How new hybrid grape varieties are created. Video "new and hybrid varieties of grapes". Grapes Kishmish radiant
For the conditions of the south and south-east of Ukraine and the south of Russia, as experience has shown, it is necessary to create new varieties of grapes. They must have high frost and mildew resistance in combination with good quality fetus, large size berries and bunches, external attractiveness.
Until recently, vineyard breeders to obtain resistant varieties used the best European varieties as "parents", crossing them with Amur wild or American grapes and their hybrids.
Thus, N.I. Guzun (1976) used crossbreeding of grape varieties carrying complexes of resistance genes with the best European varieties. They have been allocated a number of forms in terms of quality at the level of released varieties and suitable for non-covering and self-rooted crops in the conditions of Moldova.
On a large scale, complex hybrids of the French breeder Save Villar were used by Moldovan scientists D.D. Verderevsky and K.A.Votovich and others. From crossing these hybrids with European varieties, a number of new varieties with high group resistance and good fruit quality (Lyana, Suruchensky white, Nistru, Kriulyansky, Norok, etc.) were bred.
Breeders of the All-Russian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking. ME AND. Potapenko used European varieties and wild Amur grapes in breeding work. From such crossings, frost-resistant varieties were obtained, which, moreover, have increased resistance to mildew: Purple early, Shasla northern, Northern saperavi, Vydvizhenets, Vostorg, etc. (I.A. Kostrikin, 1985) S.A. Pogosyan (1972 d.) when breeding for frost resistance, it also uses European varieties that are relatively more resistant to critical temperatures.
Poghosyan came to the conclusion that when breeding frost-resistant grape varieties for hybridization, it is necessary to attract high-quality European varieties that have a relatively high frost resistance and high fruitfulness of replacement buds.
Similar varieties have been bred in the conditions of Armenia and Ukraine. These include Adisi, Sev Lernatu, and among the Western European and Black Sea groups - Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon, Saperavi.
On the basis of experimental data, Pogosyan believes that with the correct selection of European varieties-producers, through inter-varietal hybridization in the south, it is possible to develop high-quality varieties that can withstand frosts in the range of -27 ... -30 "C.
R.P. came to the same conclusion. Hakobyan (1969). He noted that when crossing such relatively frost-resistant varieties of the Western European group as Cabernet and Riesling with varieties of the eastern eco-geographical group Adisi and Sev Lernatu, individual seedlings, along with high fruit quality, surpass parental species in frost resistance by about 4-5 "C .
Important for breeding work is the study of the behavior of the original parental pairs in local conditions.
Of the 110 uncovered varieties and breeding forms of grapes studied in the Donbass, very high winter hardiness was noted only in 7 varieties: Alpha Black, Suputinsky White, Taiga Emerald, Elvira, Arktika, Buitur and Amur grapes.
In them, the death of the central kidneys does not exceed 20-46%. These varieties tolerate frosts well - 31 "C even after thaws, which indicates their high resistance.
High winter hardiness and the ability to develop fruit-bearing shoots from replacement buds have been established in the varieties Russian Concord, Pineapple, Solovyova early, Chugai-23.
Increased winter hardiness in comparison with European varieties is also possessed by varieties - Violet early, Shasla northern, Saperavi northern, Iyulsky, Decorative. They are of great interest not only for industrial distribution, but also in breeding work.
Having crossed the frost-resistant large-fruited variety Pineapple with the Euro-Amur Decorative, we have identified two promising forms of grapes for further selection. These are #7-28 and #7-61; they winter well in the conditions of Donbass, have large clusters. But the quality of the berries needs to be improved by crossing with resistant nutmeg varieties of the Jubilee-70 type, bred by the Moldavian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking "Vierul".
The experience of the senior researcher of the Donetsk experimental station of viticulture V.T. Galushenko shows that the use of these forms as parental pairs made it possible to create stable table varieties with good fruit quality.
Crossing, carried out at the Ukrainian Research Institute of Winemaking and Viticulture. Tairov, two hybrids with resistance genes of Euro-Amur and Euro-American origin (Muscat blue early x Pieril) made it possible to create a fairly frost- and mildew-resistant Muscat variety of technical direction - Muscat Odessa.
Thus, in order to create stable table grape varieties suitable for non-covering crops in the conditions of Donbass, it is necessary to cross not with European varieties, but between the best Euro-American and Euro-Amur hybrids.
For this purpose, we consider the following varieties to be promising: Vostorg, Northern Shasla, Early Purple, Northern Saperavi, Bruskam, Vydvizhenets, Burmunk, Nerkarat, Zovuni, Karmreni, Dimatskun, Mertsvan, Ushakert, Qakhtsreni, Armavir, Lusakert, Nalbadyani, Zeytun, Ashtaraki, Nushayut, Aknalig, seedling No. 1647/2, Gorizda No. 19 and No. 117. It is desirable to cross them with varieties of European-American origin: Anniversary-70, Memory of Verderevsky, Memory of Negrul, Anniversary of the Crane, Lyana, Nistru, Kriulyansky, Suruchensky white, Lanka , Original, Save Villar 20-365, Anitscan Muscat, Kodryanka, Frumoas Albe, Kontemirovsky, Strashensky, Zhemchug Zala.
However, some varieties of European origin can also be involved in hybridization. These are such as Abundant, Lobular, Derbent Muscat, Paytel Muscat, Amber Muscat, Korna Neagre.
High-frost-resistant grapes Amursky, Buitur, Arktik, Russian concord, Pineapple, Suputinsky white, etc. can also be crossed with stable high-quality varieties.
Wine growers of Donbass need varieties with a short growing season and early, as well as ultra-early ripening.
Therefore, the selection of parental pairs must be carried out so that both "parents" have these features, or at least one of them.
Increased frost resistance, new taste notes, low susceptibility to bacterial, viral and fungal diseases, high fruitfulness, these and many other properties improve with each new variety.
To study the numerous qualities of grapes, options for crossing varieties, breeding newest hybrids created a special science called "ampelography".
Benefits of new grape varieties
New varieties have a lot of improved qualities. Modern varieties can be planted not only in a warm climate, as it was decades ago, now the berry has time to ripen in a temperate zone, without dying in severe frosts.
Some grape varieties are able to withstand winter weather with temperatures down to -25˚ and below. This kind of vineyards, as a rule, are characterized by an early period of maturation. Tamerlane, Rusven, Wax - these are just a few examples of grapes that have the above properties.
It is important to understand that planting the same grapes in different climatic zones, the result will also be different.
In order to successfully grow berries, you need to adapt to the climatic zone. It is necessary to apply knowledge, provide additional insulation for seedlings, treat plantings with a fungicide. With the right approach, the return will be maximum.
Grape breeding methods
Directions for selection of grape varieties:
Whatever method is used in practice, the result should be obtaining those qualities that are aimed at selection.
The successful result will be the breeding of a variety that will surpass the already existing one in its qualities. What properties should be emphasized when breeding a new variety?
1. Resistant to winter frost
Frost-resistant varieties are beneficial in that they do not die in harsh winter conditions. Plus, both the financial and physical costs of caring for plantings in winter period are reduced to a minimum.
2. High disease resistance
Varieties that can withstand various fungi, bacteria and viruses do not require additional treatments. chemical compounds. This improves the quality of the fruit.
3. Obtaining varieties with bisexual flowers
Such plants do not require additional pollination measures; bushes of the opposite sex are not planted in the immediate vicinity.
4. Yield increase
There are varieties that, with excellent quality of the resulting berries, have a low yield. The combination of both qualities in one variety will help to get a lot good harvest in one season.
5. Obtaining varieties of early ripening
Grapes that have short time maturation, helps to increase the season for eating fresh crops. At the same time, technical plantings could increase the picking time, which significantly relieves workers who do not need to pick berries in a short time.
To obtain varieties with the necessary qualities, a careful selection of parent individuals is carried out.
It is desirable that the parents be as distantly related as possible, and yet possess the desired qualities. Particular attention should be paid to the fact which of the two parent plants is female and which is male.
New grape varieties introduced in 2013
In 2013, scientists and amateur gardeners obtained several varieties that have the qualities that allow you to get more yield, and at the same time experience less difficulties with transportation and storage.
Veles kishmish
A hybrid variety obtained from crossing Sophia and Rusbol. Berries with crispy flesh and a pleasant nutmeg note.
The mass of a ripe bunch is about one and a half kilograms. Ripens early.
Resistant to frost down to -21 ˚ C. Sometimes seeds appear in the berries.
Characterized by high resistance to pathogens.
Premier Kishmish
Folk grape, the original varieties of which remained unknown.
A distinctive feature is large berries, which are saturated with nutmeg shades when fully ripe. Shoot growth is strong. Average resistance to mildew obliges to carry out regular treatments with drugs.
The growth of the bushes is strong, the berries ripen late. The color of the berry is white, the taste is unobtrusive. Variety with rudimentary seeds inside berries.
Resistance to various diseases is closer to average. Not resistant to frost.
Well preserved during transportation.
Lowland 2
A characteristic feature of this variety are large, up to two kilograms of weight, clusters. The taste has notes of cherry, some sourness. Berries are light purple. It is well kept during long transportations.
The growth of the shoots is strong, ripening of the middle term, frost-resistant to -23˚ C. Resistant enough to disease. Keeps well and tastes better.
Sprinter
Characterized by early ripening of fruits. Flowers are bisexual. Ripe bunches weigh up to 600 gr. The color of the berries is red. The taste of berries is harmonious. High resistance to mildew, excellent transport tolerance.
Features of the latest grape varieties
Thus, the latest grape varieties are characterized by:
- increased resistance to long-term transportation;
- increase in storage periods;
- reduction in maturation;
- increased resistance to disease;
- increase in frost resistance.
These qualities help to grow the grapes that will bring the maximum amount of profit with the least loss and preservation of taste.
Safety during transportation helps to deliver the harvest in integrity throughout the country and beyond.
So, varieties like Lowland 2 are less in demand due to the color of the berries, while grapes with golden clusters are more popular.
At the same time, Nizina 2 ripens quickly, which covers its inconspicuous color and taste. The taste, by the way, during storage becomes quite saturated.
Premier kishmish conquers both with its color and its taste, which covers the low resistance to diseases. Every new variety good in its own way, each has a lot of positive properties.
Work on the creation of perfect grapes continues. Geneticists are working on the theoretical basis for growing the ideal variety. Breeders test in practice, introduce into production new ways of crossing varieties, get new vines.
A whole range of measures is aimed at cultivating a culture that will have those properties that are beneficial to humans.
Every year the number of items increases, and we are one step closer to those plants that can satisfy all needs at once. 2013 brought new varieties, but there are still many discoveries ahead, and lovers of fragrant berries will still be able to enjoy new notes of taste and color.
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Methods are known that accelerate the fruiting of grape seedlings - laying vigorous seedlings with katavlak, awakening stepson buds, direct technology. For the hybridization of new varieties at the Donetsk Experimental Station of Viticulture, grafting of lignified eyes onto adult bushes using the method of splitting or a lignified one-eyed cutting into a green shoot was used. With good accretion, the vaccinations in the first year gave an increase of up to two meters, in the second year they developed fruitful shoots, and the inflorescences were used for hybridization. To accelerate fruiting, seedlings in the cotyledon state were grafted onto the green shoots of adult bushes using shelves and wet chambers. Then, developing new methods for protecting green grafts from drying out, they came to the conclusion that for this purpose it is enough to use ordinary laboratory test tubes or plastic covers, which reduces labor costs by 5 times. As a rootstock, you can take any cultivated grape variety or rootstock varieties. Before bud break, most of the shoots are removed with secateurs, leaving 2-3 knots with 2 eyes on each. At the first fragment, 2-3 vigorous green shoots are left on the bush. When they reach 25 cm in length, they start grafting (from May 15-20 to June 15-20). A day or two before that, on the abandoned shoots, stepchild buds, the beginnings of wintering eyes and leaves are removed (up to about the 4-6th node). Hybrid grape seeds are germinated in such a way that by the time of grafting, the seedlings are with cotyledons or two or three true leaves. On the day of vaccination or the day before, they are carefully pulled out of the soil and placed with roots in a bowl of water so that they are well saturated with moisture. It is best to plant seedlings in the early morning or in the evening hours, in cloudy weather - throughout the day.
When grafting 2-3 cm above the third or fourth node, the top of the shoot is removed and an incision is made on it to the very node, preferably slightly oblique.
On the root neck of the seedling or slightly higher, make an oblique cut up to 1 cm long, and insert it under one side of the split. The grafting site is carefully tied with a thin rubber thread, which fastens the grafted components and stretches as the tissues grow. You can tie the vaccinations with a thin plastic film. Then put on a well-whitened test tube with a diameter of 2 cm or a polyethylene cap painted over with silver.
When the seedling starts growing well and forms 2-3 new leaves, the wet chamber can be removed.
During the entire growing season, all shoots on the rootstock are systematically removed. On the grafted seedling, as it grows, stepchildren are pinched, and the shoots are tied to a trellis or peg.
If interspecific hybrids are grafted onto bushes of European varieties, then in the fall they must be covered with earth, especially the lower part. If the seedling is grafted on a frost-resistant variety, then it should not be covered.
The survival rate of seedlings varies between 60-80% depending on the year and the quality of the vaccination.
In the first year, vaccinations usually give an increase of 1 to 2.5 m, and some of them lay fruit buds. In the second year of life, from 30 to 50% of plants bear fruit, the rest usually enters the time of fruiting in the third year.
Own-rooted seedlings enter fruiting time only in the 4-6th year of life.
Thus, this method allows to speed up the selection process by 2-3 years.
To accelerate the fruiting of seedlings, the Ukrainian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after V.E. Tairov developed a method of abundant feeding of seedlings (P.K. Ayvazyan). To do this, before sowing the seeds, a plot is prepared, that is, they dig a trench to a depth of 65-70 cm and fill it well with structural soil with organic and mineral fertilizers.
For one square meter make 10-30 kg of humus, 100-200 g of superphosphate, 50-70 g of ash.
Fresh or not completely rotted manure should not be applied. In the presence of pests (bearworm, larvae, beetles, etc.), the soil is seeded with hexochloran. The trench is filled with mixture
soil with fertilizer with a layer of 55-60 cm, after compaction, the remaining part of the trench is covered with structural soil. Fertilizers are not applied to this layer, so as not to cause a burn when sowing seeds. After sowing and emergence of seedlings, watering is carried out. During the growing season, 4-5 liquid mineral supplements are made at the rate of 150 g of superphosphate, 75 g of potassium salt per 1 bush. Plant nutrition area - 0.75 x 1 m.
Complete nutrition contributes to the good growth of plants, the laying of fruit buds in the first year, and some plants bear fruit in the second year.
Thus, growing seedlings on a high agricultural background contributes to the accelerated formation of generative organs and earlier fruiting of plants.
It should be remembered that pruning principles developed for existing grape varieties cannot be mechanically transferred to seedlings that have not yet entered the fruiting season.
In the first year, if the seedling has an increase of more than 1 - 1.5 m, then it is necessary to leave the entire mature part of the shoot, which makes it possible to avoid the removal of fruit buds, located, as a rule, in the upper nodes of the annual shoot. After the development of green shoots, when inflorescences are already visible on them, they make a fragment of barren and weaker ones, that is, the load is regulated by a green fragment. Young plants should not be overloaded with crops. If the seedling is barren or generally weak, then one or two green shoots are left on it, during the growing season, stepchildren are pinched on it. During the growing season, a well-formed shoot with fruitful eyes grows, and the next year the plant bears fruit.
Fruiting seedlings are cut and formed in the same way as bushes of ordinary standard varieties - frost-resistant forms on a high stem with two cordons.
When the seedlings enter the fruiting season, they begin to isolate the best specimens that combine high resistance to frost, disease and high quality products with their excellent appearance. When these qualities are confirmed, they begin to accelerate their reproduction within 2-3 years.
I became interested in grapes about 15 years ago. At that time, I grew the "Queen of the Vineyards" and "Lydia", however, like many ... I did not even suspect that there were disease-resistant grape varieties. Every year I had to spray Bordeaux liquid. I saw a vineyard at my classmate and got carried away. Yes, so much so that I uprooted everything fruit trees on the estate, drove a tractor, planned, and out of the blue he broke into planting grapes. No experience, I had to go to Zaporozhye to S.G. Leonov. Later, the author of the book “Amateur viticulture.” He told me in detail what and how. I started planting with cuttings. Then I went to Klyuchikov E.A. for seedlings. Corresponded with many growers, such as: Sokolov V.I., Olefir E.M., Alekseenko A.N., Kuzmenko N.I., Dmitrenko V.P., Piven I.I., Sinyak G. I.and others..Sokolov V.I.I want to note as a knowledgeable, experienced viticulturist-practitioner from the city of Nikolaev. He helped me a lot at that time with new varieties.After all, what do we want? to surpass the rest and no one had. Like pigeons. In a word, I also joined this race for the “miracle variety” of grapes. and soil replacement .. And 2004, a shallow year, cured me of my craving for a “new variety.” I began to see old varieties created by specialists and tested by time differently. I’m not against today’s home-grown breeders, but why fool people? so what? Now you need to test and get a certificate? And who can help evaluate and issue a "good" for distribution? If Krasokhina S.I. trades in dubious varieties. site. So it turns out that black business is flourishing in the field of amateur viticulture. An experienced wine grower, of course, will not buy it, but beginners, even very easily.
I, too, at one time, for sporting interest, wanted to create a variety. After all, in essence, what is it? Any seedling carries the uniqueness of the variety, so do it. In my opinion, do not blame me for simplicity, there are two ways to get a variety. Clone selection and hybrid. Clone, this is when the entire vine of the variety goes to planting seedlings and the best ones are selected. .But this is a long way. And the second, a hybrid in which plant pollen is involved. Please forgive me for my stupidity, but as I understand it. I got this process to growing seedlings. but “my selection stopped.” And I started with the following. I don’t remember exactly, but it seems that the bunches of the Rapture variety were placed in a paper bag, and when flowering, I tied flowers of a different variety to them, in my opinion, Natalya. the appearance of a droplet on the pistil, remove the stamens for bisexuals, and for female flowers, it’s even easier to tie and wait. You can simply collect pollen from early-flowering grape varieties and pollinate the variety that blooms later with powder puffs .. The pollination operation should take place under a paper bag. in general, at that time I didn’t pursue the goal of creating super-berries. It was just interesting. When the berries are tied, the packages are removed and they are waiting for full ripening. Then, like in tomatoes, the seeds are selected, washed in a weak solution of potassium permanganate and dried. Store in the basement , preferably in a bag of dense fabric in the sand. In early spring, the seeds are stratified in wet sand for a week, then they are allowed to dry and planted like carrots with sand, but only to school and under the film. Normal care, watering and thinning. In the second year, the seedlings are transplanted and observe the strength of growth and the presence of sores. To obtain the first test berries, there should be 5 year old rootstock bushes in which the trunk is cut to cause shoots and the best seedlings are planted on them. If you are lucky, you will get a new variety. So, nothing original in this is not, it would be time and desire.
The cultivation of grapes has more than one thousand years. His taste and beneficial features appreciated by residents ancient egypt. Over the centuries, a lot of information has been accumulated about the gene pool of varieties, their biomorphological and economic and technical properties. Ampelography is engaged in the collection and processing of this information.
The data obtained is needed for reproduction and selection. Every year there are new species with improved properties. Thanks to this, the crop is now grown not only in warm regions, but also in areas with a variable climate. For example, in Siberia.
Distinctive features of new varieties
New varieties of grapes and hybrids differ from the mother ones in many positive qualities:
ultra-high resistance to frost - time and physical costs are reduced during cultivation;
high yield - a combination of abundant fruiting and good taste characteristics;
immunity to fungal and viral diseases - no additional treatments chemicals makes berries environmentally friendly;
early ripeness - increases the harvesting period, a clear plus for both the consumer and workers in industrial cultivation;
bisexual flowers - make cultivation simple.
When breeding new varieties, special attention is paid to the climatic zone where grapes will be cultivated.
How do you get new species?
New varieties are obtained in several ways:
Vegetative hybridization is a method of obtaining plants known since ancient times. This is sexual reproduction by grafting a kidney. Affects the timing of maturation and a number of morphological features.
Artificial hybridization - sexual and asexual crossing. It is based on the combination of genes from different cells in one.
Sowing seeds of natural pollination is a method known from the 3rd century BC. BC e.
All methods of obtaining new species are aimed at creating varieties with the best commodity and taste characteristics.
Photos
Brief description of new varieties
The varieties described below are new. They are characterized by high yield, transportability and long shelf life.
Seedless hybrid VI-4- table variety. The bushes are strong and grow well. The growing season does not exceed 140 days. White long berries form large conical clusters. The variety tolerates long hauls well. Moderately resistant to fungus, decay and sub-zero temperatures.
Veles Kishmish- a hybrid with a nutmeg flavor. Berries are juicy and sweet. The mass of the bunch is up to 1500 g. The color is light pink. Some fruits contain seeds. Grapes can withstand light frosts well. Has good immunity.
Lowland 2 - table grapes, ripening in clusters up to two kilograms. The berries are large, light purple. With a pleasant taste and smell. Sugar content up to 19%. Feature of a grade - early coloring of fruits and berry taste with easy sourness. The crop is characterized by an excellent presentation, the ability to endure long transportation. The bush endures frost and is not afraid of many diseases.
Premier Kishmish- a variety bred by amateur breeders. Differs in the large size of yellowish-pink berries. Bunch weight 750 g. Harvest ripens 120 days after bud opening. Hangs on a bush for a long time without spoiling. Disease resistance is average.
Sprinter- grapes obtained by amateur selection. Ripens extremely early. But 105-110 days after bud break. The berries are red, large, round. The weight of the bunch is 500-600 g. The pulp is dense and juicy. The variety is resistant to frost and mildew.
Every day, breeders are working to create an “ideal” variety that would be able to produce a plentiful and tasty crop of universal purpose at minimal cost when grown.
Video "New and hybrid grape varieties"
