Definition of anaphora in Russian. What is anaphora used for and what is it: specific examples. The meaning of the adjective, its morphological features and syntactic role

Consisting in the repetition of linguistic elements: sounds, a word or a group of words at the beginning of each parallel row, that is, in the repetition of the initial parts of two or more relatively independent segments of speech (half-lines, verses, stanzas, phrases or sentences). Sound anaphora is a feature of alliterative verse, but it is sometimes found in metrical verses (see below):

Literary examples[ | ]

Anaphora sound[ | ]

Repetition of the same combinations of sounds:

Gro zoy demolished bridges,
Gro ba from a blurry cemetery

Anaphora morphemic[ | ]

Repetition of the same morphemes or parts of words:

Cherno eye girl,
Cherno maned horse.

Anaphora lexical[ | ]

Repetition of the same words:

Not intentionally the winds blew,
Not intentionally there was a storm.

Anaphora syntactic[ | ]

Repetition of the same syntactic constructions:

Am I wandering I'm along the noisy streets,
Do I enter to the crowded temple,
I'm sitting between foolish youths,
I surrender to my dreams.

Anaphora strophic[ | ]

Earth!..
From snow moisture
She's still fresh.
She wanders by herself
And breathes like deja.
Earth!..
She runs, runs
A thousand miles ahead
Above her the lark trembles
And he sings about her.
Earth!..
Everything is more beautiful and visible
She lies around.
And there is no better happiness - on it
Live until death.
Earth!..
To the west, to the east
North and south...
I would have crouched, embraced Morgunok,
Not enough hands...

Combinations of the above types of anaphoras are possible. For example:

Strophico-syntactic anaphora[ | ]

Until the machine gun craves
To gut the human thicket,
Omet lives and lives
Among the mills, the harvest is chewing.
Until the commander suffers
Cut the enemy with one blow
Barns are filling up
Fields with a golden gift.
Until the enemy thunder says
Your opening remarks
In the fields it can't be otherwise
A catcher of spaces than an agronomist.

Rhythmic anaphora[ | ]

A very rare technique is the use of rhythmic anaphora. In the poem below, the rhythmic anaphora consists in pausing the third beat of the amphibrachic foot in even verses:

Candle|cha burnt|rela. Portraits in those | neither. /\
Sit|dish /\ diligently and | modestly you.| /\ /\
The old woman yawned. By | windows lights|no /\
Gone | went /\ to those | distant | rooms.| /\ /\
You can't drive | away, - /\
Sings /\ and all to the light | asks |. /\ /\
Look|nut you don't | you dare to | lunar | night, /\
Where | yes / \ soul | sha is transferred | carried ... | /\ /\

Anaphora can be considered as one of the types of fused sentences. As a form of connection between parts of a sentence and whole sentences, anaphora is found in Old Germanic poetry and forms a special stanza "anaphoric trisyllabic".

Often the anaphora is combined with another rhetorical figure - gradation, that is, with a gradual increase in the emotional nature of words in speech, for example, in Edda: "Cattle dies, a friend dies, the man himself dies."

Anaphora is also found in prose speech. The forms of greeting and farewell are most often built anaphoric (in imitation of the folk

In poetry, various stylistic and rhetorical figures (epithets, tropes, metaphors, allegories, etc.) are used to enhance the impact. One of them in speech is the anaphora - this is monotony. What it is, you can find out by reading this article.

Anaphora: what is it? Examples of using this figure of speech

What is this stylistic figure for? Anaphora is a certain word or sounds repeated at the beginning of a verse, several stanzas or half lines. They are needed to fasten speech segments and give the whole poem expressiveness and brightness. The term is derived from the ancient Greek word ἀναφορά, which means "carrying out". For example, in Alexander Sergeevich's poem, you can find the anaphora "Uzh", which is repeated at the beginning of the first two stanzas. It enhances the sensations of the signs of the approaching autumn. After reading the poem with the anaphora "already", a dreary feeling arises from the approach of a damp and cold pore.

Anaphora examples

Like any other repetitions, these, regardless of their location, bring a certain zest to the poem, greater expressiveness, as if directing attention to a particular word or thought. The same applies to other stylistic and rhetorical figures, but, unlike, for example, epithets or tropes, an anaphora is one that has its own strict location - the initial position. Similar techniques exist in music. Here is another example of an anaphora that can be found in Vysotsky:

"In order not to fall into a trap,

To avoid getting lost in the dark...

... Draw a plan on the map."

In this case, the word "to" seems to list all the hardships that can be encountered if you do not draw a plan.

Varieties of anaphora

This stylistic figure has several varieties, namely:

1. Sound anaphora are repeated combinations of the same sounds. For example, in a poem by A. S. Pushkin, at the beginning of the lines, not a word is repeated, but only its first three letters: "Bridges demolished by a thunderstorm, coffins from a blurry cemetery ..."

2.Morphemic. In this case, the repetition of morphemes (root) or other parts of the word is used. Here, at the beginning of the lines of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov's poem "... A black-eyed girl, a black-maned horse! .." the root "black" is repeated. But not the whole word.

3. Lexical. In this case, whole words are repeated. Here is an example of such an anaphora: "Is it not in vain that the winds blew, was it not in vain that the thunderstorm fell." By the way, this species is the most common. This can be seen from school course on this subject. In textbooks on literature, regardless of the time of their publication, one can always find poems by Afanasy Fet, he is truly a master in the use of these stylistic figures.

Here is an excerpt from one of his poems: "I came to you with greetings, to tell you that the sun has risen, .. to tell that the forest has woken up ..." Here the word "tell" is a lexical anaphora.

4. syntactic. In addition to repeating words and combinations of sounds, anaphora is also the repetition of syntactic constructions. For example, "do I wander ..., do I sit ..., do I enter ...".

5. strophic. Repetition can be at the beginning of each of the stanzas, and it can be either a single word or a phrase, in most cases an exclamation. For example: "Earth! .. From snow moisture ... Earth! .. She runs, runs."

6.Strophico-syntactic anaphora- this is a kind of stylistic figure that is similar in principle to the previous one, however, here at the beginning of the stanza a repeating sentence is put with some semantic changes, for example: "Until the machine gun craves, ... until the commander suffers ..."

By the way, anaphora is also in which all words in a poem begin with the same sound. For example: "Radiant linen lovingly sculpts ..."

Epiphora, or stylistic figure, is the opposite of anaphora. What's this?

Unlike anaphora, epiphora is a repetition not at the beginning of a verse or stanza, but, on the contrary, at the end. Thanks to her, a rhyme is obtained: "Here the guests came ashore, Prince Gvidon calls them to visit ...". Epiphora, like anaphora, is a stylistic figure. It gives this literary work (poem, poem, ballad) expression, brightness, sharpness. This figure of speech creates rhyme.

Types of epiphora

Epiphora has several varieties. It can be of the following types:

1. Grammar. When the same sounds are repeated at the end of identical segments, for example, they were friends - lived, etc., then we are dealing with a grammatical epiphora.

2. Lexical. In poetry, sometimes the same word can be repeated at the end of each stanza. This is the lexical epiphora. This stylistic figure can be found in A. S. Pushkin's poem "Keep me, my talisman." Here, at the end of each of the verses, the word "talisman" is repeated.

3.semantic epiphora. This type of stylistic figures is distinguished by the fact that not words and a combination of sounds are repeated, but synonymous words.

4. rhetorical. This one is often used in folklore, for example, in a song about geese - "... one is white, the other is gray - two merry geese." This construction, consisting of two lines, occurs at the end of each of the couplets.

Conclusion

Anaphora is monogamy. It is a stylistic figure that gives a poem or speech of individual characters (in a poem) a special semantic and linguistic expressiveness by repeating words, combinations of sounds, phrases, as well as sentences at the beginning of a line, stanza or couplet.

ANAPHORA

- (from the Greek anaphora - bringing up) - a stylistic figure: monotony, repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines of poetry or prose phrases; one of the varieties of parallel syntactic constructions (see parallelism).

I love you, Peter's creation,

I love your strict, slim look.

A.S. Pushkin

Types of anaphora and examples

The following types are distinguished:

When the same sounds are repeated in poetic speech, sound anaphoras are created. U: "Bridges demolished by a thunderstorm, / A coffin from a washed-out cemetery."
Morphemic anaphoras are characterized by the repetition of the same morphemes or parts of words, as in the “Prisoner” by M. Lermontov: “Black-eyed girl, / Black-maned horse! ..”
Writers often resort to the use of lexical anaphoras in their creations, when the same words are repeated at the beginning of rhythmic lines, as well as stanzas. Such repetitions give lyricism and emotionality, help to convey to the reader the main idea of the work, highlight the most important points in the text. For example, “Goodbye my sun. / Farewell, my conscience, / Farewell, my youth, dear son. (P.Antokolsky)

In the poem “Gratitude” by M. Lermontov, the repetition of the preposition “for” at the beginning of six lines gives words that are not used in direct meaning, the sharpness of irony. In the "Demon" single-choice "I swear" the passion of speech, emotionality is achieved, the parallelism of the passage and its semantic expressiveness are enhanced. In the well-known poem "Motherland" M. Lermontov expresses a strange love for his Motherland, in the very first stanza, by repeating the particle "ni", the universally recognized concept of patriotism is denied.

Another representative of pure art, F. Tyutchev, who is the discoverer of new figurative worlds in poetry, sang in his work the beauty of the universe. Here is an example of an anaphora from a poet: “Twilight is quiet, dusk is sleepy” . The repetition of this word gives a sense of lyricism and melody, which emotionally affect the reader. Another repetition of the word "land" and the verbal anaphors "these" and "this" by Tyutchev in the quatrain "These poor villages" at the beginning of each pair of lines of the first stanza, with which the idea is emphasized that it is this land , despite poverty, is the native land of the poet.

Examples of anaphora in 20th century literature

Poet B. Pasternak his impressionistic poem “February. Get ink and cry ”created under the impression and in a fit of soul, using nominative and impersonal sentences. In this lyrical miniature, the sentences are connected by the repetitions of “get it” (ink and a span). One feels lightness, a momentary impression of the view of a spring day.

In the poem "Winter Night" the line "a candle burned on the table" sounds like a leitmotif. The author, in spite of everything hostile on earth and the raging elements outside the window, affirms the love of two hearts. The poet's candle is a symbol of human life. In another poem “It is snowing”, the poet used the anaphora “it is snowing”, it is repeated in almost every stanza and sounds meditative, thoughtful, affirming the beauty of the world order.

Important! Anaphora adds rhythm to the text, with its help the semantic structure of the text is enhanced, it is easier to remember.

In the work of M. Tsvetaeva there are poems dedicated to her favorite poets. The poetess considered A. Blok her teacher, for her he was the embodiment of the ideal. Already in the first poem of the cycle "Poems about Blok" she perceives with trepidation the sound of the name of her beloved poet. By repeating the phrase “Your name ...” the feeling of admiration for Blok’s talent is intensified, it is emphasized how much is hidden even in the sound of the teacher’s name.

The poem of philosophical content "Old Apple Tree" consists of six lines. The first two lines of it begin with the repetition of the word "all". The use of such unanimity at the beginning of the stanza enhances expressiveness, helps to present the whole picture of the old apple tree in white.

In the “Reserve”, Vysotsky used the repetition of the phrase at the beginning of the line “how many are there in the bushes ...” and the word “how many”. By using these repetitions, the poet expresses indignation at the large scale of the extermination of animals by people.

Useful video: anaphora

Conclusion

With the help of anaphora, artistic speech acquires a special emotionality and zest. The use of this figure allows the authors to express their attitude to the expressed thought, to direct the reader's attention to understanding the essence.

Expressive means are techniques that make literature more emotional, and oral speech richer and more colorful. These art trails are studied at school, but the program does not give a complete understanding of what they are for and how they work. Anaphora is one of the most famous and easily remembered means. This is a classic stylistic device that is most often found in lyrical literary works and in poetry.

What is anaphora

In another way, this means of artistic expressiveness is called monogamy. It consists in various kinds of repetitions at the beginning of parts of the work, usually half-verses, verses or paragraphs.

The definition of what an anaphora is in literature, given in the Dictionary of Literary Terms by N. I. Ryabkova, is as follows:

A stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of the initial parts (sound, word, phrase, sentence) of two or more independent segments of speech.

Anaphora functions

Usually examples of anaphora from fiction can be found in poems, ditties, poems, songs and other works. It is this literary genre - poetry - that is characterized by expression, an emphasis on feelings and experiences. lyrical hero. The image of the inner world occurs through linguistic means. Anaphora in literature serves to enhance the emotional component of the narrative and introduces into it an element of liveliness and vigor. For example, in A. S. Pushkin's poem "Cloud":

The last cloud of the scattered storm!
Alone you rush through the clear azure,
You alone cast a sad shadow,
You alone grieve the jubilant day.

In this work, the intonational and contextual emphasis falls on the word "one" due to its repetition, which indicates the state of the inner world of the lyrical hero. In this poem, the semantic emphasis is on the fact that the cloud is the only negative factor, which gives the verse an expressive and accusatory color.

Examples of anaphora from literature and not only

Anaphora is a means of artistic expression, so it is much less common in popular science literature or official documents, like any other means of expression. Moreover, this technique has too strong emotional coloring, unacceptable for some styles. One can draw examples of anaphora from literature, including both poetry and prose, or from public speeches or letters.

For example, the anaphora was used in the speech of V.V. Putin to give solemnity, persuasiveness and penetration to his words:

Together with you, we need to continue the transformations we have begun. So that in every city, in every village, on every street, in every house and in the life of every Russian person, changes for the better take place.

To observe how the emotional coloring changes, you can remove it from this passage: "... changes for the better took place in every city, village, street, house and life of a Russian person." Without lexical repetition, this enumeration loses its expressive "weight" and emphasis.

An example of anaphora in prose is present, for example, in an article by Academician D.S. Likhachev:

If a man on the street lets an unfamiliar woman pass in front of him (even on a bus!) And even opens the door for her, and at home does not help his tired wife wash the dishes, he is an ill-mannered person. If he is polite with acquaintances, and gets irritated with his family for every reason, he is an ill-mannered person. If he does not take into account the character, psychology, habits and desires of his loved ones, he is an ill-mannered person. If, already in adulthood, he takes the help of his parents for granted and does not notice that they themselves already need help, he is an ill-mannered person.

Here, too, there is an increase in enumeration, an emphasis on the importance of each individual example considered in the passage. Thus, the situations that the author mentions become not part of one semantic construction, but different passages with their own contextual energy, which forces the reader to pay separate attention to each of them, and not to all at once.

Poetry contains the most extensive number of examples of unity. It is in the lyrics that expression comes to the place more often than in other literary genres. An example of an anaphora in a poem by A.S. Pushkin:

I swear even and odd,
I swear sword and right fight...

In a specific example, the anaphora is expressed by the verb "I swear." By itself, it carries a solemn connotation, while repetition reinforces it.

Types of anaphora

Anaphora happens:

sound;
lexical;
syntactic;
morphemic;
rhythmic.

Sound anaphora in literature is a repetition of a sound or a group of sounds at the beginning of a paragraph, if it is prose, or a verse, if it is a poem, for example, in Alexander Blok's work "Oh, spring! without end and without edge ...":

Oh, spring without end and without edge
Endless and endless dream!
I recognize you, life! I accept!
And I greet with the sound of the shield!

Paired sounds [h] - [s] are repeated, associated with a light spring breeze, which corresponds to the idea and context of the poem.

Lexical anaphora is the repetition of a lexical unit, a whole word or a particle. This species is the most common and most easily recognized by the reader. For example, in a poem by Sergei Yesenin:

The winds did not blow in vain,
The storm wasn't in vain...

syntactic is special case lexical anaphora, when whole syntactic constructions are repeated, for example, sentences or parts of a sentence, as in Athanasius Fet's poem:

Only in the world and there is that shady
Dormant maple tent,
Only in the world and there is that radiant
Child's thoughtful gaze.

Morphemic anaphora in literature implies the repetition of any part of a word - a morpheme, for example, in M. Yu. Lermontov:

black eyed girl,
Black-maned horse...

In this case, the root "black-" is repeated, combining "girl" and "horse" in features.

A rhythmic anaphora is when a rhythmic pattern is repeated at the beginning of a verse or stanza. A vivid example of this is in the work of Nikolai Gumilyov:

Enchant the queen
Invisible Rus'.

This type Anaphora is used only in poetry, since there is no rhythm in prose.

Anaphora in English

Monogamy is a universal stylistic device and is used not only in Russia. Anaphora in literature in other languages is also often found, especially in songs, and has the same functions as in Russian.

My heart's in the Highlands
My heart is not here
My heart's in the Highlands
And chasing the dear.

In this passage, the lexical aspect is used.

Winston Churchill himself did not neglect this technique, actively using it in his speeches and speeches. It was also used by Martin Luther King in his famous "I have a dream" speech.

Definition of anaphora in Russian. What is anaphora used for and what is it: specific examples. The meaning of the adjective, its morphological features and syntactic role

Literary examples[ | ]

Anaphora sound[ | ]

Anaphora morphemic[ | ]

Anaphora lexical[ | ]

Anaphora syntactic[ | ]

Anaphora strophic[ | ]

Strophico-syntactic anaphora[ | ]

Rhythmic anaphora[ | ]

Anaphora: what is it? Examples of using this figure of speech

Anaphora examples

Varieties of anaphora

Epiphora, or stylistic figure, is the opposite of anaphora. What's this?

Types of epiphora

Conclusion

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is ANAPHORA in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Types of anaphora and examples

Examples of anaphora in 20th century literature

Useful video: anaphora

Conclusion

What is anaphora

Anaphora functions

Examples of anaphora from literature and not only

Types of anaphora

Anaphora in English