How to breed a new grape variety. Video "new and hybrid varieties of grapes". Photo and description of Super-extra grapes

The cultivation of grapes has more than one thousand years. His taste and beneficial features appreciated by residents ancient egypt. Over the centuries, a lot of information has been accumulated about the gene pool of varieties, their biomorphological and economic and technical properties. Ampelography is engaged in the collection and processing of this information.

The data obtained is needed for reproduction and selection. Every year there are new species with improved properties. Thanks to this, the crop is now grown not only in warm regions, but also in areas with a variable climate. For example, in Siberia.

Distinctive features of new varieties

New varieties of grapes and hybrids differ from the mother ones in many positive qualities:

ultra-high resistance to frost - time and physical costs are reduced during cultivation;

high yield - a combination of abundant fruiting and good taste characteristics;

immunity to fungal and viral diseases - no additional treatments chemicals makes berries environmentally friendly;

early ripeness - increases the harvesting period, a clear plus for both the consumer and workers in industrial cultivation;

bisexual flowers - make cultivation simple.

When breeding new varieties, special attention is paid to the climatic zone where grapes will be cultivated.

How do you get new species?

New varieties are obtained in several ways:

Vegetative hybridization is a method of obtaining plants known since ancient times. This is sexual reproduction by grafting a kidney. Affects the timing of maturation and a number of morphological features.

Artificial hybridization - sexual and asexual crossing. It is based on the combination of genes from different cells in one.

Sowing seeds of natural pollination is a method known from the 3rd century BC. BC e.

All methods of obtaining new species are aimed at creating varieties with the best commodity and taste characteristics.

Photos

Brief description of new varieties

The varieties described below are new. They are characterized by high yield, transportability and long shelf life.

Seedless hybrid VI-4- table variety. The bushes are strong and grow well. The growing season does not exceed 140 days. White long berries form large conical clusters. The variety tolerates long hauls well. Moderately resistant to fungus, decay and sub-zero temperatures.

Veles Kishmish- a hybrid with a nutmeg flavor. Berries are juicy and sweet. The mass of the bunch is up to 1500 g. The color is light pink. Some fruits contain seeds. Grapes can withstand light frosts well. Has good immunity.

Lowland 2 - table grapes, ripening in clusters up to two kilograms. The berries are large, light purple. With pleasant taste and smell. Sugar content up to 19%. Feature of a grade - early coloring of fruits and berry taste with easy sourness. The crop is characterized by an excellent presentation, the ability to endure long transportation. The bush endures frost and is not afraid of many diseases.

Premier Kishmish- a variety bred by amateur breeders. Is different large size yellowish-pink berries. Bunch weight 750 g. Harvest ripens 120 days after bud opening. Hangs on a bush for a long time without spoiling. Disease resistance is average.

Sprinter- grapes obtained by amateur selection. Ripens extremely early. But 105-110 days after bud break. The berries are red, large, round. The weight of the bunch is 500-600 g. The pulp is dense and juicy. The variety is resistant to frost and mildew.

Every day, breeders are working to create an “ideal” variety that would be able to produce a plentiful and tasty crop of universal purpose at minimal cost when grown.

Video "New and hybrid grape varieties"

For the conditions of the south and south-east of Ukraine and the south of Russia, as experience has shown, it is necessary to create new varieties of grapes. They must have high frost and mildew resistance, combined with good fruit quality, large size of berries and clusters, and external attractiveness.
Until recently, vineyard breeders to obtain resistant varieties used the best European varieties as "parents", crossing them with Amur wild or American grapes and their hybrids.
Thus, N.I. Guzun (1976) used crossbreeding of grape varieties carrying complexes of resistance genes with the best European varieties. They have been allocated a number of forms in terms of quality at the level of released varieties and suitable for non-covering and self-rooted crops in the conditions of Moldova.
On a large scale, complex hybrids of the French breeder Save Villar were used by Moldovan scientists D.D. Verderevsky and K.A.Votovich and others. From crossing these hybrids with European varieties, a number of new varieties with high group resistance and good fruit quality (Lyana, Suruchensky white, Nistru, Kriulyansky, Norok, etc.) were bred.
Breeders of the All-Russian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking. ME AND. Potapenko used European varieties and wild Amur grapes in breeding work. From such crossings, frost-resistant varieties were obtained, which, moreover, have increased resistance to mildew: Purple early, Shasla northern, Northern saperavi, Vydvizhenets, Vostorg, etc. (I.A. Kostrikin, 1985) S.A. Pogosyan (1972 d.) when breeding for frost resistance, it also uses European varieties that are relatively more resistant to critical temperatures.
Poghosyan came to the conclusion that when breeding frost-resistant grape varieties for hybridization, it is necessary to attract high-quality European varieties that have a relatively high frost resistance and high fruitfulness of replacement buds.
Similar varieties have been bred in the conditions of Armenia and Ukraine. These include Adisi, Sev Lernatu, and among the Western European and Black Sea groups - Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon, Saperavi.
On the basis of experimental data, Pogosyan believes that with the correct selection of European varieties-producers, through inter-varietal hybridization in the south, it is possible to develop high-quality varieties that can withstand frosts in the range of -27 ... -30 "C.
R.P. came to the same conclusion. Hakobyan (1969). He noted that when crossing such relatively frost-resistant varieties of the Western European group as Cabernet and Riesling with varieties of the eastern eco-geographical group Adisi and Sev Lernatu, individual seedlings, along with high fruit quality, surpass parental species in frost resistance by about 4-5 "C .
Important for breeding work is the study of the behavior of the original parental pairs in local conditions.
Of the 110 uncovered varieties and breeding forms of grapes studied in the Donbass, very high winter hardiness was noted only in 7 varieties: Alpha Black, Suputinsky White, Taiga Emerald, Elvira, Arktika, Buitur and Amur grapes.
In them, the death of the central kidneys does not exceed 20-46%. These varieties tolerate frosts well - 31 "C even after thaws, which indicates their high resistance.
High winter hardiness and the ability to develop fruit-bearing shoots from replacement buds have been established in the varieties Russian Concord, Pineapple, Solovyova early, Chugai-23.
Increased winter hardiness in comparison with European varieties is also possessed by varieties - Violet early, Shasla northern, Saperavi northern, Iyulsky, Decorative. They are of great interest not only for industrial distribution, but also in breeding work.
Having crossed the frost-resistant large-fruited variety Pineapple with the Euro-Amur Decorative, we have identified two promising forms of grapes for further selection. These are #7-28 and #7-61; they winter well in the conditions of Donbass, have large clusters. But the quality of the berries needs to be improved by crossing with resistant nutmeg varieties of the Jubilee-70 type, bred by the Moldavian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking "Vierul".
The experience of the senior researcher of the Donetsk experimental station of viticulture V.T. Galushenko shows that the use of these forms as parental pairs made it possible to create stable table varieties with good fruit quality.
Crossing, carried out at the Ukrainian Research Institute of Winemaking and Viticulture. Tairov, two hybrids with resistance genes of Euro-Amur and Euro-American origin (Muscat blue early x Pieril) made it possible to create a fairly frost- and mildew-resistant Muscat variety of technical direction - Muscat Odessa.
Thus, in order to create stable table grape varieties suitable for non-covering crops in the conditions of Donbass, it is necessary to cross not with European varieties, but between the best Euro-American and Euro-Amur hybrids.
For this purpose, we consider the following varieties to be promising: Vostorg, Northern Shasla, Early Purple, Northern Saperavi, Bruskam, Vydvizhenets, Burmunk, Nerkarat, Zovuni, Karmreni, Dimatskun, Mertsvan, Ushakert, Qakhtsreni, Armavir, Lusakert, Nalbadyani, Zeytun, Ashtaraki, Nushayut, Aknalig, seedling No. 1647/2, Gorizda No. 19 and No. 117. It is desirable to cross them with varieties of European-American origin: Anniversary-70, Memory of Verderevsky, Memory of Negrul, Anniversary of the Crane, Lyana, Nistru, Kriulyansky, Suruchensky white, Lanka , Original, Save Villar 20-365, Anitscan Muscat, Kodryanka, Frumoas Albe, Kontemirovsky, Strashensky, Zhemchug Zala.
However, some varieties of European origin can also be involved in hybridization. These are such as Abundant, Lobular, Derbent Muscat, Paytel Muscat, Amber Muscat, Korna Neagre.
High-frost-resistant grapes Amursky, Buitur, Arktik, Russian concord, Pineapple, Suputinsky white, etc. can also be crossed with stable high-quality varieties.
Wine growers of Donbass need varieties with a short growing season and early, as well as ultra-early ripening.
Therefore, the selection of parental pairs must be carried out so that both "parents" have these features, or at least one of them.

Methods are known that accelerate the fruiting of grape seedlings - laying vigorous seedlings with katavlak, awakening stepson buds, direct technology. For the hybridization of new varieties at the Donetsk Experimental Station of Viticulture, grafting of lignified eyes onto adult bushes using the method of splitting or a lignified one-eyed cutting into a green shoot was used. With good accretion, the vaccinations in the first year gave an increase of up to two meters, in the second year they developed fruitful shoots, and the inflorescences were used for hybridization. To accelerate fruiting, seedlings in the cotyledon state were grafted onto the green shoots of adult bushes using shelves and wet chambers. Then, developing new methods for protecting green grafts from drying out, they came to the conclusion that for this purpose it is enough to use ordinary laboratory test tubes or plastic covers, which reduces labor costs by 5 times. As a rootstock, you can take any cultivated grape variety or rootstock varieties. Before bud break, most of the shoots are removed with secateurs, leaving 2-3 knots with 2 eyes on each. At the first fragment, 2-3 vigorous green shoots are left on the bush. When they reach 25 cm in length, they start grafting (from May 15-20 to June 15-20). A day or two before that, on the abandoned shoots, stepchild buds, the beginnings of wintering eyes and leaves are removed (up to about the 4-6th node). Hybrid grape seeds are germinated in such a way that by the time of grafting, the seedlings are with cotyledons or two or three true leaves. On the day of vaccination or the day before, they are carefully pulled out of the soil and placed with roots in a bowl of water so that they are well saturated with moisture. It is best to plant seedlings in the early morning or in the evening hours, in cloudy weather - throughout the day.
When grafting 2-3 cm above the third or fourth node, the top of the shoot is removed and an incision is made on it to the very node, preferably slightly oblique.
On the root neck of the seedling or slightly higher, make an oblique cut up to 1 cm long, and insert it under one side of the split. The grafting site is carefully tied with a thin rubber thread, which fastens the grafted components and stretches as the tissues grow. You can tie vaccinations with a thin plastic film. Then put on a well-whitened test tube with a diameter of 2 cm or a polyethylene cap painted over with silver.
When the seedling starts growing well and forms 2-3 new leaves, the wet chamber can be removed.
During the entire growing season, all shoots on the rootstock are systematically removed. On the grafted seedling, as it grows, stepchildren are pinched, and the shoots are tied to a trellis or peg.
If interspecific hybrids are grafted onto bushes of European varieties, then in the fall they must be covered with earth, especially the lower part. If the seedling is grafted on a frost-resistant variety, then it should not be covered.
The survival rate of seedlings varies between 60-80% depending on the year and the quality of the vaccination.
In the first year, vaccinations usually give an increase of 1 to 2.5 m, and some of them lay fruit buds. In the second year of life, from 30 to 50% of plants bear fruit, the rest usually enters the time of fruiting in the third year.
Own-rooted seedlings enter fruiting time only in the 4-6th year of life.
Thus, this method allows to speed up the selection process by 2-3 years.
To accelerate the fruiting of seedlings, the Ukrainian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after V.E. Tairov developed a method of abundant feeding of seedlings (P.K. Ayvazyan). To do this, before sowing the seeds, a plot is prepared, that is, they dig a trench to a depth of 65-70 cm and fill it well with structural soil with organic and mineral fertilizers.
For one square meter make 10-30 kg of humus, 100-200 g of superphosphate, 50-70 g of ash.
Fresh or not completely rotted manure should not be applied. In the presence of pests (bearworm, larvae, beetles, etc.), the soil is seeded with hexochloran. The trench is filled with mixture
soil with fertilizer with a layer of 55-60 cm, after compaction, the remaining part of the trench is covered with structural soil. Fertilizers are not applied to this layer, so as not to cause a burn when sowing seeds. After sowing and emergence of seedlings, watering is carried out. During the growing season, 4-5 liquid mineral supplements are made at the rate of 150 g of superphosphate, 75 g of potassium salt per 1 bush. Plant nutrition area - 0.75 x 1 m.
Complete nutrition contributes to the good growth of plants, the laying of fruit buds in the first year, and some plants bear fruit in the second year.
Thus, growing seedlings on a high agricultural background contributes to the accelerated formation of generative organs and earlier fruiting of plants.
It should be remembered that pruning principles developed for existing grape varieties cannot be mechanically transferred to seedlings that have not yet entered the fruiting season.
In the first year, if the seedling has an increase of more than 1 - 1.5 m, then it is necessary to leave the entire mature part of the shoot, which makes it possible to avoid the removal of fruit buds, located, as a rule, in the upper nodes of the annual shoot. After the development of green shoots, when inflorescences are already visible on them, they make a fragment of barren and weaker ones, that is, the load is regulated by a green fragment. Young plants should not be overloaded with crops. If the seedling is barren or generally weak, then one or two green shoots are left on it, during the growing season, stepchildren are pinched on it. During the growing season, a well-formed shoot with fruitful eyes grows, and the next year the plant bears fruit.
Fruiting seedlings are cut and formed in the same way as bushes of ordinary standard varieties - frost-resistant forms on a high stem with two cordons.
When the seedlings enter the fruiting season, they begin to isolate the best specimens that combine high resistance to frost, disease and high quality products with their excellent appearance. When these qualities are confirmed, they begin to accelerate their reproduction within 2-3 years.

When growing grapes near the walls and on the arbors, the bushes have to be left uncovered for the winter, since it is not possible to bend them to the ground. It follows from this that for wall culture grapes need frost-resistant varieties. But the existing high-quality European grape varieties, as already mentioned, are not frost-resistant enough, and frost-resistant isabelles do not produce high-quality fruits, hence the task is to work on breeding new varieties - high-quality and at the same time frost-resistant, as well as on increasing the frost resistance of existing valuable varieties.

Selection of varieties for hybridization

New varieties are created by hybridization followed by hybridization and selection.

To obtain high-quality frost-resistant hybrids, it is necessary to cross various European and Central Asian grape varieties with good palatability berries, with varieties of frost-resistant species.

Of the European varieties, for example, the following can be recommended for hybridization: intensively accumulating sugar White Muscat, Pink Muscat and Black Kishmish, early varieties Zhemchug Saba, Madeleine Anzhevin and Chaush, in which wood ripens well; from Central Asian - large-fruited Taifi, Nimrang, Katta Kurgan, etc. Of the frost-resistant forms, the most suitable for hybridization are varieties of the species Vitis Labruska - Isabella, Lydia and others, as well as Amur grapes; in areas infected with phylloxera, varieties and hybrids of Riparia and Rupestris species can also be recommended.

The success of the business depends primarily on the ability to choose parent pairs on the basis of personal observations of the behavior of certain varieties in the area where breeding work is being carried out. It is important not only to skillfully select varieties for crossing, but also to select the most suitable bushes of parental varieties for this purpose. For example, if you notice that a bush is better than other bushes of this variety endures winter or has better maturation of wood and is less damaged by frost, then just such a bush should be taken for crossing.

It is desirable to cross in the area for which new varieties are being developed, so that hybrid seeds are formed on bushes growing in the conditions of this area. Hybrid seeds should be imported from other places only if there are no bushes necessary for crossing varieties in the place. In this case, you can contact any research institution for viticulture with a request to send hybrid seeds for breeding high-quality frost-resistant grape varieties.

How is crossbreeding done

The crossing technique is as follows. On the bushes selected for hybridization, large inflorescences are selected, located on strong, well-growing shoots. The upper part of the bunch is cut to half along the ridge. The rest of the flowers are castrated. With thin tweezers, in one or two steps, remove the cap along with anthers from each bud (Fig. 42). On each inflorescence, 50-100 buds are castrated, the rest are cut with scissors with sharp tips. It is necessary to castrate on the day when the first blooming flowers appear on the bush.

After castration, an insulator is put on the inflorescence to protect it from pollen from neighboring flowering bushes. The insulator is prepared from parchment paper, which is cut into pieces 20 centimeters wide and 25 centimeters long. Then the cut leaves are glued into a tube. To do this, take a half-liter bottle, wrap it with a leaf and glue its edges. The end of the resulting parchment tube (from the side of the neck of the bottle) is dipped into water for 3-4 centimeters, then it is tied with a nylon thread along the edge of the wetted place into one knot, the wetted border is folded back, removed from the bottle and the other end is tied with a thread, after inserting it into this edge a small ball of cotton.

The insulator prepared in this way (Fig. 43) is put on the inflorescence, the pedicel is wrapped with a piece of cotton wool and the thread is tightened. In the morning of the next day, the upper end of the insulator is untied and the stigmas of castrated flowers are examined. If droplets of liquid appear on them, pollination must be carried out; if no droplets appear, the insulators are tied and the inspection is continued every morning until droplets appear on the stigmas of the flowers. This moment cannot be missed, since pollination before the appearance of droplets or after they dry does not give results - crossing does not work.

If the paternal bush blooms earlier than the mother bush, pollen is collected in advance for pollination. To do this, anthers (along with pollen) are shaken from flowering inflorescences into a paper bag, dried in the shade and kept in a dry place until pollination is needed. During pollination, anthers with pollen are collected with a brush and shaken over the stigmas, on which droplets have appeared.

Crossing is best done if the paternal and maternal bushes bloom at the same time. Then, several branches are cut from the well-blooming inflorescences of the paternal bush, brought to the mother bush and inserted one by one into the untied insulators, touching the anthers to the stigmas, then removed. This method of pollination gives the best results.

Sowing seeds and obtaining seedlings

After two or three weeks, the paper insulators are removed and gauze bags are put on the inflorescences with young ovaries of berries. When the seeds are fully ripened, the clusters are cut off and hybrid seeds are extracted from the berries.

For about two months before sowing, the seeds are stratified.

They are soaked in water, the floating ones are thrown away, and the drowned ones are soaked for two days. Then the water is drained, and the seeds are mixed with soil of moderate moisture. For this purpose, one should take good black soil mixed in half with sand.

Seeds mixed with earth are poured into small bags, which are easy to make from pieces of an old canvas hose. A metal label is placed in each bag, which differs from the others in its shape. Labels can be round, triangular, square, with a different number of holes, etc. The journal records which crossover combination corresponds to one or another label shape.

Canvas bags with seeds are stored until spring in a box with soil of moderate moisture. At the bottom of a box measuring 40X50 centimeters and 25 centimeters high, a layer of earth of 10-12 centimeters is poured, bags are placed in one row and covered with the same layer of earth. The box is stored in the basement or in another room with a temperature not higher than 10-12 degrees Celsius and not lower than zero. They cover the box with a sheet of iron so that the earth does not dry out and so that the mice do not get to the seeds.

Grape seeds are sown at the time when the apple tree blooms. Two weeks before sowing, the box in which the seeds are stored is placed for a day under a greenhouse frame if there is sun, or in a very warm room if the weather is cloudy. At night, the box is taken out into the yard so that the seeds can cool as much as possible. With such sharp fluctuations in temperature, seed germination is accelerated. Usually on the seventh or eighth day they crack, and on the tenth day a spine appears. Therefore, starting from the fifth or sixth day, the condition of the seeds is monitored: a bag is taken out of the box, several seeds are taken from it, the adhering earth is washed with water and carefully examined. If there are no cracks, stratification is continued.

When cracks appear on most of the seeds, they are washed off the ground (preferably on a strainer under running water) and sown in pre-prepared beds. The distance between rows is 40 centimeters, between seeds - 7-8, thus running meter 12-15 seeds are sown. Seal depth - 3 centimeters.

Irrigate immediately after sowing. Watering should be moderate. Excessive watering is dangerous for grape seeds, as they can all rot, and waterlogging of the soil completely stops germination. The earth must be of normal humidity and loose so that the air has access to the seeds.

Under favorable conditions, seedlings appear in 8-10 days. If a cold snap sets in, they linger somewhat.

In the first year, care for seedlings is to provide them with good soil and air nutrition.

After the appearance of 5-6 leaves, the first dressing is done. For one bucket of water, take 100 grams of potassium nitrate, 100 grams of superphosphate and add a pinch of borax or boric acid. Seedlings are watered with the resulting solution at the rate of half a liter per linear meter of a row. It is necessary to ensure that the fertilizer solution does not fall on the leaves, as this results in burns. After fertilizing, watering is done so that the fertilizer penetrates deeper.

So that in the future the soil does not dry out and is moderately moist, it must be loosened frequently, preventing the formation of a crust from watering and rain. This is very important, as a grape plant develops well only if air freely penetrates to the roots.

In the middle of summer, when the roots have already grown sufficiently, granular superphosphate is introduced into the aisles and loosening is done to a depth of 15-16 centimeters. When the first tendril appeared on the seedlings, they are fed with the same fertilizer solution as for the first time, but this time they take a liter of solution per linear meter.

So that the seedlings do not lie on the ground, arrange a support. You can make a temporary trellis: drive in stakes every three to four meters and pull two rows of twine between them.

Seedlings are sprayed with Bordeaux liquid, which is prepared in the same way as for old bushes, and then diluted twice with water. When spraying seedlings, it is especially important that Bordeaux mixture has a neutral reaction (when wetted, blue and red litmus paper should retain its color). Excess blue vitriol(acid) or lime (alkali) causes very severe leaf burns in seedlings, especially the tops, which delays their development.

After the first frost, the seedlings are dug up. For this work, you need to choose a warm, frost-free day. Even with a frost of half a degree, the roots just taken out of the ground die very quickly.

The dug out seedlings are tied into bunches according to combinations of crosses, labels are attached to them, on which the names of parental forms and the number of plants are noted. In addition, make an appropriate list in the journal.

For the winter, seedlings are dug in with sand in the basement and make sure that they do not dry out. If they do dry out, they should be moistened, but very carefully to prevent excess water.

In the spring, in mid-April, the seedlings are taken out of the basement and planted on permanent place.

Raising hybrid seedlings

The upbringing of hybrid seedlings is a very important stage in breeding work. Everything must be done to ensure that the hybrid seedlings, before entering into fruiting, are powerful plants, with a strong root system and a sufficiently developed aerial part of the bush. Large reserves must be accumulated in the roots and in the wood of the trunk nutrients. In other words, before entering into fruiting, it is necessary to nurture such plants that would be able to produce large clusters, with large berries, accumulate a large amount of sugar in them, give tasty and beautiful fruits. Such results cannot be achieved from hybrids, if they are stunted plants grown in dense planting, on poor support, with insufficient soil nutrition and lack of soil moisture.

The method of formation of seedlings is also of great importance. I. V. Michurin wrote: “When growing trees from seedlings, in no case should they be given artificial forms of cordons, palmettes, etc., because with such violence of the free growth of seed trees, they remain barren for a long time .. This proves once again that many methods of so-called form culture often bring rather significant damage to the normal development of plants. best form for trees of new varieties grown from seeds, one must consider the one in which the growth of each tree of a new variety tends to take shape: for apple trees - low stem and bush, for pears - high pyramidal, for cherries and plums - bush, depending on the genus and type of plant.

Seedlings of grapes have a strong growth and, under favorable conditions, very quickly turn into powerful vine-like plants. The practice of many breeders-vine growers has established that fruiting occurs in the third year, if the seedlings are given the opportunity to form a tall trunk in the first two years. On the contrary, with a short pruning, the seedlings are frail and come into fruition much later.

To ensure the proper upbringing of hybrid seedlings, it is necessary to apply agricultural technology, the main elements of which are:

1) deep tillage and increase of its fertility before planting;

2) provision of water supply (complete elimination of the possibility of drought, that is, lack of moisture);

3) providing a sufficient feeding area, in which the leaves of hybrid seedlings would be well and evenly illuminated by the sun;

4) creation of conditions for the development of hybrids into vine-like plants;

5) pruning according to the principle of selection and leaving the strongest, well-developed annual vines on the bush;

6) timely top dressing and watering of plants.

Of course, this does not exhaust the agricultural technology of raising hybrid seedlings, only its main provisions are indicated here. Everyday observations of the development of the plant suggest in each case necessary measures improvements in agricultural technology for specific conditions in which selection work is carried out.

For planting hybrid seedlings, you need to choose open places, and not protected areas with a warmer microclimate. It is important that the hybrid nursery is located in the climatic conditions typical for the area. The soil is prepared in the same way as for the wall culture of grapes, but at the same time, fresh manure must be introduced. The site must be provided with water for irrigation.

Disembarkation to a permanent place

Seedlings are planted in a permanent place near the walls and arbors in the spring. The distance in the row between the bushes is 1.25 meters (in the future, the plant density will decrease as a result of the culling of non-frost-resistant seedlings). In an open area, the direction of the row should be from north to south. If seedlings are planted not in one, but in several rows, the distance between the rows should be 1.5 meters. Those who, in order to increase the number of plants, thicken the planting of seedlings, act incorrectly. Cushioned landing is the first violation of the conditions good food plants and growing powerful bushes.

After the breakdown is made on the planting grooves and the landing sites are marked, pits are dug 60 centimeters deep and 200 grams of granulated superphosphate are crushed along the bottom. The seedlings taken out of the basement are inspected, the cuts on the roots are updated. If there are several annual shoots, only one is left, for its entire length, the rest are cut off. After that, they start landing.

It is necessary to plant so that the root collar (the place where the roots pass into the shoot) is at a depth of 50 centimeters. If the shoot is longer than 50 centimeters, then after planting and watering, the hole is completely filled up, and the part of the shoot that protrudes above the ground is tied to a peg. If the length of the shoot is less than 50 centimeters, after planting and watering, the hole is not completely buried, but only for the length of the shoot, leaving the two upper buds unburied. In the fall, when a new shoot grows and stiffens, the hole is completely buried.

In the very first year after planting in a permanent place, many seedlings grow very strongly and can give an increase in annual shoots of 2-3 meters. If hybrid seedlings are not planted near walls and arbors, a trellis must be installed in the first year. Its height should be 2-2.5 meters in order to place shoots on it and later form high bush trunks from them. During the first summer, you need to give two or three top dressings, tie up green shoots, and take measures to combat mildew. In the southern regions, seedlings should not be closed for the winter, and in the northern and, especially, in the northeastern regions, annual vines should be covered during the first winter, but from the second winter (after planting in a permanent place), they do not need to be closed anywhere.

Hybrid seedlings are pruned in the same way as wall and gazebo bushes, but at the beginning, so as not to overload seed plants, you need to leave one at a time and only for very strong ones - two trunks each.

In the second and third years, seedlings begin to bear fruit, and at the same time a new crucial period in breeding work begins - the selection period.

Selection

Selection for frost resistance is made by nature itself in frosty winters. The selection for fruit quality and yield is made by the breeder. First, all hybrid seedlings with male flowers are discarded. Further, within three to four years, carefully monitoring the yield, quality of berries and frost resistance of the remaining bushes, the best hybrids for propagation are selected.

Bushes grown from cuttings taken from a seed grape plant often differ from it in a number of ways. Therefore, bushes obtained from cuttings of any selected hybrid seedling must again be carefully checked for frost resistance, berry quality and yield. If the test showed that the traits for which the hybrid was selected remain the same in its offspring grown from cuttings, or even intensified, then we can assume that a new one has been obtained. good variety. It remains to give it a name and proceed to its mass reproduction.

It is possible to increase the frost resistance of existing varieties by clonal breeding.

Under the influence of conditions, certain properties of the vine can change, and these changes can often be inherited during vegetative propagation. It also happens that not the entire bush changes, but only its individual shoots. Quite often, these changes can be beneficial for a person. By selecting for reproduction bushes or shoots with traits that have changed in a direction useful to humans, improved varieties can be obtained. This is clone selection.

In viticulture, there are many varieties with valuable economic properties, which are obtained as a result of the selection of changed shoots and bushes. If the modified shoots are propagated by cuttings, so-called clones are obtained, which are often given new names and considered new varieties. Thus, through folk selection, the world-famous grape varieties Chassela rosea, Chassela muscat, Pinot white, Pinot gray, Chaush pink and others were created.

Under certain climatic and agrotechnical conditions, vines may change in the direction of increasing their frost resistance. By propagating these vines, growing their vegetative progeny under frost-hardy conditions, and applying repeated selection, a hardy clone of a good variety can be obtained.

Selection is made after a harsh winter with strong, prolonged frosts. In these cases, in the spring, the bushes are not pruned until the buds swell. When the buds begin to swell, inspect the vines. At this time, it is easy to distinguish shoots that have endured frost well from damaged ones. On shoots damaged by frost, the buds do not swell and easily fall off when pressed with a finger. A black spot is found in place of the fallen kidney. However, the presence of swollen buds is not yet sufficiently convincing evidence that the shoot endured frosts well. You need to look at the bark. To do this, make a small cut so as to only slightly touch the living tissue of the bark. If at the same time a bark of a bright emerald color is found, then the shoot is not damaged. If her color is dark green with a transition to brown, then this shows that the shoot is damaged by frost.

After that, those bushes are selected on which frosts did not damage the shoots at all or damaged only an insignificant part of them. On such bushes, the best vines are selected, cuttings are cut from them and planted in a school for rooting. The strongest, well-rooted seedlings are selected from the school and planted in a permanent place.

If selection is carried out in this way after each severe winter, it is possible to increase the frost resistance of bushes in each subsequent vegetative offspring. But in practice this is never done. Cuttings of European varieties are usually harvested in the fall, fearing that the vines will be damaged by frost and in the spring they will not be used for planting. Since the cuttings harvested since autumn are stored in the basement or trenches, their selection for frost resistance is completely excluded. This is inevitable in the conditions of industrial viticulture of collective farms and state farms, where bushes of European varieties take shelter for the winter. But in conditions of near-wall and pavilion culture, where the bushes remain uncovered for the winter, amateur growers can select for frost resistance. Unfortunately, they don't do that either.

To select vines for frost resistance, you can also use early autumn and late spring frosts. It is observed that after early autumn frosts, on most of the shoots the leaves die, but on some they remain completely intact. Such shoots, with intact leaves, should be noted and observed next spring, especially if the winter was frosty. If they overwintered well, it is advisable to take them for breeding.

Bedbug selection

Late spring frosts damage young green shoots, which in most cases die completely or have their tops frozen. However, a small part of the shoots (sometimes 2-3 per bush) still remains intact. Such shoots should also be noted and cuttings should be prepared from them.

It is believed that the buds and annual shoots of European grape varieties begin to be damaged at temperatures below -22 °, lasting more than 6 hours, and at lower temperatures, perennial wood is also damaged.

Our long-term observations of vine bushes have shown that the vines of European varieties, indeed, begin to be damaged at frosts of about -22 °, but the degree of damage to individual bushes and vines is different. While some have heavy frost damage, others remain undamaged or take little damage. In Odessa, in some years, frosts reach -35°. After such harsh winters, we observed many wall and pavilion bushes of European grape varieties, which were almost not damaged by frost. This ability to withstand low temperatures can be fixed and strengthened in vegetative progeny by repeated directed selection.

It must be said that such clonal selection can be carried out throughout the territory of Ukraine. Every opportunity should be taken everywhere to select vines for frost resistance.

The wide participation of amateur vine growers in this work can play a very important role in the creation of frost-resistant high-quality grape varieties.

I. V. Michurin bred new grape varieties by mass selection and selection of seedlings grown from seeds obtained from free pollination, or by hybridization - crossing geographically distant species, taking into account their historically established biological characteristics.

mass selection method I. V. Michurin bred a number of valuable grape varieties, of which Seedling Malengra, No. 135 (Seedling Shasla), Black sweet, are especially widespread.

By crossing geographically distant species, I. V. Michurin created such winter-hardy varieties grapes like Buitur, Russian Concord, Korinka Michurina, Arktik, etc.

Using Michurin methods for breeding new varieties of grapes, research institutions, experts, farm workers improve the existing assortment and create new, more economically valuable grape varieties.

Breeding new grape varieties begins with obtaining seeds harvested at their full physiological maturity.

In cases where it is desirable to obtain the properties of two species or varieties of grapes, hybridization is carried out. If they cross different types, then such hybridization is called interspecific, if varieties of the same species are crossed - intraspecific.

Of great importance in hybridization is the selection of parental pairs - maternal and paternal varieties.

Usually, in interspecific hybridization, it is better to take cultivars of grapes as a mother, and a wild species as a father. To weaken the influence of wild grape varieties, the correct upbringing of seedlings and the mentor method developed by I. V. Michurin should be used.

When carrying out intraspecific hybridization, positive results can be achieved if varieties growing under different conditions are taken for crossing, such as Madeleine Angevin, cultivated in Ukraine and in the northern regions of viticulture, and Khalili black, available in the plantations of Turkmenistan. In these cases, the resulting hybrids have a loose heredity, as a result of which they easily adapt to the conditions of the area where they are grown.

For crossbreeding 1-2 days before the start of flowering in bisexual grape varieties, castration is carried out, i.e., with the help of tweezers, the flower caps are removed and the stamens are plucked out, and the remaining uncastrated flowers are removed.

Parchment bags are put on the castrated inflorescences of grapes, which protect the flowers from pollen from other grape varieties.

When liquid appears on the stigma of the ovary, the sac is removed and the flowers are pollinated with harvested pollen using a brush or a piece of cotton wool.

If the flowering time of the varieties selected for crossing coincides, then the pollen is not harvested, but the flowering inflorescences are cut off from the paternal variety and the pollen is shaken from them onto the flowers of the mother variety.

If the timing of flowering, crossed varieties, pollen must be prepared in a timely manner. To do this, caps and stamens are removed from the inflorescences plucked at the beginning of flowering with tweezers from each flower. Anthers are dried indoors, on paper. Pollen is sifted on a sieve, then put into a test tube and stored until flowering in a cool room. After pollination, bags are again put on the inflorescences of the mother variety.

Hybrid berries should stay on the plant as long as possible. After cutting the bunches, they must be hung indoors. IN winter period the seeds are removed from the berries and slightly dried; for better preservation of the seeds, they should be subjected to stratification, which consists in the following: “... the seeds are mixed or interbedded with river sand that is slightly moistened, pre-cleanly washed and calcined in a hot oven.

This mixture is placed in a new one, well soaked in boiled water. earthenware, for example, low korchagi with a narrow neck or, with a small amount of seeds, you can take ordinary flower pots. In any such dish, it is necessary to make holes in the bottom to drain water that could accidentally get into the dish.

After mixing the seeds with sand (the amount of sand should be three times more than the seeds), I. V. Michurin recommends covering the pots with the same clay saucer (slightly larger in diameter compared to the neck of the pot) and burying them in the ground to a depth of 15 -20 cm. To prevent water from flowing into pots, holes should be dug on elevated terrain.

In the spring, with the onset of warm weather, the seeds are sown in open ground . The mode of education of seedlings is of great importance in the development of their properties. Especially on early stages development, young seedlings under the influence of external conditions easily change their properties, as a result of which we can educate them in a targeted manner.

Therefore, sowing seeds and growing seedlings should be carried out in areas that, both in terms of soil and climatic conditions, are most typical for the area where the variety is grown. I. V. Michurin taught that when growing seedlings, one should not create especially favorable conditions for them and often transplant them. Simultaneously with the cultivation of seedlings, their selection is also carried out.

I. V. Michurin wrote that for the northern regions, the selection of grape seedlings for the first time is carried out at the age of one year, after the first winter, according to the degree of their endurance to frost; during the next, second, summer, seedlings are noted, the vines of which begin to ripen earlier than others, which is usually seen from the browning and woodiness of the vines, which always starts from the very bottom of the root neck and then gradually goes up the vine.

According to the time of the beginning and the length of the shoot along the vine of this ripening, one can accurately judge the future term of ripening of the berries of a new variety, since in general, in grapes of all varieties, both of these phenomena always occur simultaneously.

When the seedlings enter the time of fruiting, the mode of their upbringing should be changed.. The main attention at this time should be directed to obtaining a high yield. good quality. To do this, it is necessary to apply mineral and organic fertilizers, give the bushes the appropriate shape, properly prune and green operations.

TO hybrid seedlings at this time it is very good to graft other varieties, i.e. apply the mentor method, with which we improve individual characteristics of a new variety (quality of berries, early ripening and etc.).

In the future, with the help of appropriate agricultural technology, it is possible to significantly improve the quality of berries and achieve high yields of grapes from seedlings selected by us for propagation.

“Careful selection (selection) of cuttings, repetition of layering of the best parts of the vine, relatively short pruning and planting on better soil the development of the best qualities should be promoted.”

After a new variety has been propagated in an amount of at least 20-30 bushes and their fruiting has been studied for three years, the breeder can obtain an author's certificate for it.