The first living quarters. Large living room. Metro station "Gostiny Dvor"
Today, only a small fragment of this grandiose building of the time of Peter the Great has survived; the main part of the building was demolished during the construction of the building for the library of the Academy of Sciences. In the lower tier there were trading rows, in each separate cell, marked by an arch, there was a trading shop of one merchant. Warehouses - on the second floor, in case of flooding, the goods were not in danger.
The spacious enclosed courtyard was also functionally justified. In plan, the building of the Great Gostiny Dvor on Nevsky Prospekt is a giant trapezoid of irregular shape. From the side of Nevsky Prospekt, the facade of the building deviates significantly from the red line of development, there is a specially provided place for the entrance and loading, taking into account that the transport was horse-drawn.
In the Gostiny Dvor area, Nevsky Prospekt has the largest width - sixty meters. The decoration of the building was supposed to be done in accordance with the traditions of the Baroque. The facades were supposed to be decorated with numerous decorative elements and columns, but this project was not carried out. Merchants, whose money was supposed to carry out the construction, complained about the high cost of the project. The construction of Gostiny Dvor began only in 1761 and according to the project of another architect, Wallen-Delamot.
From the 1860s, the lush and elegant baroque style gave way to a more rational and simple classicism style. On the facades of the Great Gostiny Dvor only the rounded corners of the building, which are marked by columns grouped in two, remind of baroque. In the center of the facade, instead of the light three-tiered tower proposed by Rastrelli, Wallen-Delamot placed a portico of strict outlines.
Since the time of Peter the Great, there has been an order in which one or another product was allowed to be sold only in a place specially designated for it - in a certain row. Such rows, or as they were also called "lines", were also located in Gostiny Dvor. So along Nevsky Prospekt there was a Cloth (now Nevsky) line, the word "cloth" in the old days meant any woolen goods.
The Bolshaya Surovskaya line (now Perinnaya) faces the Duma building. “Surovsky”, or rather “Surozhsky”, was the name of any silk product. The name comes from the Surozh Sea (now the Sea of Azov). Former Malaya Surovskaya line (now Lomonosovskaya). As well as the Mirror Line (now Sadovaya) from Sadovaya Street. The word "mirror" meant any light product. They traded in gold, silver and bronze.
There were about a hundred trading shops in Gostiny Dvor, among which there were many bookstores: V.Plavilshchikov, I.Glazunov, V.Sopikov, I.Olenin, I.Lisenkov. The first edition of A. Radishchev's book "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" was sold here for the first time.
A. Pushkin, A. Griboyedov, N. Gogol visited the scribes-gostinodvortsev. But I.A. Krylov was the most frequent buyer here. He lived and worked nearby, in the Public Library, and often went to Gostiny Dvor in the morning to buy Russian books for the library.
The construction of the Neva line of the Great Gostiny Dvor was completed in 1767, but it took another eighteen years to complete the construction of the rest of the buildings.
In 1886-1887, the main façade facing Nevsky Prospekt received a new decorative treatment, designed by A. Benois. In 1941, the central part of the building was damaged by a high-explosive bomb. It was restored according to the project of the architect O.L. Lyalin.
In 1947-1948, the building was reconstructed to return the building to its original appearance. Another reconstruction was carried out in 1954–1969.
Today, the internal structure of the building has changed significantly compared to the 18th century: instead of small shops belonging to different owners, continuous enfilades of trading rooms are located on both floors of the modern Gostiny Dvor. The building still performs its original functions.
At the end of the 18th century, two more buildings of a similar purpose appeared on the segment of Nevsky Prospekt adjacent to Gostiny Dvor.
In 1797–1798, an extended building of the Perinnaya Line was erected, parallel to the facade of Gostiny Dvor.
These rows received such a name, since there was a trade in feathers and down. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Perinny Row from the side of Nevsky Prospekt was decorated with the Portico of the Perinnaya Line, built according to the project of L. Ruska. Somewhat earlier, in 1784-1787, according to the project of D. Quarenghi, a three-story building of the Silver Rows was built with an open arcade in the first tier (house 31). Next to the Silver Rows rose a faceted Tower of the City Duma.
In the middle of the 19th century, the appearance of the Duma building changed. The Silver Rows also look different today. From the side of Nevsky Prospekt, the arcades of the Silver Rows were eventually closed up, their semicircular outlines bordering the windows of modern jewelry stores.
Author of the article: Parshina Elena Aleksandrovna. Literature used: Lisovsky V.G. Architecture of St. Petersburg, Three centuries of history. Slavia., St. Petersburg, 2004 Pilyavsky V.I., Tits A.A., Ushakov Yu.S. History of Russian architecture- Architecture_S., M., 2004, © E. A. Parshina, 2009
Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg is not only a metro station and a majestic department store building that occupies an entire block. The first gostiny yards appeared almost at the same time as the city was founded, they were destroyed and built during the three-century history of the Northern capital. Several such commercial buildings have survived to this day. We tell you what you absolutely need to know about the gostiny yards for every Petersburger.
First Gostiny Dvor
The first Gostiny Dvor immediately after the founding of the city. It was located on the former Trinity Square, approximately at the place where the State Museum of the Political History of Russia is now located. In 1710, the wooden market, which was located here, completely burned down. Already in 1712–1713, the first two-storey mud-brick, tiled Gostiny Dvor was built in its place. Inside, shops were located on the first floor, and the second was used to store goods. In addition, on the territory of Gostiny Dvor there was a wooden building of the Town Hall, a stock exchange, customs and an auction chamber. In 1737, trade in Gostiny Dvor was stopped, it was used as a warehouse for storing military ammunition.
Port yard on Vasilyevsky Island
In the 18th century, several Gostiny Dvors were built on the territory of St. Petersburg, almost all of them were destroyed by fires at different times. Then they decided to build such complexes of stone. The first stone trading yard was built by the architect Domenico Trezzini on Vasilyevsky Island in 1722. It was under construction for 13 years, was a warehouse for export goods and was called the Port. There were no retail shops there, since the trade in it was of a wholesale nature. In essence, they were vast warehouses that occupied an entire block. In the early 1910s, they were dismantled, and the vacant territory was built up. Only a tiny part of the Old Gostiny Dvor survived by chance. Today it is house number 1 on Tiflisskaya street. The building is currently occupied by the library fund of the Library of the Academy of Sciences.
New Gostiny Dvor on Vasilyevsky Island
At the beginning of the 19th century, on Vasilevsky Island, Giacomo Quarenghi built another two-story Gostiny Dvor with a large arcade gallery. In the 19th - early 20th centuries, this Gostiny Dvor was used mainly for trade and technical purposes, mainly as a warehouse. After the revolution until the early 1930s, the building housed warehouses of the Leningrad police. Later, the building was transferred to the historical faculty of Leningrad State University, which began work on September 1, 1934, which is still located here today, together with the Faculty of Philosophy and the Medical College of St. Petersburg State University.
Apraksin yard
After a fire that occurred in 1780 and destroyed all the wooden shops located on Nevsky Prospekt, Shchukin and Apraksin yards and Nikolsky rows were erected on Sadovaya Street. By the middle of the 19th century, almost the entire second-hand book trade in St. Petersburg was concentrated in the Shchukin and Apraksin courtyards. By decree of Nicholas I in 1833, Apraksin and Shchukin yards were merged into one vast market. On 24 wooden lines, they traded in fabrics and haberdashery, leather goods and furniture, shoes and household goods. After the fire of 1862, planned development of the territory began. The main buildings of the trading yard were erected in the 1870-1880s. The constructed complex had not only commercial, but also entertainment and cultural purposes, and besides, it fit well into the architecture of the city.
Before World War I, the wholesale market became one of the largest in Europe. After the revolution, some buildings remained ownerless and they housed warehouses. In the Soviet years, Apraksin Dvor was a major center for commission trade. Currently, there are more than 50 buildings here.
Nikolsky ranks
Nikolsky shopping malls were built in 1789 on a plot of land along Sadovaya Street between the Fontanka and the Krivusha River. This place was considered convenient due to the proximity of two water transport arteries: the Ekaterininsky and Kryukov canals. At first, the market was called Ochakovsky, since its construction was completed on the same day as the capture of the Turkish fortress Ochakov by Russian troops under the leadership of A.V. Suvorov. The building was erected at the expense of the merchant society, that is, it was private. The first floor was intended for commercial premises, the second housed offices and warehouses. All retail premises were united by an open gallery on the ground floor.
In 1825, the Nikolsky market was damaged by a fire, but it was quickly restored. In the 1880s, Glutton Row was moved from Sennoy Market to Nikolsky Market. Here seasonal workers ate at 12-15 wooden tables under a canopy: masons, carpenters, painters, plasterers. After 1917, the building of the Nikolsky market housed a production and industrial association for the manufacture of enameled dishes, in the post-war period - "Metalware". Now the building of the former shopping arcade is in disrepair.
Gostiny (Mytny) yard
When the population on the Admiralty side began to grow and trade began to concentrate here, the stone Gostiny (Mytny) yard was erected by architects G. I. Mattarnovi and N. F. Gerbel in 1719 on the banks of the Moika River, near the current Green Bridge. When it burned down in a fire in 1738, it was decided not to restore the old building, but to build a new Gostiny Dvor closer to the border of the city.
Small Gostiny Dvor
The building of the Small Gostiny Dvor is located between Gostiny Dvor, the University of Economics and Finance and the Central Railway Ticket Offices, in the same block as the building of the City Council. It was built in the 1790s by the architect Giacomo Quarenghi with the same silhouette as the Great Gostiny Dvor. Trade here was conducted both at retail and wholesale. The complex had its own specialization: many furniture stores were located in this building. Trade was conducted only during daylight hours, there was a ban on the use of candles, associated with the fire safety of the building.
In 1860 and 1880, the buildings of the building were rebuilt, but the complex retained its functions until the revolution, and after the arrival of the new government, the building housed a training center that trained book trade specialists. Subsequently, the building was a library technical school. After the war, the building housed the city art school and the art and production workshops of the Drama and Comedy Theatre. Later, the building additionally housed various institutions, cafes, nightclubs and bars, which glorified the "bar" Dumskaya Street.
Big Gostiny Dvor
In the 30s of the 18th century, the epic construction of the Great Gostiny Dvor began. Once in its place there were merchant shops made of wood, which were demolished. The first project, created by the architect Antonio Rinaldi, was ready by the end of the 1740s, but due to lack of funding, a simpler one was accepted - the architect Jean-Baptiste Vallin-Delamote. It happened in 1761, but the Grand Gostiny Dvor takes its final form in 1785.
To protect against fires, the building was built of stone and iron. Each side of the building, decorated with an irregular quadrangle, was a two-tiered arcade surrounded by granite steps. On the sides of the building there were lines, which gave the names to each side. The Cloth Line ran along Nevsky Prospekt; perfumery, haberdashery and books were sold here. Bolshaya and Malaya Surovskie lines ran along the current streets of Perinnaya and Lomonosov, where the townspeople were offered to buy unfinished fabrics, along Sadovaya there was a Mirror Line with mirrors, jewelry and luxury goods.
The Great Gostiny Dvor has been rebuilt several times, but mostly retained its unchanged appearance. The most significant was the reconstruction carried out in 1967. Then a metro station was opened, from the lobby of which you can go to the Nevskaya and Sadovaya lines.
Photo: excava.ru, photoprogulki.narod.ru, petro-barocco.ru, kudago.com, visit-petersburg.ru, cityspb.ru, livejournal.com, expert.ru, cs605518.vk.me, ok-inform.ru, citywalls, kommersant.ru, citywalls.ru, wikimapia.org, geometria.ru, hellopiter.ru, etoretro.ru, 2do2go.ru, ilovepetersburg.ru
Size (area for rent) of the shopping center: 78,000 sq. m
Owner of the shopping center "Bolshoy Gostiny Dvor": JSC "Bolshoy Gostiny Dvor"
Today, on the second floor of the Neva line of Gostiny Dvor, there is the only High Fashion Gallery in St. Petersburg, which presents clothes from fashion houses known and respected all over the world: Christian Lacroix, D&G, Smalto, Ferre, milano, Givenchy, M.Missoni, Just Cavalli , Kenzo and many others.
Men's and women's clothing, middle-class shoes, accessories, home and interior goods, goods for artists and photographers, books and crayons, musical instruments and records. Toys and dishes from all over the world. Russian crafts and jewelry. Theater box offices, flowers, sweets and alcoholic drinks. It is difficult to say if there is anything that cannot be found in Gostiny Dvor.
ATMs, photo workshops, engraving, photocopying, pharmacy and optician, cafe, beauty salon, optician, tour packages, clothing and shoe repair, curtain sewing and framing workshop. In a word, no matter what happens to a native Petersburger, he always runs to Gostiny Dvor. Test yourself when you break your heel at the exit of the Metropol confectionery on Sadovaya Street.
About 200 Russian galleries will take part in the main antique review at Ilyinka, 4
The organizer of the event, Expopark Exhibition Projects, developed a special exposition solution for this Salon. “Streets” of antiques, jewelry art, vintage and the “Art&Design” quarter will appear in Gostiny Dvor.
The central place at the Salon will be occupied by the galleries Elysium, Kardashidi Art, Russian Avant-Garde of the 10-30s, Vremena, Kutuzovsky, 24, Altruist, On the Patriarchs, Antique Trade A E. Lelyanova", "Antique Seasons", Antique Gallery "Petersburg". There will be paintings by Ivan Shishkin, Vasily Polenov, Ilya Repin, Konstantin Somov, Zinaida Serebryakova, Alexander Deineka, Anatoly Zverev, sculptures by Paolo Trubetskoy, Evgeny Lansere.
The International Confederation of Collectors, Antiquarians and Art Dealers will present a non-commercial exhibition "Collecting Trends in Russia" at the Salon. The exposition contains more than 50 works from private collections, which tell about the main trends in collecting that have developed in our country. This is museum-level Russian art: icon painting, Russian painting of the 18th-19th centuries, “Russian impressionism” and avant-garde, painting of the Soviet period and nonconformists. A separate part of the exposition will tell about collecting European art.
A special place at the Salon will be occupied by galleries that have prepared thematic expositions. Thus, the oldest antique gallery "Petersburg" will present masterpieces of Russian art of the mid-19th - first third of the 20th century from 20 iconic works. In the center of the exposition is the painting "The Model", created by Ilya Repin in the 1920s. Mary (Marianna) Khlopushina posed for this picture, who at that time settled near the estate of Repin Penata and for several years was the artist's model. In the works of the late period of Repin's work, to which The Model belongs, interest in expressing subtle psychologism in a portrait by means of expressive, generalized painting is especially pronounced.
The Antiquarian Seasons gallery will host the Classics for Ages exhibition. It includes works by prominent Russian artists of the 19th–20th centuries: Ivan Shishkin, Vasily Polenov, Yuli Klever, Gavriil Kondratenko, Ivan Velts, Alexander Guinet, Nikolai Dubovsky, reflecting the plots of Russian history, as well as glorifying the beauty of Russian nature.
The gallery "Russian Modern" tells at its stand about the travels of artists whose works were created in the period of the late 19th - first half of the 20th century, such as the genre scene "Rocky River. Fishermen” by Alexander Egornov of 1901-1902 or the Parisian landscape of Kliment Redko depicting a fashionable car of the 1920s.
In the center of the thematic exhibition “Russian Style”, prepared by the Altruist Gallery, five monumental decorative panels dedicated to the history of Ancient Rus', created by Mikhail Yakovlev in 1913, after graduating from the Stroganov and Tenishevsky schools, will be placed. The works belong to the early period of the master's work.
“Women in Art and the Art of Women” is the name of the exposition of the Vellum Gallery. The stand will feature images of women - "A Young Woman Against the Background of a Church" by Philip Malyavin and "Jupiter as Diana and the Nymph Callisto" by Karl Beggrov, as well as paintings by famous artists: Olga Della-Vos-Kardovskaya, Olga Ostroumova-Lebedeva, Alexandra Konovalova.
"Valentin Ryabov Gallery" will exhibit a magnificent landscape by Konstantin Korovin "Night Paris" in 1923 from the "Lights of Paris" series. Another painting from the same series - “Paris. Night Café" in 1929 - will be included in the exhibition of the International Confederation of Collectors, Antiquaries and Art Dealers (ICCAAD).
Drawings by Natalia Goncharova - sketches of a Spanish woman's costume of the 1920s-40s and the Hierophant evening dress of the 1920s-30s - will be shown by the Elysium Gallery. After emigrating to France, the artist designed sets and costumes for Sergei Diaghilev's Russian Seasons, including Spanish dresses for Bronislava Nijinska's Bolero ballet. In the 1920s, Goncharova collaborated with famous couturiers: Coco Chanel, Nadezhda Lamanova and Maria Cuttoli's Mybor fashion house.
"Gallery Form" presents a personal exhibition of the Soviet realist artist Vladimir Tokarev, a graduate of the Rostov Art College and the Institute. I. E. Repina.
For the first time at the Antique Salon, a separate Art&Design quarter will be dedicated to the latest art and collectible design. Such well-known galleries as Heritage, Art-Box/E.K. Art-Bureau, Circulation 1/1 PA Gallery take part in it. Representative offices of Russian designers Olga Soldatova, Anastasia Panibratova and Maria Romanova will also be located here.
The organizers of the 45th Russian Antique Salon prepared a rich business and educational program, which included: a legal forum dedicated to the circulation of movable cultural property, a lecture "Three-faced Trinities: the history of a paradox" by Sergei Zotov, co-author of the bestseller "The Suffering Middle Ages", a conference "Jewelry brands as national pride of Russia”, a discussion from the Masters school and Public Talk by designer Maria Romanova.
Regular (without benefits) tickets to the Salon cost 500 rubles.
BUSINESS PROGRAM OF THE 45th RUSSIAN ANTIQUE SALON
November 27 2019. 12:00–16:00. Conference “Jewelry Brands as National Pride of Russia. Formation of the premium market of jewelry brands in Russia. Investments in Jewelry” Organizers: Association “National Jewelry Brands of Russia”, Foundation for the Development of Jewelry Art of Russia.
November 27 2019. 17:00–19:00. Public Talk “Art in the interior is not a luxury, but a necessity. How to effectively interact with all participants of the art market”.
November 28 2019. 12:00–15:00. Legal forum "Rights and obligations of the parties in the circulation of cultural property". The forum is expected to discuss the law enforcement practice of the law on the import and export of cultural property, as well as topical issues of implementation of copyright law, including the right to follow and exclusive rights. Organizer: International Confederation of Collectors, Antiquaries and Art Dealers.
November 28 2019. 18:00–19:30 Lecture "Three-faced Trinities: the history of a paradox". Lecturer: Sergey Zotov - culturologist, scholarship holder of the Humboldt University (Berlin), laureate of the Enlightener Prize, co-author of the bestseller "The Suffering Middle Ages: Paradoxes of Christian Iconography". At the lecture, Sergei Zotov will talk about what iconographic censorship was like in modern times and compare the Russian situation with the Western one using two unique works as examples - a spiritual painting of the Flemish school of the late 15th century and a Russian icon of the late 18th century. Today, after many centuries, these works finally enter the history of art not as curiosities or curiosities, but as masterpieces of their era, on a par with more famous monuments of painting.
November 30th 2019. 14:00–16:00 Discussion Antiques, Collectible Design and Contemporary Art in Collections. Organizer: Masters school.
November 30th 2019. 17:00–18:00 Presentation of the publication “Open Letters of the Community of St. Evgeniya". Publishing house "Krepostnov" (3 volumes). The publication will be presented by: Arsen Melitonyan, President of the Union of Philocartists of Russia, Vice-President of the Union of Collectors of Russia, Candidate of Historical Sciences, and Alexander Senkevich, Doctor of Philology, member of the Writers' Union of Moscow. Organizer: Union of Philatelists of Russia.
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The concept of "gostiny dvor" appeared in Rus' even before the reign of Peter I. At that time, these were buildings where merchants, merchants - those same "guests" - stopped to live and trade. For trade, they were assigned the so-called rows, which differed in goods and services.
Trading yards
For the first time, the living room was laid and built on Vasilyevsky Island under the guidance of an architect around 1722. Its construction was justified by the fact that it was nearby, and there was nowhere to store the imported goods. Thus, the Port Gostiny Dvor appeared, where visiting merchants stored their goods until they were sent to wholesale buyers. There were no rows for retail and piece trade in goods.
But since the building was wooden, it burned down, and stone chambers were erected in its place. Now only a small fragment of the building remains - the opening of the outer gallery.
Then Apraksin Dvor, the shopping complex "Passage", the Shchukin shopping arcade, the Andreevsky market, the shopping arcade on the banks of the Moika and others were built. In the XVIII-XIX centuries, fires broke out in St. Petersburg quite often and destroyed entire districts. For this reason, palaces were erected immediately in stone, and trading shops were allowed to be built in different parts of the city in order to avoid the destruction of all commodity stocks and minimize losses for the city's trade.
suburban trade
In those days, the Nevsky prospect - the current Nevsky Prospekt - was not the center of Northern Palmyra. And for the sake of fire safety, the trading rows were moved to the border of the city “to an empty place ... from the Police Office, going to the Nevsky Monastery on the right side of the promising road, and in that new market places were allocated to St. Petersburg merchants ... with common consent, linearly, in which which lines to trade” (Malinovsky K.V., “St. Petersburg of the 17th century”, p. 275).
Thus, the place was determined for the Great Gostiny Dvor of St. Petersburg - the most significant of all, and after all, earlier there was a birch grove, for cutting down which Peter I executed several licos. The modern Great Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg is one of the central metro stations and an amazingly preserved building of the 17th century.
The building was under construction for quite a long time. Russia, which is in a constant state of war with its neighbors, who were trying to bite off at least a piece of land for themselves, could not find enough money in the treasury to build stone shopping malls. And the merchants preferred to patch up wooden buildings, justifying themselves by the fact that everything was already occupied by shops, and there were problems with the builders - the bulk of the craftsmen were involved in the construction of the Smolny Monastery and the Winter Palace.
The construction of the building in the style of classicism began in 1761 according to the project of J.B. Wallen-Delamot by the Decree of Catherine II. The construction site burned several times, so it was forbidden to use wooden structures in the building under construction.
The construction of the Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg was finally completed in 1785. And trade began to boil - there were 147 shops in total where you could buy goods from all over the world.
In 1837, in the Great Gostiny Dvor of St. Petersburg, through the efforts of the merchants who rented the premises, heating was carried out (pneumatic furnace) and lighting by means of oil lamps.
History milestones
In the post-revolutionary years, the building of Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg (Petrograd-Leningrad) was sealed, all merchant goods were transferred to warehouse distributors, and the premises were empty.
During the NEP period, trade resumed, but the authorities of the young Soviet Republic repeatedly wanted to demolish the building, then rebuild it.
All plans were crossed out by the Great Patriotic War, but even then trade did not stop in the shopping center of the city despite regular bombings.
In the post-war years, the Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg was repeatedly rebuilt, but without visible radical changes in the appearance of the building. In one of the buildings, during repairs in October 1965, the floors were opened, and the builders discovered a real treasure, which remained after the merchants Morozovs who fled from the revolution. It consisted of gold bars weighing 128 kilograms.
Tourist center of the city
"Gostinka" - this is how the townspeople call Gostiny Dvor now. This is a large shopping complex that has preserved elements of past eras. There are shopping boutiques and pavilions with a wide variety of goods. Basically they are designed for tourists.
The opening of the Gostiny Dvor metro station in St. Petersburg took place in 1967. The entrance area of the subway is located in the basement of the building. Here you can make a transfer at the Nevskoy and Spasskaya stations of the Sadovaya-Sennaya lines, which is very convenient.
Leaving the building and turning left, you can see large tour buses. A little further behind them there is a tour kiosk. Anyone can purchase excursions from Gostiny Dvor in St. Petersburg or a study tour to the museums of the Leningrad Region.
Centuries have passed, but Gostiny Dvor has remained the center of attraction for city guests.
