Removal of surface waters. Removal of surface (atmospheric) water Features of the placement of buildings on a slope

The organized diversion of surface water is the most important requirement for the improvement of the site of an industrial enterprise. The accumulation of rain and melt water on the territory of the enterprise impedes the movement of vehicles, causes flooding of buildings, and this can lead to damage to equipment and destruction of building structures. In some cases, with an unfavorable terrain, flooding of the territory can have catastrophic consequences. Incomplete and insufficiently fast drainage of rainwater, even with light rains, leads to an increase in the level of groundwater, premature destruction pavement and the deterioration of the sanitary condition of the site. Along with rain and melt water, water flowing down the surface of road surfaces during watering and washing is also subject to rapid drainage.

Organization of withdrawal surface water is solved in the process of vertical planning of the site of an industrial enterprise and is one of its main tasks. At the same time, the vertical layout should provide the most favorable conditions for solving the issues of transport and technological communication between individual facilities of the enterprise. The vertical layout schemes chosen by a comprehensive solution of the problem of the system also determine to a large extent the solution of the issues of diverting surface water.

The vertical layout of the site, depending on the degree of coverage of the territory by work to change the natural relief, can be continuous, selective or zonal (mixed). A continuous system of vertical planning provides for the production of works on changing the relief throughout the site without any breaks. With a selective system, only areas directly occupied by buildings and other structures are planned, while in the rest of the territory the natural relief remains unchanged. With a zonal or mixed system of vertical planning, the territories of an industrial enterprise are divided into zones of continuous and selective planning.

For the sampling system, the removal of atmospheric waters from the planned sites should be organized and the rest of the territory should not be swamped.

Removal of surface water can be carried out by arranging open drains in the form of trays and ditches or an underground storm sewer pipeline system. In some cases, it is possible to jointly drain atmospheric water with domestic and dirty industrial sewage on common alloy or semi-separate sewerage networks.

An open type of drainage system requires quite large areas for ditches and necessitates the installation of numerous artificial structures on the roads, making it difficult for transport links within the enterprise. Open drains do not meet the high sanitary and hygienic requirements: water stagnation is formed in them and the beds are easily polluted. The only advantage open type drainage is its relatively lower cost. However, the operating costs of maintaining open gutters are usually higher than those containing storm sewer pipelines.

Application open method drainage is possible with. some combination of favorable factors, such as:

selective vertical planning system; low building density;

a pronounced slope of the earth's surface of at least 0.005, the absence of depressions;

deep occurrence of groundwater; rocky soils, well-draining soils; undeveloped scheme of railway tracks and roads; a small amount of atmospheric "precipitation (average annual up to 300-400 mm, q ^<50);

lack of severe snowy winters.

Sometimes different sections of the territory of industrial enterprises have sharply different building densities, different saturation with communication routes, underground and aboveground communications. In such cases, a combined zonal drainage system can be used: rain sewerage is installed on one part of the territory, and a network of open drains is arranged on the other.

Recently, in connection with the increasing requirements for the improvement of sites of industrial enterprises, rain sewers * have become predominant.<720- В городах эта система часто предусматривается только на первую очередь строительства.

The main (advantages of a closed (underground) surface water drainage system are the following: the presence of only gratings of storm water inlets on the surface of the earth; good conditions for traffic and pedestrians - pollution washed off the surface is immediately isolated in underground pipelines; independence from the level of groundwater; favorable conditions for connection of internal drains; the possibility of diverting surface water in flat terrain and from low places; low cost of operation; no difficulties in operation "In the spring; no need for annual repairs; the possibility of using clean industrial effluents that do not require treatment.

Surface runoff is formed by rain and melt water, and so on. water from washing roads that drain into low places.

The tasks of organizing surface runoff are: collection, protection and removal of water from the territory of the city.

Organizational drainage systems:

open

Closed

mixed

The most appropriate is a closed drainage system or storm sewer.

According to the nature of the drainage system, they are divided into:

Alloy

Separate

semi-divided

Combined

The most developed separate system, when water is drained from the surface by an independent network.

The closed drainage network consists of the following elements:

Trays along side stone PCh.

Water wells.

Drainage branches.

The pipeline forming the drainage network (with  more than 1.2 m - collectors)

Viewing wells.

Structures on the network (transition wells, rotary wells and chambers)

Wastewater treatment plant

Design of a closed drainage network

The drainage network is designed by a gravity system. On the streets in the vicinity of the watersheds, free run of water is provided along the trays of the streets to the nearest water intake well.

Watercourses are placed along the streets and in cases in the territories of microdistricts. The longitudinal slope of the drains is designed to be the same as the slope of the street. Drainage collectors are located below the freezing zone of the soil.

22. Factors affecting traffic safety, their consideration in the design of roads.

The method of coefficients is based on the generalization of the statistics of traffic accidents. It is especially convenient for the analysis of sections of roads that are in operation and subject to reconstruction.

A variation of this method is the sometimes used method of "coefficients of relative traffic safety", which are the reciprocal of accident rates.

The characteristic of the degree of traffic safety assurance in fractional values makes this method is less obvious.

The degree of danger of road sections is characterized by final accident rate, which is the product of partial coefficients that take into account the influence of individual elements of the plan and profile:

Partial coefficients representing the number of accidents for a particular element and profile value compared to a reference horizontal straight road section with a carriageway 7–7.5 m wide and reinforced wide shoulders.

Traffic intensity - roadway width, - shoulder width, - forward slope

Radii of curves in the plan, - visibility, - width of bridges, - length of straight sections,

Cross profile type, - intensity at the intersection, - visibility at the intersection,

The number of traffic lanes, - building, - the length of the settlement, - approaches to the settlement. to the point - the characteristics of the coating, - the dividing strip, - the distance to the ravine.

From Fedotov's reference book. up to 15 - normal, from 15 to 30 - repair, more than 30 - a complete redo of the road.

23. Modern methods of design and research A.D. Automation system. Design.

Automated road design systems (CAD-AD), using a variety of automation and computer technology, process the initial information and offer ready-made complete solutions for the design of roads.

The design engineer, in the course of a dialogue with the computer, analyzes the design solutions and chooses the best option. Composes computer programs, which are a sequence of commands written in the codes of a given computer. To obtain design solutions and solutions to problems, there are application software packages.

For information support of CAD-AD, digital information is recorded on magnetic tapes or disks about typical design solutions for the subgrade, pavement, superstructures of bridges and supports, pipes and road conditions.

All this information is stored in the machine's memory. When designing at the CAD-AD level, the connection between the design of individual elements and the entire object as a whole must be provided at all stages of calculation

Of particular difficulty is the design of route options in the plan. In order to correctly evaluate the option of the route, it is necessary to design all the elements of the road, including artificial structures, a longitudinal profile. If for some indicators the resulting version does not suit the designer, the route plan is corrected and the computer recalculates all the elements of the road.

The cathode ray tube screen - display - is used for input, output of information and image formation. The completed design solution is issued in the form of text, alphanumeric information or a graphic image (for example, a route plan, a longitudinal profile).

Graph plotters are used to display images from a computer. If necessary, the resulting image can be corrected by the designer in order to obtain a new, graphic image. Graph plotters are designed to display graphic and text information with high accuracy on paper, tracing paper, film.

Roll graph plotters EU-7052 and EU-7053 are used to obtain drawings of the route plan, longitudinal profile, various graphs, diagrams; tablet graph plotters EU-7051 and EU-7054 - to obtain drawings of elements of a highway and artificial structures. One plotter can replace the labor of 20-25 skilled draftsmen.

The initial information is entered into the computer memory through magnetic tape drives after deciphering the aerial photograph and determining the coordinates of the track points according to the stereo model.

During ground surveys, electronic total stations and light range finders are used, which record information on magnetic tapes, which are immediately entered into a computer for further processing.

The technological line for designing a route plan has 35 application programs. At the same time, the computer performs the processing of aerial survey materials, the results of ground surveys; draws up topographic plans; generates a digital terrain model; performs sketch tracing of road options according to topographic plans or stereo model; designs the route plan according to the method of control points with the calculation of the coordinates of the main and intermediate points; draws a plan, longitudinal and transverse profiles of the route on a graph plotter.

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A fairly important hydraulic operation is considered to be drainage in a summer cottage. The easiest way to improve the water balance of the soil should be mandatory, because the ratio of moisture in different periods of the year can change not only due to natural factors. Sometimes even a nearby construction site can upset the balance.

Uncomplicated system for draining water from the building

Soil drainage can be carried out using open trenches or specialized pipes placed in the ground. The first of them are simple in design, but do not look very aesthetically pleasing. In this regard, some developers create closed-type channels that do not violate the attractiveness of the landscape.

surface lines

Although surface collection systems are relatively simple, they effectively remove moisture from the site in the form of precipitation. Through special trays and depressions, water is directed to the central gutter or drain well. Among the advantages can be distinguished:

high speed of construction;
small costs;
sufficient level of efficiency;
ease of cleaning.

Helpful advice! If we are talking about how to make drainage on the site with your own hands without unnecessary financial investments, then first of all you should consider the option with an open channel system.

Closed drains

Depth line systems are ideal for both stormwater and groundwater in close proximity. Most often they are arranged using polymer pipes that are immersed in the ground for a certain distance.

In practice, two types of drainage with closed channels are well applicable:

point (water is collected in one place);
linear (moisture collection is provided throughout the pipeline through special holes).

Note! Within the same area, the presented species can be combined. For example, for the drainage system of a house, you can use a point collection, and for groundwater - a linear one.

Drainage at the dacha: the easiest way to device for specific conditions

Before you make a drainage system on the site, you must choose its type, based on operational features. It is worth considering the most optimal options for arranging water drainage systems, which are popular under certain conditions.

An example of site drainage with a high groundwater level

With a close occurrence of groundwater, a deep system of a linear type may be the best option. It will remove moisture from the entire site to a sewer, ravine or ditch located one level below. It is proposed to use perforated plastic pipes in the geotextile filter as the main elements.

One of the simplest methods of drainage in a summer cottage with groundwater located near the surface comes down to the following scheme:

A trench breaks out to the distance of soil freezing. Its slope should be 2 cm per linear meter towards the liquid collection point. For leveling, a layer of sand is poured.
Geotextiles are spread on the prepared bottom so that its edges overlap the walls of the pit by at least 1-2 m. A small layer of gravel is poured on top.
Next, plastic pipes are laid, after which they are again covered with approximately the same layer of gravel. The ends of the geotextile roll up to form a protective barrier. The rest of the trench is covered with soil.

For your information! Knowing how to properly drain around the site and on its territory with a close occurrence of groundwater, you can avoid serious problems associated with an excess of moisture.

Related article:

Do-it-yourself open drainage device on a site with clay soil

For land with clay soil, a system with an open channel arrangement is more suitable. With a closed piping system, water will not be able to seep through such soil and go to specialized septic tanks or other suitable places.

In places where water accumulates, ditches are dug with a depth of at least 50 cm. Their width should increase as they approach the place of reception. It is necessary to make the widest trench, which collects water from the ditches adjacent to it. To facilitate draining and protect the edges from collapse, the side walls are cut at an angle of 30 degrees.

Since the open view of the trenches spoils the appearance of the site, it is necessary to decorate them. It not only allows you to increase the aesthetic properties, but also to strengthen the side surfaces of open lines. In this regard, the operation of the system is significantly increased.

As a material for decorating pits, stones of various sizes can be used. The largest of them should be laid on the bottom, and medium and small - on top. If there are good financial opportunities, the surface can be covered with marble chips, which will give the branch lines a respectable look.

If money is tight, then regular brushwood can be a good option for decoration. It is necessary to find dry branches of any wood species that grow nearby. They should be tied in bunches and laid on special stands installed at the bottom of the ditch.

The thickness of the bunches of brushwood should be no more than 30 cm. It is better to place the branches so that the larger ones lie in the center, and the smaller ones at the edges.

Related article:

Average prices for turnkey site drainage

Many companies offer professional drainage services, but they don't come cheap. During the work, a double-walled pipe with a geotextile filter will be used.

Care rules

Drainage structures will function properly for many years if the basic rules are followed during operation.

Since we are talking about arranging a drainage system, it means that our house is already standing (designed) and we are moving on to landscaping or landscape design. I am sincerely happy for you, Lord! Exactly how glad I am to the fact that you are interested in the question: "How to optimally implement water drainage from the site and from the house?". Having dealt with this, you will save a lot of time and money.

To begin with, water drainage is a complex task and should include complementary systems:

Roof drainage system.
Surface drainage system.
If the groundwater level (GWL) on the site is high, and the house has, for example, a basement or underground garage, there is a need to arrange a deep drainage system to drain groundwater.

The first two systems provide for the removal of rainwater (to eliminate the negative impact of precipitation), the removal of melt water (melting snow) and, accordingly, prevent the appearance of the so-called. "overheads". Verkhovodka, along with groundwater, is a type of soil water, has a seasonal nature and appears as a result of precipitation, snow melting, excessive watering, etc. As a rule, by the middle of summer it disappears altogether and can appear briefly only after heavy rains.

Verkhovodka is an unpleasant problem for houses with a foundation (basement), and is also the reason for the rapid filling of a leaky septic tank (cesspool) in the spring and during heavy rainfall.

The task of the roof drainage system is to collect all the rainwater from the roof of buildings and bring it to the right catchment points. If you save on roof drains, the rains will gradually break your paths, blind area, steps and will splash the foundation of the building with an even layer of dirt to a height of up to 50 cm.

Well, if your basement is flooded, its walls are saturated with moisture, and the septic tank needs to be pumped out every 7-10 days, you cannot do without deep drainage.

What is the soil structure and groundwater level (hereinafter GWL) in your area? The answer to this question will clarify the need for underground (deep) drainage and basement waterproofing, if any. The carriers of this mysterious knowledge are usually the same people who drilled your well for water or specialized geodetic organizations.
Where will it be done diversion of surface and ground waters? This answer will help you figure out the point of water discharge (it can be one for both surface and groundwater) and simplify the preparation of a technical solution. I am familiar with the following options:
- Storm sewer. As a rule, this is a concrete pipe of large diameter. Ideally, it is buried below the freezing depth of the soil and equipped with collectors, i.e. connection points for individual stormwater drainage systems, for example, from your site. Storm water is drained into natural reservoirs.
- Mixed sewer. Disposes superficial and, actually, sewer drains. Also equipped with collectors. Provides for the arrangement of wastewater treatment systems before they are discharged, for example, into water bodies.
- Drainage field (infiltration system). Equipped in case of absence of the options indicated above. A system that provides a uniform and natural "absorption" of storm water into the ground directly at the site of their collection.
- Neighborhood :). The easiest and fastest way, which also allows you to "get closer" to your neighbors in the shortest possible time.
Will the water be drained by gravity or will a drainage well and pump be needed? To do this, you need to answer the previous questions, as well as determine the slopes of the site. The discharge point should be provided at the lowest part of the site.

If your site is located on a slope and you want to drain surface water flowing from the upstream site, then to intercept water, you should provide a system of drainage trays perpendicular to the slope in the upper part of the site (then the site looks landscaped and has a flat surface) or dig a drainage ditch along the upper boundary of the site and connect it to the side ditches (the site becomes like a medieval outpost).

What is the area of the catchment area? The throughput and, accordingly, the cost of water collection systems depends on this. Knowing the area of your site, you can independently calculate the estimated flow of rainwater, which should be removed by drainage systems. Use the program for this.
What load (surface pressure) must withstand engineering structures for water drainage? Let me rephrase. Who will walk (ride) on them? The so-called. load class and all the same cost. The load class is important for both deep and surface drainage.

After you have answered the preparatory theoretical questions, you should take up the implementation. I strongly recommend to develop a project or just a technical solution. To do this, you should either contact the design organization (water disposal and sewerage department), or draw a sketch yourself .... and find an imperturbable builder who will undertake to bring it to life.

Ask and delve into the details! Builders in most cases install a gutter system to drain water from the roof, but they do not consider it necessary to divert this water far from the foundation. I know of cases when a contractor installed storm water inlets, but "discharged" the collected water through the bottom of the same storm water inlets into the ground near the foundation. In this case, there is no fundamental difference between if the water simply drains from the roof and wets the foundation, or flows through the drainage system (collects in a storm water inlet) and ... wets the foundation. The soil adjacent to the foundation, after construction work, is usually looser than the soil of natural composition, so rainwater accumulates in the sinuses and penetrates into the concrete. In winter, water freezes and destroys concrete structures.

Therefore, in addition to arranging a blind area around the house with a width of 80-100 cm, the water collected by the drainage system must be diverted to the storm sewer. This can be done with a system of drainage trays (Fig. 1) or a device with point storm water inlets (Fig. 2).

In the first case, we have less earthwork, the system will always be available for inspection and repair. In the second case, we can lay the pipe from the storm water inlets in the same trench with the drainage pipe.

In this case, in no case should the surface drainage system be connected to the drainage of the base of the house. Otherwise, rainwater will fall into the drainage and vice versa - wet the foundation!!!

From above, sand traps and drainage channels are closed with removable protective and decorative gratings that prevent debris, leaves from entering the system and do not impede the movement of pedestrians and vehicles. The linear drainage system is connected to the storm sewer through a system of vertical and horizontal outlets.

Important!!! When installing a surface drainage system, slopes (minimum 0.005, i.e. 5 mm per meter of length) must be provided for the movement of water by gravity! This can be done in two ways:

By using the slope of the surface.
Due to the use of channels, which have an inner surface with a slope (this function is provided in the concrete channels of some manufacturers: Standartpark, Hauraton, ACO), as well as due to a stepped slope organized using channels of different heights.

It is most expedient to combine the arrangement of an underground drainage system with foundation work - it will not cost much. If, during the operation of the house, it turns out that the groundwater level is very high, and the drainage of water from the house is not organized, this will cost you a pretty penny.

underground drainage- this is a system of drainage pipes (drains, i.e. pipes with holes, covered with rubble and wrapped in geotextiles) and drainage wells. Geotextile protects drains from silting.

Drainage wells are designed for maintenance of the drainage system, such as cleaning with a jet of water. A drainage well is provided at every second bend of the pipe, so that both the inlet and outlet sections of the pipes can be serviced through it.

The wells are assembled from concrete rings with a diameter of 400 mm and 700 mm. Recently, ready-made plastic wells with a diameter of 315 mm are increasingly used.

The water collected by the drainage pipes enters the collector well (water collected by the surface drainage can also be supplied here), equipped with a check valve that prevents water from the well from flowing back into the drainage system. From a common well, water is removed (for example, pumped out) into a communal storm sewer, an open drain, or it is absorbed into the soil through a specially poured layer of rubble (drainage field).

Well, in general, enough for the first time (especially if you do not have a special education). Conclusion: The arrangement of surface, and if necessary, deep drainage is a feasible task, but ... if in doubt, entrust it to professionals. If you are going to secure basements, foundations, etc., and are faced with perched water (groundwater), then due to the complexity and complexity of the task, I advise you to choose one contractor who will be responsible for the development and installation of the entire system as a whole. This is important because individual works performed by different contractors, as a rule, do not solve the problem as a whole, and the contractor always has the opportunity to say: “It's not me!”. Try to negotiate a warranty on drainage systems for at least a year. Only a full season will prove their viability!

Since you are paying money, do not entrust such a difficult task, for example, to tilers who pave paths for you! They can be performers - but they must be led by a professional.

Vladimir Polevoy.

It is possible to prevent damage caused by melt water and heavy rainfall by arranging a surface drainage system. This system serves to collect and remove excess precipitation, which often floods the adjacent area, and with it fruit trees (and other plantings), foundations and basements. The article will focus on the surface drainage system.

Benefits of surface drainage

The device of the system does not require serious financial investments, due to the reduction of earthworks. As a result, the probability of violation of the structural strength of the soil, that is, subsidence, is reduced.

Due to the organization of an external drainage system of a linear type, the coverage of the territory for the catchment area has been significantly expanded, while such a value as the length of the sewer line is reduced.

The system can be carried out without violating the entire integrity of the existing pavement. Here the insert is carried out according to the width of the gutters.
The system is suitable for mounting on rocky or unstable ground. And also in those places where it is not possible to carry out deep work (architectural monuments, underground communications).

Types of drainage systems

Drainage systems are part of storm sewers that are used in the improvement of both public and private areas. There are 2 types of systems: linear and point.

Linear system consists of gutters, a sand trap, and sometimes a storm water inlet. This design does its job well in large areas. With its organization, earthworks are minimized. Its installation is necessary in areas with clay soil, or the slope of which is more than 3º.

Point system is a locally located storm water inlets, united underground by pipelines. The system is optimal for collecting water coming from roof gutters. Also, its installation is advisable in areas with modest areas or when there are any restrictions for arranging a linear drainage system.

Each system is characterized by efficient operation, but their combination is the best option when organizing drainage.

Drainage device for drainage

For the organization of linear or point drainage, various elements and devices are used, where each component fulfills its purpose. Properly combining them leads to effective work.

gutters

Drainage trays - an integral part of the linear system, serve to collect precipitation and melt water. After that, excess moisture is sent to the sewer or, at least, removed away from the site. Channels are made of concrete, polymer concrete and plastic.

Plastic products light weight and easy to install. Especially for this, plugs, adapters, fasteners and other elements were developed to facilitate the process of assembling and installing the system. Despite the high technical characteristics (strength and frost resistance) of the material used, they are limited by the load - up to 25 tons. Such gutters are installed in suburban areas, pedestrian areas, bicycle paths, where high mechanical impacts are not provided.

Concrete trays- Undoubtedly strong, durable and affordable. They are able to withstand a very solid load. Their installation is expedient in places where vehicles travel, for example, on access roads or near garages. Steel or cast iron gratings are installed on top. A reliable fastening system does not allow changing the position during operation.
Polymer concrete channels combine the best performance of plastic and concrete. With a small weight, the products take on a significant load and are distinguished by higher physical and technical properties. Accordingly, they have a decent cost. Thanks to the smooth surface of the gutters, sand, sparse leaves, branches and other street debris pass through without difficulty. Proper installation and periodic cleaning guarantee a long service life of the drainage system.

Sandboxes

This element of the system is responsible for filtering water from sand, earth and other suspended particles. The sand trap is equipped with a basket in which extraneous debris is collected. Equipment installed in the immediate vicinity of the sewer drain will provide the most efficient operation.
Sand traps, like trays, must match the type of load. Since this element is in the same bundle with other components of the drainage system, it must be made of the same material as the rest of the chain links.

Its upper part has the same shape as the gutters. It is also closed with a drainage grate, so the sandbox is invisible from the outside. It is possible to reduce its level of location (below the depth of soil freezing) by installing these elements on top of each other.
The design of the sand trap provides for the presence of side outlets for connection to underground storm sewer pipes. Outlets of standard diameters are located much higher than the bottom, so fine particles, settling, remain there.
The sandbox can also be made of concrete, polymer concrete and synthetic polymers. The package includes steel, cast iron, plastic gratings. Its choice is made depending on the expected volume of water to be removed and the level of load in the area of its installation.

rainwater inlets

Melt and rainwater collected by downpipes from the roof of the building enters the blind area. In these areas, storm water inlets are installed, which are square-shaped containers. Their installation is also advisable in those places where it is not possible to equip a surface drainage of a linear type.

Since the storm water inlets act as a sand trap, they are complemented by a garbage collector, which is regularly cleaned and a siphon that protects against odorous substances coming from the sewer. They are also equipped with nozzles for connection to underground drainage pipes.
Most often they are made of cast iron or durable plastic. The upper part has a grate that perceives loads, prevents large debris from entering and performs a decorative function. The grate can be plastic, steel or cast iron.

Drainage grids

The grate is part of the surface drainage system. It takes on mechanical loads. This is a visible element, so the product is given a decorative look.
Drainage grating is classified according to operational loads. So for a personal, suburban area, products of class A or C are suitable. For these purposes, plastic, copper or steel gratings are used.

Cast iron products are famous for their durability. Such gratings are used in the arrangement of territories with a high traffic load (up to 90 tons). Although cast iron is susceptible to corrosion and requires regular painting, there is simply no alternative to it in terms of strength.
As for the service life of drainage gratings, cast iron products will last at least a quarter of a century, steel ones - about 10 years, plastic gratings will have to be changed after 5 seasons.

Drainage design

The calculation of the system over large areas is carried out according to the hydroproject, which takes into account the slightest nuances: precipitation intensity, landscape design and much more. Based on it, the length and number of elements of the drainage system are determined.

For suburban or summer cottages, it is enough to draw a plan of the territory on which the location of the drainage system is marked. It also calculates the number of gutters, connecting elements and other components.

The channel width is selected depending on the throughput. The optimal width of the trays for private construction is 100 mm. In places with increased drainage, gutters and up to 300 mm wide can be used.
Attention should be paid to the diameter of the branches. The standard cross section of sewer pipes is 110 mm. Therefore, if the outlet has a different diameter, an adapter must be used.

The rapid outflow of water through the canal will provide a sloped surface. You can organize the slope in the following ways:

use of natural slope;
by carrying out earthworks, create a slope of the surface (with minimal differences);
pick up trays with different heights, applicable only in small areas;
purchase channels whose inner surface is sloped. As a rule, such products are made of concrete.

Stages of a linear drainage device

By means of a stretched twine, the boundaries of the drainage system are marked. If the system passes through a concrete platform, the marking is carried out with sand or chalk.
Next is excavation. A jackhammer is used on an asphalted area.
The width of the trench should be approximately 20 cm larger than the tray (10 cm on each side). The depth under the gutters of light materials is calculated taking into account the sand cushion (10-15 cm). Under concrete trays, first a layer of crushed stone is laid, and then sand, 10-15 cm each. It should be noted that the drainage grate after installation should be located 3-4 mm lower than the surface level. The bottom of the trench can also be filled with lean concrete, but such actions are performed if the passage of vehicles is not provided.

A drainage system is being assembled. Trays are laid in the trench and, by means of fasteners, the tenon-groove are fixed to each other. Often, products are marked with an arrow indicating the direction of water movement. If necessary, the joints are sealed with polymeric components.
Next, the sand trap is mounted. The drainage main is connected to the sand collector and sewer pipes by means of fittings.
The empty space between the gutters and the walls of the trench is covered with crushed stone or previously excavated earth and carefully compacted. It is also possible to fill with sand and gravel mortar.
The installed channels are closed with protective and decorative gratings. It is worth noting that if plastic trays are used when arranging the drainage system, then the grate is installed and the space is filled with concrete mix.

Stages of arranging a point drainage system

In areas with the greatest accumulation of moisture, a pit breaks out. The width of the pit should be equal to the size of the storm water container. It should be noted that the grid should also be slightly below the ground.

Excavation is also carried out in the places where the line is laid for a linear outlet or pipes. Here it is important to observe a slope of approximately 1 cm per linear meter of surface.
The bottom of the pit is rammed and a sand cushion is arranged, with a layer of 10-15 cm. A concrete mixture about 20 cm thick is poured on top of it.
Next, a storm water inlet is installed, to which drainage trays or sewer pipes are connected.
At the end, a siphon is mounted, a waste basket is inserted and a grate is installed.
The design of the storm water inlet allows you to install several containers on top of each other. This makes it possible to deepen the outlet pipe below the freezing of the soil.

Shallow channels

Stony soils make it difficult to install standard sized gutters. In this regard, some manufacturers offer products with a shallow depth, where the height of the channel is 95 mm.

Usually trays are made of plastic with high physical and technical indicators. The package includes drainage gratings made of galvanized steel with abrasion-resistant polymer coating.
Such channels are widely used in areas with a small amount of wastewater. With their help, it will be possible to organize effective surface drainage with minimal excavation.

A timely installed and well-organized drainage system will protect the foundation and green spaces from seasonal flooding, and give the landscape a well-groomed appearance. Construction costs will pay off quickly. The system will extend the life of the building, reduce the cost of repairs and additional maintenance. The laborious and costly fight against mold in the basement due to high humidity will bypass.