Withdrawal of surface and ground waters. Organization of surface water runoff - everything for MSU - an educational portal for students Installation of storm sewers

Erected in accordance with all the rules, taking into account the characteristics of the soil and in compliance with the construction technology, then only soil and ground moisture will pose a danger to its strength and durability. The integrity of the foundation of the house can be broken under the influence of rain and melt water that enters the soil and is not able to be maintained in time due to the seasonal rise in the level. ground water, or if they pass close to the surface.

As a result of such waterlogging of the soil near the foundation, the details of its structure become damp, and undesirable processes of corrosion and erosion may well begin in them. In addition, dampness is always a prerequisite for damage to building structures by a fungus or other representatives of harmful microflora. Fungal colonies on the walls of the premises quickly capture the territory, spoiling the finish and negatively affecting the health of the residents of the house.

These problems need to be addressed at the design and construction stage of the building. The main measures are the creation of reliable waterproofing of structural elements and properly organized water drainage from the foundation of the house. About waterproofing - a special conversation, but the water drainage system requires careful calculations, the selection of appropriate materials and components - fortunately, they are now presented in a wide range in specialized stores.

The main ways to drain water from the foundation of a building

To protect the foundation of the house from atmospheric and ground moisture, they are used various designs, which are usually combined into one system. This includes blind areas around the perimeter of the house, storm sewers with a roof drainage system included in it, a complex of rain inlets, horizontal drainage with a set of transport pipes, revision and storage wells and collectors. To understand what these systems are, we can consider them in more detail.

• blind area

The blind area around the perimeter of the house can be called obligatory element to drain rain and melt water from the foundation. In combination with a roof gutter system, they are able to effectively protect the foundation of the house even without arranging a complex storm sewer, if the amount of seasonal precipitation in a given region is not critical, and groundwater flows deep from the surface.

The blind areas are made from different materials. As a rule, their placement is planned with a slope at an angle of 10 ÷ 15 degrees from the wall of the house, so that water flows freely into the soil or storm sewer gutters. The blind areas are located around the entire perimeter of the building, while taking into account that they should have a width of 250 ÷ 300 mm more than the protruding cornice or gable roof overhang. In addition to good waterproofing, the blind area is also assigned the function of an external horizontal boundary for the insulation of the foundation.

Construction of blind areas - how to do it right?

If everything is done "in the mind" - then this is a very difficult task. It is necessary to thoroughly understand the design, to know which materials will be optimal for specific construction conditions. With all the necessary details, the process is described in a special publication of our portal.

• Storm sewer with drainage system

A drainage system is required for every building. Its absence or incorrect layout leads to the fact that melt and rain water will fall on the walls, penetrate to the base of the house, gradually washing away the foundation.

Water from drainage system should be taken away as far as possible from the base of the house. For this purpose, a number of devices and elements of storm sewers of one type or another are used - storm water inlets, open gutters or pipes hidden under the earth, sand traps, filters, revision and storage wells, collectors, storage tanks and others.

Roof drainage systems - we mount it ourselves

Without a properly organized collection of water from a considerable area of ​​​​the roof, talking about the effective removal of water from the foundation is simply ridiculous. How to correctly calculate, choose and on the roof - all this is described in a special publication of our portal.

• Drainage wells

Drainage wells as independent, autonomous elements of the water drainage system are usually used when arranging baths or summer kitchens not connected to the domestic sewer system.

To build such a well, you can use a metal or plastic barrel with perforated walls. This container is installed in a pit dug for it, and then filled with rubble or broken stone. The sewage system of the bath is connected to the well with a gutter or pipe, through which water will be drained from the foundation.

This system, obviously, is extremely imperfect, and in no case should it be combined with storm sewers, since in case of heavy rain, a quick overflow with a spill of sewage is not ruled out, which, of course, is not very pleasant. However, under the conditions dacha construction it gets used quite often.

• drainage system

The arrangement of a full-fledged drainage system in conjunction with storm sewers is a very responsible and time-consuming process that requires considerable material investments. However, in many cases it is impossible to do without it.

For this system to work effectively, it is necessary to carry out careful engineering calculations, which are most often trusted by specialists.

Storm sewer prices

storm sewer

Since this is the most complex, but at the same time the most effective option for draining water from the base of the building, and can be done in different ways, it needs to be considered in more detail.

Drainage system around the house

Is a drainage system always necessary?

By and large, it is highly desirable that drainage be provided around any building. However, in some cases, a water drainage system is simply vital, since there are a number of objective reasons for this, which include:

• Groundwater is located between the layers of soil close to the surface.
• Very significant amplitudes of seasonal groundwater rises are noted.
• The house is located in close proximity to a natural reservoir.
• The construction site is dominated by clay or loamy soils, wetlands or peat bogs saturated with organic matter.
• The site is located on a hilly area in a lowland, where melt or rainwater can obviously collect.

In some cases, it is possible to abandon the arrangement of the drainage system, bypassing the blind areas and properly organized. So, there is no urgent need for a full-fledged drainage circuit in the following situations:

• The foundation of the building is built on sandy, coarse or rocky soil.
• Ground water passes below the floor level of the basement by at least 500 mm.
• The house is installed on a hill where melt and rain water never collects.
• The house is being built away from water bodies.

This does not mean that such a system is not needed at all in these cases. It's just that its scale and overall performance may be smaller - but this should already be determined on the basis of special engineering calculations.

Varieties of drainage systems

There are several types of drainage systems that are designed to remove moisture of various nature. Therefore, the choice is made on the basis of pre-engineered geological studies, which determine which of the options are most suitable for a particular site.

Drainage can be divided into the following types according to the area of ​​application: internal, external and reservoir. Quite often, all varieties are installed, for example, to drain groundwater from the basement, it is used internal option drainage, and for soil - external.

• Reservoir drainage is almost always used - it is arranged under the entire structure and is a sand, crushed stone or gravel "cushion" of different thicknesses, mainly 100÷120 mm. The use of such drainage is especially important if groundwater is located high enough to the floor surface of the basement.

• The external drainage system is mounted at a certain depth or placed superficially along the walls of the building and on the territory of the site, and is a set of trenches or perforated pipes that are mounted with a slope towards the catchment tank. Through these channels, water is discharged into a drainage well.
• Internal drainage is a system of perforated pipes that are laid under the floor of the basement of the house, and, if necessary, directly under the foundation of the entire house, and lead to a drainage well.

External drainage system

external drainage system divided into open and closed.

The open part, in fact, is a system for collecting storm or melt water from the gutter system of the roof and from concreted, asphalted or lined paving slabs areas of the territory. The collection system can be linear - with surface extended trays, for example, along the outer line of blind areas or along the edges of paths and platforms, or point - with storm water inlets connected to each other and to wells (collectors) by an underground pipe system.

The closed drainage system includes perforated pipes buried in the ground to a depth determined by the project. Very often, open (stormwater) and closed (underground drainage) systems are combined into one and used in combination. In this case, the drainage contours of the pipes are located below the storm ones - the drainage, as it were, "cleans up" what the "storm drain" could not cope with. And their storage well or collector may well be combined.

Closed drainage system

Starting to talk about installation work ah on the arrangement of the drainage system, first of all, you need to say what materials will be required for this process, so that you can immediately determine the required amount.

So, to install a closed drainage system, the following are used:

• Bulk Construction Materials- sand, crushed stone, coarse gravel or expanded clay.
• Geotextile (dornite).
• Corrugated pvc pipes for installation of collector wells, with a diameter of 315 or 425 mm. Wells are installed at all points of change of direction (at the corners), and on straight sections - with a step of 20÷30 meters. The height of the well will depend on the depth of the laying drainage pipes.
• Perforated PVC drainage pipes with a diameter of 110 mm, as well as connecting parts to them: tees, corner fittings, couplings, adapters, etc.
• Capacity for arranging a storage well.

The quantity of all necessary elements and materials is calculated in advance according to the draft water drainage system.

In order not to be mistaken in the choice of pipes, it is necessary to say a few words about them.

It is clear that drainage pipes are not used to drain rainwater, since through the holes water will fall under the blind area or to the foundation. Therefore, perforated pipes are installed only in closed drainage systems that drain groundwater from the building.

In addition to PVC pipes, drainage systems are also assembled from ceramic or asbestos concrete pipes, but they do not have factory perforations, therefore, in this case, they are non-functional. The holes in them will have to be drilled on their own, which takes a lot of time and effort.

Corrugated perforated PVC pipes are the best option, as they have a small mass, pronounced flexibility, they are easily assembled into a single system. In addition, the presence of ready-made holes in the walls allows you to optimize the volume of incoming water. Except flexible pipes PVC, on sale you can find rigid options that have a smooth inner and corrugated outer surface.

PVC drainage pipes are classified according to their strength level, they are marked with letters SN and digital from 2 to 16. For example, SN2 products are only suitable for contours at a depth not exceeding 2 meters. With a depth of 2 to 3 meters, models marked SN4 will already be required. At a depth of four meters, it is better to place SN6, but SN8, if necessary, can cope with depths up to 10 meters.

Rigid pipes are available in lengths of 6 or 12 meters, depending on the diameter, while flexible pipes are sold in coils up to 50 meters.

A very successful purchase will be pipes on which a filter layer is already provided on top. In this capacity, geotextiles are used (more suitable for sandy soils) or coconut fibers (they show their effectiveness well on clay soil layers). These materials reliably prevent the rapid creation of blockages in the narrow openings of perforated pipes.

The assembly of pipes into a common system does not require any special tools or devices - the sections are joined manually using special couplings or fittings, depending on the model. For tightness of connections in products special rubber sealants are provided.

Before proceeding to the description of installation work, it must be clarified that drainage pipes are always laid below the freezing depth of the soil.

Installation of a closed drainage system

Starting the description of the arrangement of the drainage system, it is necessary to mention and clearly imagine the fact that it can be laid not only around the house, but also throughout the site, if it is very wet and requires constant drying.

Prices for geotextiles

geotextile

Installation work is carried out according to a pre-compiled project, which is developed taking into account all the parameters necessary for the normal functioning of the system.

Schematically, the location of the drainage pipe looks like this illustration.

Illustration	Brief description of the operations performed
	First of all, according to the dimensions indicated on the project, the marking of the passage of drainage channels is done on the territory of the site. If it is required to divert water only from the foundation of the house, then the drainage pipe is often placed at a distance of about 1000 mm from the blind area. The width of the trench for the drainage channel should be 350÷400 mm.
	The next step, according to the markings, trenches are dug around the perimeter of the whole house. Their depth should also be calculated on the basis of data obtained from soil surveys. Trenches are dug with a slope of 10 mm each running meter length towards the drainage well. In addition, it is good to provide for a small slope of the bottom of the trench from the walls of the foundation. Further, the bottom of the trench must be well tamped, and then a sand cushion 80 ÷ 100 mm thick should be laid on it. The sand is spilled with water and also compacted with a manual rammer, in compliance with the previously formed longitudinal and transverse slopes of the trench bottom.
	In the course of arranging the drainage of the foundation of a built house, obstacles in the form of floor slabs may arise in the path of the trench. It is impossible to leave such areas without a drainage channel, otherwise moisture, having no way out, will accumulate in these areas. Therefore, under the slab, it will be necessary to carefully dig a tunnel so that the pipe is laid continuously along the wall (so that the ring closes).
	In addition to the remote drainage system, in some cases, a wall-mounted version of the channel for water drainage is equipped. It is relevant if the house has a basement or basement floor, under which an internal drainage system was not installed during the construction of the house. The trench is dug deep below the floor of the basement, without a large indent from the foundation wall, which needs to be additionally covered waterproofing material bituminous. The rest of the work is similar to those that will be carried out when laying pipes passing at a meter distance from the wall.
	The next step is to lay the geotextile in the trench. If the trench has a great depth, and the width of the canvas is not enough, then it is cut and laid across the pit. The canvases are stacked on top of each other by 150 mm, and then glued together with waterproof tape. Geotextiles are temporarily fixed along the upper edges of the trench with stones or other weights. When arranging wall drainage, one edge of the canvas is temporarily fixed on the wall surface.
	Further, at the bottom of the trench, on top of the geotextile, a layer of sand is poured, 50 mm thick, and then a layer of crushed stone of an average fraction of 100 mm. The embankment is evenly distributed along the bottom of the trench, while you need to make sure that the slope laid earlier is observed.
	In order to insert a sleeve into the corrugated pipe of a plastic drainage well, a diameter is outlined on it, and then, with a sharp knife, a marked area is cut out. The coupling should stand tightly in the hole and protrude into the well by 120 ÷ 150 mm.
	On top of the embankment made in the trenches, drainage pipes are laid and, according to the project, manholes are installed, to the couplings of which pipes intersecting at a given point are docked.
	After completing the installation of pipes and wells, the design of the drainage circuit should look something like the one shown in the illustration.
	The next step is to fill the top of the drainage pipes and around the wells with coarse gravel or crushed stone of the middle fraction. The thickness of the embankment above the top of the pipe should be between 100 mm and 250 mm.
	Further, the edges of the geotextile, fixed on the walls of the trench, are released, and then the entire resulting “ply structure” is closed from above.
	On the rolled geotextile, which completely covered the filter layer of crushed stone or gravel, a sand backfill is made, 150 ÷ ​​200 mm thick, which needs to be slightly compacted. This layer will become an additional protection of the system against subsidence of the soil, which is the last to be poured into the trench. top layer and also rammed. You can do it differently: before digging the trench, the sod layer is carefully removed from the ground, and after the installation work is completed, the sod returns to its place, and the green lawn is again pleasing to the eye.
	When equipping the drainage system, it must be remembered that all the pipes that make it up must have a slope to the inspection, and then to the storage well or collector, which is installed at a distance from the house. If the drainage option of the water intake is being equipped, then it is completely or its bottom part is covered with coarse gravel, crushed stone or broken stone.
	If you want to completely disguise the covers of inspection, drainage or storage wells, you can use decorative garden elements. They can imitate round logs or a stone boulder that adorns the landscape.

Storm and melt water drainage

Features of storm sewers

An external drainage system is sometimes called an open drainage system, referring to its purpose for draining rainwater from a drain on the roof and from the surface of the site. Probably, it would still be correct to call it a storm sewer. By the way, if it is assembled according to the point principle, then it can also be hidden.

It seems to be easier to install such a water drainage system than in-depth drainage, since less volume is required during installation. earthworks. On the other hand, elements of external design become important, which also requires certain costs and extra efforts.

There is another important difference. The drainage system is designed, as a rule, for constant “smooth” operation - if any seasonal changes saturation of the soil with moisture, then they are not so critical. Storm sewerage should be able to very quickly, within literally minutes, divert large volumes of water into collectors and wells. Therefore, increased demands are placed on its performance. And this performance is ensured by properly selected sections of pipes (or gutters - with a linear scheme) and the slope of their installation for the free flow of water.

When designing storm sewers, the territory is usually divided into water collection areas - one or more storm water inlets are responsible for each area. A separate section is always the roof of a house or other buildings. They try to group the remaining fates according to similar external conditions - the outer coating, since each of them has special characteristics of water absorption. So, from the roof you have to collect all 100% of the fallen volume of storm water, and from the territory - depending on the coverage of a particular area.

For each plot, according to its area, the average statistical water collection is calculated by the formulas - it is based on the coefficient q20, which shows the average rainfall intensity for each specific region.

Knowing the required volume of water drainage from a particular area, it is easy to determine the nominal diameter of the pipe and the required slope angle from the table.

Hydraulic section of pipes or trays	DN 110	DN 150	DN 200	Slope (%)
The volume of collected water (Qsb), liters per minute	3.9	12.2	29.8	0.3
-"-	5	15.75	38.5	0,3 - 0,5
-"-	7	22.3	54.5	0,5 - 1,0
-"-	8.7	27.3	66.7	1,0 - 1,5
-"-	10	31.5	77	1,5 - 2,0

In order not to torment the reader with formulas and calculations, we will entrust this matter to a special online calculator. It is necessary to indicate the mentioned coefficient, the area of ​​the site and the nature of its coverage. The result will be obtained in liters per second, liters per minute and in cubic meters at one o'clock.

Let's be honest: most of us would not like to have a plot of land with a lot of land. This is understandable - the unknown is scary. Let's put everything on the shelves together, and only then draw conclusions.

Possibilities and disadvantages of a plot with a slope

First of all, let's consider the possible troubles:

• the choice of the location of both the house itself and the buildings is noticeably limited;
• there are problems with watering, as the water in the soil will linger for a short time;
• movement around the territory is complicated, especially in ice;
• it is difficult to organize a sufficient area for games and entertainment;
• the need to combat landslides and soil erosion;
• a steep slope is a source of increased danger for children;
• unsuccessful orientation of the slope of the site relative to the sun can lead either to excessive or insufficient illumination of the earth's surface;
• movement air masses along a slope can dry out the soil at the top and freeze at the bottom of the slope;
• landscaping a site with a large slope requires increased costs;
• possible difficulties with access roads;
• providing water can be difficult.

Free land for building a house

Now about the positive aspects of placing a house on a slope:

• you will get a building plot at a lower price, and the increased costs of its arrangement can be partially compensated by your own creative work;
• problems of water disposal are easily solved: the territory of the yard will be dry, it will be possible to equip the basement in the house or the cellar;
• groundwater problems on such lands are rare;
• the hillside always protects the house from the wind from one direction;
• the cost of building the basement floor of the building is noticeably reduced, since all the excess land is easily used for partial leveling of the relief;
• from the windows of a house located high, a wide view opens;
• when placing the site on the south side of the slope, it is possible to increase the insolation of the courtyard, on the contrary, if the site is located on the north side, solar activity will be weakened;
• a site located on the eastern or western slope will have an average illumination;
• apparently the most important thing: the use of a huge list of landscape design techniques (retaining walls, terraces on the slope of the site, alpine slides, winding paths, a pond, a dry stream, special ornamental plants etc.) will allow you to get a natural, organic and unique design of the land allotment.

As you can see, the pros and cons gradually flow into tastes and preferences. The following video examines some of the features of the layout of the site with a slope.

Thus, by spending more effort and money on the development of a site with a slope, you get a more interesting and unusual result.

Of course, the degree of significance of the above circumstances is directly related to the magnitude of the ground level difference. To calculate it, you need to divide the height difference extreme points section by the distance between them and convert the result into a percentage. For example, if the maximum height difference is 3.6m, and the distance between the points of the difference is 20m, then the slope will be 3.6: 20 = 0.19, i.e. 19%.
It is believed that a slope of up to 3% is flat terrain, but a site on a steep slope of more than 20% is not suitable for construction.

Features of the placement of buildings on a slope

Site plan on a slope

Firstly, it should be noted that the underground and basement of the house on the site with a slope will inevitably have characteristics. This also applies to other buildings. Usually the house is located on the highest and driest place. Thus, the issue of water disposal from the most important object is solved. Toilet, compost pit, shower should be located below the house and no closer than 15-20m. Recreation area - gazebo, barbecue, etc. it is better to do it on the same level with the house. Buildings, between which the most frequent movement is expected, are best placed on different sides of the site. In this case, the length of the tracks increases, but the slope to be overcome decreases. In the idealistic version, the buildings are placed in a checkerboard pattern. The garage is conveniently identified at the bottom of the allotment. In this case, the garage building can be used as a means of compensating for the steepness of the slope.

Strengthening terraces on a site with a slope

There are two fundamental different methods layout of an uneven allotment: without changing the landscape or with maximum leveling of the earth's surface. In my opinion, a compromise should be used for all possible methods of leveling the territory, as well as masking ground level differences.

In this case, there is no point in achieving complete alignment of the site.

When planning an inclined surface, several tasks are set: prevention of soil slippage; convenience of using the surface of the earth for recreation and cultivation of fruit crops; ease of movement around the courtyard. First of all, the maximum possible leveling of the relief is carried out by moving the soil. It is quite possible that it will be beneficial to remove part of the land from the allotment or, on the contrary, to bring the missing soil. A reasonable technique is the use of land mined when digging a pit for a basement or cellar.

Creating terraces with stones

The second, most common method is terracing, that is, the creation of flat areas located at different heights. The more terraces, the lower their height, which means that the arrangement of the slope is easier. With a terrace height of up to 70 cm, it is possible to create retaining walls. best material- natural stone. For such a design, it is necessary to make a substrate of crushed stone 10-20 cm high. With a low terrace height, the stone can be laid without a binder. However, in such a situation, there is a danger of washing out the soil with water during rain or irrigation. It is safer to make a masonry retaining wall on cement mortar. The use of bricks to create terraces is considered inappropriate, since repeated exposure to moisture and low temperatures leads to rather rapid destruction.

Suitable for terrace heights up to 2 meters reinforced concrete structures: foundation blocks, slabs and monolithic concrete. Often it makes sense to create concrete retaining walls with some slope, with the expectation of the extrusion effect of the soil. In difficult situations, you can not do without a reliable and complete foundation. It makes no sense to additionally finish the retaining walls decorative tiles or stone on an adhesive or cement basis. Frost and water will quickly ruin your work.

concrete retaining wall

Structurally, "ventilated facades" are suitable here. However, in a decorative sense, such a technique is hardly appropriate. It is much easier and more efficient to lay a corrugated surface with a special pattern in the concrete formwork. Subsequently, you can decorate the concrete with durable water-based paints.

It is very effective to use a French invention - gabions - to strengthen the terraces. Gabions are rectangular mesh structures filled with natural stone. Ready-made modules from special durable wire can be purchased or made by yourself. Gabions are not afraid of soil erosion, as they do not have absolute rigidity. They are also resistant to water, as they do not retain it in themselves. When filling gabions with stone and rubble, you can add a certain amount of earth, in this case, greenery will soon sprout, which will disguise the wire and give the retaining wall a natural look.
The simplest method of strengthening a slope is a sloping embankment. It is better to strengthen the embankment from shedding with a plastic mesh and a geogrid. Being planted with a lawn, special grass and shrubs, such an embankment surface will be quite reliable and aesthetic.

Supporting wall from gabions

Wastewater - two sides of the coin

It’s good that in a territory with a slope, water will quickly run away both in rain and in flood: it will be dry underfoot. However, rapidly leaving water can take a noticeable part of the soil with it and destroy something. The conclusion is unequivocal: we need to think about how to properly drain on a sloped area.
The scheme seems to be optimal when water is collected from different areas by separate conduits that go beyond the yard. Moreover, each terrace should ideally be equipped with a drainage system.

The simplest solution is laying open concrete trays. The trays are laid on a pre-prepared base: a layer of crushed stone is about 10 cm, a cement-sand mixture (in a ratio of 1 to 10) is about 5 cm. The trays are easily cut and fitted to each other with the help of an angle grinder. Relatively cheap trays have disadvantages: they interfere with footpaths and their cross section is not enough when placed on common drains in the lower part of the site. The last obstacle can be overcome by making the drainage channels yourself from concrete. For the formation of channels, you can use pipe segments of a suitable diameter. There are also options for storm drains closed type that are produced by the industry. The upper part of such drains is closed with special grates for receiving water. Such designs look aesthetically pleasing, do not create obstacles for the movement of people. However, they are noticeably more expensive and more difficult to install. In addition, the problem of insufficient section in the lower part of the steep section remains relevant.

Drainage with trays

Another option for drainage is drainage channels. The system is closed and saves space. To organize drainage, trenches with a depth of 0.3-1m are torn off. The bottom of the trench is filled with sand, a layer of 10 cm is enough, it must be rammed. The sand is covered with geofabric, on top of which crushed stone of medium size is poured. The thickness of the crushed stone layer is up to 20 cm. If a small flow of water is expected in this area, then it is enough to cover the crushed stone with geotextile again, and then successively fill it with sand and soil. With a high water flow in the channel, a perforated plastic pipe. The rules for laying pipes are the same as for the arrangement of sewers: a slope of at least 3%; fewer turns and sudden level changes to prevent debris from accumulating in problem areas; secure pipe connection.

Paths and stairs - decoration of the site

It goes without saying that navigating uneven terrain can be difficult and even dangerous. Hence the requirements - to approach the arrangement of all ways of movement of people with special care. Please note that even a relatively flat track with a slope of about 5% can become an insurmountable obstacle during ice. This means that the coating of all paths and stairs should be as rough and ribbed as possible. The steps of the stairs should correspond as much as possible to the optimal dimensions: the width of the tread is 29 cm, the height of the riser is 17 cm. The slope of the stairs cannot exceed 45%. It is better to avoid spans of more than 18 steps and provide rest areas.

stone staircase

It is very convenient if the height of the steps of all stairs is the same. It's quite real. For example, when building our own house with our own hands, we managed to ensure the same parameters of steps on both floors of the house, including the basement, as well as on the porch and in the garage. The arrangement of handrails on steep slopes is absolutely necessary, and even on quite gentle sections, handrails will be quite justified.
Materials for arranging paths and stairs can be very different: crushed stone, stone, concrete, wood, artificial turf and plastic gratings. Stairs, separate steps, winding paths - all these attributes should be considered as elements of decoration and individualization of the courtyard area. At the same time, I consider it necessary to recall General requirements: Pathways must not become slippery and dangerous in inclement weather. It may be necessary to provide special handrails for children.

Wonderful landscaping and landscaping opportunities

Alpine landscape design on a site with a slope can be called a pleasant necessity. It is based on natural stones, flowers and other plants. All this together and various options application serves to counteract the erosion of the earth on the slope and at the same time is a decoration. Since water does not retain well on a slope, plants may need frequent watering. Thus, for garden beds and fruit trees it is necessary to highlight the best areas: well-lit, protected from the wind. Sloping garden beds located at the base of a slope may be exposed to cumulative cold air.

Strengthening the slope with plants

Ideally, the entire area should be planted various plants. On the slopes, unpretentious creeping plants are used that do not require much moisture and have an extensive root system. Different climatic regions may have their own preferences. Concerning middle lane Russia, then the use of shrubs is appropriate here: ivy, barberry, lilac, Japanese quince, elderberry, derain, etc. They will wonderfully decorate the site coniferous plants: juniper, spruce, cedar, pine. Good fit deciduous trees: birch, hazel, willow (in wet places). For arranging rockeries, tenacious, stonecrop, cinquefoil, bells, alpine carnation, sedum, etc. are well suited. The arrangement of lawn areas is quite appropriate.

In order to visually level the terrain, tall plants planted at the bottom of the slope. Sometimes it becomes necessary to close buildings located on the top of the slope from view, and then the strategy for placing tall and short varieties changes.
A low fence along the retaining wall will cover ugly surfaces and beautify the landscape. It is extremely appropriate to create on a site with a rockery slope. To do this, stones of different sizes and in random order are laid out on the slope. It is interesting to use stones of different composition and texture. Free areas are filled with crushed stone, marble chips, etc. The gaps between the stones are planted with the plants described above. Thus, with your own hands you can create the most unusual and amazing creative compositions. Of course, plants will grow only on soil that is quite suitable for this.
You can decorate a mountain garden with figurines made by yourself, or purchased in a store for summer residents.

Stream bed made of stones

The landscape composition "dry stream" was invented in Japan almost specifically for sloping surfaces. The idea is to simulate water with small rocks and/or plants. At the site of the future channel, it is necessary to dig a shallow trench of the intended form of the stream. The bottom of the groove is covered with geotextile to protect against weeds. Then drainage is laid in the form of fine gravel, and the channel is covered with soil from above. "Creek" is planted with blue and blue flowers or covered with any rubble, preferably blue. Then along the "shores" you can plant flowers. A "dry stream" can exist on its own, or originate from an earthenware jug partially buried in the ground. It is interesting if the path passing nearby will “throw” a small bridge over the “stream”.

On a site with a slope, it is very interesting to use the following technique: a channel for draining water is made in the form of a “dry stream” made of stones. When it rains, the stream will fill with water, which will fall into a small pond at the bottom of the slope. Quite functional and pretty!
Arches on a site with a slope will be very functional in combination with a bridge and stairs. Of course, the arch should be decorated with climbing plants.
After reviewing the above material, you probably already understood: there are a lot of opportunities for decorating a site on a slope! In one of the articles we will talk about specific example. We wish you creative success in the implementation of your plans. Perhaps the following video will help you.

The organized diversion of surface water is the most important requirement for the improvement of the site of an industrial enterprise. The accumulation of rain and melt water on the territory of the enterprise impedes the movement of vehicles, causes flooding of buildings, and this can lead to damage to equipment and destruction of building structures. In some cases, with an unfavorable terrain, flooding of the territory can have catastrophic consequences. Incomplete and insufficiently fast drainage of rainwater, even with light rains, leads to an increase in the level of groundwater, premature destruction of road surfaces and deterioration of the sanitary condition of the site. Along with rain and melt water, water flowing down the surface of road surfaces during watering and washing is also subject to rapid drainage.

Organization of withdrawal surface water is solved in the process of vertical planning of the site of an industrial enterprise and is one of its main tasks. At the same time, the vertical layout should provide the most favorable conditions for solving the issues of transport and technological communication between individual facilities of the enterprise. The vertical layout schemes chosen by a comprehensive solution of the problem of the system also determine to a large extent the solution of the issues of diverting surface water.

The vertical layout of the site, depending on the degree of coverage of the territory by work to change the natural relief, can be continuous, selective or zonal (mixed). A continuous system of vertical planning provides for the production of works on changing the relief throughout the site without any breaks. With a selective system, only areas directly occupied by buildings and other structures are planned, while in the rest of the territory the natural relief remains unchanged. With a zonal or mixed system of vertical planning, the territories of an industrial enterprise are divided into zones of continuous and selective planning.

For the sampling system, the removal of atmospheric waters from the planned sites should be organized and the rest of the territory should not be swamped.

Removal of surface water can be carried out by arranging open drains in the form of trays and ditches or an underground storm sewer pipeline system. In some cases, it is possible to jointly drain atmospheric water with domestic and dirty industrial sewage on common alloy or semi-separate sewerage networks.

An open type of drainage system requires quite large areas for ditches and necessitates the installation of numerous artificial structures on the roads, making it difficult for transport links within the enterprise. Open drains do not meet high sanitary and hygienic requirements: water stagnation forms in them and the slopes are easily polluted. The only advantage of the open type of drainage system is its relatively lower cost. However, the operating costs of maintaining open gutters are usually higher than those containing storm sewer pipelines.

Application open method drainage is possible with. some combination of favorable factors, such as:

selective vertical planning system; low building density;

a pronounced slope of the earth's surface of at least 0.005, the absence of depressions;

deep occurrence of groundwater; rocky soils, well-draining soils; undeveloped scheme of railway tracks and roads; a small amount of atmospheric "precipitation (average annual up to 300-400 mm, q ^<50);

lack of severe snowy winters.

Sometimes different sections of the territory of industrial enterprises have sharply different building densities, different saturation with communication routes, underground and aboveground communications. In such cases, a combined zonal drainage system can be used: rain sewerage is installed on one part of the territory, and a network of open drains is arranged on the other.

Recently, in connection with the increasing requirements for the improvement of sites of industrial enterprises, rain sewers * have become predominant.<720- В городах эта система часто предусматривается только на первую очередь строительства.

The main (advantages of a closed (underground) surface water drainage system are the following: the presence of only gratings of storm water inlets on the surface of the earth; good conditions for traffic and pedestrians - pollution washed off the surface is immediately isolated in underground pipelines; independence from the level of groundwater; favorable conditions for connection of internal drains; the possibility of diverting surface water in flat terrain and from low places; low cost of operation; no difficulties in operation "In the spring; no need for annual repairs; the possibility of using clean industrial effluents that do not require treatment.

Surface runoff is formed by rain and melt water, and so on. water from washing roads that drain into low places.

The tasks of organizing surface runoff are: collection, protection and removal of water from the territory of the city.

Organizational drainage systems:

open

Closed

mixed

The most appropriate is a closed drainage system or storm sewer.

According to the nature of the drainage system, they are divided into:

Alloy

Separate

semi-divided

Combined

The most developed separate system, when water is drained from the surface by an independent network.

The closed drainage network consists of the following elements:

Trays along side stone PCh.

Water wells.

Drainage branches.

The pipeline forming the drainage network (with  more than 1.2 m - collectors)

Viewing wells.

Structures on the network (transition wells, rotary wells and chambers)

Wastewater treatment plant

Design of a closed drainage network

The drainage network is designed by a gravity system. On the streets in the vicinity of the watersheds, free run of water is provided along the trays of the streets to the nearest water intake well.

Watercourses are placed along the streets and in cases in the territories of microdistricts. The longitudinal slope of the drains is designed to be the same as the slope of the street. Drainage collectors are located below the freezing zone of the soil.

22. Factors affecting traffic safety, their consideration in the design of roads.

The method of coefficients is based on the generalization of the statistics of traffic accidents. It is especially convenient for the analysis of sections of roads that are in operation and subject to reconstruction.

A variation of this method is the sometimes used method of "coefficients of relative traffic safety", which are the reciprocal of accident rates.

The characteristic of the degree of traffic safety assurance in fractional values ​​makes this method is less obvious.

The degree of danger of road sections is characterized by final accident rate, which is the product of partial coefficients that take into account the influence of individual elements of the plan and profile:

Partial coefficients representing the number of accidents for a particular element and profile value compared to a reference horizontal straight road section with a carriageway 7–7.5 m wide and reinforced wide shoulders.

Traffic intensity - roadway width, - shoulder width, - forward slope

Radii of curves in the plan, - visibility, - width of bridges, - length of straight sections,

Cross profile type, - intensity at the intersection, - visibility at the intersection,

The number of traffic lanes, - building, - the length of the settlement, - approaches to the settlement. to the point - the characteristics of the coating, - the dividing strip, - the distance to the ravine.

From Fedotov's reference book. up to 15 - normal, from 15 to 30 - repair, more than 30 - a complete redo of the road.

23. Modern methods of design and research A.D. Automation system. Design.

Automated road design systems (CAD-AD), using a variety of automation and computer technology, process the initial information and offer ready-made complete solutions for the design of roads.

The design engineer, in the course of a dialogue with the computer, analyzes the design solutions and chooses the best option. Composes computer programs, which are a sequence of commands written in the codes of a given computer. To obtain design solutions and solutions to problems, there are application software packages.

For information support of CAD-AD, digital information is recorded on magnetic tapes or disks about typical design solutions for the subgrade, pavement, superstructures of bridges and supports, pipes and road conditions.

All this information is stored in the machine's memory. When designing at the CAD-AD level, the connection between the design of individual elements and the entire object as a whole must be provided at all stages of calculation

Of particular difficulty is the design of route options in the plan. In order to correctly evaluate the option of the route, it is necessary to design all the elements of the road, including artificial structures, a longitudinal profile. If for some indicators the resulting version does not suit the designer, the route plan is corrected and the computer recalculates all the elements of the road.

The cathode ray tube screen - display - is used for input, output of information and image formation. The completed design solution is issued in the form of text, alphanumeric information or a graphic image (for example, a route plan, a longitudinal profile).

Graph plotters are used to display images from a computer. If necessary, the resulting image can be corrected by the designer in order to obtain a new, graphic image. Graph plotters are designed to display graphic and text information with high accuracy on paper, tracing paper, film.

Roll graph plotters EU-7052 and EU-7053 are used to obtain drawings of the route plan, longitudinal profile, various graphs, diagrams; tablet graph plotters EU-7051 and EU-7054 - to obtain drawings of elements of a highway and artificial structures. One plotter can replace the labor of 20-25 skilled draftsmen.

The initial information is entered into the computer memory through magnetic tape drives after deciphering the aerial photograph and determining the coordinates of the track points according to the stereo model.

During ground surveys, electronic total stations and light range finders are used, which record information on magnetic tapes, which are immediately entered into a computer for further processing.

The technological line for designing a route plan has 35 application programs. At the same time, the computer performs the processing of aerial survey materials, the results of ground surveys; draws up topographic plans; generates a digital terrain model; performs sketch tracing of road options according to topographic plans or stereo model; designs the route plan according to the method of control points with the calculation of the coordinates of the main and intermediate points; draws a plan, longitudinal and transverse profiles of the route on a graph plotter.

A clean and dry yard after rain, no puddles on the lawn and no washed-out beds, healthy plants and perfectly smooth paths are the result of competent planning and installation of surface drainage. It is difficult to achieve such a result on your own without impressive expenses, but it is realistic if you make storm drainage with your own hands to drain the surface and remove rainwater. In combination with a storm drain (a system for draining water from the roof), the drainage network will also reduce the amount of moisture penetrating into the deep layers of the soil - the load on the deep foundation drainage network will decrease.

It is worth planning the layout of drainage networks and storm water even before the start of construction. Foundation protection in the form of a wall system is easier to install if the foundation pit is not filled up. While the construction is going on and there is equipment on the site, it is advisable to order the digging of trenches so as not to dig manually and not to carry dirt in the improved area. Protection against melt and rain water is:

Stormwater and drainage around the perimeter of the house

• Surface linear storm drainage - collection and drainage of rainwater from the ground surface.

• Storm sewer - drainage of water flowing down drainpipes.

• Point drainage - drainage of local areas with problematic natural outflow.

Scheme for removing moisture from the surface: drainage system

Storm sewer network

The storm sewer network is equipped with an outlet to a common highway, if there is a sewer or city stormwater pipe nearby. In the case when the branches of the city network are located at a great distance, the output of the local drainage system and storm sewer is organized in 2 ways: to the filtration field (a section covered with crushed stone to drain moisture into the ground), or to a receiving tank (drainage well, reservoir, roadside ditch) . Draining from a private storm drain into the public domestic sewer system is prohibited.

System elements:

• Drainage gutters that are mounted along the edge of the roof slopes.
• Water pipes.
• Water intake tanks.

Receiving tank with outlet

• External sewer pipes that are connected to water intake tanks.

The containers are mounted under the outlet of the drainpipe, the pipe is connected to the sewer pipe. Pipes are dug in at an angle to the drain.

Drainage: features of a surface storm system

The drainage system of the surface of the site consists of point and linear branch branches connected into one network with an outlet to the water intake. Storm drainage on the site is equipped in the form of open channels, dug under a slope to the drain site. Marking is performed only after studying the direction of natural outflow during heavy rain. Be sure to form drainage lines:

Drainage network: point catchers and storm trenches

• Along the perimeter of the site.

• On slopes and on sites in natural depressions.

Drainage branches on the slope

• Around the tracks.

Storm drainage around the house is a line of trenches laid along the blind area around the entire perimeter of the buildings. To drain the tiled yard, channels are formed at the entrance to the garage, near the porch, steps.

Point drainage outlets are dug in in places where there is no need to lay drainage channels: under watering taps, near the outlet of downpipes (in areas where there is no storm sewer). Drainage from point drainage wells is discharged into the outlet pipe of the general surface network.

Integration: is it possible to combine storm water with a drainage network

Two separate networks: drainage and storm water

The optimal scheme for draining the site with the house is separate drainage and stormwater networks around the house. It is undesirable to connect linear channels with sewers: during heavy rains or rapid snow melting, one pipe may not be able to cope and overflow through water inlets will occur.

It is advisable to connect stormwater and drainage in one trench only in one case: if the trench is dug under the outlet from the point drainage and sewer rather than perforated pipes are used. The pipes are laid parallel along the bottom of the concreted trench. It is impossible to lay a sealed sewer pipe in a channel with drainage backfill: the diameter of the pipe will reduce the usable volume of the ditch and create difficulties in cleaning the trench.

General outlet of point drainage and storm water to the filtration tunnel

Instead of trying to connect stormwater and linear drainage in one pipe, it is better to make a common receiver, especially if you cannot make a tie-in into a city highway. Rainwater can be used to irrigate or fill artificial reservoirs. Plastic tanks are installed as a receiver, or wells are made without a bottom - to drain the incoming liquid into the ground.

How to make storm drainage of the site and around a country house

Storm drainage is a surface system that does not require extensive earthworks and digging deep trenches, so you can do a simple wiring with your own hands. Before starting work, the places of mandatory arrangement of lines and water collection points are determined, and the drainage trajectory is planned. It is possible to detect all places where natural outflow is not enough during heavy rainfall and after the snow melts. It also requires the installation of a branched linear storm drainage area with clayey, moisture-saturated soil that does not absorb water from the surface.

For preliminary calculations of the amount of materials needed, it is worth drawing a diagram of the channels on the site plan.

Storm drain installation plan

Materials: what you need to install a storm drainage network

The list of materials that are needed for an independent device for storm drainage of the site and installation of the system around the perimeter of the house:

• Trays (gutters) for installation around the foundation. Production materials - plastic, polymer concrete mix, concrete. Plastic channels are installed in areas where there is minimal physical impact on the gratings: along the edges of the lawn, in flower beds. Concrete gutters are strong and durable. Such a tray can withstand loads up to 25 tons. They are installed in places of increased loads: in yards where there is constant traffic, on access roads. Protective gratings are also chosen: metal and cast iron - for areas with heavy traffic, decorative plastic - for the lawn, garden.

• Connecting elements, spacers, bases. Auxiliary materials that the manufacturer recommends using when assembling channels. Be sure to install spacers inside the plastic trays.
• Sand traps. Separately, they buy products for installation in a linear system and for installation in storm water inlets.

On the walls - preparation for pipe removal

• Storm water inlets. Predominantly ready-made plastic containers are used. The outer walls are equipped with preparation for connection with a branch. Plastic receivers are easy to install on top of each other - you can assemble a container of any height.

Containers with basket and attachments

• Geotextile. Cloth for drainage filling channels not equipped with gutters.

Synthetic waterproof fabric

1. Crushed stone, sand. The crushed stone fraction is medium and large.
2. Mortar for pouring the base under the gutters and water inlets.
3. Drainage wells. Ready-made plastic or corrugated pipe of large diameter.

Factory PVC drainage wells

• Pipes for external sewerage with fittings.
• Construction tool. You will need draft boards for formwork in the channels, pegs and line for marking, shovels, picks, building level.

Installation of point water inlets

Point water inlets - stormwater and drainage elements installed under the outlet of drains. It is necessary to plan the installation so that the flow from the drain falls exactly in the center of the grate.

The edge of the well should be flush with the decorative coating

The dimensions of the pit for installing the container are determined by the height of the receiver, adding up to 30 - 40 cm for bedding and base. There should be a gap of up to 5 cm along the perimeter on each side. Dig a recess, level the walls and bottom. Be sure to check the horizontality of the bottom and the angle so that the container does not move during installation.

Checking horizontal level

A dense ten-centimeter layer of compacted sand is formed at the bottom. A layer of crushed stone up to 25 cm high is laid on a sand cushion. It is advisable to fill the bottom with concrete mortar. The poured base is left for several days until it hardens completely, or the container is fixed in a fresh solution (if necessary, fixed fixation).

A storm water inlet is installed on a concrete base so that the container lid is flush with the blind area. If the installation is carried out before laying the decorative coating, then leave the free edge of the well above the ground to the height of the tile or stone.

Proper receiver installation

Side gaps are covered with rubble or poured with concrete. Before backfilling, a pipe outlet fitting is connected to the outlet. Install internal parts: basket, partitions, fix the lid.

Arrangement of an open storm system around the foundation

Drainage of storm water along the perimeter of the building can be planned as a ring closed at the collection point, without revision wells. For cleaning, collapsible sand traps are provided. Rules for the device of a linear system:

• The indent from the edge of the foundation should be from 50 cm. Optimally, plan the channels along the edge of the tracks or blind area.

Trays - along the edge of the blind area with a margin for paving slabs

• The depth of the channels is determined by the height of the tray with a decorative cover with the addition of the height of the bulk layer - up to 40 cm.

• Width - up to 50 cm.

To prevent the installed gutters from shifting and deforming over time, you need to follow a few rules during earthworks. The bottom, the walls should be even and solid. At the bottom, a standard sand cushion and crushed stone bedding are necessarily made.

Plastic tray installed on the factory stand

So that the tray (especially plastic) does not deform, it is better to make a concrete base for installation. The thickness of the concrete layer is 5 cm.

Laying the gutter on the mortar

Gutters are installed in prepared trenches. The structures are interconnected with special locks. The extreme points (at the beginning and at the end of the line) are closed with plastic or metal plugs. If plastic gutters are used, factory spacers are installed inside.

Sand trap in the drain line

The gaps between the trays and the walls of the trench are covered with rubble, or concreted. On long sections, sand traps are installed - in-depth trays with a mechanical filter. At the installation sites, outlet pipes are connected to the sand traps. Trenches for discharge pipes are dug at an angle.

Budgetary storm drainage of the site: building open channels

It is also possible to drain rainwater from garden paths, flower beds and along the fence in an economical open way. Instead of ready-made trays, storm drainage filling channels are equipped. Trenches are dug along the planned lines. Depth - from 50 cm, width - from 50 - 60 cm.

Instead of gutters - backfill trench

The branch is formed with a slope towards the receiving tank. The walls are at an angle to the bottom to reduce the pressure of flowing water. The bottom is filled with sand. Check the correct slope. For one meter - up to 3 cm height difference.

Pipe in crushed stone backfill

Geotextiles are laid on the sand layer. The edges are left free. Over the entire width of the trench, crushed stone is covered with a layer of up to 30 cm. A system with a perforated drainage pipe inside the crushed stone backfill will be more durable. Wrap the edges of the canvas with an overlap.

Dry stream with decorative backfill - a beautiful drainage line

From above, the drainage clip is covered with decorative material: river pebbles, multi-colored chips, stone. Dry streams are an aesthetic and economical solution.

Drainage well and drain outlet

The drainage well is the connection point of the system. With a moderate amount of water and good water-absorbing characteristics of the soil, the drainage tank is installed on a crushed stone pillow. Through a well without a bottom, water penetrates the soil.

Drainage well with filling bottom

If the installation of a filter well is not possible, then liquid is drained from the drainage tank into a common storm main or taken out of the site - into a natural reservoir, moat. The outlet from the well can be connected to a pond or a receiving tank dug in the area.

Video: installation of stormwater around the house

Stormwater and linear open drainage are only the surface part of the foundation protection. Along the perimeter of buildings at different depths, it is necessary to create 3-4 types of drainage systems. The choice of the method of organizing and technical parameters of networks depends on the composition of the soil, the depth of the foundation. Doing deep drainage networks on your own is not worth it. Calculations should be done by specialists, and the installation of trench branches is best done immediately after pouring the foundation. Even before the start of construction, a reservoir deep drainage system is being equipped. Not only the ability of the system to drain water in large quantities, but also the durability of the foundation depends on the accuracy of the calculations.