If the soil is used improperly, pathogenic microorganisms accumulate in it over time. It occurs in the area of ​​the root system of plants. Such a process can lead to the emergence of diseases that can provoke the death of a culture. That is why it is very important to disinfect the soil in the garden in time. Disinfection is able to destroy pathogens and protect the plant from the onset of the disease.

Plant diseases in the garden

The most common and dangerous fungal infections vegetable crops and plants in the garden are:

• late blight;
• dry rot;
• rhizoctoniosis;
• alternariosis;
• common scab.

These diseases can halve the amount of the crop, or even leave you without it.

Experienced summer residents recommend monitoring the condition of the soil in the garden and disinfecting it at the right time. After all, all the measures taken to protect plants from the appearance of diseases, in most cases, are powerless and do not bring the desired result. In some cases, a fungal disease needs no more than 3 days to destroy the entire plant. Disinfection of soil in the open air, unlike potted soil, will not be able to completely destroy all sources that contribute to infection, but any gardener can do it with his own hands.

Soil disinfection methods

Decontamination measures can be divided into several types:

• the use of chemicals;
• use of biological preparations;
• agricultural practices.

The method of disinfection must be chosen correctly. The effectiveness of disinfection will depend on this.

Chemical soil disinfection

When choosing a chemical for tillage, you need to pay special attention to the hazard group, choose 3 or 4.

1. For tillage in the autumn, you need to prepare a 1-3% solution blue vitriol, ferrous sulfate or Bordeaux liquid.
2. To cultivate the soil in the spring, you need to dry upper layer soil, add the following solutions: oxychom 2% and copper oxychloride 4%.

In addition, preparations can be applied to the soil during the planting of vegetable crops. Just do not forget that this will destroy not only harmful microelements, but also useful substances.

Biological disinfection

If your land small size then the use of chemicals is not recommended. Instead, experts advise to pay attention to less dangerous means. They contain useful substances that will not harm the health of the gardener, plants and animals.

To achieve the maximum effect, it is necessary to introduce a solution of the Baikal preparation into the soil 14-21 days before the start of frost. It is recommended to use the model EM-1 and EM-5. Thanks to the action of these agents, pathogenic microorganisms will be destroyed, and the soil will be improved. It is also allowed to use other at least effective drugs. They can be purchased at specialized gardening stores.

The biofungicide must also be applied in the fall, after digging the garden. To do this, you do not need to go deep, we need the top layer of soil, no deeper than 10 centimeters. With the onset of the spring period, when the snow melts, the disinfecting procedure must be repeated.

Systematic disinfection of the soil and treatment of vegetable crops and plants with antifungal agents during the growing season can clear the soil from possible infections and protect plants from the onset of diseases.

Agrotechnical disinfection method

To do this, we break the garden into, no more than 2 meters wide. This distance will allow us to conveniently move around the land and aerate the soil. In dense plantings, where the environment is humid and heat is constantly maintained, mushroom mycelium develops well.

Don't overlook the very important point- . Culture should return to its place no earlier than after 3 years. During this time, the mycelium will die. Plants that have been affected by a fungal infection are recommended to be planted after legumes and greens.

Responsibility must be taken in the choice of planting material. Seeds and seedlings must be decontaminated. All tops collected at the end of the season in the garden should be burned. It is strictly forbidden to put it on compost heaps or bury it back into the ground.

So, we learned how to disinfect the soil in our garden. You will have to choose the appropriate method of disinfection yourself. Do not overdo it and try to use fewer chemicals so as not to harm your health.

A good harvest of vegetables directly depends on the quality of the seedlings. If the plants are stunted, you should not expect a good result. In order for seedlings to grow well, you need to prepare suitable soil for it. We will talk further about how to prepare and disinfect the land for seedlings.

How to prepare the soil for seedlings yourself

Growing seedlings is a very troublesome business. These plants are more capricious and need special privileges than those that grow in open ground. For growing seedlings good quality an ideal soil is required in which everything and trace elements will be collected. Acidity must be correctly selected for each plant. In no case should there be pests and insects in the soil. Here are the basic requirements that the land must meet:

1. Good moisture and breathability. The soil should be soft, loose and light. This will allow oxygen to freely penetrate to the root system.
2. The soil must be balanced and fertile. In addition to organic compounds, the earth must also contain all micro and macro elements. Do not forget that all components must be contained in certain proportions.
3. The soil must meet certain requirements for the level of acidity. The normal value lies in the range from 6.0 to 7.0. If it is insufficient or above the norm, then in the future the seedlings can pick up various diseases.

The main rule when preparing the soil yourself is to observe the measure in everything.

Antigrunt

When preparing the soil for seedlings, you need to know what should never be in the ground:

When preparing the land yourself, you should not mix clay into it. It greatly worsens the condition and quality of the soil. In this case, it becomes unsuitable for growing strong and healthy seedlings.

Time and method of soil preparation and disinfection

Under seedlings begins in autumn. It is better if the soil freezes well during the winter. Before planting, the land is warmed up and cultivated. Today, there are many ways to prepare the land. This manual should become a desktop guide for the gardener:

1. The earth is being sifted. Remove all insects, larvae and debris.
2. The next step is soil disinfection. This must be done. So it will be easy to get rid of all germs and spores.
3. To obtain high-quality seedlings, a glass of ground eggshell is added to a bucket of soil.
4. To make the earth loose and airy, add crushed foam, pumice or rice husks.

Of the entire instruction, it is necessary to dwell in more detail on such an important issue as to disinfect the land for seedlings.

Rules for disinfecting land for growing seedlings

Most frequent problems with the cultivation of seedlings arise precisely because of the soil. So that no pathogenic microbes remain in it, it is subjected to special treatment. There are several ways to disinfect the ground for seedlings. Let's consider each of them separately:

Method 1. Calcination. The earth is sent to the oven and kept for about 15-20 minutes at a temperature of 90-100 degrees. So that the soil is evenly calcined, it is laid out on a baking sheet with a layer of no more than 5 cm. You should not raise the temperature by more than 100 degrees. The soil will deteriorate and will not be suitable for growing plants.

Method 2. Steaming. This procedure is applied a month before land use. It is placed in a saucepan, tightly closed with a lid, and sent to steam in a water bath. Maintain the soil for two hours.

Method 3. Freezing. This method is used for soil that was collected in the fall. The earth is removed to the balcony and kept there all winter. A month before planting the seeds, it is taken out and thawed at room temperature.

Method 4. Land cultivation with potassium permanganate. This method is considered the most effective, simple and effective. The earth is watered fresh hot and allowed to dry. The composition is prepared in the following proportion: 1 teaspoon of potassium permanganate per 1 liter of water.

Method 5. Soil disinfection can be carried out using special preparations. They can be purchased at stores specializing in gardening supplies.

Which way to choose is up to you. In general, each of them is effective and time-tested. Having understood the question of how to disinfect the earth, you need to consider in detail the last method.

Preparations for tillage and seedlings

The presented preparations are suitable for the treatment of soil and plants:

Shop soil

The most popular soil for growing seedlings "Garden and Garden" is considered. It can be bought at every specialized store. Seedlings are very fond of such ready-made mixtures and grow just fine in them. Everything is balanced in their composition, and each component is added in a scientifically based proportion. also in ready ground there are additives that stimulate the growth of seedlings. It is worth conducting a detailed analysis and looking inside the package with the Garden and Garden soil.

Secret inside

In fact, there are no secrets in the finished soil. It contains the following ingredients:

1. Peat. It has high sterility and the ability to retain moisture well.
2. Mineral supplements that stimulate seedling growth.
3. Humic substances. Promote the growth of the root system. Gives plants strength and stability.
4. Sand. Helps the soil not dry out and settle.
5. Agroperlite. This substance helps the root system to be saturated with oxygen.
6. Chernozem. The main and main component of the finished mixture. Land completely treated from debris and impurities, as well as from all infectious agents.

These seemingly simple additives contain the finished soil "Garden and Garden". Before buying soil, you should pay attention to the following points:

• The bag should not contain large and dry clods of earth. This is considered the main indicator of soil quality.
• After opening it is worth evaluating appearance earth. It must be free of dust. Moderate soil moisture is allowed.

Having chosen the soil and preparing it for planting, you can begin to process the seeds.

Seed preparation

Having understood the question of how to disinfect the land for seedlings, it is worth approaching the problem of seed preparation. Everything is much simpler here. It consists of the following:

Having understood the question of how and how to treat seeds, soil, plants from bacteria and diseases, you can expect a good result.

Conclusion

Having understood the main question - how to disinfect the land for seedlings - novice gardeners can start this procedure in practice. In fact, there is nothing complicated in this. A little diligence and perseverance will help to grow good and beautiful seedlings in the future. Decontamination of soil and seeds today is a mandatory procedure. Strong and healthy plants will take root faster in the open field.

​Related Articles​

There is an alternative to the chemical method

Physical method of soil disinfection

Then proceed to dig the second furrow. From it, the earth is poured into the first. The clods are turned over with vegetation down. After digging the second furrow, its bottom is loosened with a pitchfork and manure is introduced. In a similar way, the entire area is processed.

Agrotechnical method of soil disinfection

Clods of light soil are less affected by frost than clods of heavy soil. They crumble well, so light soil can be dug up in autumn and early spring. At the same time, it is important to know that the cultivated land will settle over the course of 2-3 weeks.

Wet earth is laid out on iron sheets and heated, if the heating takes place at a low temperature - up to 70 degrees, then additional treatment with boiling water will be required. You can do otherwise: steam the soil for an hour at 1000C - this will kill not only insects, but also nematodes, which are considered very tenacious.

Chemical method of soil disinfection

Having understood the question of how to disinfect the land for seedlings, it is worth approaching the problem of seed preparation. Everything is much simpler here. It consists of the following:

Peat. It has high sterility and the ability to retain moisture well. Method 5

The most common problems with growing seedlings arise precisely because of the soil. So that no pathogenic microbes remain in it, it is subjected to special treatment. There are several ways to disinfect the ground for seedlings. Let's consider each of them separately:

Harmful and toxic elements. The soil for seedlings should not contain waste from hazardous industries, garbage, heavy metals.

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How to disinfect the ground for seedlings. Soil disinfection

A good result is given by biological preparations, for example, Fungistop. They spray the soil in the form of an aqueous solution, which is prepared from 350-500 ml of the agent itself and a bucket of water. After such treatment, the infected area is dug up to the entire depth of the shovel bayonet.

How to prepare the soil for seedlings yourself

It is a well-known fact that as soil is used, it is not only depleted, but also exposed to infection by various fungi and bacteria. When using such a plot, the gardener may notice deterioration in the growth and development of plants, as well as their low yield. You can cope with this phenomenon, you just need to know how to disinfect the soil in the garden.

1. After harvesting and the plants themselves in greenhouses, it is often recommended to disinfect the soil with copper sulfate. It is used in the form of an aqueous solution, as part of Bordeaux liquid and other preparations against downy mildew, late blight, spotting and bacteriosis.
2. ​Double-deck digging contributes to high-quality soil preparation.​
3. In autumn, the earth needs to be dug up or plowed deep, but without breaking lumps (in winter, lumps hold snow).

One of the most popular, simple and effective ways control of all kinds of pests and diseases, it is usually used when other means of disinfecting the earth have not brought the desired results or it is necessary that the soil for the greenhouse be disinfected in a short time. Remember that processing chemicals can be dangerous if they get on the skin or mucous membranes, so you need to take protective measures when working with them.​

Antigrunt

Visual inspection of seeds. It is necessary to select all bad specimens.

Substances that, when mixed with each other, begin to actively decompose.

Time and method of soil preparation and disinfection

A good harvest of vegetables directly depends on the quality of the seedlings. If the plants are stunted, you should not expect a good result. In order for seedlings to grow well, you need to prepare suitable soil for it. We will talk further about how to prepare and disinfect the land for seedlings.

1. Now there are three main methods of disinfection - chemical, agrotechnical and physical. Let's consider each of them.
2. Copper, as a trace element, is necessary for the normal life of plants, but it is one of the highly toxic (poisonous) metals and, with a slight increase in its content in living organisms, harms them. Despite this, many gardeners still treat greenhouses and greenhouses after harvesting with copper sulphate to kill all infection both on the surface and in the soil, spending 50 or more grams of copper sulphate per bucket of water. Although recently it is recommended to direct its solution at the rate of half or one tablespoon per 10 liters of water. Nevertheless, scientists at Moscow State University found that the abuse of copper sulphate reduces the intensity of soil respiration by half, increases the release of nitrous oxide into the air by 2.5 times, and makes phosphorus and iron less available to plants.
3. The most complex method of tillage is called planting. It is used if the soil layer is too deep. When planting, the earth is dug to a depth of 75 cm. After that, manure is introduced into the soil layer.
4. Heavy clay soils are dug to a great depth and often enough.

Most pathogens can be successfully controlled with bleach. It is applied in the fall, when the crop is already harvested, because it slows down the growth of plants. Lime is brought into the ground at the rate of 150 g per 1 m2, after which it is covered with a rake. An alternative is a solution of bleach - 400 g per 10 liters of water. This solution is first treated with all the remains of plants on the ground after harvesting, and then the greenhouse itself from the inside and outside.

Rules for disinfecting land for growing seedlings

​Rinse planting material and dry thoroughly.

Humic substances. Promote the growth of the root system. Gives plants strength and stability.​ Which way to choose is up to you. In general, each of them is effective and time-tested. Having figured out the question of how to disinfect the earth, you need to consider in detail the last method.

. Calcination. The earth is sent to the oven and kept for about 15-20 minutes at a temperature of 90-100 degrees. So that the soil is evenly calcined, it is laid out on a baking sheet with a layer of no more than 5 cm. You should not raise the temperature by more than 100 degrees. The soil will deteriorate and will not be suitable for growing plants.​ When preparing the land yourself, you should not mix clay into it. It greatly worsens the condition and quality of the soil. In this case, it becomes unsuitable for growing strong and healthy seedlings.

Growing seedlings is a very troublesome business. These plants are more capricious and need special privileges than those that grow in the open field. Growing good quality seedlings requires ideal soil in which all nutrients and trace elements will be collected. Acidity must be correctly selected for each plant. In no case should there be pests and insects in the soil. Here are the basic requirements that the land must meet:​ Thinking about how to disinfect the soil in the fall, pay attention to steaming, which can kill pathogens of plants and insects. It is produced in mid-November. The soil is covered with a heat-resistant film and treated with steam, the source of which can be a steam boiler.​

​Shock loads of copper disrupt the interaction between macro- and microelements, disrupt nitrogen metabolism in the soil and inhibit the activity of soil microorganisms, disrupting their balance, which leads to a significant increase in the proportion of harmful organisms.​ Before digging, the site is divided into two equal parts and first one is processed, and then the second in the other direction.

If pa suburban area planned construction works, then at the place where they will be carried out, it is necessary to remove the fertile layer of the earth with a bulldozer. Then rake the earth into a heap and sow with lupins. You can also plant white clover. Planted plants should be mowed regularly; do not clean them up, but leave them as organic fertilizer.​ A drug such as Karbofos successfully eliminates nematode larvae, spider mites, keel and black leg pathogens. Copper sulfate also copes with them, 1 tsp. which must be diluted with 10 liters of water. Before processing, the soil is dug up, and then sprayed and dug up again so that the cultivated land is at the bottom.

The next step is to disinfect the seeds. Do this with a weak solution of potassium permanganate. The seeds are soaked in it for 15-20 minutes.

Preparations for tillage and seedlings

Sand. Helps the soil not dry out and settle.​

Shop soil

This method, by the way, is often used by garden owners, sometimes without knowing it themselves. First, it consists in the alternation of cultures. For example, after legumes, onions or garlic are planted.

Secret inside

How to get rid of the accumulated infection if the extermination measures do not lead to the desired result?

1. Dig a furrow 90 cm wide and one shovel bayonet deep. The excavated earth is placed where the future last furrow is planned. After the first furrow is dug, its bottom is divided into 2 parts. The first part is dug up to the depth of the bayonet, the soil is folded, but not mixed with the already dug. At this stage, the first furrow looks stepped. Then the bottom of the lower furrow is loosened to the maximum depth with the help of a pitchfork. Then proceed to dig out the higher part. The soil from it is transferred to the loosened part. Then the bottom of the excavated part of the furrow is loosened with a pitchfork.
2. ​Sandy and sandy soils dig less often. Frequent digging contributes to the loss of the surface fertile layer rich in humus. In addition, if nothing grew on light soils before digging, then after processing, the minerals in them go deeper into the ground and become inaccessible to plants.
3. Many diseases are carried by the plants themselves, that is, crops planted for several seasons in the same place will contribute to the spread of pathogens inherent in this species. To prevent this from happening, stick to crop rotation, that is, alternate the types of vegetables in the beds. Use only healthy planting material, high-quality fertilizers. At the end of the season, do not neglect the cleaning of the greenhouse from plant debris, its cleaning. It is much easier to carry out disease prevention than to take drastic measures later. Don't forget to watch the video on how to make a "smart" greenhouse.​
4. For better germination, planting material is soaked in hot water a day before landing.​
5. Agroperlite. This substance helps the root system to be saturated with oxygen.
6. Sulfur is colloidal. The substance has a fungicidal effect. Sulfur is used only in the morning or evening hours, since when high temperature it may be toxic. The drug is suitable for disinfecting not only the soil, but also plants with signs of disease. Colloidal sulfur is suitable for the fight against powdery mildew, ascochitosis, scab and other diseases.​

. Steaming. This procedure is applied a month before land use. It is placed in a saucepan, tightly closed with a lid, and sent to steam in a water bath. Withstand the soil for two hours.

• The earth is being sifted. Remove all insects, larvae and debris.
• The soil must be balanced and fertile. In addition to organic compounds, the earth must also contain all micro and macro elements. Do not forget that all components must be contained in certain proportions.​

Secondly, it makes sense to plant plants that disinfect the soil in early spring. For example, white mustard and winter rye are not only able to saturate the earth with nitrogen, but also neutralize it by accumulating alkaloids in the roots.

Seed preparation

It is possible to improve the soil in the greenhouse and in general on the site in a natural way by regulating the ratio of living organisms in the soil by increasing the proportion of beneficial microorganisms by introducing good compost, using green manure and microbiological preparations, such as Baikal EM-1, Alirin-B.

Chernozem. The main and main component of the finished mixture. Land completely treated from garbage and impurities, as well as from all infectious agents.​

Conclusion

Copper vitriol. Another remedy with fungicidal properties. It dissolves well in water. Suitable for spraying plants. Copper sulfate can be used to disinfect the soil at home and at their summer cottage.

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Soil disinfection in a greenhouse

Methods for disinfecting soil in a greenhouse

Method 3

The next step is soil disinfection. This must be done. This will make it easy to get rid of all germs and spores.​

thermal way

The soil must meet certain requirements for the level of acidity. The normal value lies in the range from 6.0 to 7.0. If it is insufficient or above the norm, then in the future the seedlings can pick up various diseases.

With this method, a chemical preparation is introduced into the ground, which is capable of destroying pathogens of fungal and bacterial diseases of vegetable crops.

Chemical disinfection method

During the studies and observations (since 1998) on the use of microbiological fertilizer Baikal EM-1, scientists noticed that it increases the species diversity of soil microorganisms, suppressing the development of pathogenic ones, relieves soil fatigue (which is especially important for permanent crops: for example, in greenhouses and greenhouses for tomatoes and cucumbers). With its help, the microbiological activity of the soil is enhanced, which helps to increase the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compounds readily available to plants and reduce the toxicity of aluminum, iron, and manganese. IN preventive purposes from diseases, the drug is used in the fall after harvesting and in the spring on moist soil, but no later than 7 days before planting. It is diluted in a ratio of 1:100 (1/2 cup per bucket of water), spending 2.5 l / m². The use of the drug allows not only to improve the soil, but also to increase the availability of nutrients contained in the soil for plants. For the same purpose, the biological product Alirin-B can be used as in pure form, and mixed with Baikal EM-1. Such soil disinfection with biological products is also recommended to be carried out in open ground after harvesting plants.

There are various systems. Some suggest a decrease in soil fertility during digging. In this case, there is an alternative way of tillage. It is recommended to apply the following fertilizers: manure, peat, compost without digging. Then various insects and microorganisms begin to multiply in the earth, contributing to the improvement of its structure.

During digging, the soil from the new furrow is poured into the previous one. The last furrow is covered with earth from the first furrow. In the process of digging the soil, you can lay manure and mix it with the ground. When the earth from the shovel is thrown into the furrow, it is turned over with the top layer down. At the same time, the roots of perennial weeds are removed from the ground.

Prevention of soil diseases

- a mechanical way to increase soil fertility.

miragro.com

Having understood the main question - how to disinfect the land for seedlings - novice gardeners can start this procedure in practice. In fact, there is nothing complicated in this. A little diligence and perseverance will help to grow good and beautiful seedlings in the future. Decontamination of soil and seeds today is a mandatory procedure. Strong and healthy plants will take root faster in open ground. Here are such seemingly simple additives that the finished soil "Garden and Garden" contains. Before buying soil, you should pay attention to the following points:​

Combined fungicides. These are the best preparations for working with seedlings of a wide spectrum of action. The treatment of land and plants with such means increases their resistance to diseases and infections.

. Freezing. This method is used for soil that was collected in the fall. The earth is removed to the balcony and kept there all winter. A month before planting the seeds, it is taken out and thawed at room temperature.

When is the best time to dig a kidney?

To obtain high-quality seedlings, add a glass of ground eggshell to a bucket of soil.

The main rule when preparing the soil yourself is to observe the measure in everything.

Very often, experienced gardeners use Carbation. It is a broad spectrum agent used in the fight against fusarium, clubroot, horse rot and blackleg. This is just the substance that can disinfect the soil before planting for at least 30 days. The concentrate is diluted

Copper sulfate as a means of protection in its pure form is best used to disinfect wounds and bark in fruit trees, and for spraying as part of the Bordeaux mixture, and as a fertilizer (trace element) - at a concentration of 2 g / l.​

​➣ The soil is called the surface fertile layer of the lithosphere, our planet. It is a structure consisting of four phases: solid - rocks(mineral particles), gaseous - air, liquid - water and living organisms - plants, representatives of the animal world, microorganisms. The study of soil is the science of soil science.

Two-tier digging is used when preparing a site for planting perennials, with strong soil compaction, and also to improve soil drainage. The earth is dug up to a depth of two bayonets of a shovel. Bunk digging is carried out when the subsoil layer on the site is very hard. As a rule, a similar method of digging is used on virgin land.

Simple digging

During digging, the soil becomes looser, including at a considerable depth.

There are several ways to treat the soil: biological, thermal (heating and steaming) and chemical. The most sparing of them is biological, because it allows you to destroy all harmful microorganisms and spores, as well as enrich them with useful substances. However, this method is also the longest - the soil for greenhouses must undergo disinfection for at least 4 years.

Bunk digging

The bag should not contain large and dry clods of earth. This is considered the main indicator of soil quality.​

All these preparations will help to disinfect the soil, if suddenly you decide to prepare it yourself. Doing this business on your own is quite troublesome, so you can buy ready-made soil in the store.

Method 4

To make the earth loose and airy, add crushed foam, pumice or rice husks.

During the preparation of soil for seedlings, you need to know what should never be in the ground:

Plantage

up to 2% aqueous solution and used for tillage. After applying the drug, it is recommended to cover the area with a film for 4-5 days.

Alexander Zharavin, agronomist

With this approach, the seeds are planted in organic fertilizers, and mulched on top.

Digging looks like this: on one side of the site, a furrow is dug 60 cm wide and one bayonet of a shovel deep. The excavated earth is piled up, after which the last furrow is covered with it.

An alternative to digging

The land where garden or horticultural crops will grow must be dug up once a year.

The technology by which biological disinfection takes place is as follows: the ground for the greenhouse must be laid in compost heap, alternating it with manure. The height of such a pile can reach 1.5 meters. It should be borne in mind that any soil has its own acidity, and if it is increased, then more lime is added to the compost heap at the rate of 4 kg per 1 m3. An important condition: regular weeding is necessary, otherwise, instead of clean soil, you will get a mix of weed seeds. If pathogens of clubroot or white rot were present in the soil, then disinfection should be extended for another year, that is, disinfection will last 5 years.​

After opening, it is worth evaluating the appearance of the earth. It must be free of dust. Moderate soil moisture is allowed.​

The most popular soil for growing seedlings "Garden and Garden" is considered. It can be bought at every specialized store. Seedlings are very fond of such ready-made mixtures and grow just fine in them. Everything is balanced in their composition, and each component is added in a scientifically based proportion. Also in the finished soil there are additives that stimulate the growth of seedlings. It is worth conducting a detailed analysis and looking inside the Garden and Garden soil package.​

idealdomik.ru

. Land cultivation with potassium permanganate. This method is considered the most effective, simple and effective. The earth is watered with a fresh hot solution of potassium permanganate and allowed to dry. The composition is prepared in the following proportion: 1 teaspoon of potassium permanganate per 1 liter of water.

From the entire instruction, you need to dwell in more detail on such an important issue as how to disinfect the land for seedlings.

​Infections. Fungal spores, microbes, insects and their larvae should not be present in the land for planting.

As for how you can disinfect the soil in the fall, a mixture of lime and copper sulfate is optimal for this purpose. For each square meter use half a glass of substances. They are sprinkled on the surface of the earth, and the site itself is then dug up to a depth of 20 cm.

The soil is the most important part of any garden or vegetable garden. To grow a large crop, you need to regularly take care of the condition of the soil on your land. A very important period for such activities is autumn. After harvesting, you need to prepare the soil for cold weather, prevent infection with various diseases and pests.

How to cultivate the soil in spring, what means to use, how to properly cultivate the soil? These questions are of interest to all gardeners and gardeners. It is important to choose the right period of time, use the right tools. Observing special rules, your harvest will be the envy of all the neighbors.

Possible soil problems in autumn

Regular care of the soil will help to overcome these problems, especially in the autumn season.

See an overview of the most effective means from, and also find out the rules for their use.

Preparation for tillage consists of several points:

• against uninvited large guests (, hares,) carry out hilling bushes, wrapping tree pillars;
• burn all garden debris, fallen leaves;
• cut dried branches, "top" shoots;
• whitewash the trunks;
• it is recommended to lay out simple traps for rodents;
• treat trees and shrubs with special chemicals against diseases and pests. So you can collect a rich and high-quality harvest in the future.

Loosening the top layer of soil

Do the manipulations after harvesting, removing organic residues from the land, loosen the beds by four centimeters. By doing this, you will remove the soil crust. Carry out activities before the onset of the first cold weather. Loosening the soil promotes the growth of weeds, they will grow in the fall, after digging, the weed seedlings will die, thereby reducing the time for weeding next spring.

Digging the soil

Before starting the manipulation, make sure that your soil is heavy clay, sandy crumbly soil does not need to be dug up. Such manipulations have a positive effect on clay soil: voids are formed in it that will fill the air. The lack of oxygen negatively affects the future harvest.

Fertilizers and pest control

Having carefully prepared the soil for autumn processing, you can begin to choose the right tool. What fertilizers are recommended to be applied to the soil in the fall? Let's figure it out.

Manure

Many gardeners know this tool, they often use it in the autumn period. If there is nowhere to compost, then store the substance, then it is recommended to purchase it in the fall, then immediately apply it to the soil. The rest is recommended to lay for maturation. It is allowed to introduce fresh manure in the autumn period for planting cucumbers, celery, late cabbage, pumpkin crops. If the manure includes sawdust, other organic compounds, then you will get an excellent result only after a year, so add nitrogen supplements for the desired effect.

Why does manure need to be applied in the fall? The substance is saturated with weeds, they will rise to the main planting, you can easily remove them while loosening the soil. In autumn, manure is saturated with moisture, mixes well with the soil.

Manure is applied during soil loosening for perennial fruit crops, raspberries, strawberries, all varieties of apples. Carry out manipulations immediately after harvesting.

Peat

Ash

It is a nitrogen fertilizer, the second name is urea. The substance releases nitrogen, binds the nitrogen already present in the soil, and retains it until spring. You can get the desired result only by covering the ground, otherwise the urea will have time to evaporate. In autumn, preferably in parallel with phosphorus. For such purposes, a special mixture is used: combine one hundred grams of chalk with a kilogram of superphosphate, three parts of urea are added to one part of this product. Mix thoroughly mineral fertilizer, add at the rate of 150 grams of the finished mixture per square meter of soil.

Mulching

In a simple way, such manipulations mean saturation of the soil with organic matter. Gardeners use as mulch:

• organic compounds: needles, sawdust, hay, bark, even shredded waste paper (cardboard, paper);
• inorganic substances: polypropylene fibers, expanded clay, zeolite.

A thin layer of mulch is recommended to cover the beds that are free, those that are occupied by perennials. Sometimes organic and inorganic compounds are used simultaneously, the recommended mulch thickness is up to seven centimeters. Such manipulations protect the soil from certain pests, for example, various diseases.

Important! Keep in mind that when using tops, there should be no seeds. Zealous with needles is also not recommended, it is fraught with an increase in soil acidity. Everything should be in moderation.

green manure plants

Commonly referred to as green manure. They designed to perform several important functions:

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Green manure plants include:

• legumes,
• clover,
• mustard,
• oats,
• rye,
• sunflower,
• buckwheat.

It is recommended to plant them precisely in the autumn period, so that the green mass has time to form before frost, but they will grow for several more weeks in the spring. If the weather is warm in autumn, then such plants can grow strongly, start buds. Before they form, cut off the ovaries, preventing the presence of buds.

EM technology (use of microorganisms)

Compost and humus are excellent fertilizers, but they will help to saturate the soil with useful minerals, protect against diseases, and pests. modern technologies. Now there is no need to guess whether the process of decay is proceeding correctly, whether the amount of beneficial substances into the ground. After all, you can improve the processing of organic compounds by adding ready-made preparations.

Effective microorganisms include over 80 strains of beneficial microbes. They have a beneficial effect on the decomposition of mulch, increase the fertility of the earth, helping to destroy pests, pathogens of various plant ailments. EOs inhibit the development of harmful bacteria, increasing plant resistance to various pests and diseases.

Or stay tuned

In the fall, gardeners, after a pleasant part on the site - harvesting, are waiting for routine, but no less important work.

The quality and quantity of the future harvest will depend on how carefully you cultivate the land in the fall from pests and diseases. Therefore, it is impossible to ignore this issue or to fulfill it in bad faith.

Of course, different cultures have their own nuances that must be taken into account. For example, when cultivating the soil before planting garlic in the fall, attention should be paid not only to the fight against harmful insects, but also to crop rotation. But still, the algorithms for preparing the land in the autumn period largely coincide.

Soil cultivation in the fall from pests and diseases

This procedure is started as soon as the harvest is finished, and it must be completed before the onset of the first cold weather. This process should become an annual "ritual", and in some cases - when the soil is depleted, infected with harmful insects, bacteria and fungi, a large number of weeds, it is simply necessary.

The main stages of land cultivation in the garden and vegetable garden:

• cleaning up debris, fallen leaves, grass;
• protection of fruit bushes and trees from rodents;
• treatment of the garden from harmful insects and pathogens;
• loosening the topsoil;
• digging the earth in the beds;
• soil fertilizer.

Before proceeding directly to the cultivation of the land, the territory is cleaned.

All fallen leaves are collected in heaps and burned. Some gardeners and flower growers cover wintering leaves with fallen leaves. perennials, but this can only be done if you are 100% sure that there are no pests and pathogens on your site.

Many insects or their larvae, pupae, just overwinter under a layer of fallen leaves, and in spring they attack young shoots. By burning foliage, you reduce the risk of re-infestation of crops by pests and diseases.

Large rodents - hares, mice can visit the garden in winter. So that the trees do not suffer from the sharp teeth of intruders, bushes are spudded, and tree trunks are wrapped with protective material.

The prepared land must be loosened to a depth of 4 cm while the weather is warm. This allows weeds to germinate, which will die after the main digging.

They dig up the soil until early October, when there is not much rainfall. If the earth is wet 10 cm deep, then this manipulation is no longer appropriate.

But not all soils are dug up, usually sandy and loose soils are not touched, but clayey and heavy soil is dug up to a depth of 35 cm. This allows the soil to be saturated with oxygen, to destroy pests and their pupae, which, once on the surface, will freeze, like weed roots.

In addition, nutrients are better absorbed into loose soil.

Then start fertilizing. Depending on what crops you are preparing the beds for, use inorganic or organic top dressing.

For example, organic matter - compost, manure, humus is loved by cucumbers, representatives of the pumpkin family and lettuce, cabbage and celery.

Root vegetables - carrots, beets, radishes, radishes prefer mineral supplements.

Basic fertilizers.

Manure is best applied in the fall, as it is rich in weed seeds. In spring, they will rise first, and it will be easy to get rid of them by loosening the top layer of soil.

In addition, organic fertilizer is well saturated with moisture and mixes with the ground. And also it is brought under strawberries, raspberries and apple trees.

Wood ash is rich in potassium, but it is only added to clay soils. In other types of soil, useful minerals are quickly washed out of it by melt water. Ash good remedy for the destruction of harmful insects and their larvae.

Peat is rich nutrients. It is necessary to enrich the depleted soil, and increase its resistance to a variety of pathogenic microflora and pathogens. It is a good leavening agent. Peat is first brought in in the fall, and then in the spring along with humus.

Urea is a nitrogenous fertilizer that enriches the soil with nitrogen. But when it is introduced into the ground, the beds must be covered, since urea evaporates rather quickly.

Mulching or saturation of the soil with organic matter. Organics are used as mulch - needles, hay, sawdust, bark, tops and inorganics - expanded clay, vermiculite and perlite. The beds are sprinkled with a thin layer of mulch, the thickness of which should not exceed 7 cm. Do not be too zealous, everything should be in moderation.

Since, for example, a large amount of needles can increase the acidity of the soil, and when using tops, make sure that it is without seeds. Otherwise, next year you will spend energy on weeding.

Plants - green manure are green fertilizers. If the beds were released early, then they can be sown with green manure. The main thing is that the seedlings have time to appear before the onset of frost.

To do this, use representatives of the legume family, cereals - oats and rye, as well as clover, buckwheat, mustard, calendula. They enrich the soil with nitrogen and oxygen, loosen it, drown out weeds and destroy some pests.

Most modern method is the use of beneficial microorganisms. Now there are about 80 species. They suppress pathogenic microflora, help in the fight against harmful insects, increase soil fertility, and decompose organic matter faster. In order for microorganisms to be more active and multiply faster, they are introduced in warm weather - in early September.

These are the main stages of tillage in the fall from diseases and pests that are used everywhere.

Next, we consider special cases. For example, a nightmare of any gardener, the appearance of phytophthora. If she "raged" on the site, then in order to avoid a second "epidemic" next year, the soil must be tilled.

Tillage from phytophthora in autumn

Most of the fungus just remains in the soil, so in the fall it must be loosened to a depth of 25 cm and disinfected with special chemicals or using folk remedies- a solution of potassium permanganate or wood ash.

Why do we focus on loosening the soil? It is necessary to eliminate all favorable conditions for the development of phytophthora - to reduce the humidity of the earth, to saturate it with oxygen, to grind the soil.

Garden experts also advise not to be zealous with the application of nitrogen fertilizers, since it is an excess of nitrogen that provokes the development of this fungal disease. In this case, it is better to under-fertilize than over-fertilize.

After loosening, tillage is carried out, for example, with phytosporin in autumn or spring. This low-toxic fungicide of microbiological origin is effective against bacterial and fungal diseases.

It is produced in liquid form, as well as in the form of a paste and powder. For tillage, it is better to purchase a powder that is diluted in water. The beds are carefully shed with the finished solution. The product comes with instructions for use, which must be followed.

Pest control in autumn
Tillage from the Colorado potato beetle in autumn

Traps are made for the Colorado potato beetle in the fall. They collect the tops in heaps and leave it on the site so that the insects gather under it. Then everything is burned along with pests.

Or after harvesting potatoes, they bury the peels in the ground, which will play the role of bait. Colorado beetles, gathered for a "free lunch", are destroyed.

Tillage from a bear in the fall

For bears, several other traps are made. Holes are dug in autumn. Their depth should be half a meter. Straw dust is piled at the bottom. In the frost, they dig holes and the bears that have gathered there for the winter die from the cold.

Cultivation from wireworm in autumn

Wireworms are "caught" on baits. Pieces of carrots, beets, potatoes are planted on sticks. "Kebabs" are stuck into the ground every 10 cm. After a few days, they are pulled out, and the pests are destroyed.

Since the cultivation of land in a greenhouse has its own nuances and features, you can read about it in a separate article.