Roofing pie chart. What roofing pie can turn an attic into a living space. Features of the device of warm broken roofs

Many of those who have not closely encountered the construction of a private house believe that the roof is just a roofing. But in reality, the roof is a system consisting a large number technical elements and several functional layers. Depending on the type of roof (from single-pitched to multi-gable), its design has a certain degree of complexity.

The totality of all layers of the roof is also called the roofing "pie". Just as any cake has its own recipe for preparation and arrangement of layers, so the roof structure has its own “recipe”.

Typically, the composition of the "pie" of the roof includes the following layers (starting from the bottom):

interior decoration,
vapor barrier,
insulation,
ventilation gap (there are systems where two gaps are arranged),
waterproofing (roofing film),
roofing material.

Roofing cake recipe

A well-executed roof structure will serve as a guarantee that in winter period an ice barrier will not be created on the roof overhangs and a process such as "water return" will take place. The thermal insulation characteristics of such a roof will fully comply with modern building codes.

In the summer period of the year, the roofing system will operate in self-cooling mode, as movement will occur inside the under-roofing gaps air masses directed from bottom to top. Together with the air flow, the heat that comes from the sun heated will also go away. roofing material. In the same way, moisture that may be in the insulation will also be removed.

Thanks to the exact observance of the recipe of the roofing "pie", you will be able to provide the load-bearing elements of the roof structure with durability. At the same time, correctly grouped layers can provide additional comfort and savings in thermal energy in your country house.

The technology of the device roofing "pie"

To date, several technically justified methods for constructing a high-quality roof have been developed. Below we will look at the two most popular methods.

In private housing construction, it is customary to arrange one of two types of attic: cold or exploited. In accordance with the chosen design of the attic, the design of the roof is also selected. If the attic is planned to be made cold, then only the ceiling is insulated. At the same time, the attic space itself is ventilated, so that moisture can freely and freely exit the heat insulator.

In the case when in upper tier country house it is planned to arrange a residential attic, insulate the roof itself. And it is in this case that a multi-layer roofing “pie” is created (in this case, the roofing material and the insulation are elements of the same design).

It is extremely important here to strictly observe the order of all layers, since each of them has its own individual function. The slightest violation of the sequence can reduce to zero the thermal insulation characteristics of the roof, which in this case acts as the building envelope. In addition, if the layers of the “pie” are not properly arranged, the load-bearing elements of the roof will fail prematurely.

Stages of work

First, on top of the completed counter-lattice (there are options when the counter-lattice is stuffed from above), sheets of waterproofing material are spread. The canvases must be unfolded in a horizontal direction so that an overlap of about 10 cm is formed.

In this case, the waterproofing film cannot be stretched, but on the contrary, it must be laid with a slightly noticeable sag (in case of temperature fluctuations). The joints of the waterproofing sheets must be sealed.

Then mineral wool fills the space between the rafters. It is necessary to ensure that the insulation plates fit quite tightly, without the formation of voids and gaps. From the side of the premises, the insulation is sewn up with a layer of vapor barrier material - this will protect the structure from the penetration of water vapor from the premises into the insulation.

During the installation of the roofing "pie", it is extremely important to observe the ventilation gaps. The best option is the presence of two such gaps:

the first - between waterproofing and roofing material,
the second - between the insulation and waterproofing.

The height of the ventilation gaps must be at least 50mm. The upper gap is created by the lathing bars, the cross section of which is 40 mm x 50 mm (these bars serve as the basis for mounting the roofing material).

Lower gap - it is simply left when laying a layer of thermal insulation. That is, the thermal insulation is positioned so that to the lowest point of sagging waterproofing material there was still about 50mm left.

What should be paid special attention to?

When constructing a roofing "pie", special attention must be paid to such difficult areas as:

ventilation outlets,
stone and chimneys,
skylights.

It is these areas that usually cause depressurization and heat leakage. The reason for this is incorrect installation work.

Incomplete understanding of the processes of functioning of all technological layers of the roof structure often leads to serious errors, and, as a result, to various troubles. For example, the situation with the vapor barrier.

Not all vapor barrier films have the necessary throughput. The cheapest of them can pass only 30 mg/m 2, while a high-quality analogue can output about 1200 mg/m 2.

During the heating season, cheap vapor barrier may simply not be able to cope with its direct duty. As a result of this, both the insulation and the interior finish will suffer.

Some nuances

There are no trifles when installing a roof. If it says that waterproofing should be laid horizontally, then do it. At the same time, be sure to overlap at least 10 cm - otherwise the waterproofing will not be reliable. In addition, it is not allowed to fix the waterproofing film with nails - you can only use a construction stapler.

The bottom edge of the film should be brought into the chute drainage system building, outside the cornice box. In turn, the edges of the vapor barrier material are brought out to the walls. When using diffusion or superdiffusion films, it is also important which side they face the insulation layer. If the sides are mixed up, the film will have the same effect as ordinary polyethylene.

It is necessary to mount the waterproofing film very carefully:

wrinkling should not be allowed - they will retain water;
it is also impossible for the film to touch the insulation in any place.

If we talk about insulation, then it should be laid in two layers and always with offset joints. When using rolled insulation, experts recommend additionally fixing them every meter and a half with boards.

Well, now it only remains to lay the roofing material and that's it - the roofing "pie" of your country house. Follow all the recommendations according to the recipe, and the "pie" will succeed.

Video. Organization of a roofing pie - vapor barrier, insulation, roof waterproofing

Video. ATTIC INSULATION. ROOF PIE

Any roof is a structure of more or fewer layers, and the entire set of these layers is called. The layers serve their purpose, and all types of roofs have their own standard sets of materials, and sometimes several sets to choose from. So, a roofing cake for a metal tile is no exception, it, like other cakes from various roofing materials, is made according to certain rules.

The structure of the roofing pie.

In the correct installation of the roof, all installed parts play a role. Therefore, the roofing pie is mounted in strict accordance with technological maps.

Cold roof roofing

One of the most simple options installation of a pie from a metal tile is the installation of a pie on cold roof. It includes, not counting the supporting structures, only the material itself and the waterproofing film mounted under it. The film is pre-attached with small nails or a construction stapler. Finally, it is compressed with self-tapping screws for the counter-lattice (25x100), running along the rafters. At the same time, the waterproofing film must be fixed with some sagging (from 10 to 25 mm) to ensure ventilation and condensate drainage into the drain tray. Otherwise, with a tight fit of the film, moisture will accumulate, which will lead to rapid corrosion of the coating. The same crate board is stuffed over the counter-lattice for further. However, in their homes, a cold roof made of metal tiles is rarely made due to characteristic feature material - it is very booming, so the noise during the rain can be inconvenient. The noise level can be reduced by installing a thermal insulation cover.

Warm roof roof

In order to reduce noise, as well as to reduce the empty under-roof space, a warm roof is installed. Roofing cake for metal tiles under a warm roof includes:

Scheme of a roofing pie under a warm roof.

Vapor barrier that lets steam out of the house, but does not let it in from the street.
Rafters and longitudinal runs - the main structure of the roof roof.
Thermal insulation installed between rafters and girders. Leave room for ventilation.
Waterproofing must sag from the level of the coating by 50-40 mm, while leaving the same distance above the surface of the insulation. The waterproofing device can be made in the form of an impermeable film or in the form of a membrane that passes steam with inside and impervious to moisture from the outside of the roof. In the second case, the membrane device is performed with a smaller distance to the insulation.
The counter-lattice is installed parallel to the rafters and presses the waterproofing. Serves as a fastener for the roof sheathing.
Lathing - a beam of calculated section (50x50), which is fastened in increments of 35-45 cm along the slope and on which a roof is made under the metal tile.
Sheets of metal tiles.

additional information

Installation plan: fixing the vapor barrier film, stuffing insulation, and films, crate.

Roofers pay special attention to the correct location of the waterproofing coating and the ventilation gap for several reasons. One of the weak points of the system is the insulation layer. A foam insulation device for roofing is rarely used. Its advantages are only that it does not pass or absorb moisture, while the device of rolled thermal insulation in the form of glass or mineral wool can absorb it. With a non-standard rafter pitch, foam insulation has a large amount of waste material, which, combined with more high cost makes this option uneconomical. Thermal insulation wool loses 80% of its thermal insulation properties when absorbing moisture. Therefore, moisture should not be allowed to the insulation.

And if she still got there, then the only way to remove it is to blow it naturally. Why between upper layers roofing and thermal insulation always leave a gap of 30 to 40 mm. The device of the gaps passes in such a way that the air flow passes from the overhang of the coating to the ridge, where special gaps are also installed. In addition, a gap (10-15 mm) is left between the metal tile and the waterproofing.

Characteristics of a roof from a metal tile:

The thickness of the metal base (0.4-0.5 mm) affects the strength of the metal tile, but at the same time, the weight of the entire roof.
Protective layer materials can have different resistance to aggressive influences, which is reflected in the cost of metal tiles.
Sheet length. Long length simplifies the installation of roofing material and reduces the risk of leakage, but increases the possibility of longitudinal deformations.
Wave height. The greater height strengthens the metal tile, but gives less useful width, since galvanized sheets of the same length are used for all types of tiles.

The procedure for installing a metal tile cake

Process roofing installation runs in the following order:

After installing the components of the roofing pie of the metal tile, the last stage of the roofing with the tile itself is carried out. Roofing is carried out with special self-tapping screws along the crate, in accordance with the technological maps issued when purchasing a metal tile

A vapor barrier film is attached to the inside of the rafters using a construction stapler or counter-lattice. Different kinds vapor barriers require a gap with a heater. In this case, a counter rail with a thickness of 30 mm or more is carried out along the lag, and the vapor barrier is attached to it. Given this, the roll goes along the slope, the fastening is carried out from the bottom row to the top. Each subsequent canvas is laid with an overlap of 100-150 mm on top of the previous one, the same applies to longitudinal joints.
Insulation is stuffed into the space between the lags from the outside, taking into account the air gaps of the roof.
Further along the slope from the bottom up and with overlaps, waterproofing is installed. As in the case of vapor barriers, fastening is carried out with a stapler or small carnations. Do not forget about sagging, as this is then quite difficult to fix without completely dismantling the overlying roofing material.
When installing the film, it is fastened along the lag with a vertical counter-lattice (beam with dimensions of 30x50x50) with a nail pitch of about 300 mm (there is most often a special marking line on the waterproofing for the roof)
A crate made of edged boards 24-32 mm thick is mounted on top of the counter-lattice (depending on

TO residential buildings, like any other buildings, every year more and more stringent requirements for energy efficiency and comfort are imposed. But there are no materials that by themselves could provide a solution to the entire range of tasks. That is why modern building technologies almost always involve the creation of complex enclosing structures with a large number of layers - instead of arrays of one material, albeit the most practical one.

Pitched roofing is no exception, on the contrary, it is often even more intricate in structure than exterior walls. No wonder the roof is called a system, because it consists of many interconnected elements, each of which plays its own role, each of which is important. The word "pie", in relation to the roof structure, is also used not by chance, since the layering here has become a generally accepted norm that cannot be challenged. We propose to consider what a multi-layer roofing system consists of, and how it all works.

What modern roofing should be able to do

If we want to learn how to consciously choose materials and, without doubting the correctness of our actions, perform installation, then it is better to understand the processes that occur inside the building envelope during operation.

The roof protects the house from precipitation, it should not leak under any circumstances - this is an axiom. It is a barrier to dust, leaves, birds, insects... It keeps street noises from entering the rooms.

But also in many private cottages, attics are used as living quarters. Then, to protect the house from heat loss, insulating materials put not in attic floor, and into the roof between the rafters, because now there is only a roof between the heated room and the street.

In this variant of the organization of space, not only external forces (wind, rain, ultraviolet, high and low temperatures, birds…), but also harmful factors from within. First of all, these include water vapor, which moves from the premises towards the street.

Evaporation of water is generated by people in the process of life. In winter, when the temperature in the rooms is much higher than the outside temperature, a pressure drop occurs, and vapors with a fairly high pressure penetrate into all surrounding structures through diffusion. If an impenetrable barrier comes across on their way, and the ventilation system cannot cope, then we are faced with the problem of condensation (as, for example, on double-glazed windows and frames plastic windows). Condensations are harmful to most materials. In the roofing system, the following may be affected:

Insulation. Water is absorbed into mineral wool, and therefore it displaces air, and the resistance to heat transfer of mats and plates is sharply reduced. Mineral wool not only retains water inside, but can also pass it through itself, that is, it is possible to organize the weathering of "excess moisture".
Bearing structures. They can gradually collapse due to corrosion (trusses made of rolled metal, reinforced concrete) or rotting and other types of biological contamination if boards or timber are used to create rafters and battens.
Roof coverings. Metal sheets (fold, profiled sheet, metal tile) corrode when condensate drops fall on the inner surface, other materials freeze through, rot, mold, etc. with regular moisture.

However, even knowing the enemy by sight, it is difficult to fight him. It is almost impossible to reduce the amount of water entering the indoor air. We all breathe, cook, wash, wash - this is all the comfort that we have long been accustomed to. Even with powerful forced ventilation it will not be possible to completely remove moisture outside the house. There is only one thing left - to learn how to manage water in order to prevent vapors from harming our home. Where necessary, we put an impenetrable barrier for moisture, where we need it - we allow it to freely leave through weathering and evaporation, we organize ventilation gaps, air vents ...

If you want to make the roof efficient and durable, you need to use all the layers provided by the technology. It is equally important to observe the order of the mutual arrangement of the layers, the dimensions of the calculated gaps and distances.

Basic structure

In some sources on the Internet, only the “filling” of the structure (insulation + insulating films) and the finish coating are called roofing cake. We believe that it would be right to consider the system exclusively as a whole, because everything here is inextricably interconnected.

The construction of the roof begins with the installation of Mauerlats and the installation of rafters. At the same time, the beam or board from which the rafter legs are made is selected according to the section so that the roof can withstand any resulting loads. To solve this issue, you will need a project, why you need it, you will learn in the article of the same name. In addition, for the manufacture of rafters, such lumber is taken so that insulation of the required thickness can be laid between them. For example, in some cases, when large heat losses are planned, and you have to make an insulated roof, you should prefer a 50x200 board to a product with a section of 50x150 mm. You will find more information on this topic in our article on roof structures.

Insulation of roof slopes

According to the data of the thermal imaging inspection of a poorly insulated building in operation, it is possible to draw unambiguous conclusions that the lion's share of thermal energy losses occurs through the roof. Therefore, effective thermal insulation in this area is of paramount importance.

Depending on whether the house has a residential attic or is equipped with a cold attic, the method of insulation is chosen:

On the attic floor.
Inside the roof slope.

The insulated roof has a more complex structure, which, in addition to the heat insulator, also includes: vapor barrier, vapor-permeable hydro-wind insulation, ventilation gaps ... cold roof does not need the use of vapor barrier films, but waterproofing sheets are used, and ventilation gaps usually take place.

As a material for insulation can be used:

Styrofoam,
extruded polystyrene foam,
mineral wool.

For a number of reasons (vapor permeability, flexibility, elasticity / elasticity, incombustibility, low thermal conductivity ...), watt heaters are most often used in roofing structures. Manufacturers offer special lines of basalt or fiberglass-based wool for pitched roofs - called "Roof", "Ruf", etc.

As a rule, these are relatively light materials that are intended for laying inside unloaded structures. A density of 35 kg / m3 is enough here so that the slabs or mats from the roll tightly and without gaps (cold bridges) burst between the rafters and do not slide under their weight in the inclined cavities of the roof slope.

As for the optimal thickness, for insulating a roof with a residential attic below, the insulation is chosen depending on the calculated heat balance of the building and the climatic conditions where the house will be operated. For example, Rockwool (one of the most reputable manufacturers of mineral wool) gives us such a table for its popular Light Butts cotton wool:

The dependence of the thickness of insulation on the region

Some companies produce insulation of such a large thickness, but it always makes sense to combine several thinner layers, laying out materials with overlapping joints, which avoids blowing through possible gaps. That is, the estimated thickness of the insulation of 150 mm is better to obtain using plates 100 mm thick, and add it with one 50 mm layer, and, say, 200 mm of wool is better to collect with the sum of two layers of 100 mm or according to the formula 150 + 50 mm.

vapor barrier

We have already talked about possible harm, which can be caused by water vapor moving from rooms towards the street. If nothing is done, all layers of the roofing pie suffer from condensate, from insulation and roofing to power structures made of metal or boards and timber. That is why houses with residential attics and insulated roofs are always supplied with vapor barrier protection.

The vapor barrier of the roof is a film impervious to water vapor. It can be a special branded material with several working layers of polyethylene and polypropylene (sometimes with reinforcement, a reflective metallized coating), or ordinary transparent polyethylene, including reinforced one with increased UV stability and resistance to breaking loads.

The vapor barrier sheets are fixed with double-sided adhesive tapes, staplers, clamping rails. The joints and junctions of the strips must be glued with adhesive tape. Between the film and the inner lining of the attic, some manufacturers of multilayer vapor barrier materials recommend leaving a gap of about 1 cm. Since the working properties (vapor permeability, water column height ...) of modern vapor barrier materials are often not the same from different sides, it is necessary to observe the correct orientation of the canvas during installation. Usually, the canvas with a printed logo is turned inside the room, if there is foil on the vapor barrier, then it is with it.

Waterproofing

Now in the system of insulated pitched roofs, technological membranes are used. They, depending on the design features and the type of roofing used, can perform several functions, the main of which is additional protection of the under-roof space from water ingress from the outside (oblique rain, melting snow, blown by the wind). They also prevent the blowing of the insulation, the weathering of the fibers from the plates / mats of mineral wool.

Many roofing membranes are vapor-permeable, which allows the moisture that has entered the insulation to evaporate, leaving the insulation dry and therefore operational. Here we also have a multilayer synthetic fabric, only with microperforation. Such a membrane combines the ability to retain dripping water from the outside and the ability to pass steam from the inside. From how brightly these indicators are expressed, they distinguish:

Superdiffusion, diffusion membranes.
Pseudo-diffusion membranes, vapor-tight hydrobarrier.

Diffusion and superdiffusion membranes have very high vapor permeability figures, they allow you to create a so-called "breathing" roof. However, the final roofing must be capable of ventilating passing moisture and must not be afraid of condensation and corrosion. For example, such membranes cannot be used with metal tiles, profiled sheets, seam roofs, since, due to their high thermal conductivity from below, the sheets can become covered with condensate and collapse. If you still decide to combine a vapor-permeable membrane and a metal-based roofing, in this case, the ventilation gap should be obligatory element roofing cake. In other cases (natural tiles, various options slate, straw, shingles, wooden shingles, etc.) they have proven themselves very well, and, as a rule, there is no need to make ventilation gaps between the insulation and the waterproofing sheet.

Perforated films with a low (or close to zero) vapor permeability coefficient require the creation of an additional gap on the side of the insulation, since they are not able to pass all the moisture through themselves and condensate may fall from the bottom side, which then drips into the insulation. An additional measure for adjusting water drainage can be considered the requirement to create a slight sag of pseudo-diffusion and impermeable sheets between the rafters, but without touching the insulation.

A separate type of such films can be considered "anti-condensation" models, which are perfectly combined with metal tiles, corrugated board, seam roofs. Their feature is the presence of a fleecy layer below. Under favorable conditions for condensation, it is saturated with moisture, retains drops and prevents them from falling down into the mineral wool. With daily change temperature regime and atmospheric humidity, at a certain moment, moisture from such a hydro-barrier begins to erode. That is, the work of the anti-condensation sheet is based on adsorption, and not on diffusion.

Mount waterproofing films and membranes across the slope - horizontally. On skates of hip structures and in valleys, additional strips are preliminarily covered along these vulnerable nodes. Without fail, waterproofing must reach the very end of the overhang so that water can enter the gutters. It is also necessary to overlap adjacent canvases - at least 15 centimeters. Any of the waterproofing films in the insulated roof system from above must be supplemented with a ventilation gap of 5 cm or more.

When choosing a membrane or hydrobarrier, you should pay attention to the following material properties:

Water resistance,
vapor permeability level.
Resistance to UV rays (determines how long the material can be exposed before the roofing is installed).
Breaking strength.

Buy from trusted manufacturers and suppliers. The service life of the insulation and the entire roofing pie as a whole depends on the membrane.

roof ventilation

The removal of moisture from the insulated roof structure is a prerequisite for the efficiency and durability of the entire system. It can be ensured only if the ventilation gaps are properly organized. The air in the under-roof space heats up in the sun and, through convection, begins to move from the bottom up, carrying excess moisture outside.

In roofs with a large slope, this process proceeds more intensively than in slopes with a small angle. Therefore, natural ventilation is usually sufficient here. But for systems of complex shape, long slopes or too gentle, forced circulation is needed, which is provided with the help of electric fans. Natural ventilation of the roof is carried out by a set of measures. The choice and installation of each element must be taken extremely responsibly.

1. Creation of ventilation gaps. There may be several. For example, when using a vapor-impervious hydro-barrier, a double gap is needed: between the insulation and the waterproofing sheet, between the waterproofing and the roofing.

The size of the gaps is calculated for each roof individually, as it depends on the length and area of the slope, its angle of inclination, and the type of materials used. But we can definitely say that the upper gap should not be less than 50 mm. To create ventilation gaps, bars of a counter-lattice of the appropriate section are used, which are screwed along the rafters.

The dependence of the height of the ventilation gap on the parameters of the roof can be traced by the numbers in the table:

Dependence of the height of the ventilation gap

Roof slope length	Tilt angle 100	Tilt angle 150	Tilt angle 200	Tilt angle 250	Tilt angle 300
5 meters	50 mm	50 mm	50 mm	50 mm	50 mm
10 meters	80 mm	60 mm	50 mm	50 mm	50 mm
15 meters	100 mm	80 mm	60 mm	50 mm	50 mm
20 meters	100 mm	100 mm	80 mm	60 mm	50 mm
25 meters	100 mm	100 mm	100 mm	80 mm	60 mm

2. Creation of ventilation in the design of the roof overhang, for access of street air inside the roof. In the lower part of the hemming, materials with perforation are used (the so-called roofing "soffits"), openings are made with gratings and nets that prevent the penetration of birds and insects into the roof. If profiled material is used on the roof (slate, corrugated board, natural tiles), then the area of supply holes / openings can be reduced, for example, by using spotlights with partial perforation, and if the finish coating is flat material (carpet shingles, folded paintings), then you need to use the largest possible area of \u200b\u200bthe vents to ensure air flow.

3. Removal of any obstacles in the way of the circulation of air. No additional bars, no sheets or parts of thermal insulation should block the ventilation gap along the line "from the cornice to the ridge". In order to unite the "chambers" that are formed after the installation of the counter-lattice bars, and to ensure air mixing / flow over the entire slope (stagnant zones are eliminated, the temperature is evenly distributed) - it is recommended to mount the lumber used to create the counter-lattice with breaks.

4. Creating openings in the ridge area for air to escape along with excess moisture. For this, special ridge elements with outlets, as well as "aerators", which are installed at the top of the slope (about 50-70 centimeters from the ridge). The number and size of aerators is selected individually. For example, one aerator with an outlet area of 130 square centimeters is enough to provide ventilation for 25 square meters slope covered with bituminous tiles. In order to protect the under-roof space from birds and insects, gratings and nets are also used here. Some models of roof aerators use a dry granular barrier.

Conclusion

Don't skimp on the roof! Everything is important - the correct calculation of the supporting structure, and competent and sufficient insulation, and the quality of all materials, and installation by specialists high level. Only then will the roofing pie work as a whole for a long time and flawlessly for decades. A small oversight in any of the above can lead to costly rework and repairs. In addition, the roof determines the unique and inimitable design of the whole house.

To an uninitiated person in the intricacies of construction, a roof is presented as a cover that is accessible to the eye, protecting his household from weather adversity. In fact, this is a complex structure, each element of which must flawlessly perform the work entrusted to it. The components are stacked in layers like a culinary product that shares its name with the roofing system.

Layers are laid with a certain sequence, the violation of which threatens with a noticeable decrease in consumer characteristics. From how well the roofing pie is built under soft roof, the service life of the roof and the heat engineering of the house as a whole depend.

Roofing cake is a generalized technical term that combines a number of structures with a similar "layered" structure. The combination of layers should protect the owners of the house from atmospheric attacks and protect the internal filling of the cake from premature spoilage.

The standard structure of a roofing pie includes the following required components:

Vapor barrier. Prevents the penetration of evaporation from the interior of the house and the condensation of moisture on the building materials used in the construction of the roof;
Thermal insulation. Contributes to the preservation of heat, protects from noise coming from outside, winds, cold temperatures;
Waterproofing. Prevents the penetration of rainwater and melted winter precipitation into both the roof structure and the building;
decorative coating, which simultaneously performs the work of wind protection.

Includes materials with excellent waterproofing properties. Among them are bituminous roll representatives, piece analogues, mastics and a new generation of membranes. A couple of decades ago, they only served as a barrier against water, and now they also successfully play the role of decorative coatings. This is due to the ennobled outer surface and the development of laying methods that allow attaching super-thin materials to any type of base.

The combination of insulating and decorative properties made it possible to reduce the number of main layers in the roofing cake to 3, if one of the types is used for arranging the roof roll materials.

When waterproofing is not completely abandoned. However, it is laid as an additional waterproof layer and covers the roof either completely if the slope of the slopes does not exceed 18º, or partially in stripes along the overhangs, along the ridge and valleys, around pipes and at the junctions on roofs with slopes steeper than 18º.

The above list of the main roofing layers has a character general recommendations. In fact, it is being finalized by reducing or adding functional elements, because a number of significant circumstances influence the formation scheme of an ideal roof structure, such as:

the type and purpose of the object being equipped, i.e. a residential building or household building;
temporary or permanent use, determining the use or rejection of thermal insulation;
the shape of the roof and the steepness of its slopes, directly related to the choice of materials for roofing;
type of base for arranging a pie and laying a soft roof;
the presence of an operated or non-operated attic;
regional climatic features, according to which the thickness of thermal insulation is determined;
compatibility of structural layers, as in case of incompatibility, separation or migration layers will be required.

A well-arranged pie for a soft roof is constructed taking into account the full range of the listed conditions. Without information about the specifics of the project, no one will give exact recommendations, but it is worth familiarizing yourself with the principle of construction, regardless of whether the cake will be arranged with your own hands or hired roofers will be engaged in laying it.

The principles of the roofing pie

Consider the most common pie schemes for a soft roof used in private construction. Flat and low-pitched roof structures over low-rise buildings rarely built. However, there are adherents of strict cubic forms of techno or hi-tech style, and their number is steadily growing. Most often, flat roofs are erected over bay windows, attached terraces, utility compartments of a building, garages, etc. They are covered with bitumen-polymer materials or a membrane, laid on reinforced concrete floors or a base of galvanized profiled sheet.

The most popular in private construction is bituminous shingles, used in the arrangement of pitched roofs with a slope of 12º or more. It is used mainly to cover the truss system erected both over summer cottages and over country houses. Let's start with her.

Roofing cake for flexible tiles

Soft tiles cover buildings with cold attics and houses with insulated attics, in the designs of which, of course, there are radical differences. In the first case, there is no need to use heaters, in the second case, thermal insulation is a mandatory component. Both options require the installation of a continuous crate from an antiseptic-treated board, sheets of moisture-resistant plywood or OSB-3 oriented strand boards.

The simplest non-insulated option

The scheme for laying a soft roof over an uninsulated attic is extremely simple:

a counter-beam installed across the rafters is nailed to the rafter legs. The recommended size of the bar is 50 × 50, it is attached with two nailed nails to each rafter. The installation step of the counter beam depends on the step between the rafters. If the distance is standard 0.7-0.9 m, the bar is nailed after 30 cm;
slabs of a continuous crate are laid on a counter beam in a run-up so that there are no cruciform joints between them. The edges of the slabs must rest on the elements of the counter-lattice. The plates are fixed after 15 cm with nailed nails to the bar;
a self-adhesive waterproofing carpet is laid, the laying of which is carried out depending on the steepness of the slopes. At a slope of 18º or more, only slopes, ridges, valleys, junction areas and pipe passages through the roof are covered with waterproofing. Less steep roofs are completely covered with an insulating carpet;
a soft tile is mounted on top of the waterproofing barrier.

If a continuous crate is constructed from a board, then the need for a counter-crate device is automatically eliminated. The boards are fastened immediately to the rafter legs, laid with a gap between the elements of 3 mm.

Insulated roof device

The cake for an insulated roof is much more complicated. Its design is complemented by thermal insulation. And since it is, then you will need a vapor barrier material that protects the insulation from moisture accumulation. The result of moistening is a decrease in insulating characteristics and the accompanying decay processes with subsequent destruction. You also need ventilation, designed to remove condensate from under the roofing, which is unable to pass drops that are dangerous for wood on its own.

Scheme of laying layers of roofing cake for insulated pitched roof, involving the operation of the attic, is as follows:

on the inside of the rafter system, a vapor barrier membrane is attached directly to the rafters with a stapler. It is laid parallel to the overhangs in strips from the bottom up. In a single canvas, the strips are connected with double-sided tape;
according to the arranged vapor barrier, again from the inside, a counter-lattice is constructed from a bar, the installation step of which depends on the material of the planned inner lining of the attic. For example, under plasterboard sheathing, it is desirable to place the lathing bars at a distance of 40 or 60 cm;
auxiliary struts are mounted on the outside of the roof between the rafters. They are required to hold the insulation boards. Spacers are placed in increments of 2-3 cm less than the height of the heat-insulating plate. So it is necessary that the thermal insulation is rigidly fixed in the compartments created for it, “straightened out” after light compression during the installation process;
in the resulting similarity of honeycombs is placed thermal insulation material, the thickness of which should be 3-5 cm less than the thickness rafter legs. This necessary condition For proper ventilation roofing cake;
the counter-lattice is being built again. It is nailed to the rafter legs along their direction in order to form ventilation ducts - roofing vents;
a solid crate is attached to the outer counter-lattice, on top of which an additional waterproofing carpet is laid;
soft tiles are laid.

For the installation of a warm roof with soft tiles in the northern regions, it is sometimes not enough to have a mineral wool insulation thickness of 15 cm - a generally recognized standard for the middle lane. Then, from the outside, a counter-beam tier transverse to the rafters is first mounted for laying the second layer of insulation, then a bar along the rafter legs for the installation of a continuous counter-lattice.

If bituminous tiles are planned to be laid over low slopes constructed from reinforced concrete slabs or arranged by means of a slope with a cement-sand screed poured on top, the vapor barrier is laid on a concrete or cement-sand surface. A board is installed on top of the vapor barrier on the rib in increments of up to 90 cm, and then the required number of tiers of the counter-lattice.

A roofing pie with wooden elements cannot be closely adjacent to chimney pipes. The indentation from the pipe walls laid down according to the norms can be found in SNiP 41-01-2003. The empty space is filled with non-flammable mineral wool material, and an apron made of galvanized or laminated metal is installed around the pipes.

The stages and principles of arranging a roofing pie for soft tiles will be presented by a video:

Roofing cake for roll materials

For the arrangement of roofs with a slight slope angle, with a spread that way from 1º to 12º, bitumen-polymer materials or roofing membranes are used. There is simply no point in laying piece shingles on them. Yes, and the patterned aesthetics of flexible tiles on flat and almost flat roofs will please only the feathered.

There are no special differences in the set of layers for piece and roll material. The sequence is similar: vapor barrier → insulation → hydrobarrier - aka decorative coating and wind protection. However, the installation of a roofing pie has its own specifics. Solid crate and counter beam are not used. Layers are laid without auxiliary wooden elements on concrete floors, cement-sand screeds, profiled sheets, prefabricated leveling structures. Therefore, we focus not on the sequence of installation actions, but on the features in laying.

Principles of a vapor barrier device

The vapor barrier layer for laying rolled materials are materials such as:

bituminous and bitumen-polymer vapor barrier welded onto a concrete or cement-sand base, including cement-sand insulation with vermiculite, expanded clay, perlite in the form of filler in case of a slope slope of more than 6º. If the slope is less, the bituminous vapor barrier can be laid without gluing or fusing to the substrate.;
polyethylene reinforced or non-reinforced vapor barrier, laid freely along the corrugations of a profiled sheet or glued to it in case of slopes of more than 6º.

Any type of vapor barrier material can be used in the construction of a soft roof over prefabricated screeds made of plywood or OSB boards, but the recommended option is a bitumen-polymer vapor barrier with a polyester fabric backing. However, it is also not forbidden to put polyethylene on a concrete surface, but before that, a separating layer of glassine should be arranged.

The vapor barrier layer is laid in the form of a kind of pallet with entry to the vertical planes of adjacent walls and parapets. The height of the sides of the pallet is calculated as follows: the thickness of the heat-insulating layer plus 3-5 cm. Similar sides are arranged around the intersection of the roof with chimneys and other communications.

Both vapor barrier options must be connected into a continuous web. Strips of bituminous and bitumen-polymer material are laid with an overlap of 8-10 cm on the sides and 15 cm in the end joints and welded with a gas burner. The connection of polyethylene strips is made using adhesive tape.

Rules for laying thermal insulation

It is possible to insulate a soft roof with a roll coating with literally any material, but mineral wool boards and expanded polystyrene are considered priority. On concrete bases and cement-sand screeds, the insulation system is laid in one tier, on corrugated board in two, so that the joints of the elements of the upper row are not located above the joints of the lower layer.

The hardness of mineral wool for single-layer insulation is 40 kPa with a compressibility of 10%. For the construction of two-tier thermal insulation, it is not necessary to use plates with equivalent rigidity. The bottom row can be folded with a material with a strength of 30 kPa, the top 60 kPa.

If a polymer membrane is used as a waterproofing and decorative roofing, a separating layer of fiberglass or geotextile must be laid between it and polystyrene thermal insulation. Otherwise, the membrane will lose its consumer qualities before the period guaranteed by the manufacturer due to the gradual migration of plasticizers into the neighboring material. A separating layer is also required when installing an inverted ballast roof, if polymer coating spreads on a bituminous vapor barrier layer.

Laying of mineral wool boards on corrugated board without preliminary construction of a prefabricated screed from plywood or OSB sheets can be carried out if the thickness of the thermal insulation is twice as large as the distance between adjacent corrugations. If reality does not meet this condition, a prefabricated screed is constructed before laying the insulation.

The device for thermal insulation under the roll coating requires compliance with the following rules:

heat-insulating material is attached separately from the coating laid on top;
with a mechanical method of fastening, each thermal insulation plate and its separate part is fixed at two points. The insulation is fastened to the profiled sheet with steel self-tapping screws with a plastic sleeve in the form of a fungus. Plastic bushings are not used if the ramp slope is greater than 10º. In any case, they are attached to the concrete base with self-tapping screws with dowels and metal plates;
gluing of insulation boards is carried out on bitumen-polymer mastic. Bonding is possible if the area “planted” on the adhesive composition of the surface is at least 30% of the area of the insulation board;
insulation boards are laid with a mandatory expansion of the seams so that the weak areas are distributed evenly. The elements of the second tier, if any, are displaced relative to the first by at least 20 cm, both along the side and end lines;
seams in the insulation mat with a width of more than 5 mm must be filled with heat-insulating material.

The use of rigid insulation is justified economically and technologically. It allows you not to arrange a screed on top of the insulation, which is mandatory for backfill thermal insulation.

If necessary, build roof pitch to completely free the surface from atmospheric water and dirt, thermal insulation is supplemented with slope-forming devices. Most often they are made from wedge-shaped mineral wool slabs or from similar polystyrene foam parts, less often from bulk insulation with subsequent pouring cement screed. Decline according to concrete base can also be done by means of cement-sand filling, which is unacceptable for the formation of a slope based on a profiled sheet.

Additional layers of roofing material

An additional atmospheric water barrier is placed in areas of increased load. It is laid in strips along the ridge, overhangs and junctions with pre-built fillets, in valleys, around penetrations and points of internal drainage. It is arranged either from strips of roofing bitumen-polymer coating, or from a special self-adhesive hydrobarrier.

The construction of the roofing cake completes the laying roll coating and fixing it by fusing, gluing or fastening with self-tapping screws with bushings or plates.

In the presented schemes for the construction of a roofing pie, there are no exact recommendations. We brought general rules, accounting for which will ensure flawless operation and long service roofs in middle lane. In the case of construction in northern latitudes, the proposed options require further development.

Recently, more and more attention has been paid to the attic floor during the construction of a country house. In order to increase the living space, people are abandoning the cold attics that are familiar to everyone, where unnecessary things are stored and gather dust. With the advent latest materials and technology, it became possible to use the attic area to increase the usable area of the house. Such floors are called attic. As a rule, in such rooms there are bedrooms, children's rooms, billiard rooms.
In order to keep warm in the house in winter and keep cool in summer, you need a “roofing pie” device. In its composition, the "roofing pie" includes a number of necessary materials, such as steam and waterproofing, insulation, organization of ventilation of the under-roof space. All these materials are necessary for the normal functioning of your attic.

And yet, "roofing cake" - what is it?

The roofing pie is the stuffing of the upper, enclosing structure of the building with a mansard roof, which performs heat-insulating, waterproofing functions. The roofing pie consists of a vapor barrier film, a heater and a waterproofing film. The vapor barrier is attached indoors and prevents vapors and moisture from entering the insulation, which is located above. It is important that the joints of the vapor barrier are glued together and glued to the walls of the building in order to avoid moisture ingress into the insulation and eliminate all possible heat leakage.

Above the insulation, it is necessary to lay a waterproofing film (windproofing), which protects the insulation from moisture from the outside. This may be condensate formed on the inside of the metal tile, on the nails with which the crate is fixed, etc. In order to prevent the accumulation of condensate, it is imperative to organize an under-roof space above the "pie".

The under-roof space should be as large as possible, but not less than 50 mm. Ventilation in the under-roof space is provided by air inflow in the cornice overhang and roof vents, dormer windows, aerohorse at the top of the roof.

In the roof structure, the main elements are:

a) Rafter system b) Vapor barrier circuit c) Insulation that performs the function of thermal insulation d) Waterproofing over the insulation (windproof, waterproofing film e) Lathing under the roof. For the installation of flexible tiles, a solid base is used, for example, moisture-resistant plywood, OSB -3 and higher, tongue-and-groove board or edged board of the same humidity) e) Control grate to organize the ventilation gap. and) Roofing h) Complete set of the roof (roofing valves, eaves / end strips, snow retention, walkways, roof stairs, skylights) i) Filing of cornice overhangs (vinyl soffit, lining) j) Organized drainage system (drainage systems, drainage systems)

Consider options for roofing pies.

In our climatic zone, it is necessary to use a heater with a minimum thickness of 150 mm. Optimal Thickness- 200 mm. It is recommended to lay the insulation in a run-up so that the joints of one layer overlap with another layer. This way of laying the insulation prevents the formation of cold bridges. Also, the insulation is soundproofing, smoothes out the noise of precipitation. The structure of the roofing pie is the same for any coatings, only the base for the roof can differ, for example, for soft tiles - a solid crate is used, for a metal tile - a crate for a wave step, for a composite tile - a strictly sustained crate step specified in the installation instructions. We will consider options for roofing pies using the example of a soft roof with a solid base.

Roofing cake #1.

The figure shows that the truss system is 200x50 mm. Insulation 150 mm. The ventilation gap is formed by the remaining 50 mm. The waterproofing film is not used. In order to prevent swelling of the insulation, which can block the under-roof space (the remaining 50 mm in the rafter system), it is necessary to mount the insulation limiter. For this, a nylon cord is used, as in the figure. It does not allow the insulation to rise up.

Roofing cake number 2.

The second roofing pie is the most popular option. The rafters are 150 mm, the insulation is limited from below by a vapor barrier film, from above by a wind-proof film. Insulation 150 mm. A counter-lattice is stuffed over the windproof film and rafters, which forms a ventilation duct. Further, not a continuous crate and the base of the roof. In this case, it is possible that cold bridges will form at the junction of the insulation and the truss system. Roofing pie No. 3 is considered the ideal option for a roofing cake:

The fourth layer of insulation is laid across the rafter system, eliminating the possibility of the formation of cold bridges. The extra layer also saves heating costs. As a heater, we recommend using basalt-based insulation. The heater is practical and non-flammable. If it gets wet, you can dry it and continue using it.

The use of a waterproofing film laid on a heater allows you to:

Reduce the thickness of the roofing cake and lay the amount of insulation as much as possible. Reduce the amount of heat blown from the surface of the insulation. The film allows the insulation to breathe, the moisture that has entered the insulation is vented through the film. The vapor barrier in the roofing cake is a barrier against the penetration of moisture and vapors into the insulation. The vapor barrier is mounted on the inside of the truss system with an overlap. The joints of the film as well as the joints with the walls are glued with adhesive tape.

In conclusion, I would like to note that you should not save on the design of the roofing pie. Any slightest violation of the technology can lead to a decrease in the service life of the roof structure, as well as to an increase in energy costs. Why heat the street in winter? We will keep the heat inside and provide the roof with a long service life!

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