence in 1/2, where 1 means the number of revolutions in the cycle, and 2 is the number of leaves; if the number of leaves is 3, then the circle is divided by 3, a discrepancy of 1/3 is obtained, if the number of revolutions is 2 (i.e., 2 circles), and there are 5 leaves, then these 2 circles should obviously be divided by 5, a discrepancy will be obtained 2/5, where 2 again means the number of revolutions, and 5 is the number of leaves of the cycle.

Examining many plants, it was found that in nature there are very different discrepancies, but most often the following come across in nature: 1/2, 1/3, 2/5, 3/8, 5/13, 8/21, etc. , but of these, the first three are the most common. Each of these fractions, meaning a discrepancy, at the same time, obviously, also means the L. itself, indicating in the denominator the number of leaves in the cycle and the number of vertical rows (orthostich) formed by them, and in the numerator - the number of revolutions of the spiral in a full cycle .

Therefore, each leaf arrangement can be denoted by the number of leaf rows, or orthosts: they are called two-row (1/2), three-row (1/3), etc. In nature, however, except for those divergences that are indicated in the above series of fractions, called the main thing, since it comes across much more often than others, there are other rows, for example. 1/3, 1/4, 2/7, etc. or 1/4, 1/5, 2/9, etc. In all these series of discrepancies, it is noticed that each subsequent fraction is obtained by adding the numerators and denominators of the previous two, which, however, does not indicate any legitimacy in the very nature of plants.

For a visual representation of leaves, it is convenient to represent them on a horizontal projection obtained by mentally drawing vertical lines from the points of attachment of leaves when vertical position the most leafy stem. The intersection points of the verticals (perpendiculars) with the horizontal plane will obviously be located in the same way as the leaves are located on the stem. Instead of dots, arcs are usually drawn, meaning leaves (their cross section), thickening the arcs in those places where dots were obtained on the projection, i.e., in the middle of each arc. Such a drawing is a plan of a leafy shoot, since a circle is drawn in the middle of it, meaning a cross section of the stem itself. This plan is a diagram of a leaf-bearing shoot. The diagrams clearly show the number of leaves of the cycle, their mutual arrangement and the angle of divergence.

They are used most of all in the study of inflorescences and flowers. The correct arrangement of the leaves, although observed in most plants, but exceptions are known, that is, such plants in which the discrepancy is not constant. In addition, the divergence often changes during the transition from the main stem to the branches, which, however, always takes place in the same way. It should also be noted that in many plants the rows of mutually overlapping leaves, although they remain parallel, do not appear to be vertical, but curved. In every polynomial L., one can always open, in addition to that main helix, or spiral, which passes through all the leaves of the shoot, secondary, steeper spirals heading in 2 opposite directions.

These minor spirals are called parastiches. Parastihi of one direction, taken together, obviously also capture all the leaves of the shoot, but each of them only a known part of them, namely 1/2 of all leaves, if there are 2 parastihi of the same name, one third - if there are three of them, etc., which already follows from the fact that they are parallel and capture all the leaves of the shoot. If the main spiral is very shallow and unnoticeable, as is the case on shoots with very numerous L., then parastihi are used to open the main spiral. To do this, you need to renumber all the leaves on the parastihi of both directions, starting from any, observing that there is a difference between the numbers equal to the number of parastikha.

After renumbering all the parastiches, the main spiral turns out to be by itself. The correctness in the arrangement of the leaves, discovered and depicted using the above presented method, is in the closest connection with the development and internal structure plants, it also corresponds to the need for plants to adapt to environmental conditions, but a physiological explanation has not yet been found here.

The studies of Negeli, Hofmeister, and Schwendener showed that in many cases, L. at the beginning of shoot development, when the leaves look like small tubercles, is different than at the end of development. The last of these scientists also showed that, due to the slower growth of the shoot bearing leaves compared to the growth of the leaves themselves, the leaves undergo mutual pressure, shift in certain directions and change their position, finally settling down according to a well-known formula only at the end of their development.

These investigations, while still explaining the previously noticed difference between the arrangement of leaves at the beginning and at the end, do not, however, give a complete mechanical explanation, since in many cases, for example, on shoots with opposite leaves, these leaves are located from the very beginning in the same way as they are located at the end. Science owes most of all to Alexander Brown, Schimper, and the Bravais brothers for the fundamental study and very formulation of L..

Literature. A. Braun, "Vergleichende Untersuchung ueber die Ordnung der Schuppen an der Tannenzapfen" ("Abhandlungen der Leopoldinisch-Karolinischen Akademie", vol. 14); L. F. et A. Bravais, "Essai sur la disposition des feuilles curvis érie es" ("An. d. sc. nat.", 1837, vol. 7); they, "Essai sur la disposition des feuilles rectis érié es" ("An. des sc. nat.", 1838); C. Schimper, "Ueber die M öeglichkeit eines Wissenschaftlichen Verstä ndnisses der Blatt-Stellung, mitgetheilt von A. Braun" ("Flora", 1835, nos. 10, 11 and 12); Simon Schwendener, "Mechanische Theorie der Blattstellungen" (Lpts., 1878).

In this article, we have collected material on the topic "tree leaves" and "tree structure". Acquaintance with the tree begins for the child in his earliest childhood.

Each yard has its own good-natured giant, who will gladly shelter from the scorching sun, rain, share fallen leaves and dry twigs for all kinds. However, many children perceive trees as nameless satellites, not thinking about the fact that each of them has its own name, has a complex structure and performs important tasks. Therefore, with a deeper study of trees, kids make many discoveries for themselves.

For example, children will be interested to know what parts a tree consists of. To do this, we use a schematic image of a tree and talk about each part of it:

1. The roots of a tree are its foundation. They feed the tree by absorbing the nutrients dissolved in the water, and also keep it upright. The larger the tree, the richer its root system.
2. The trunk of a tree is, as it were, its body. All the substances extracted by the roots pass up the trunk, while branches begin to depart from the trunk. It is important to note that a real tree has one trunk, but shrubs have several, even large, trunks.
3. Tree branches - support for leaves; it is on the branches that buds are formed, from which leaves and flowers then appear. Nutrients also pass through them. Over time, the branches become wider and harder (woody), and new branches appear from them.
4. The foliage of a tree is an organ that allows the tree to exchange substances with environment. Thanks to the leaves, the tree absorbs carbon dioxide harmful to humans from the air, here, under the action of sun rays organic matter is formed, and through the leaves the tree releases oxygen to the outside, which we breathe.
5. All the leaves and branches of the tree form its crown - a lush hat that gives shade and shelters us from the rain.

Having studied the structure of a tree, you can proceed to the next stage - to find out how it comes into being. Where and how do trees grow? The answer to this question can be represented in the form of a circular diagram.

So, let's take it all apart life cycle fruit tree:

A seed is the source of life for every plant, including a tree. It contains a small germ and the initial supply of nutrients that the germ needs in order to germinate through the seed coat. Once in the soil, the embryo begins to actively develop, pecks through the shell, grows and puts out roots, with which it absorbs the substances necessary for its growth from the ground.

After many years, the embryo turns into a tree, which, having reached a certain age, acquires the ability to reproduce its own kind.

In spring, buds form on the branches of a tree, in which an organ of amazing beauty and smell develops - a flower.

The flower of a fruit tree is arranged in such a way that when pollinated (by wind or insects), a small rudiment of the fruit is formed in it.

The beginning of its development and rapid growth occurs in the spring, when buds are actively formed on the branches, from which leaves and flowers subsequently appear. No wonder it is said that in spring the trees come to life after a winter sleep.

In summer, the trees appear before us in all their glory. They constantly interact with the outside world, feed, replenish the reserves of substances necessary for their life. The leaves of the trees are constantly working in the summer, turning into a real factory for processing carbon dioxide, and producing oxygen and nutrients from it.

All vital processes in the tree are declining: daylight hours are getting shorter, and the number sunlight is not enough for the formation of new chlorophyll molecules in the leaves, so the foliage gradually changes its color and falls off. Leaf fall not only saves the tree's strength, which it will need to survive the harsh winter, but also saves tree branches from breaking off, which can occur under the weight of the fallen snow.

The tree seems to freeze. It economically spends the reserves accumulated over the summer and is looking forward to the arrival of the first spring warmth.

But not all trees go through such a cycle of transformations, but only those that have leaves, that is, deciduous ones. But the trees, whose branches are covered with needles - needles (coniferous) all winter look the same as in summer.

The most famous coniferous tree is. Of course, it became famous thanks to the Russian tradition of decorating spruce branches on New Year's Eve. Spruce reproduces with the help of cones that form during the summer.

But of the deciduous trees, the most common are:

• - a tree with bright berries and beautiful jagged foliage, which looks especially impressive in autumn. There is a version that it was called mountain ash because its leaves are quite small and, when the wind blows, they tremble, causing ripples in the eyes of the one who looks at it.

• Birch is a symbol of Russia, a unique tree with white bark. Its very name comes from a Slavic word meaning "shine, turn white." The birch is also interesting for its flowers, which look like earrings, and the fact that its branches are very long and thin, they seem to hang down.

• Poplar is a frequent companion of human habitation. Poplars are planted near houses because they grow quickly - which means that they begin to purify the air early and absorb excess moisture well. In the wild, poplar is often found in wetlands, for which it got its name, which in translation from Slavic means "marshy place, swamp." Poplar fruits are boxes from which seeds are spilled, covered with many silky hairs - poplar fluff. This fluff gives people a lot of inconvenience, so poplars are often cut off, leaving only non-fruitful branches at the top.

• Oak - a tree - a giant, especially revered by our ancestors. Its fruits - acorns - were used to make a drink that replaces coffee, but oak bark and wood, which is distinguished by its strength and beautiful color, have found even greater use among people.

• Maple is the owner of the most beautiful leaves with sharp edges. A sweet aromatic maple syrup is obtained from its juice.

• Elm is a tree, wood, branches and bark of which people have used for the manufacture of furniture, tools and even weapons since ancient times. Elm bark (bast) is strong and flexible, various objects were tied to it, for which the tree got its name. Shoes were woven from bast.

• Chestnut is a tree with unusual fruits, the core of which resembles a nut. It is believed that the word "chestnut" has the same root with the word "porridge", since chestnut fruits were often eaten.

• Willow is a tree with unusual long branches and narrow leaves. Its name comes from the word "twist", which is explained by the main use of willow branches - baskets were woven from them, furniture was woven.

In order to better remember the names of the trees, you can play a simple game: shuffle the cards with the image of the leaves and the trees themselves, and then match them and name them.

From the leaves you can make a very interesting visual aid for children. To do this, you need to collect leaves different types and laminate them.

Cut out the leaves slightly stepping back from the edge.

We get a living manual for the study of leaf types.

Print on a separate piece of paper the names of the trees from where you collected the leaves. The name of the tree is compared with the leaf itself, studying and memorizing its shape and structural features.

Images of leaves are more visible in coloring pages, where you can see their contour and give color depending on the expected season and shades characteristic of a particular tree.

birch coloring page