Ak bring new varieties of grapes. How I developed a new grape hybrid. Description and photo of Kodryanka grapes

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When growing grapes near the walls and on the arbors, the bushes have to be left uncovered for the winter, since it is not possible to bend them to the ground. It follows from this that for wall culture grapes need frost-resistant varieties. But the existing frost-resistant varieties, as already mentioned, are significantly inferior to European varieties in terms of fruit taste. Hence the task is to work on breeding new varieties - high-quality and at the same time frost-resistant. Such varieties can be successfully bred by amateur growers.

The main method of breeding such varieties is hybridization followed by hybridization and selection.

In order to obtain high-quality frost-resistant hybrids, it is necessary to cross various European and Central Asian grape varieties with good taste of berries with varieties of frost-resistant species.

Of the European varieties, for example, the following can be recommended for hybridization: intensively accumulating sugar White Muscat, Pink Muscat and Black Kishmish, early varieties Zhemchug Saba, Madeleine Anzhevin and Chaush, in which wood ripens well; from Central Asian - large-fruited Taifi, Nimrang, Katta kurgan, etc. Of the frost-resistant forms, the most suitable for hybridization are varieties of the species Vitis Labruska - Isabella, Lydia and others, as well as Amur grapes; in areas infected with phylloxera, varieties and hybrids of Riparia and Rupestris species can also be recommended.

The success of the business depends primarily on the ability to choose parent pairs on the basis of personal observations of the behavior of certain varieties in the area where breeding work is being carried out. It is important not only to skillfully select varieties for crossing, but also to select the most suitable bushes of parental varieties for this purpose. For example, if it is noticed that a bush is better than other bushes of this variety, endures winter or has better maturation of wood and is less damaged by frost, then such a bush should be taken for crossing.

It is desirable to cross in the area for which new varieties are being developed, so that hybrid seeds are formed on bushes growing in the conditions of this area. Hybrid seeds should be imported from other places only if there are no bushes necessary for crossing varieties in the place. In this case, you can contact any research institution for viticulture with a request to send hybrid seeds for breeding high-quality frost-resistant grape varieties.

The crossing technique is as follows. On the bushes selected for hybridization, large inflorescences are selected, located on strong, well-growing shoots. The upper part of the bunch is cut to half along the ridge. The rest of the flowers are castrated. With thin tweezers, in one or two steps, remove the cap along with anthers from each bud (Fig. 35). On each inflorescence, 50-100 buds are castrated, the rest are cut with scissors with sharp tips. It is necessary to castrate on the day when the first blooming flowers appear on the bush.

After castration, an insulator is put on the inflorescence to protect it from pollen from neighboring flowering bushes. The insulator is prepared from parchment paper, which is cut into pieces 20 centimeters wide and 25 centimeters long. Then the cut leaves are glued into a tube. To do this, take a half-liter bottle, wrap it with a leaf and glue its edges. The end of the resulting parchment tube from the side of the neck of the bottle) is dipped into water for 3-4 centimeters, then it is tied with a nylon thread along the edge of the wetted place by one knot, the wetted border is folded back from the bottle and the other end is also tied with a thread, after putting a small cotton ball. The insulator prepared in this way (Fig. 36) is put on the inflorescence, the pedicel is wrapped with a piece of cotton wool and the thread is tightened. In the morning of the next day, the upper end of the insulator is untied and the stigmas of castrated flowers are examined. If droplets of liquid appear on them, pollination must be carried out; if no droplets appear, the insulators are tied and the inspection is continued every morning until droplets appear on the stigmas of the flowers. This moment cannot be missed, since pollination before the appearance of droplets or after they dry does not give results - crossing does not work.
If the paternal bush blooms earlier than the mother bush, pollen is collected in advance for pollination. To do this, anthers (along with pollen) are shaken from flowering inflorescences into a paper bag, dried in the shade and kept in a dry place until pollination is needed. During pollination, anthers with pollen are collected with a brush and shaken over the stigmas, on which droplets have appeared.

Crossing is best done if the paternal and maternal bushes bloom at the same time. Then, several branches are cut from the well-blooming inflorescences of the paternal bush, brought to the mother bush and inserted one by one into the untied insulators, touching the anthers to the stigmas, then removed. This method of pollination gives the best results.

After two or three weeks, paper insulators are removed and gauze bags are put on inflorescences with young ovaries of berries. When the seeds are fully ripened, the clusters are cut off and hybrid seeds are extracted from the berries.

I became interested in grapes about 15 years ago. At that time, I grew the "Queen of the Vineyards" and "Lydia", however, like many ... I did not even suspect that there were disease-resistant grape varieties. Every year I had to spray Bordeaux liquid. I saw a vineyard at my classmate and got carried away. Yes, so much so that I uprooted everything fruit trees on the estate, drove a tractor, planned, and out of the blue he broke into planting grapes. No experience, I had to go to Zaporozhye to S.G. Leonov. Later, the author of the book “Amateur viticulture.” He told me in detail what and how. I started planting with cuttings. Then I went to Klyuchikov E.A. for seedlings. Corresponded with many growers, such as: Sokolov V.I., Olefir E.M., Alekseenko A.N., Kuzmenko N.I., Dmitrenko V.P., Piven I.I., Sinyak G. I.and others..Sokolov V.I.I want to note as a knowledgeable, experienced viticulturist-practitioner from the city of Nikolaev. He helped me a lot at that time with new varieties.After all, what do we want? to surpass the rest and no one had. Like pigeons. In a word, I also joined this race for the “miracle variety” of grapes. and soil replacement .. And 2004, a shallow year, cured me of my craving for a “new variety.” I began to see old varieties created by specialists and tested by time differently. I’m not against today’s home-grown breeders, but why fool people? so what? Now you need to test and get a certificate? And who can help evaluate and issue a "go-ahead" for distribution? If Krasokhina S.I., candidate of village sciences, she also trades in dubious varieties. site. So it turns out that black business is flourishing in the field of amateur viticulture. An experienced winegrower, of course, will not buy it, but beginners, even very easily.
I, too, at one time, for sporting interest, wanted to create a variety. After all, in essence, what is it? Any seedling carries the uniqueness of the variety, so do it. In my opinion, do not blame me for simplicity, there are two ways to get a variety. Clone selection and hybrid. Clone, this is when the entire vine of the variety goes to planting seedlings and the best ones are selected. .But this is a long way. And the second, a hybrid in which plant pollen is involved. Please forgive me for my stupidity, but as I understand it. I got this process to growing seedlings. but “my selection stopped.” And I started with the following. I don’t remember exactly, but it seems that the bunches of the Rapture variety were placed in a paper bag, and when flowering, I tied flowers of a different variety to them, in my opinion, Natalya. the appearance of a droplet on the pistil, remove the stamens for bisexuals, and for female flowers, it’s even easier to tie and wait. You can simply collect pollen from early-flowering grape varieties and pollinate the variety that blooms later with powder puffs .. The pollination operation should take place under a paper bag. in general, at that time I did not pursue the goal of creating super-berries. It was just interesting. When the berries are tied, the packages are removed and they are waiting for full ripening. Then, like in tomatoes, the seeds are selected, washed in a weak solution of potassium permanganate and dried. a bag of dense fabric in the sand. In early spring, the seeds are stratified in wet sand for a week, then they are allowed to dry and planted like carrots with sand, but only to school and under a film. Normal care, watering and thinning. In the second year, the seedlings are transplanted and observed strength of growth and the presence of sores. To obtain the first trial berries, there must be 5 year old rootstock bushes in which the trunk is cut to cause shoots and the best seedlings are planted on them. If you are lucky, you will get a new variety. So, there is nothing original in this, there would be time and desire.

Many gardeners are happy to plant on their plots various varieties grapes, selecting the best, breeding and selecting the most suitable in terms of yield, endurance and palatability. Among them, a well-known breeder stands out, thanks to whose enthusiasm and painstaking work more than fifty varieties have appeared.

Breeder Pavlovsky brought about 50 varieties of grapes, including Rochefort

Breeder Pavlovsky

Evgeny Georgievich Pavlovsky is one of the most successful and talented breeders who managed to give excellent viable varieties. A simple miner who, in his free time, was engaged in his personal plot, back in 1985, he brought out the first copies that received many awards and prizes at international competitions and exhibitions. Many of them are successfully cultivated in various regions of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine.

The collection is based on hybrids bred through painstaking selection and selection. best qualities and properties. Among the unifying positive points can be identified:

precocity;
frost resistance;
high yield;
attractive presentation of bunches;
resistance to fungal diseases.

All gardeners note the excellent taste and sufficient sugar content, which make the new plants bred by Pavlovsky indispensable on land.

Hip-Hop grapes, like other varieties of Pavlovsky, have a high sugar content.

All varieties developed by E.G. Pavlovsky, are a novelty on the market, therefore, it is worth buying them for planting in special nurseries with seedlings, having previously studied the features of the species so that it meets all expectations.

Almost all of them are adapted for planting in spring and autumn, they require protection from cold winds, but they winter well due to their excellent frost resistance. The land for planting must be prepared, taking into account the standard requirements for any grape, not planted immediately after the old bush, allowing the soil to rest for several years.

Optimal care conditions

Like any fruit-bearing plant, grapes need a sufficient amount of moisture, so regular full-fledged watering, especially on hot dry days, will have a positive effect on the amount of the harvest.

E.G. himself Pavlovsky recommends at least occasionally feeding the bushes with humus, potash or phosphate fertilizers, be sure to mulch the ground around for the best income. nutrients to the root system. For this, blackened sawdust, sprinkled with a layer of 3 centimeters, will come in handy.

Important necessary step is a well-thought-out pruning of a bush, affecting its ability to bear fruit well. By reducing the excess number of stepchildren, you can direct nutrients to the fruits, as well as form a clear, neat shape.

With the onset of cold weather, grapes need shelter, especially if the growing area is characterized by winters with average temperature about 20 degrees below zero. Young seedlings are insulated with specially prepared tubs, clean plastic containers from under the water, and covered with earth. Adult fruit-bearing bushes are covered with a film, trying to leave some air space.

Carmen grapes and other varieties of Pavlovsky should be carefully wrapped for the winter

Features of the selection of cuttings for planting

The laying of a generous harvest begins with a leisurely choice of cuttings, compliance with all conditions for planting in the ground, and high-quality care for it. Experienced growers themselves receive the material on their site. And when choosing in a nursery or on the market, you need to consider the following points:

the seedling must have a developed root system;
the roots should have a whitish tint, and the cut should be green;
there must be at least three buds on the handle.

Before planting, they should be pre-prepared by soaking in a special solution for a day.

The famous breeder constantly pleases fans with new hybrids with improved qualities, but it is worth mentioning in detail the varieties that have already proven themselves and have received high consumer ratings in recent times.

The grape seedling must have a healthy and attractive appearance.

Ali Baba: nutmeg dessert

Obtained as a result of crossing popular unpretentious varieties, this hybrid species immediately fell in love with a delicate harmonious taste with pleasant nutmeg notes. Thanks to its amazing persistence and productivity, it has been chosen as the main one by many industrial vineyards.

It pleasantly amazes its owners with luxurious brushes weighing up to 800 grams with densely spaced large berries. They have an excellent presentation, in addition to a beautiful dark red color, attracting with a light aroma, delicate rich taste. Under a thin, imperceptible shell on the tongue, a fairly dense fleshy pulp is hidden.

Among the undoubted positive sides"Ali Baba", noted by gardeners, the most important when growing are called:

a short period of aging;
high yield and quality berries;
the presence of flowers of each sex on the vines;
resistance to diseases and frosts up to 23 degrees.

This species is perfectly propagated by cuttings that have excellent adaptive properties in new conditions. They grow quite quickly, giving good rich harvests in a few years. The vegetative period declared by the breeder is about 100 days, depending on weather conditions and the amount of sunlight.

A pleasant feature of "Ali Baba" is the ability of young stepchildren to bear fruit, although they produce clusters that are less plentiful in weight, ripening later than on the main lashes. Even from a green stepson, you can collect up to 4 kilograms of quality grapes.

Among the negative aspects of this specimen, the owners note that the strong density of berries on the gron prevents them from forming the oval shape characteristic of the variety. Although young branches bear fruit, they strongly take away the nutritious juices of the main part of the bush, requiring enhanced care and feeding. Therefore, in the spring there is always a dilemma: to leave or remove new shoots in order to get a high quality crop.

Ali Baba grapes produce fruits with a nutmeg flavor

Delicate table "Marshmallow"

Very popular among gardeners with a wonderful taste and quality variety. table grapes"Marshmallow", bred by Pavlovsk breeding on the basis of the frost-resistant "Talisman". It is also characterized by the presence of bisexual flowers, problem solving pollination, excellent adaptability to changeable weather, suitable for non-hot areas of the middle regions of Russia.

This is an early ripening hybrid form, characterized by large heavy clusters, the berries on which reach an average of 14 grams. Zephyr is characterized by a very beautiful red color with a slight purple tint, shimmering in the sun. On average, one brush reaches 600 grams, but with persistent warm weather and enhanced feeding, you can get more than a kilogram. Large appetizing berries are densely packed, not having the property of peas, and their flavor is very sweet and unobtrusive.

Zephyr has an interesting distinguishing feature: despite the precocity, a fully ripened crop can not be harvested until frost. It is perfectly stored on the sleeves without loss of taste and visual commercial qualities, allowing you to shoot a small amount every day without cutting off the rest of the brushes. A big number bunches makes it a very profitable acquisition for a small plot.

Marshmallow grapes have an unusual color

Rostov "Ayuta"

A wonderful hybrid variety, named Pavlovsky in honor of the river flowing near Rostov, appeared on the market in 2012 and was immediately liked by lovers of breeding early table species. It is distinguished by a pleasant aftertaste with a touch of tea rose, remaining in the mouth after dense pulp. One of the most popular in the collection of the famous selector, Ayuta grapes have many advantages for gardeners:

crunch characteristic of this species when biting;
normal resistance to cold;
resistance to rot, diseases and pests;
early aging;
flower stalks on the vine are always of both sexes.

Clusters of "Ayuta" have a good presentation, attracting large purple berries, lying tightly on a massive bunch weighing up to a kilogram. They are fully ripe by August, and can remain on the lashes until the first frost without bursting and without losing their sweet delicate taste. A dense shell allows you to transport it to the place of sale without any special precautions.

This specimen does not require special additional care, constant loosening, calmly referring to a slight lack of moisture, poor soil condition, is not subject to different types decay, damage by pests and insects. And good resistance to freezing made "Ayuta" a gift for gardeners from regions with a cool climate.

Ayuta grapes produce bunches weighing up to a kilogram

Amber "Monarch"

Tasty and beautiful table variety "Monarch", obtained by Pavlovsky as a result of many years of selection, belongs to the early ripening time. Depending on the climatic features of the region, the harvest can be obtained as early as mid-August, and the average growing season is no more than four months.

This specimen is characterized by a fairly good yield, the ability to collect brushes up to one kilogram. Large, elastic berries have an even conical shape, slightly reminiscent of medium-sized plums. IN sunshine they play with amber hues, with a slight redness.

The pulp is juicy and fleshy, with a pronounced nutmeg taste, and not big amount bones. The berries do not crumple during transportation, are perfectly stored and are liked by customers with their appetizing appearance.

The indisputable advantages of Monarch are:

excellent taste and sweetness, regardless of the vagaries of the weather;
the same size of berries;
good performance in grafting and transplanting;
excellent frost resistance up to 25 degrees.

From one adult plant, it is quite possible to collect about 7 kilograms of delicious fruits. But this species has an increased growth force, increasing by a third during the season due to the growth of greenery and stepchildren, therefore, it needs pruning and thinning of the leaves. But the presence of female and male flowers on the bush simplifies the task of pollination for the owner.

The only problem of "Monarch" is a large number of falling ovaries during the flowering period, even under the most favorable conditions. But the remaining inflorescences cope with the task quite well, turning into large, heavy clusters.

Monarch grapes are distinguished by large berries

Golden "Ozone"

Despite the absolutely identical source material with Ali Baba, E.G. Pavlovsky managed to get a completely different hybrid grape, markedly different in form and properties.

Fragrant and juicy "Ozone" surprises the owners with generous brushes up to 1.5 kilograms, on which golden grapes of a cylindrical shape are grouped. Despite the simple nutmeg taste, they are very juicy, sweet and contain many useful substances.

The yield of "Ozone" is quite stable, but it needs correction of greenery and ovaries in the spring so as not to get a lot of small berries. The full ripening period is equal to 105 days, allowing you to enjoy a natural dessert in early August. He, like Ali Baba, is not afraid of freezing on the soil, ideally adapting to the conditions of the middle lane.

This is a wonderful tasty specimen, the only drawback of which is his youth. It was bred in 2012 and has not been studied enough, so it can give unpredictable results in new conditions.

Grapes Ozone gives large brushes of 1.5 kg in weight

Delicate "Romeo"

An interesting hybrid with the usual even taste is the Romeo table variety, which belongs to the late varieties that ripen by early autumn. Quite unpretentious to weather conditions and temperature, it quickly takes root, grows intensively, forming luxurious clusters of about one kilogram. However, in cool weather, the weight may be slightly less.

Delicate lilac berries on the brush are always papillary of an unusual shape, but the thin skin is easily damaged, making it difficult to transport the crop. Therefore, it is not recommended to grow it for sale.

The distinctive characteristics of "Romeo" are called:

Very good harvest from one bush;
sustainable resistance to diseases that affect grapes;
the presence of flowers of different sexes;
frost resistance and adaptability.

"Romeo" is a worthy hybrid for home breeding, capable of providing the whole family from one adult bush.

Romeo grapes - a fruitful hybrid of a very pleasant taste

Sweet "Beauty"

Another hybrid form, proposed by Pavlovsky, was bred by mixing pollen from tender European and resistant Amur vines. The resulting tall massive bush turned out to be above average among similar ones, but ripens well, giving a delicious harvest in early August.

Grons "Pretty Woman" cannot offer a record mass, being limited to a neat brush of 700 grams, producing attractive dark pink berries small size with a nutmeg aftertaste and a violet tip characteristic of this variety.

Of the positive aspects of "Pretty Woman" - its resistance to frost and rapid maturation, ideal for areas with a short summer period. And the disadvantages are its little study due to its youth, which does not provide full-fledged research material on the level of resistance to certain diseases characteristic of grapes. Therefore, the bush requires very close care and health monitoring, a quick response to any manifestations of rot or mildew.

Grapes Beauty is suitable for regions with a cold climate

Graceful "Juliet"

Many growers often purchase "Juliet" complete with "Romeo", which look perfect and complement each other in taste and color. Despite the different basis taken by E.G. Pavlovsky for selection, they ripen and fill with juice at the same time.

"Juliet" is a vigorous, low plant, on which small brushes grow up to 500 grams with a very subtle flavor, reeking of nutmeg. On a small crown, large sweet grapes of a beautiful yellow-green hue are formed with a lot of sugar.

This vine tends to lose yield when the bush is overloaded with tassels, therefore, it requires mandatory thinning during the release of peduncles. If this is not done, a large yield will prevent the creation of a rich shade of nutmeg and give tasteless unleavened berries.

Juliet grapes produce sweet nutmeg berries

Breeder, continuing cooperation with many famous colleagues from different countries, constantly improves its work, releasing new forms for reproduction, most of which immediately appeal to gardeners:

"Carmen": novelty with short term aging, characterized by luxurious tassels of dark saturated of blue color, With Large Oval Grapes. The standard taste of "Carmen" is complemented by a special combination of natural sugars and acids. The plant is quite resistant to winter cold, confidently gaining popularity in middle lane countries.
"Rochefort": causes genuine interest of gardeners for the opportunity to grow clusters of stunning size, reaching 4 kilograms in favorable weather. When ripe, the grapes turn blue, as they become saturated with sweetness, becoming an unusual almost black color. The variety has successfully passed the tests of cold and diseases typical for grapes.
"Hip-Hop": behind a frivolous name lies a very promising hybrid novelty from Pavlovsky, ripening on early term and presenting delicious juicy grapes with a yellowish tint. For its fleshy pulp, thin, strong skin that can easily withstand transportation, the ability to quickly propagate by cuttings, large agricultural producers are seriously interested in Hip Hop.

Given the great variety of grape varieties obtained by the talented hands of E.G. Pavlovsky, the list is endless. But many of them have common features, appearing on the basis of the same mother bush by green grafting.

Most of them have already passed some testing, including the ability to survive the cold, resist gray rot or leaf pests, but the latest still require attention and special conditions for a full harvest.

» » Newest hybrid varieties grapes Pavlovsky E.G

Advantages of hybrid forms

During the observation period, the hybrid form indicates a strong growth energy, good resistance to diseases (in the criteria of my agricultural technology, neither in the past year, nor until the moment of writing the material - in the 2nd decade of August 2009, it was not treated with pesticides).
Other advantages of the form include resistance to cracking of berries and the ability to long-term preserve the commercial properties of grapes that are not harvested from the bush during the period of physiological maturity of the berries (essentially for an amateur vineyard).
Frost resistance. Last year, a piece of bunch left on the vine waited for ... frosts!
The form showed another valuable feature in the color of the berries. In colored species, after full ripening, as a rule, the intensity of the color of the berries does not change in the best direction. The berries of the pink species turn red with blotched flowers, the reddish varieties may turn maroon or even purple. The same form retained its pink color until frost.

Personal experience of accidentally obtaining a new grape hybrid

Such properties appear in a variety that this year has ripened immediately or a couple of days earlier than the First-Called (these forms are grafted on one bush). With all this, despite such an early ripening period and very large berries (more than 4 cm in length), sugar accumulation and harmonious taste of berries in the form are excellent. The exceptional beauty of the bunch is one of the most striking changes that appeared during the observation period.

The effectiveness of visual perception in almost everything is determined by large elongated berries, the main color background of which is truly amber (without Greenery) and immediately by 3 variations in the coloring of berries, which makes a color composition that produces a very strong memory.

I am not a poorly informed person in this matter, but if the subjective-emotional component is included in the assessment of the bunch, and the size of the bunch is not taken into account (in fact, the 1st fruiting), then we can say that I have not seen a more attractive bunch. work with her was not impersonal, she received a temporary working title - Bomb.

The title was formed and conditioned from a natural-emotional exclamation that occurs in virtually every person (not necessarily a wine grower) who first saw her bunches. If, God willing, and over time it turns out that the configurations are of a mutational nature, the clone can be called V.N. Krainov. How to deal with all this? Relaxed, at least without euphoria. This can be the usual mentoring effect of the rootstock in the grafted composition under certain conditions of graft growth and less, or actually similar changes in the modification nature, caused by the reaction of grapes to environmental factors or cultivation technology, of course, I would like these changes to be inherited during vegetative reproduction, but the 1st desire is not enough, everything is in the hands of the Lord.

But there is hope. Including in connection with the young origin of the hybrid form. In his own works, Michurin noted that the formation and final formation of the parameters of hybrid forms occurs within a couple of years after hybridization. And the master of practice understood this better than anyone. Who knows, maybe in this case this option appeared. In addition, the external environment, galactic and light energy flows, nutritional conditions and dozens of other circumstances, including natural physical and chemical mutagens, during this period could affect the normal course of cytoembryological processes and metabolism of the observed form, which led to a change in traits on the genetic level. At the same time, over time, these changes can intensify, be cumulative, if the source of this impact is unchanged.

Grape Talisman

Time will show what these configurations actually represent and whether they will be transmitted or not during vegetative propagation. For now, we can only wait. I had a demonstrative conversation with V.N. Krainov. When breeding the hybrid form Ataman, he vaccinated in another vineyard. When discussing the configurations of color, shape of berries, and other features acquired on this inoculation, he said: “If I had not known that this was Ataman, I would have thought that this was a different variety.” Even then we noted that such changes in the properties of new hybrid forms can be used for greedy purposes by unscrupulous people. It turned out that they were looking into the water ...

There were "craftsmen"

I live in a vineyard far from the town, in relative isolation from "civilization" (without the Internet), and even here rumors reach me that some people (either unprepared, not understanding the laws of variability, or greedy viticulture businessmen) began to issue a similar variability of hybrid forms for new forms. They give them other names, and they are already launching a marketing flywheel for the implementation of these forms. In other words, a large-scale swindle action is being prepared.

Simple decency does not allow to do so. Even if mutations (changes in the hereditary base - genotype - of a plant organism, transmitted to offspring during vegetative reproduction) lie in the cause of the seemingly modified traits, then this is a clone, a clone of a variety that has a creator, with all the ensuing consequences, at least moral. Assigning a different name to the form without the knowledge of the creator, in my opinion, is very little, unethical, and maybe tantamount to theft. Even if you got lucky, and due to certain events, by the will of the option, you became the owner of a fascinating clone, the maximum that you can count on is co-authorship. In addition, when these events are concealed, the viticultural community is simply pricked.

If the manifested variability in the hybrid form has the usual modification character (it is not transmitted during vegetative reproduction), then such acts in general are nothing more than fraud. The grower is shown one thing, but they essentially sell him something else, planting material variety that he may already have. In fact, in breeding, everything is much more difficult than I mentioned here, and the event under discussion, no doubt, specifically refers to one of the methods of selection - clonal selection, in which the most important is the answer to the question - whether the detected change is mutational (hereditary) or modification disposition (incommunicable during reproduction). Not everything is so simple here, in some cases even the modification nature of the configurations can persist for a couple of years and, what is most unusual, several vegetative generations. This paradox even exists scientific definition- long modification. In order to avoid punctures and not look later as boys for beating, the breeders have worked out the corresponding development.

The crossing technique is quite simple; for this purpose, preparation is first mother plant.

Mother plant preparation

Most varieties of grapes have bisexual flowers and, with pure-grade plantations, as a rule, self-pollinate, that is, the egg is fertilized by pollen that develops on the same or neighboring flower.

In order to prevent the process of self-pollination or intravarietal pollination (by pollen from the flowers of neighboring bushes), pollen should be removed within the inflorescence. This process of removing pollen is called "castration". Castration starts 2-3 days before flowering. Castration is done with tweezers, which carefully remove the flower cap (corolla) and at the same time anthers with pollen. If the flower has short filaments and the anthers sit at the level of the stigma of the pistil or below it, then in this case only the cap of the flower is removed first, and then the stamen filaments with anthers are cut off.

In the inflorescence, not all flowers are castrated, but only 40-50% of the total number, approximately 100-150. The remaining flowers are cut off so that the castrated flowers are evenly distributed on the inflorescence. After castration, the inflorescence should be immediately isolated with a bag made of parchment paper. The paper insulator prevents the flowers from being exposed to pollen.

When using varieties with a functionally female type of flower for hybridization, castration is not carried out, since the pollen of these flowers is not capable of fertilization. However, such flowers are also isolated until the moment of artificial pollination.

Collection of pollen from the paternal plant

Then proceed to harvest the pollen of the paternal plant. For this purpose, during the flowering of the paternal plant, the filaments with anthers are collected in paper bags, after which they are transferred to the room and spread out on paper for drying and ripening. After a day or two, when the anthers burst, the pollen is separated from the filaments and anthers by sifting through a silk sieve and placed in test tubes. Harvested pollen should be stored in a dry and cool place. In the case when the flowering of the mother and father plants coincides, the pollen of the father plant is not collected, and in order to fertilize the mother plant, the plucked inflorescences of the father plant are shaken over the inflorescence of the mother plant. When the flowering of the paternal plant is later than the mother plant, it is necessary to artificially either accelerate the flowering of the paternal plant, or delay the flowering of the mother plant.

You can speed up the beginning of flowering by layering with a vine. As observations have shown, flowering on layering occurs 7-10 days earlier compared to flowering on ordinary bushes. Flowering is accelerated even more if greenhouse frames are installed above the bushes. You can delay the beginning of flowering by carrying out snow retention and late spring watering. For a longer period, flowering can be delayed if a hole is dug under the bushes intended for hybridization, into which snow is poured and covered with straw and earth on top.

With earlier flowering of paternal plants, pollen can be prepared in advance and stored until the moment of use. Under appropriate conditions of heat and humidity, pollen can be stored for up to a year.

pollination process

After harvesting pollen or inflorescences with pollen, they begin to artificially apply the pollen of the paternal plant to the flowers of the mother. The process of pollination is usually started when a special, slightly sticky liquid appears on the stigmas of the pistils of the mother plant. In order to prevent foreign pollen from getting onto the stigma through the air, the insulator is usually not removed, but a round hole is cut out in it, through which pollen is applied with a brush or cotton wool, after which the hole is sealed with a circle of parchment paper. If pollination is carried out by shaking the plucked inflorescence, then in this case it is better to remove the insulator and, after applying pollen to the flowers of the mother plant, put it on again.

Since not all flowers of the mother plant are simultaneously prepared for the perception of pollen, pollination is recommended to be repeated after 2-3 days.

In order to ensure interspecific or intergeneric crossing, I. V. Michurin developed a method of vegetative convergence. To do this, before crossing, the initial forms are grafted. It is possible to instill the future paternal form on the maternal one and, conversely, the maternal one on the paternal one. As a result of the mutual influence of the scion on the rootstock, pollen or an egg appear, which are biologically more similar, and the process of fertilization occurs.

In some cases, to overcome non-crossing, a mixture of pollen from several species is used, or the mother's pollen is mixed with the father's. A. Ya. Kuzmin developed another way to overcome non-crossing, which consists in the late application of pollen to the stigma of the pistil, when the stigma is on the verge of dying off.

After the berries have developed to the size of a pea, the parchment insulators are removed and gauze bags are put on instead to better preserve the hybrid seeds.

Working with seeds

The resulting hybrid berries remain on the bushes until the seeds fully ripen. Then the clusters are removed from the bushes along with gauze bags and transferred to a storage room. In winter, the seeds are removed from the berries, washed thoroughly and slightly dried on well-ventilated racks. Then the seeds are placed in wet sand and stored in clay pots in unheated rooms at a temperature of 5-7 degrees Celsius. The room where the seeds are stored (at the same time the seeds are stratified) should not be excessively damp. Two weeks before sowing in the ground or greenhouses, they are transferred to a warm room, where, after transplanting into boxes with sand, the swelling process occurs and the seeds begin to germinate.

The seeds that have hatched are transplanted into greenhouses or directly onto the ridges in the ground. Transplanting seeds into the ground should be done at such a time that the seeds do not experience a sharp fluctuation in temperature.

Sowing seeds in greenhouses is carried out at a distance of 8 cm between rows from each other and is covered with humus, mixed half with river sand, to a depth of 3-4 cm. is located depending on the scale of work and methods of mechanized tillage. With a small amount of breeding work and manual processing of ridges, the distance between rows is 35-40 cm. With horse cultivation, row spacing increases to 70-75 cm. Seedling care consists in maintaining the necessary soil moisture, combating weeds, diseases and pests.

From the moment of seed germination to the entry of young seedlings into a state of full fruiting, hybrid plants are good conditions for development.

Directed parenting

IN young age a hybrid plant, being plastic, can develop certain properties corresponding to environmental conditions. The growing conditions of a hybrid plant are of decisive importance for identifying the required traits and properties and the time of entry into fruiting seedlings.

On the issue of creating new varieties by the method of hybridization and directed education, I. V. Michurin wrote “In this matter, everything depends on the experimental selection of combinations of crossed pairs, plants, and, mainly, on expedient education hybrid seedlings at their young age. Here, almost entirely the qualities of the future variety depend on the mode of its upbringing. Directed education is necessary to accustom the plant to easily endure all the adverse conditions of the area. So, if the task is to develop high-yielding, high-quality and cold-resistant varieties, hybrid seedlings should be placed in natural conditions of low winter temperatures. Seedlings obtained, for example, from crossing European varieties of grapes with Amur grapes should be slightly covered with earth in the first year, and then they should be gradually taught to endure winter temperatures without any earth cover. In addition, to increase cold resistance, you can use the “mentor” method of education developed by I. V. Michurin. For this purpose, young seedlings need to be grafted onto a cold-resistant stock of Amur grapes, or a cutting of this cold-resistant species is grafted onto a seedling. Under the influence of a cold-resistant stock or scion, the property of cold resistance is enhanced in a hybrid seedling.

If the task is to develop Muscat resistant to oidium and mildew diseases, then, in addition to crossing this variety with some American disease-resistant variety, it is sometimes necessary to strengthen this resistance again by grafting. The same method of directed education can be used when breeding more productive varieties with early ripening berries and with other signs and properties. In particular, with distant interspecific hybridization, it often becomes necessary to improve the quality of the variety. For this purpose, cuttings of high-quality European grape varieties are grafted onto the seedling. In this case, the tissues of the seedling are built on the nutrients produced by the leaves of a quality European variety, due to which the same trait develops in the hybrid seedling.

Improvement in the quality of the variety and increase in yield can be achieved by improving the nutritional conditions a year before fruiting. To do this, organic fertilizers are applied in a mixture with granular phosphorus and potash fertilizers. In the year of the beginning of fruiting, the amount of fertilizer applied increases.

To ensure strong growth and quick fruiting, seedlings should not be replanted frequently, and the leaf area should also be reduced when pruning. Seedlings should be transplanted only after the first rejection at the age of one.

When transplanting, seedlings are given normal distances between bushes and rows, established for a fruit-bearing vineyard in a given area, while the root system should be significantly deepened compared to its location in a one-year-old seedling. Pruning shoots in this case is long, which contributes to the early entry young plant into fruition.

rejection

But not all seedlings obtained should be brought to fruiting. Some seedlings can be selected and discarded already at an early age. Depending on the task, the selection of unsuitable seedlings can be carried out different ways and on various grounds.

So, for example, when breeding cold-resistant varieties, the selection of seedlings is achieved in a natural way. That part of the seedlings that does not have sufficient cold resistance, when left for the winter without shelter with earth, will have varying degrees of damage by winter frosts. Seedlings severely affected by frost can be rejected in the first year if they do not have other valuable traits and it is not intended to carry out additional work with them in the future to increase their cold resistance by grafting. By the time of ripening of the vine, one can also judge the property of cold resistance and the duration of the growing season. The faster and better the annual shoots of seedlings ripen, the more cold-resistant the latter.

In the spring of each year, seedlings can be selected not only for cold resistance, but also for other characteristics. During the development of fungal diseases or during artificial infection, the most disease-resistant seedlings should be selected. During the flowering period of grapes, seedlings with an abnormal flower structure can be isolated and discarded.

Evaluation of the resulting hybrids

The most complete assessment of the resulting hybrids can only be given after they have entered fruiting. It must be borne in mind that in the first year of fruiting it is impossible to judge the yield and quality of fruits, since at this time both clusters and berries are usually smaller. With the further development of grapes and the improvement of nutritional conditions, the size of clusters and berries gradually increases and the quality indicators of plants are revealed.

It is necessary to remember the instructions of T. D. Lysenko that “ good varieties plants, as well good breeds animals in practice have always been created and are created only under the condition of good agricultural technology, good animal husbandry. With poor agricultural practices, not only can good varieties never be obtained from bad ones, but in many cases even good cultivars become bad after several generations. Therefore, newly obtained hybrids should receive good agricultural practices, since under poor growth and development conditions, valuable traits and properties may change for the worse in the future.

How great is the importance of abundant nutrition of hybrid seedlings can be judged from the data obtained by A.K. square meter 18 kg of humus, 150 g of superphosphate and 20 g of ash.

Seedlings grown on such an agricultural background were characterized not only by strong growth, but also laid fruit buds, starting from 12-13 nodes and above.

In the second year of vegetation, seedlings, as a rule, begin to bear fruit, which makes it possible to select valuable numbers not only in terms of growth and morphological features shoots and leaves, but also in terms of yield.

Seedlings grown with abundant nutrition, in the third year, in terms of overall growth strength and fruiting, do not differ from ordinary bushes that have already entered the fruiting season.

Abundant nutrition not only accelerates the fruiting of seedlings, but also contributes to the development of valuable traits in them. If in the first year of development of seedlings, fruit buds develop starting from the 12-13th node, then in two-year-old and older plants, the development of fruit buds moves closer to the base of the shoot.

Further propagation of newly bred varieties

Further propagation of newly bred varieties is carried out by cuttings. It must be remembered that not all cuttings can provide valuable traits of a new variety. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the selection of the best bushes and cuttings within the bushes. Considering that vegetative deviations often appear on young bushes, if the cuttings are not selected correctly, the variety can be worsened, and, conversely, if the best cuttings are carefully selected, the variety can be improved.