How long does it take to form 1 cm of soil? centimeter of soil. A7. What forest animal is considered a predator
How many years does it take for a layer of soil 1 cm thick to form in nature? on ecology question and got the best answer
Answer from Maxim Yu. Volkov[guru]
soil formation
Soil-forming factors:
Elements of the natural environment: soil-forming rocks, climate, living and dead organisms, age and terrain,
as well as anthropogenic activities that have a significant impact on soil formation.
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Primary soil formationThis section is not complete.
In Russian soil science, the concept is given that any substrate system that ensures the growth and development of plants "from seed to seed" is soil. This idea is debatable, since it denies the Dokuchaev principle of historicity, which implies a certain maturity of soils and the division of the profile into genetic horizons, but is useful in understanding the general concept of soil development.
The rudimentary state of the soil profile before the appearance of the first signs of horizons can be defined by the term "initial soils". Accordingly, the “initial stage of soil formation” is distinguished - from the soil “according to Veski” until the time when a noticeable differentiation of the profile into horizons appears, and it will be possible to predict the classification status of the soil. The term "young soils" is proposed to assign the stage of "young soil formation" - from the appearance of the first signs of horizons to the time when the genetic (more precisely, morphological-analytical) appearance is sufficiently pronounced for diagnosis and classification from the general positions of soil science.
Genetic characteristics can be given even before the maturity of the profile, with an understandable share of prognostic risk, for example, “initial soddy soils”; "young propodzolic soils", "young carbonate soils". With this approach, nomenclature difficulties are resolved naturally, on the basis of general principles soil-ecological forecasting in accordance with the Dokuchaev-Jenny formula (representation of soil as a function of soil formation factors: S = f(cl, o, r, p, t ...)).
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Anthropogenic soil formationThis section is not complete.
You will help the project by correcting and supplementing it.
In the scientific literature for lands after mining and other disturbances of the soil cover, the generalized name "technogenic landscapes" was fixed, and the study of soil formation in these landscapes took shape in "reclamation soil science". The term "technozems" was also proposed, essentially representing an attempt to combine the Dokuchaev tradition of "-zems" with man-made landscapes.
It is noted that it is more logical to apply the term "technozem" to those soils that are specially created in the process of mining technology by leveling the surface and pouring specially removed humus horizons or potentially fertile soils (loess). The use of this term for genetic soil science is hardly justified, since the final, climax product of soil formation will not be a new “-earth”, but a zonal soil, for example, soddy-podzolic, or soddy-gley.
For technogenically disturbed soils, it was proposed to use the terms “initial soils” (from “zero moment” to the appearance of horizons) and “young soils” (from appearance to formation diagnostic features mature soils) indicating main feature such soil formations are the temporary stages of their evolution from undifferentiated rocks to zonal soils.
There is no single generally accepted classification of soils. Along with the international one (FAO Soil Classification and WRB, which replaced it in 1998), many countries around the world have national soil classification systems, often based on fundamentally different approaches.
In Russia, by 2004, a special commission of the Soil Institute. V. V. Dokuchaeva, led by L. L. Shishov, prepared a new classification of soils, which is a development of the 1997 classification. However, Russian soil scientists continue to actively use the classification of soils of the USSR in 1977.
One centimeter of soil is formed in nature in 250-300 years, twenty centimeters - in 5-6 thousand years. That is why destruction, destruction of the soil must not be allowed. The soil, through the fault of people, can be destroyed very quickly. Where people have destroyed plants, the soil is washed away by water. blows out strong wind. The soil is "afraid" of many things. For example, pesticides. If they are taken more than the norm, they accumulate in the soil, pollute it. As a result, worms, insect larvae, microbes die, without which the soil loses its fertility. If too much fertilizer is applied to the soil, or it is watered too abundantly, an excess of salts accumulates in it. And this is harmful to plants and to all living things in the soil. In order to protect the soil in the fields, it is necessary to plant forest strips, properly plow on the slopes, and carry out snow retention in winter. The soil must be protected from leaching and weathering, because it is the basis of fertility.
Slide 20 from the presentation "Soil of the Earth". The size of the archive with the presentation is 941 KB.The world around 3 class
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How long ago did man appear on our planet? More than 2 million years ago. How long ago did they appear on Earth? More than 500 million years, if you count with "distant ancestors". Well, how old are today's soils2 From 0 to 5 - 7 million years. years.
Soils that we meet now had predecessors. And you can get to know them. True, you will have to go far - to, Atacama and, as well as climb high into the mountains. What kind of soils will we find there? The surfaces of crushed stone or fine earth are covered with films with a thickness of I - 3 mm, in which organic substances accumulate, formed as a result of the activity of microorganisms. Approximately 400 million years ago, peat bog soils joined these primitive soil-films, and about 300 million years ago, soils with leaching and washing out, with carbonate neoformations, i.e., soils similar to modern ones, appeared. Soils such as chernozems, which were formed due to a powerful root system herbaceous plants, arose only 40 million years ago. And the youngest types of soils include tundra soils (1.5 - 2 million years).
While soil types can span a few hundred million years, today's concrete soil bodies are much younger. Mature soils, such as podzolic, chernozem, chestnut, and many others in our country, are about 7-10 thousand years old. Sandy soils, podzols can be younger - hundreds and several thousand years. The oldest soil bodies are located on Earth in two very different areas: these are the soils of the tropics and subtropics and the soils of the Dry Valleys of Antarctica - about 5 - 7 million years.
To convince people to save soil, it is sometimes said that 0.5 - 2 cm of soil is formed in 100 years. But it is not so. The fact is that the soil profile is formed very unevenly: at first quickly, then slowly, then it almost does not change at all. This is similar to human development: the baby grows quickly, then growth slows down. As an adult, a person practically does not grow. There are cases when full-fledged soils (podzols and sod) managed to form in 100 or several hundred years on old earthen fortifications, on crumbling fortress walls. Well, young, immature soils, in which there is a small humus horizon, and sometimes shallow horizons of washing out and washing in, are formed in just 5–20 years on windfall hillocks in the forest, road embankments, and quarry dumps. You can verify this yourself by opening the microprofile of young soil on a disturbed surface overgrown with grass with a penknife. However, compared with the rate of renewal, with the rate of growth and the rate of retreat of a river or sea bank, soils form very slowly. This is especially true for dense ones. Before a thin layer of soil forms here, thousands of years will pass.
In any case, the soil must be protected, because this vital resource cannot be restored within the life of several generations of people. This is especially true for fine earth soils, since for its formation from dense rocks It takes more time than it takes to form an entire civilization.
Soils can exist for thousands and even millions of years. Many processes that have occurred over a long historical period (for example, warming or cooling, the appearance or disappearance of different types plants and animals) have left their mark on the soil. Thus, the cooling of the climate led to the formation of soddy-podzolic soils in place of chernozems. However, part of the thick humus horizon in the center has been preserved as a dark layer, which soil scientists call the second humus horizon. In the place of modern arable land in the soil, you can find traces of the forest that once grew here - pieces of coal, spores and pollen of woody plants, crammed into soil cracks. And in the chernozems near Kursk, old marmot burrows have been preserved, which once lived here, but have long since disappeared.
However, some processes that took place in the soil can be completely erased by subsequent processes, which are stronger. But modern methods allow us to learn about the distant past of soils.
1. for 2 - 3 years
2. for 25 - 30 years
3. for 250 - 300 years
A9. Soil contains…
1. carbon dioxide, limestone, air, water
2. water, air, sand, clay, humus, salt
3. table salt, sand, clay, water, air
A10. To protect the soil in the fields, it is necessary ...
1. plow, fertilize, destroy harmful animals
2. plant trees, water abundantly, apply pesticides
3. carry out snow retention, plant windbreaks, water moderately and use fertilizers
IN 1. What is the name of the top fertile layer of the earth?
AT 2. What happens to the soil if you use a large amount of pesticides?
FOREST LIFE
A1. What plants form upper tier In the woods?
1. trees
2. shrubs
A2. What plants form the lower tier in the forest?
2. shrubs
3. mosses, lichens
A3. Which bird is not insectivorous?
1. nuthatch
A4. What animal is not omnivorous?
1. bear
A5. What helps tree roots absorb water from the soil?
3. shrubs
A6. What animal doesn't eat acorns?
1. vole
A7. What forest animal is considered a predator?
1. wood mouse
A8. Continue the food chain: pine - bark beetle - ...
1. wood mouse
A9. Continue the food chain: acorn - vole - ...
A10. Which animals in the forest find food easier?
1. herbivorous
3. omnivorous
IN 1. What is the name of the forest?
AT 2. perennial plants, in which several solid stems depart from a common root.
LIFE OF THE MEADOW
A1. What plants can be found in the meadow?
1. trees
2. shrubs
A2. Which of the following plants cannot be seen in the meadow?
1. yarrow
A3. Why don't large animals live in the meadow?
1. there is no food for them here
2. they have nowhere to hide
3. insects interfere with them
A4. What insect is the nurse of the meadow?
1. beetle - dung beetle
3. butterfly
A5. What insect is related to the grasshopper?
3. filly
A6. Where do meadow birds nest?
1. on bushes
2. on trees
3. on the ground
A7. Which bird is not a meadow bird?
1. wagtail
3. quail
A8. Why do moles like to live in grasslands?
1. there are a lot of worms in the soil
2. convenient to dig holes
3. there are no enemies
A9. Insert the missing link in the food chain: mouse peas - ... - corncrake
1. vole
2. butterfly
3. dung beetle
A10. How should the mower move when mowing grass?
1. no difference
2. from the center of the meadow to the edges
3. from the edge of the meadow to the center
IN 1. This plant is a very valuable cereal - a fodder plant with thin leaves and small spikelets forming a panicle.
AT 2. She was named after the doctor - the hero of ancient myths. It is currently a rare animal.
FRESH WATER LIFE
A1. Which plant does not attach its roots to the bottom of a pond?
3. water lily
A2. Which plant has leaves that float on the surface of a pond?
1. at the arrowhead
2. in algae
3. at the capsule
A3. Which plant has seeds in a brown cob?
1. at the reeds
2. cattail
3. at the reed
A4. What plant berries are harvested in swamps?
3. blueberries
A5. What plant is carnivorous?
3. sundew
A6. Why don't water strider bugs drown?
1. they are very light
2. they can swim
3. Their feet are covered in fat.
A7. What do crayfish eat?
1. the remains of dead animals
2. plants
3. insect larvae
A8. Which mollusc is not a bivalve?
1. coil
2. barley
3. toothless
A9. Who do scientists call living "filters" of reservoirs?
2. frogs
3. shellfish
A10. Who is called a water keeper?
1. pond snail
IN 1. These animals are builders of lodges and dams on fresh waters.
AT 2. A plant often referred to as bulrush, with a soft brown tip on the stem.
PLANT PRODUCTION IN OUR REGION
A1. What plant is millet made from?
1. from wheat
2. from millet
3. from barley
A2. What area is called protected ground by vegetable growers?
3. greenhouse
A3. What industry is not related to crop production?
1. poultry farming
2. fruit growing
3. field cultivation
A4. What plant seeds make oil?
3. sunflower
A5. Which crop is not a cereal?
1. corn
2. sunflower
A6. What do fruit growers grow?
A7. Which plant is not a field crop?
1. carrot
2. buckwheat
A8. What flour is white bread made from?
1. from wheat
2. from rye
3. from corn
A9. What plant is fabric made from?
1. from sunflower
2. from oats
3. linen
A10. What plant is starch from?
1. linen
2. from potatoes
3. from sunflower
IN 1. The branch of crop production that deals with the cultivation of grain crops.
