How to save the roof of a house from leaking: do-it-yourself waterproofing. Which roll waterproofing to buy: a review of materials for pitched and flat roofs Organizing the removal of condensed moisture

Waterproofing materials, including roofing, are designed to protect building structures, buildings and structures from penetration of moisture and other aggressive environments. Roofing and under-roofing materials serve directly for roofing and are designed to protect buildings and structures from moisture, wind and cold. It is these factors that determine the need for multilayer structures such as components which are thermal insulation, waterproofing, wind protection, drainage system, roof covering and a frame designed to support them.

The roof covering during the entire period of operation is exposed to many aggressive environmental factors. When the temperature changes, aging and deformation of both the roofing material itself and the entire system (base, heat, steam and waterproofing) occur. At high temperatures, aging processes are faster, because, for example, in bituminous or bitumen-polymer binders, their reaction with ozone is accelerated, when low temperatures aging processes slow down. Therefore, the choice of roofing material depends on many parameters: the type of building, design features load-bearing elements of the roof, building design, climatic conditions and operating conditions, comfort in operating conditions, durability, ecology, financial capabilities of the customer, etc.

Waterproofing materials, unlike roofing materials, are, as a rule, in direct constant contact with water vapor or water, in some cases acting under pressure. Therefore, their main purpose is to prevent the migration of water through the building envelope (anti-filtration waterproofing) and the penetration of aggressive groundwater containing acids, sulfates, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, causing the destruction of concrete and metal, to the insulated material (anti-corrosion waterproofing). They must differ in such properties as water resistance, water resistance, durability, and also meet the requirements of regulatory documents for strength, deformability, heat, frost and chemical resistance, etc. , backfill, etc. Waterproofing materials are made mainly from petroleum bitumen, tar, polymers and minerals with the addition of fillers and modifying additives (solvents, stabilizers, plasticizers, hardeners, antiseptics, etc.).

The range of waterproofing (roofing) materials is very extensive both in appearance, raw material base, and technological methods of obtaining. According to their appearance and physical state, they are divided into viscoplastic (mastics, emulsions, pastes), powder (solutions), roll, sheet (plate), film, membrane, etc.

2. Viscoplastic materials

Viscoplastic compositions are multifunctional materials used both for waterproofing and for roofing carpet - rolled or mastic. They have almost the same properties as other waterproofing materials, but differ in that they are formed into a seamless coating (film, membrane) on an insulated surface.

Mastics obtained by mixing organic binders with mineral fillers and various additives that improve their quality (STB 1262, GOST 30693). Externally, they are a liquid-viscous homogeneous mass, which, after being applied to the surface (in 2-3 layers), hardens and turns into a monolithic seamless coating. The thickness of the resulting film depends on the amount of dry residue in the mastic. The smaller the dry residue, the thinner the film. For mastics that do not contain a solvent, hardening occurs without reducing the thickness of the applied composition.

The binders in mastics are bitumen, oligomers, polymers, copolymers and their mixtures (compositions). Depending on the composition of the binder and the manufacturing method, mastics are distinguished:

• bitumen-emulsion(MBE), obtained by emulsifying bitumen and consisting of two mutually insoluble liquids (bitumen - water) and emulsifying additives;
• bitumen-polymer hot(MBPG), consisting of bitumen, polymer, filler or without it;
• bitumen-polymer cold(MBPC), consisting of bitumen, polymer, solvent and filler or without it;
• bitumen-polymer curable(MBPO), consisting of a polymer and bitumen binder with a vulcanizing agent;
• polymer cold(MPH), made on the basis of rubbers, rubber compounds, fillers, plasticizers and solvents;
• bitumen-rubber emulsion(MBRE), consisting of bitumen binder, rubber and (or) crumb rubber, emulsifying additives and water;
• bitumen-polymer emulsion(MBPE), made on the basis of emulsions of bitumen and polymers or emulsions of bitumen-polymer binder, fillers and modifying additives;
• polymer-dispersion(MPD), made on the basis of aqueous dispersions of polymers, fillers and modifying additives.

In terms of physical and mechanical indicators, they must comply with the standards given in table. 1.

Table 1.Technical requirements for roofing and waterproofing mastics according to STB 1262

The name of indicators	Numerical values ​​of indicators for mastic brands
	MBE IBRE MBPE	MTD	MBPG	MBPH	MPH	MBPO
Mass fraction of non-volatile substances, %, not less	45	70	–	30	50	30
Conditional viscosity, s, not less	5	–	–	100	50	100
Strength of adhesion to the base, MPa, not less	0,3	0,6	0,2	0,3	0,3	0,3
Conditional tensile strength, MPa, not less	0,2	0,6	0,2	0,2	0,2	0,2
Relative tensile elongation, %, not less	100	250	100	100	150	150
Water absorption for 24 hours, % by weight, not less	2	5	2	2	2	2

In order to reduce binder consumption and improve the technical characteristics of mastics (increasing heat resistance, reducing fragility, shrinkage), fillers with particles smaller than 150 microns are introduced into their composition. Fillers can be powdered, fibrous, combined and universal materials. Among powdered fillers, dust particles with a size of less than 10 microns and stone flour (10...150 microns) are distinguished. Dust particles include limestone, chalk, brick, slag powders, as well as mineral binders - gypsum, cement, fluff lime. Short-fiber slag wool, glass fiber chaff, peat chips, and asbestos of groups 6 and 7 are used as fibrous fillers.

The best are combined fillers in the ratio - fibrous and pulverized 1: 1.5 ... 1: 1.3. For example, in hot mastic High Quality there must be at least 25% dust filler, 10% fibrous filler and 20% combined filler.

The versatility of the filler is determined by its acid and alkali resistance. Such fillers include materials consisting mainly of carbon - graphite and soot. Graphite is a naturally occurring mineral and is used in the form of graphite flour. Soot is a product of combustion of petroleum and coal oils with limited air access or thermal processing without air access. More than ten varieties of soot are produced: channel and furnace gas, nozzle, lamp, thermal, anthracene, etc.

Based on the method of application, mastics are divided into hot and cold. Hot mastics require preheating before use to 160...180 °C. Cold mastics are supplied ready for use and can be emulsion or contain a solvent (STB 1992).

Depending on the type of diluent, mastics are divided into those containing water and organic solvents or liquid organic substances (solar, machine and other oils, liquid petroleum bitumen, fuel oil). After applying the mastic, solvents (thinners) evaporate, and the original binders acquire a viscosity close to the original. Organic solvents used in mastics as diluents are distinguished by their evaporation rate. They can be light (benzene, toluene, crude gasoline distillate), medium (naphtha, white spirit) and heavy (kerosene, solvent). It should be remembered that the vapors of most solvents are heavier than air and can accumulate in recesses and niches of building structures.

According to their purpose, mastics are divided into roofing, adhesive, waterproofing And vapor barrier. The main technical characteristics of bitumen-polymer mastics used at construction sites in the Republic of Belarus are given in Table. 2.

Table 2. Main technical characteristics of polymer and bitumen-polymer mastics used on construction sites

Name of mastic	Qualitative indicators
	Heat resistance, °C	Conditional viscosity, s	Strength			Relative extension, %	Flexibility on beam, °C	Water absorption,%
			clutch with base, MPa	shear of adhesive joint, kN/m	coating film under tension, MPa
Autocrine (MBPC)	90	≥ 100	0,9…1,0	≥ 1	≥ 0,5	> 1000	≤ –15	0,1…0,5
Autofix	90	≥ 100	0,7	≥ 1	≥ 0,3	≥ 300	≤ –15	0,1…0,5
Bitumen-rubber	100		0,3…0,4		0,6	800…1000	–15…–20	> 0,5
Bitumen-latex	55…90		0,2…0,3	0,2	0,1	1200	–30	≤ 3,5
Bitumen-emulsion (MBE)	90…95	≥ 100	≥ 0,45	≥ 1	1,33	100…700	–5…–15	≤ 0,9
Vishera (TechnoNIKOL No. 22)	≥ 95		0,45…0,60	≥ 4	0,3
Hyperdesmo	> 90	300…600	> 2,0		5,5	> 600	–52	0
Hyperruf 270	100		> 2,5		7,45	900±80		0
Legend	90	≥ 100	≥ 0,59	1,4…1,5	1,35…1,58	423…478	≤ –15	≤ 0,6
Profix KR	90	15	0,57…1,44		0,81	1040	–15	≤ 3,2
Profix GI	90	16	0,53…0,66		0,86	926	–15	≤ 2,8
Reamast	100		≥ 0,6		1,0…2,0	150…400	–50	≤ 2,0
Slav	110…140	180…230	0,4…2,6		1,0…2,0	500…1000	–30…–50	≤ 0,4
Fixer	110		0,5…0,8	≥ 4	0,3
FlexiMAST	90		0,52	1,5	1,35	> 400	–15	> 0,7
Technomast	≥ 110	≥ 100	0,45…0,90	≥ 4	≥ 1,0	≥ 500	–50	≤ 0,4
Eureka	105	no more than 50	0,20…0,25	≥ 5	≥ 0,2	≥ 1100		≤ 1,0

Emulsions are dispersion systems with a liquid dispersion medium and a solid or liquid dispersed phase. In emulsions used in roofing works ah, the dispersion medium is most often water, and the dispersed phase is finely ground bitumen, tar, certain types of polymers or their compositions. To combine these immiscible substances and ensure stability (stability) of the structure, a third component is used - an emulsifier, which reduces the surface tension at the interface of two media, for example, “bitumen - water”. Surfactants used as emulsifiers are soap, oleic acid, acidol, acidol-mylonaft in combination with caustic soda and liquid glass, sulfite-alcohol stillage concentrate, etc. The amount of emulsifier in the emulsion, as a rule, does not exceed 3%. If necessary, emulsions can be modified with polymers and rubber latexes.

Bitumen emulsions prepared in high-speed mixers (homogenizers) based on bitumen grades BN 50/50, BNK 45/180, BND 40/60, BND 60/90. If latex is added to bitumen, then the emulsion is called bitumen-latex. Products of co-polymerization of butadiene and styrene (SKS-20, SKS-30, SKS-65), Nairit L-4 in an amount of 10...30% are used as latexes. Preparation of the emulsion involves heating the bitumen to t= 50…120 °C, preparing an emulsifier and dispersing the binder in the form of particles about 1 µm in size hot water at t= 85...90 °C with the addition of an aqueous emulsifier solution.

Bitumen emulsions are used in the installation of roofs, construction, repair and reconstruction of buildings, as well as as paint insulation of coating panels, a protective hydro- and vapor barrier layer, a base primer for waterproofing and gluing piece and roll bitumen materials. Penetrating into the pores and capillaries of the waterproofed surface, the emulsion disintegrates: the water evaporates, and bitumen particles, freed from the protective shells, settle on the surface of the pores and capillaries.

Pastes are highly concentrated emulsions or emulsions with solid emulsifiers and are a thick mass consisting of dispersed bitumen in water in the presence of inorganic solid emulsifiers: lime (slaked or quicklime), highly plastic clay, fine cement powders, coal, soot. They are also adsorbed on the surface of bitumen particles, forming a protective layer that prevents particles from sticking together. The most water-resistant pastes are those with a lime emulsifier. Pastas can be

dilute with water until the desired viscosity is obtained. Pastes are used for the installation of vapor barriers and seamless monolithic coatings (rollless monolithic roofs), sealing joints in roofs and repairs various types roofing without fire.

Primers (primers) in roofing work are waterproofing compounds and are intended for treating mineral and old bitumen bases in order to remove dust and increase the adhesion of subsequent waterproofing and roofing bitumen-containing materials. They are bitumen-polymer compositions or easily mobile concentrated solutions of high-quality petroleum bitumens (BN 70/30, BN 90/10) in organic solvents. The mass fraction of volatile components is 35...40%. Gasoline, white spirit, kerosene, naphtha, diesel oil (50 to 70%) are used as solvents and thinners, the rest is bitumen.

Primers must be liquid, homogeneous, without lumps of insoluble binder and foreign impurities, freely applied with a brush or sprayed t= 10 °C and above, have a heat resistance of 50...70 °C with a roof slope of 45°. Their viscosity should be less than that of the roofing mastics applied to them; they should be able to be distributed over the surface of the protected structure (screed) in a thin layer. Drying time of the applied layer at t= 20 °C should be no more than 12 hours.

Distinguish primer primers(from English primer– first), intended for primary preparation of bases (filling pores and defects), and primers to increase the adhesion of the subsequent layer (mastic) to the base. They are produced in two types: concentrate and ready-to-use. Before use, the concentrate must be diluted with a solvent in a ratio of 1: 1…1: 2 by volume. Ready-made formulations Before use, you just need to mix thoroughly. Both primers are used cold. The guaranteed shelf life at temperatures of –20 °C… +30 °C is 12 months.

3. Roll and film materials

In construction practice, with a certain degree of convention, waterproofing (roofing) materials are divided into separate groups: rolls (Table 3), film and membranes. However, in the regulatory and technical literature there is no unambiguous definition of such materials. It is generally accepted that the conventional boundary between them is the width of the panels at 1 m.

Table 3.Rolled bitumen-polymer roofing materials

Name of material (STB, GOST, TU)	The basis	Astringent, modifier	Laying method	Protective layers		Specifications
				upper	lower	Surface density (total / bottom), kg/m2
1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Bicroplast (TU 5774-00100287852-96)	ST, PE	APP, IPP	N	K,H	M, P, PP	3,5…5,0/
Bikrost (STB 1107-98)	ST, SH, PE	B,SBS,APP	N	PP, K, M, H	PP, M	3,0…5,0/
Bicroelast (TU 5770-54100284718-94)	CX, ST, PE	B, SBS	N	K, S, PP	PP	3,75…4,75/
Biplastisol (STB 1107-98,	ST, SH, PE	B, SBS	N	S, PP	PP	1,5…6,5
Bipole (STB 1107-98,	ST, SH, PE	B, BE	N	K, PP	PP	3,0…5,5/
Bipolycrine (STB 1107-98)	ST, PE	B, SBS	N	K, M, PP	M, PP	2,0…6,0/
Bireplast (STB 1107-98)	ST, CX	B, P	N,	K, Ch PP	M, PP	2,5…5,5/
Gidroizol (GOST 7415-86)	AB, AK, ACC	B, P	Etc	TO	M	3,5…4,5/
Dneproizol (TU 5774-00700287869-02)	CX, ST, PE	B, P	N	K, PP	PP	2,5…5,5
Roofing elast (STB 1107-98)	CX, ST, PE	B, SBS	N	K, M, PP	M, PP	3…6/1,5
Levizol (TU 5774058-11322110-95)	ST	B, SBS	N	K, M, PP	M, PP	3,5/2,0
Linocrom (STB 1107-98)	ST, SH, PE	B, SBS APP	N	K, H, M, PP	M, PP	3,6…4,6/
Plastobit (STB 1107-98)	PE, ST, SH	B, SBS	N	K, M, PP	PP	3,5…5,0
Rubitex (STB 1107-98)	ST, PH	B, SBS,	N	K, PP	PP	4,0…7,0/

Continuation of table 3

Specifications
Breaking force, N	Water absorption,%	Brittleness temperature, °C	Flexibility at temperature, °C	Heat resistance, °C	Thickness, mm	Dimensions: width × length (area), m (m2)	Service life, years
8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
600…	1,0	–25	–15	120	3…5	0,85…1,15	up to 20
491…	0,5	–15…	0	80…85	2,7…3,7	1.0×10; 15	10…25
491	0,5	–25	–10…	85	3,0…4,5	1.0×10; 15	10…15
300…	2,0	–25	–10…	90	1,5…7,0	1,0…1,1	10…15
300…	up to 2.0	–25	–15	80…110	2,5…	10 and 15	10…15
300…	1,5	–20	–15	80	3,6…	1,0	30
370…	2,0	–10…	–10…	75…85	3…4	1.0×10.0	10…15
363…	2,0	–15	–5	85	2,5…5,0	0,95	up to 15
290…	2	15…	0…–15	70…85	2…4	1x10	up to 20
300…	up to 1.0	–25	–25	90	2,6…5,1	1,0	30
480	1,0	–30	–10	80	up to 3.5	1.0×10	10
294…	up to 1.0	–15…	–10	85	2,7…5,0	1.0×10; 15	10…15
531…	1,5	–25	–15	85…100	2,0…4,3	1.0×10	10
735…	1,0	–15…	–20	70…90	3,2…4,5	0,8…1,1	18…35

Continuation of table 3

1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Stekloizol (STB 1107-98 and SNB 5.08.01-00)	ST, SH, PE	B	N	K, M, S PP	PP, M	3,2…5,0/
Glass chrome (STB 1107-98)	ST, SH, PE	B, SBS	N	K, M, S PP	PP, M	3.6 and 4.6/
Steklomast (TU 5774-54300284718-94)	ST, SH, PE	B, SBS	N	K, M, P	PP, P	3,2/
Stekloflex (STB 1107-98)	ST, SH, PE	B, SBS	N	K, PP, S, V	PP	3,0…5,0
Fiberglass (STB 1107-98)	ST, SH, PE	B, SBS	N	K, PP, A, S	PP	3,0…6,0/
Technoelast (STB 1107-98)	CX, ST, PE	B, SBS APP	N,	K, M, C S, PP	PP	4,0…5,5
Uniflex (STB 1107-98)	ST,SH,PE	B,SBS,APP	N	K, S, M, PP	PP	3,0…5,0
Filizol (TU 5774-00204001232-94)	CX, ST, PE	B, SBS	N	K, M	M, PP	3,25/2,2
Folgoizol (GOST 20429-84)	AF	B, P	N	AF	PP	2,0
Ecoflex (STB 1107-98)	ST, CX, SW, PE	B, APP, IPP, BS	N,	K, H, M, PP	M, PP	3,0…5,5/
Elabit (TU 5770-528002847218-94)	NE	B, SBS	N	K, M, H	M, P, PP	3,2/2,0
Elakrom (STB 1107-98)	ST,SH,PE	B, SBS	N	K, S, M, PP	PP	3,0…5,5
Elastobit (STB 1107-98)	ST,SH,PE	B, SBS	N	K, S, V PP	PP	3,0…5,0/

End of table 3

8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
294…	up to 1.0	–15	–5	85	3,0…3,5	1.0×10	10
294…	up to 1.0	–15	–5…	80	2,7…3,7	1.0×10	12…15
294…	1,5	–15…	0…–5	70…85	3,5…4,5	1.0×7.5…	up to 15
300…	2,0	–15	–15	90	3,0	1.0×10	12…15
300…	up to 2.0	–15	–20	100	3…4	1.0 (8 and 10)	15…30
670…	1,0	–25	–25	100	3,0…4,2	1.0×8 and 10	25…30
600…	up to 1.0	–15	–20	95	2,8…3,8	1.0×10	15…25
294…	1,5	–30	–15	80	2,5…3,5	(8 and 10)	20
360	up to 0.5	–15…	–15	110	5,0	0,966…1,0	20…25
670…	1,0	–15	–10	130	3,5…5,0	0,85…1,15	15…25
786	up to 1.5	–20	–15	80	3…4	0,8…1,05	15…25
294…	1,0	–15	–15	85	3…4	1.0×10	15…17
294…	up to 1.0	–30	–20	100	2,8…3,8	1.0×10 and 15	12…16

Note. The table uses symbols. The basis: local; ST – fiberglass; СХ – fiberglass; AF – aluminum foil; lulose cardboard. Binder: B – bitumen; BE – bitumen-elastomer; P – polypropylene; SBS – styrene-butadiene-styrene rubber. Protective sprinkles; P – dusty coating; A – asbogel; H – scaly; S – Pr – gluing; N – by fusing, MS – by mechanical connection.

PE – polyester non-woven fabric (polyester); SV - glass VOAV - asbestos fiber; AK – asbestos cardboard; ACC – asbestos cel polymer; APP – atactic polypropylene; IPP – isoatactic layers: K (C) – coarse-grained powder (colored); M – fine-grained shale; B – vermiculite; PP – polymer film. Laying methods:

Roll and film roofing materials are the most widespread, both in terms of volumes of production and use, and in their diversity. They are mainly used for installing “flat” (with a slope of 3...5°) roofs in multi-storey residential buildings.

and industrial buildings and belong to the class of soft roofing materials. They are predominantly panels with a width of approximately 1000 mm, a thickness of 1.0...6.6 mm, a length of 7...20 m, supplied to construction projects in rolls. They are classified according to the type of binder, the presence and type of base, the structure of the fabric, the type of topping and protective layer, purpose, method of connection to the base and other indicators (GOST 30547).

Depending on the type of binder, bitumen, tar, bitumen-polymer and polymer materials are distinguished. Bitumen and tar materials have practically exhausted themselves, their production and use is sharply reduced. They were replaced by bitumen-polymer materials in a wide range and polymer membranes. They are also called soft, elastomeric and polymer (STB EN 13956, STB EN 13967, STB EN 14909).

Roll roofing materials can be baseless or basic (single- and multi-base). Baseless materials are panels rolled on calenders from a hardened mixture of binder, fillers, plasticizers and modifying additives. The main materials are multilayer in structure (Fig. 1), and their defining structural element is the load-bearing substrate (base). They are obtained by impregnating the supporting substrate with a binder, followed by applying a layer of composite binder and protective or decorative layers on one or both sides. Cardboard, fiberglass, fiberglass, polymer (polyester) and asbestos (cardboard, fiber) materials, aluminum foil, combined materials, etc. are used as a base.

Based on the type of protective (covering) layer, there are roll materials with topping, foil, with a polymer film, alkali-, acid- and ozone-resistant coating, etc. The topping can be fine- and coarse-grained, scaly, regular and colored. According to their intended purpose, such materials are divided into roofing, waterproofing, steam and wind insulation, for the upper and lower layers of the roof. Certain types of materials can be interchangeable - used for both roofing and waterproofing.

Roll materials, according to the method of connection to the base of the roofing system, are divided into glued, welded, self-adhesive, heat-welded, mechanically connected and ballasted.

Rice. 1. Structure of bitumen-polymer material ( A) And bitumen shingles (b, V): 1 – silicone film; 2 – self-adhesive layer; 3 – rubber-bitumen layer; 4 – reinforcing base; 5 – mineral dressing

The most progressive materials are:

• built-up - when installing a roofing carpet, they are glued to each other and to the base of the roof without the use of traditional hot or cold mastics, but by heating with a burner torch, followed by compaction to the bonded surface;
• self-adhesive - a ready-made adhesive with a protective coating of silicone film or paper is applied to the bottom side. After removing the protective layer, the roll is rolled out onto a primed surface and compacted (STB 1991).

Main quality characteristics rolled roofing and waterproofing materials are: surface density (kg/m2), tensile strength (N), water absorption (%), water resistance (min or m), brittleness temperature (°C), flexibility on a beam of a certain radius (° ), heat resistance (°C), elongation (%), thickness (mm), durability, etc. Individual indicators are standardized.

The surface density of rolled roofing materials is determined by the values ​​of the covering mass, including on the welded side for the main materials. For example, for welded bitumen roll materials, the coating mass on the welded side must be at least 1500 g/m2, and for bitumen-polymer materials - at least 2000 g/m2.

The tensile tensile strength of rolled basic bitumen and bitumen-polymer materials must be no less than:

• 215 N – for materials based on cardboard;
• 294 N – on a fiberglass base;
• 343 N – based on polymer fibers;
• 392 N – on a combined basis.

The water absorption of rolled materials (except glassine) should be no more than 2% by weight when tested for at least 24 hours. The water permeability of such materials is established depending on the area of ​​application and is indicated in the regulatory document for a specific material.

The brittleness temperature is a characteristic of the coating composition, and for bitumen roll materials should not be higher than –15 °C, and for bitumen-polymer materials – no higher than –25 °C. The flexibility of rolled bitumen materials should be no higher than +5 °C, bitumen-polymer materials should not be higher than –15 °C, and heat resistance, respectively, should not be lower than 70 and 100 °C.

Film materials include a large group of films for various functional purposes used in roofing systems (anti-wind, vapor barrier, diffusion, anti-condensation, waterproofing, under-roof, roofing, etc.). Modern film materials used in roofing systems are commonly called membranes.

Roofing membranes(from lat. membrane- membrane, skin) in contrast to rolled materials, as a rule, have much

large sizes of panels – up to 15×60 m, i.e. their area can reach 900 m2 (Fig. 2). At the same time, in the English-language technical literature, Russian and ours, there are certain discrepancies in the definition of membranes. In the English-language technical literature, membranes include both film and roll materials, but the customer is supplied not with rolls, but with roofing systems - the material with all the components and design documentation for the installation technology. On the Russian market, only polymer roll materials are called membranes, although another name is also known - elastomers. It should also be noted that in Western European countries the share membrane roofs exceeds 80%, in our country - no more than 2...3%, but there is a significant increase in the use of membrane-type materials.

Rice. 2.Roofing membrane sample ( A) and work scheme ( b) : 1 – wind exposure; 2 – water-repellent coating; 3 – exposure to rain; 4 – evaporation and condensate; 5 – breathable microporous layer

Membrane roofs are distinguished by greater reliability, elasticity, increased resistance to atmospheric and climatic influences, and retain their properties over a wider temperature range than other roofing materials. Roofing membrane sheets are very elastic (relative elongation is more than 400% for membranes made of synthetic rubber) and at the same time have high tensile and puncture strength, are resistant to UV radiation and aggressive environments, and have high frost and fire resistance. The density of roofing membranes must be at least 115 g/m2, breaking force - 350 N, temperature range of use -60 °C... +80 °C, vapor permeability - at least 800 g/m2 per day, water resistance - at least 1, 0...1.5 m. The range of sizes of membrane sheets is within the following limits: width 1.0...15.0 m length - up to 60 m. This range of sizes allows you to select the optimal roll width for a roof of any configuration with minimal losses and the number of seams. The thickness of roofing membranes is 0.8...2.0 mm, the weight of 1 m 2 is up to 2.0 kg. The operating diagram of the roofing membrane is shown in Fig. 2, b.

Depending on the polymer material that makes up the base of the canvas, roofing membranes are divided mainly into three types: polyvinyl chloride polymers (PVC), ethylene propylene diene monomers (EPDM), thermoplastic olefins (TPO), etc. The technical characteristics of the membranes are given in table. 4.

Table 4.Technical characteristics of polymer roofing membranes

View	Dimensions length/width, m/m	Thickness, mm	Flexibility, °C	Relative extension, %	Tensile strength, MPa	Heat resistance, °C	Water absorption,%	Vapor permeability, g/m2 day	Life time,
PVC	20/1,2	1,2…	–30…	18…	8,0…	80…	0…	0,5	10…
EPDM	15…61/	up to 2	before	up to 1500	up to 11.7	100	up to 1	0,01…	up to 40
TPO	10…25/	1,2…	before	up to 680	up to 14.5	100	0…	0,2	more than 50

4. Piece and sheet roofing materials and products

The range of piece and sheet roofing materials and products is characterized by great diversity in composition, structure, shape, texture, color, and durability. They are most often used on pitched (highly sloped) roofs. Such materials include: roofing tiles various types (natural and artificial); metal sheets of steel, copper, aluminum and other alloys (flat and corrugated); panels; polymer, asbestos-cement and natural materials products (STB 2040). The difference between piece roofing materials and sheet roofing materials is conditionally determined by their area. Products whose area exceeds 1 m 2 are, as a rule, classified as sheet products.

Roofing tiles currently produced from a wide variety of materials (clay, cement, bitumen, metals, polymers, etc.).

Ceramic tiles(clay) is made from mineral clay raw materials (pottery clay) with various additives, mainly plasticizers. The raw materials are carefully prepared and molded. Depending on the molding method, there are pressed (P), extruded (E) and stamped (W) tiles. After molding, the raw tiles are dried and fired at a temperature of about 1000 °C. Before firing, if it is necessary to obtain a certain color of the tile, its surface is decorated with various compositions. After firing, ceramic tiles can have the natural color of fired clay (red or brown) and many other colors and shades, including “aged tiles”. The natural color of tiles is determined mainly by iron oxides contained in clays. It is believed that under operating conditions, the color of ceramic tiles becomes more saturated and becomes more beautiful over the years.

To speed up the production of a more saturated natural color (dark brown and grayish-black), the tiles are fired twice: the first - in the standard way, the second (reducing) - in a kiln with a lower firing temperature and in the absence of oxygen. To obtain various decorative coatings, engobing, glazing and ceramic paints. Thanks to engobing, it is possible to obtain rich red, yellow, black, earthy and other colors, and due to technological techniques, the effect of “aged tiles” can be obtained. Glazed tiles can be of almost any color. To obtain a pattern on the surface of the tile, it is encoped - treated with salts and a pattern is applied, which then appears during firing. Besides decorative effect additional layers also perform protective functions. Ceramic tiles as a roofing material have many positive properties: decorative, service life - more than 100 years (with a factory warranty of 20...30 years), does not require maintenance or repair, frost- and corrosion-resistant, environmentally friendly. The quality indicators of tiles are appearance(presence of faults and cracks), geometric parameters (uniformity of shape, straightness, dimensions and maximum deviations), physical and mechanical characteristics (water resistance, bending load-bearing capacity, frost resistance), etc.

Modern ceramic tiles have many variations in appearance and shape (Fig. 3). Even within one manufacturer there can be tens or hundreds of varieties. However, traditionally (historically) there are three main types of tile shapes: flat (band, beavertail, bieber), grooved (locking, seam), grooved (trough) and their intraspecific variations. In accordance with STB 1184, ceramic tiles are divided into basic (flat, S-shaped, munch-nunn, grooved), ridge and special. On the back of each tile there is an eyelet or some other device for fastening to the sheathing.

Cement-sand tiles(CPC) are obtained by pressing or rolling a semi-dry mortar mixture from pure quartz sand a certain granulometric composition and cement (usually without additives). Such tiles are not fired, but gain strength as a result of cement hardening. Externally, non-fired tiles are no different from ceramic ones. Since Portland cement hardens over the years in humid conditions, cement-sand tiles gain strength during operation. This sets it apart from other types of tiles that age over time, i.e. lose their quality characteristics. In terms of basic physical and mechanical parameters, cement-sand tiles are practically not inferior to ceramic tiles. However, its mass is somewhat greater. The main qualitative characteristics of cement-sand tiles are strength, density and porosity (STB 1002).

To obtain colored tiles, either alkali-resistant mineral pigments are introduced into their composition (volumetric coloring), or special surface treatment is performed: spraying a colored cement composition, applying a decorative and protective acrylic coating, textured finish(sprinkling colored sand with granulate, spraying a polymer emulsion onto a freshly molded surface, etc.). The most common colors are red, brown, orange, black, gray and green.

Rice. 3.Types of ceramic tiles ( A) and roof fragments ( b)

Cement-sand tiles are produced in various standard sizes: Roman, Viennese, Alpine (flat), solid, ridge, pediment, valley, side, pass-through for exhaust pipe nozzle, roller, etc. The predicted durability of cement-sand tiles is more than 100 years. Polymer sand tiles is a semi-synthetic material. It is obtained by hot pressing (at a temperature of about 300 ° C) waste polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride (≈ 29%), sand up to 3 mm in size (70%) and pigments based on iron oxide, chromium, ultramarine (1%). The color scheme has many colors and shades - blue, green, yellow, bright red, brown, black, including those with a relief coating. The weight of the tiles is up to 40 kg/m2, dimensions ≈ 300x400x8 mm. Depending on the appearance, it is divided into main (flat tape and diagonal, double Romanesque), ridge and special (STB 1065). Polymer sand tiles have increased bio- and chemical resistance and resistance to ultraviolet radiation. The breaking load during bending is at least 1 kN, water absorption is up to 0.6%, frost resistance is at least 200. Guaranteed service life is 20 years, estimated service life is more than 50 years.

Flexible tiles(bitumen, soft, shingle from English. shingle– roofing shingles, shingles and names of composite tiles Gerard Shingle, produced by the New Zealand company " Ahi Roofing") are multi-colored thin tiles of a layered structure of rectangular, hexagonal shape or with figured cutouts along one edge (STB 1617). One sheet imitates 3-4 tiles (shingles) of various shapes. The color range includes more than 20 varieties of traditional tones or imitating surfaces overgrown with moss, lichen, etc. The length of the tiles reaches 1000 mm, width - 300...400 mm and thickness 3...4 mm. It is obtained by applying oxidized or modified bitumen to both sides of fiberglass, fiberglass or polyester, and to the front side - mineral chips (basalt, slate), copper plates and other protective coatings (see Fig. 1). The underside is covered with a layer of self-adhesive modified bitumen with an easily removable protective silicone film (EN 544).

To improve quality performance and durability, two- and three-layer (laminated) flexible tiles are produced, which are based on two (three) sheets of tiles, firmly connected by sintering with bitumen mastic and of higher strength. To prevent the overgrowth of moss and lichen, the stone granules of the protective coating are specially coated with copper or zinc. The front side has a certain texture, and on back side special self-adhesive strips are applied. The density of such tiles is more than 200 g/m2, the warranty period is up to 35 years.

Bituminous shingles are not subject to rotting, corrosion, and have good sound absorption. It is light (80...120 g/m2), flexible and can be used for roofs of any complexity, shape and configuration with a slope of at least 12°. It is believed that the average service life of bituminous shingles is at least 50 years.

Soft bitumen shingles lined with copper sheet or zinc-titanium (patinated, gold-plated) are also produced. Its structure consists of eight layers: an adhesive strip, copper foil, two layers of modified bitumen, two layers of fiberglass, a lightweight coating and a protective film. The thickness of such tiles is about 6 mm.

metal tile(metal tiles) are produced in the form of piece and sheet products. Moreover, some manufacturers and suppliers finished products they try to call piece products metal tiles, and sheet metal tiles, which is practically devoid of common sense. In appearance and shape, both types of products imitate natural tiles and are a multi-layer structure, the basis of which is most often a profiled steel sheet with transverse and longitudinal corrugations (STB 1380). To receive it on metal surface On a smooth sheet, a zinc coating (at least 275 g/m2), conversion (anti-corrosion), primer, finishing (polymer coating) and protective layers are applied (Fig. 4). Then the sheets are rolled into corrugated sheets, followed by transverse stamping to obtain transverse corrugations and give the profile the appearance of natural tiles. As a result, the tile profile takes on an angular shape with steps (unlike corrugated sheeting). The profile height is 10…23 mm.

Rice. 4.: 1 - polymer coating; 2 - ground paint; 3, 7 - passivating layers;4, 6 – zinc coating; 5 - steel sheet; 8 - protective paint

Metal tiles are distinguished by quality and aesthetic indicators. Qualitative indicators are the thickness and technical characteristics of the steel, the quality of profiling and the type of polymer coating, aesthetic indicators are the geometry of the metal tile profile (length, width and wave height), tile pattern and color palette. The quality of steel determines the warranty period, the presence of an ISO 9000 quality certificate and the production process.

The geometry of the sheet (profile) not only determines the design, but also gives the sheets rigidity and compensates for temperature deformations. It can be with a symmetrical or asymmetrical wave relative to the longitudinal axis and differ in its height (10...23 mm). The waves have a certain pitch, mostly standard (generally accepted): along the slope - 350 mm, across - 185 mm. The profile geometry is most often determined by the equipment used for its production. The strength of metal tiles is ensured by the metal sheet, and resistance to precipitation, ultraviolet radiation and temperature changes is provided by the polymer coating.

In addition to galvanized steel sheets, copper, aluminum, zinc-titanium, aluminum-zinc, aluminum-silicon and other alloys are used in the production of metal tiles. For example, a very popular tile called “Scale” is made from roofing copper. The service life of such tiles is 100...150 years.

A type of metal tile is composite tile, the basis of which is also a steel sheet. It is distinguished by its multi-layer structure and sheet sizes (length - 1220...1370 mm, width - 368...430 mm). The weight of one sheet (panel) is 2.5...3.5 kg. It can be used on planes with an inclination angle of 12...90°.

roofing steel can be used in the form of flat (seam roofing), profiled sheets and their varieties (STB EN 508-1, STB EN 508-3). It is obtained from mild carbon steel by hot or cold rolling. To protect against corrosion, rolled products are coated with a thin layer of zinc, aluminum-zinc compounds, clad with copper, and other methods of protection are used.

Seam roofs are made of sheet metal that is not subject to stamping or profiling. Installation is carried out by folding as separate flat sheets (pictures) obtained from rolled galvanized steel (with polymer coating or without it), and a continuous carpet along the entire length of the slope made of solid rolled steel. The so-called modular technology for installing roofs using pictures is predominantly used. Pictures are covering elements with specially prepared edges, and the fold is a special seam after joining the pictures, which is performed using joint bending of the edges (GOST 23887). Elements and a fragment of a seam roof are shown in Fig. 5.

Rice. 5.Elements and fragment of a seam roof ( A, b)

Profiled sheets(corrugated sheets) are made from thin sheet galvanized steel using the cold rolling method, followed by a protective and decorative polymer or paint coating (STB EN 14782, STB EN 14783). They may differ in the material of the initial workpiece, the presence and type of protective and decorative coating, corrugation configuration, width of the finished profile, application conditions (roofing, wall, etc.) and other parameters (GOST 24045).

The material (blank) for the manufacture of corrugated sheets is cold- and hot-rolled galvanized thin sheets (GOST 14918) with organic, aluminum-zinc, aluminum-silicon and other types of coatings. The protective and decorative coating can be one-sided on the front surface or two-sided (STB 1382, ISO 9002).

The corrugation configuration is most often made in the form of a trapezoidal and wavy line or, depending on the manufacturer, other types (sinusoidal, rounded, with a high and low wave). The height of the profile wave is 10...114 mm, the profile pitch is 52.5...255 mm. The higher the wave height, the greater the load the corrugated sheet can withstand.

Roofing copper depending on the chemical composition(content of pure copper, phosphorus and oxygen) are produced in the following grades: M1f (CDHP), M1p (Cu-DLP), M2p (SF-Cu), M3p. Their European analogues (EN 1172) are given in brackets. The most common in roofing production is copper tape M1f with a thickness of 0.3...0.6 mm and a width of 600...700 mm.

Copper as a roofing material is very plastic, easy to cut, solder and is well suited for roofs of complex configurations. Copper roofs are very durable (service life 150...200 years) due to the ability of copper to oxidize - become covered with a film called “patina”. Patina virtually eliminates further contact of copper with the environment. It protects the metal from corrosion, mechanical damage and ultraviolet radiation. Indicators of the quality of copper tape as a roofing material are also the stability of its geometric dimensions (thickness and width).

Copper roofing is installed by folding sheets obtained from rolled copper (tape) and using profiled sheets with self-locking folds.

Roof panels (monopanels, sandwich panels from English. sandwich- sandwich) are a three-layer structure consisting of two profiled sheets (0.5...0.7 mm thick) of galvanized steel with protective decorative coating and layer warm insulating material(Fig. 6). According to the method of production they distinguish glued And element-by-element assembly of a sandwich panel. Glued panels are manufactured in a factory and assembled element by element directly on the construction site. Slabs made of mineral wool(based on glass or basalt fiber), polystyrene foam, polyurethane foam, polyisocyanurate foam and other materials. Polyisocyanurate foam is considered more effective. In addition to relatively high strength and low thermal conductivity, polyisocyanurate foam has fairly high fire resistance.

Steel sheets in sandwich panels absorb external loads and protect against atmospheric influences. Other metals and alloys (for example, aluminum) can be used to produce profiled sheets. The longitudinal joint of the panel is usually closed with a sealing gasket and aluminum foil.

Asbestos cement roofing materials are produced in the form of profiled (Fig. 7) and flat sheets (slate). The name slate was passed down into common parlance from what was used since ancient times in European countries natural roofing material - slate (from German. Schiefer- slate).

Rice. 6.: a – roofing; b – wall; c – connection lock; d – components for them; 1, 6 – protective coating; 2 – lock; 3 – outer layer of cladding; 4, 5 – insulation; 7 – inner layer of cladding; 8 – adhesive layer (adhesive)

Asbestos cement consists of a hardened mixture of cement, water and asbestos fibers. Thin asbestos fibers act as a kind of reinforcement in asbestos cement, and cement, mixed with water, is an adhesive. Asbestos cement can be considered as a thinly reinforced cement stone, in which asbestos fibers, which have high tensile strength, absorb tensile stresses, and the cement stone – compressive stresses. This material has not only high mechanical strength, but also high fire resistance, low water permeability, and durability.

Rice. 7. Asbestos-cement ( A) and natural ( b) slate

The main qualitative characteristics of asbestos-cement sheets are: appearance (size conformity, straightness, presence of defects and quality of painting), strength against concentrated load from a stamp - 1.5...2.2 kN, bending strength - 16...19 MPa, density - 1.6...1.7 g/cm 3, impact strength -1.5...1.6 kJ/m 2 and frost resistance - 25...50 freezing and thawing cycles. As roofing material asbestos cement sheets They have sufficiently high strength, water resistance, resistance to alkalis, are relatively lightweight, fire-resistant and durable.

Natural slate obtained from shale rocks (ardesia- slate slate), which have perfect foliation - the ability to split into separate relatively thin plates (see Fig. 7, b). Two types of plates are used for roofing: processed by sawing and unprocessed. After preparing the plates, they are given a certain shape, texture (stepped) or, if necessary, ground. For fastening to the sheathing, two holes with a diameter of 4.5 mm are drilled in each plate in its upper part.

Roofing slate is available in a wide range of standard sizes and shapes. The most common plate sizes are from 150×200...300×600 mm with a thickness of 3...8 mm. The main color of slate plates is from gray to black. However, in some deposits, shale may be red, purple, or other colors.

Slate is not subject to corrosion and abrasion, does not deform when temperatures change, is resistant to ultraviolet radiation, has low water absorption and permeability, high frost resistance and is an environmentally friendly material. Since slate has a layered structure, under operating conditions small particles gradually peel off from its surface and the roof renews itself. It is believed that the service life of a slate roof is more than 200 years. At the same time, the color of the slate roof remains virtually unchanged.

Corrugated bitumen sheets (ondulin, euroslate) is obtained by saturating cellulose and other fibers with bitumen binder at high temperature and pressure. The composition of the bitumen binder may include mineral filler, rubber and mineral pigments. On the front side, the sheets are covered with one or two protective and decorative layers based on thermosetting (vinyl acrylic) polymer and light-resistant pigments.

Corrugated sheets on a cardboard base with bitumen impregnation and a decorative coating of the front surface received the same name from the French company " Onduline International» those who produce them – ondulin(from fr. onde- wave). Outwardly, they resemble asbestos-cement corrugated sheets, but are much lighter and less brittle. The mass of 1 m 2 of such material is 4...6 kg, the dimensions of the sheets are 2000 × 950 × 3 mm (Fig. 8). The color range of ondulin is very diverse: from red to green with various shades. The actual service life of corrugated bitumen sheets is about 50 years (warranty period is 15 years).

Translucent roofing materials can be profiled, wavy and flat. They are made from polycarbonate (cast and cellular), polyacrylate, styrene acrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyester and other polymers (STB EN 14963).

Based polycarbonate using the extrusion method, slabs are prepared in which two or more walls are connected to each other by longitudinal stiffeners, forming air channels (channel polycarbonate, cellular polycarbonate, polycarbonate channel slabs). The resulting material exits the extruder as a continuous strip, which is then cut into specified sizes. Slab dimensions: width - 980...2100 mm, length - 6000...13,000 mm and thickness - 4...32 mm. The greater the thickness of the slab, the greater the rigidity of the material.

The structure of the slabs ranges from the simplest two-wall to the complex six-wall, S-shaped. The cells are directed along the sheet. The slabs can be transparent, smoky and colored.

Rice. 8.

The density of channel polycarbonate slabs is 1200 kg/m 3, light transmission is 82...88%, thermal conductivity is 0.21 W/(m K), operating temperature is -40 °C...+120 °C. They are used as roofing coverings for domed vaults, transparent arched roofs, pitched canopies and other structures. Roofing guarantee – up to 10 years.

Polycarbonate panels are also produced, which have edges with teeth on both sides along the entire length. Their thickness is 16 mm or more, they consist of six layers and have a tray-shaped cross-section. The panels are connected to each other by special U-shaped connectors. The connecting unit of the panels (fastener) together with the connector performs the function of a stiffener. Profiled polyvinyl chloride(transparent slate) is also produced by extrusion. It is produced in the form of sheets and slabs with different profile configurations (waves and trapezoids). It can be transparent and matte in various colors and shades. Light transmission reaches 90%. The dimensions of the sheets, depending on the type of profile and manufacturer, are: width - 875...1223 mm, length - 2000...13,000 mm, thickness - 0.6...1.5 mm. Flat compact transparent, light-diffusing and white sheets with a thickness of 0.2...10 mm are also produced. Used for the production of sandwich panels.

Fiberglass is a corrugated sheet based on polyamide or polyester resin, reinforced with glass fiber filler. Can be transparent and colored different colors. Available in both sheet and roll form.

Roof waterproofing is the most important stage of roof construction. Surface treatment must be carried out at a high level, which will reliably protect it from leaks and causing problems for home owners. High-quality waterproofing can last for many years.

In order for the roof waterproofing to be carried out correctly, all work must be carried out on professional level. Experts will definitely take into account the type of roof that will be protected from moisture. For high-quality roof waterproofing, the materials must be appropriate. Let's consider the recommendations of experts.

Roof waterproofing materials

The modern market offers the following types of materials for roof waterproofing:

• anti-condensation films;
• silicate resins;
• hydrophilic rubbers;
• polymer membranes;
• perforated films and others.

One of the latest developments in the field of waterproofing is polymer membranes. They are represented by products of various types. When using membranes with perforation, you must adhere to important rule- there must be some space between the material and the insulation. But superdiffuse products do not require a gap. They will become great solution to protect attic roofs from moisture penetration. Such materials will last over 20 years. Membranes are different fire safety, durability and environmental friendliness.

Roof waterproofing, the material for which is mastic, can be performed for roofs with a slight slope or for flat structures. They are cold and hot, the latter require heating up to +160°C. The main advantages of mastics are their affordable cost and high adhesion to concrete, wood and metal.

Professional roof waterproofing

If roof waterproofing is intended to protect polystyrene foam, then a water barrier or film would be a suitable material. At the same time, with high-quality joining of seams and professional performance of work, the insulation will do an excellent job of protecting the structure from moisture penetration.

Waterproofing a roof without a slope is usually done using all kinds of membranes. But the use of mastic will significantly facilitate the work. You can even cope with protecting your roof from moisture penetration yourself. Mastic will allow you to efficiently seal the seams and create a new roof.

If metal tiles or slate are used as roofing material, a water barrier can be laid under them. Previously, roofing felt was used for these purposes, but today it has been replaced with a material that is easier to arrange. The film must be securely fixed - usually using a construction stapler it is secured to the rafters or joists. It is also necessary to install sheathing, which will facilitate ventilation of the roof. The waterproofing film will become optimal solution in terms of price and quality ratio for arranging a roof without thermal insulation.

A professional roof waterproofing device will not only allow you to lay the material, but also prevent any possibility of atmospheric moisture or precipitation seeping through it. Protecting the insulation from moisture will protect it from water, and therefore preserve its thermal insulation characteristics.

Even a few drops that seep through the roofing can cause serious problems over time. That is why roof waterproofing is carried out only by specialists. They will make the correct calculations, select the optimal materials and carry out their installation. Properly performed work will increase the service life of the entire roof for many years and decades.

In conclusion of the article, we suggest watching the video “Installation of roofing films and membranes”

Materials for roof waterproofing amaze with the widest choice and variety. How can you avoid getting into trouble? Only after carefully studying the characteristics and weighing the advantages and disadvantages of all materials. If at the local construction market You can only find two types of film; you don’t have to buy them. Perhaps such waterproofing will not work or even harm the roofing pie!

Types of materials for roof waterproofing

Conventionally, all waterproofing can be divided either by the scope of application or by the method of application. In the latter case there are:

According to the scope of application, roof waterproofing can be used for:

• insulated or non-insulated roof;
• metal and non-metal roofing.

Uninsulated roofs with a slope of 45 degrees can be left without waterproofing at all - this makes it easier to monitor the condition of the sheathing and the presence of leaks.

If the angle of inclination is small, it is better to lay waterproofing, protecting the attic from condensation and snow blowing into the joints between the roof elements. In this case, any waterproofing material is suitable - from film to roofing felt. But it is better to choose a wear-resistant material, otherwise the waterproofing will literally crumble in a few years.

They retain moisture and gradually evaporate it without forming drops of water on their surface. Of course, any waterproofing cannot replace a high-quality roofing covering and serves only as an auxiliary element.

Rolled waterproofing - for pitched roofs of any structure

Roll materials are for the most part quite easy to install with your own hands, which is why they are most popular. These include polymer films and membranes.

Waterproofing films

Cheap and easy to use material. It is laid on the rafters with a slight sag of 1-2 cm between spans to remove moisture. When used on cold roof Only one ventilation gap is required - between the film and the roofing. If there is insulation in the cake, there must be an additional ventilation gap between it and the film.

Thus, saving on cheap material is doubtful, because you have to make a double gap, and this involves both financial and labor costs.

Making such a gap is simple - counter-lattice bars 3-5 cm high are nailed along the top of the waterproofing onto the rafters. They also fix the film. If the insulation lies flush with the rafters, the same bars are nailed under the waterproofing. Anti-condensation films, despite their manufacturability, also require two ventilation gaps 5 cm high.

Superdiffusion membranes

Modern and optimal choice. Such membranes are laid close to the insulation, but also require a ventilation gap between them and the roof.

They can be mounted on both sparse and solid sheathing and even on old roofing without dismantling. Like the film, the membrane is rolled out horizontally and begins to be laid from below - from the eaves to the ridge.

It is very important not to forget that when securing roll waterproofing with a stapler, all puncture points must be glued. Otherwise, films and membranes cease to be waterproofing due to loss of integrity. Metallized tape in this regard is somewhat worse than butyl rubber, as it begins to peel off over time.

EPDM membranes – waterproofing or roofing?

It has high strength and does not require additional protection, so it can be considered roofing material, although subject to mechanical stress.

Installed in several ways:

• with special glue over the entire surface;
• using ballast, which presses the membrane to the roof (gravel, pebbles);
• special anchors in places of overlap.

Built-up waterproofing - an economical solution for flat roofs

Despite the relative complexity of installation, the price of installing built-up waterproofing is relatively low. In addition, you can rent equipment and produce everything yourself. There are different materials:

1. Based:

• fiberglass (marked with the first letter X);
• fiberglass (T);
• polyester (E).

With external and internal sides:

• low-melting film (second and third letters P);
• protective coating - only the outer side (second letter K).

Fiberglass

Because of this, rolls must be transported carefully, and the waterproofing itself is short-lived. But it is suitable for protecting garages or other outbuildings, where the quality of the material is not so important, but the price will become a significant criterion.

If two-layer waterproofing is planned, rolls based on fiberglass can be laid as the bottom layer, which will allow significant savings. This option is also suitable for residential buildings.

Fiberglass

But there is practically no elasticity, which is why when the roof deforms, the waterproofing based on fiberglass simply peels off. But it does not tear, as would happen with fiberglass.

Polyester

Tensile strength – 725N, elasticity up to 50%. Welded waterproofing on such a basis is not afraid of poor-quality transportation; it can even be installed by a non-specialist, as it forgives small flaws. The best option for a private home, since the roof will last a long time.

Coating waterproofing

Easy to use and relatively inexpensive material. Suitable for concrete floors as well as for processing wooden elements in roof structures with metal roofing.

Bitumen-based mastics

There are heated mastics and ready-to-use cold ones. It is better to choose materials with rubber that are resistant to ultraviolet radiation - then the flat roof will not need to be additionally covered. The main area of ​​application is the roofs of industrial buildings with large areas.

Liquid rubber

Single-component formulations are suitable for manual application. They can be applied evenly with a simple long-handled roller, which is only suitable for flat roofs. But two-component compounds applied with a special airless spraying apparatus can be used on any roofs of complex structures.

With the help of liquid rubber, it is possible to carry out not only waterproofing, but also repair of the roof - the surface is covered with a layer of 4 mm, durable, resistant to stretching and ultraviolet radiation.

Injection and penetrating waterproofing

Specific types of waterproofing that can solve serious leakage problems. Injection materials will help close large cracks and cold seams, and impregnation will clog small pores, preventing moisture penetration. These types of waterproofing are used for concrete, brick or limestone structures.
You need to choose waterproofing not only by type, but also pay attention to the manufacturer. After all, often the stated characteristics do not correspond to reality. A very revealing comparison of films and membranes from different manufacturers is presented in the video:

Having found out how much the cost of 1 m² of roofing will cost, developers immediately ask themselves the question of how long the roof will last. The question is important, since erecting a roof is not a cheap pleasure and I wanted it to last for decades. However, the longevity of the roof depends not only on the choice of good covering material, but also on other factors. One of them - waterproofing - will be discussed in this article.

Roof waterproofing

Roof waterproofing - protection of the entire roof structure from the penetration of melt and rainwater into the roof space and the destructive effects of condensation. It will provide reliable ventilation of the attic or attic room, which will save the insulation from getting wet, and therefore save you from additional costs for heating the house. In a word, good waterproofing roofing is a guarantee of the reliability and durability of the house.

Waterproofing pitched and flat roofs: features and differences

Typical waterproofing pitched roof involves laying the following layers from the inside out: drywall → vapor barrier → insulation → waterproofing → sheathing → roofing. As you can see, waterproofing is inseparable from vapor and thermal insulation. Only together they give effect and make the pitched roof strong and safe.

Scheme of a roofing pie for a soft pitched roof made of bitumen tiles

With this layering, the insulation is reliably protected from getting wet: on the one hand, by a vapor barrier against condensation, and on the other, by a water barrier against precipitation. But, unfortunately, there is always a fly in the ointment. In this case, the location of the waterproofing material is directly under the roofing. It turns out that it is not protected by anything except the flooring.

And if the coating is laid improperly, then the waterproofing layer will quickly become unusable, and along with it the entire roofing “pie” down to the load-bearing elements of the structure. And also we must not forget about UV radiation, temperature changes, repeated freezing and thawing, which negatively affect the roofing covering and through it to the next layer - the waterproofing layer, gradually destroying it.

What is the way out of this situation? How, having paid once, not return to this issue for at least 10 years? And there is only one way out - to use high-quality modern insulating materials from trusted manufacturers, paying special attention to the composition of the waterproofing material - whether there are protective additives against ultraviolet radiation. Such protective materials, of course, they cost more, but they also last much longer. The usual warranty is 10 years, but, as practice has shown, such roofs do not age up to 50 years.

Flat roof waterproofing

Just 15 years ago, the “pie” of a flat roof was not much different from pitched roof for laying insulating layers. It had the same flaw - the waterproofing was laid last, so it was not protected and quickly collapsed.

The roofing pattern of an unused flat roof used to be little different from a pitched roof

But with the advent of new technologies, they came up with an inversion flat roof, devoid of such a drawback. The waterproofing material is now located at the bottom of the pie between the primer and geotextile, and the roof insulation is also protected by two layers of geotextile.

The roofing pattern of an inversion flat roof has changed over time

In addition, bitumen resins, which were used until recently as waterproofing agents and were recognized as fire hazards and harmful ones, have been replaced by modern polymer or membrane resins, which are more effective and much easier to install. With them, you can easily get flat roof waterproofing with a service life of 20 years or more, if only:

• a smooth screed was made without swelling cracks;
• a technically correct roof slope was created to drain water;
• a protective primer material was applied in 2–3 thin layers for better adhesion of the waterproofing to the base;
• the rules for applying waterproofing are followed - layers are applied thinly and evenly, each subsequent layer as the previous one dries.

With this approach, the flat roof will serve faithfully for many years.

Roof waterproofing materials

Today there is a wide variety of products available for roof waterproofing, you can choose from them. More popular are moisture-proof films and vapor-protective films, liquid rubber. As well as self-adhesive tapes, glassine, roofing felt and its varieties, membranes, etc.

Penetrating waterproofing for roof

A hydrobarrier using penetrating compounds is made on roofs with a porous structure made of limestone blocks or concrete. Its essence is that the insulating mixture fills all the cracks, penetrating deep inside and hardening. As a result, the penetrating compounds become like part of the concrete, forming a monolithic, durable structure.

Penetrating waterproofing compounds become like part of the concrete, forming a monolithic, durable structure

Most often used as a penetrating insulator liquid glass, molten bitumen, polymer compounds. Their new formulations “Maxright 500”, “Maxsil Flex M”, “Millennium”, “Penetron” and others have performed well.

Advantages:

• easy to use and non-toxic;
• even large cracks formed as a result of concrete shrinkage are clogged;
• have good adhesion and are easy to apply;
• resist corrosion and alkaline salts well, withstand high water pressure;
• long service life, which eliminates repair work.

Liquid waterproofing for roofs

Liquid waterproofing materials can be single-component or multi-component (base + hardener). Liquid rubber is one of the latter. It got its name due to its external resemblance to rubber - black, viscous, waterproof. However, it is based not on rubber, as in rubber, but on bitumen.

Liquid rubber is similar to rubber in appearance, but differs in composition

Liquid rubber is a cold-applied waterproofing seamless coating. Key Feature- instant hardening. Advantages:

• good adhesion to any surface, regardless of the stage of hardening of the rubber and the age of the roofing;
• seamlessness, which greatly increases the reliability of the coating;
• possibility of use on roofs of complex structures;
• resistance to ultraviolet radiation, sudden temperature changes, frost;
• non-toxic.

Rolled self-adhesive roof waterproofing

Roll waterproofing is intended for use on pitched and unused flat roofs. The main feature of these insulators is the fire-free installation method. The self-adhesive bottom layer allows insulation work to be carried out as quickly as possible.

Fire-free installation of self-adhesive roll waterproofing has an undeniable advantage compared to other roll waterproofing materials

In addition, some brands of rolled insulation material have a surface coated with coarse-grained slate, which provides reliable protection from UV radiation, rain, snow, wind and frost.

Advantages:

• convenient easy installation;
• high levels of water resistance and heat resistance;
• good fire resistance;
• durability - coating service life up to 20 years.

Video: self-adhesive roll waterproofing material “Rizolin”

Bitumen roof waterproofing

Bitumen mastics protect the under-roof space from external waters. Bitumen mixtures are produced for hot and cold use. They are quite in demand due to their qualities:

• resistance to aggressive manifestations of the external environment and salts;
• ease of application;
• economical - insignificant consumption to obtain a good result;
• elasticity and viscosity;
• low weight compared to roll, bitumen-polymer, rubber and caoutchouc materials;
• environmental friendliness - mastics are water-based;
• good adhesion to any material and tensile strength.

The bituminous mastic hydrobarrier increases the durability of the protective layer due to the seamless coating. Allows to use them in any places and adjunctions of pitched, domed, spire or flat roofs even without removing the old roofing decking.

The disadvantages include the dependence of the work on weather conditions - the minimum temperature for application is not lower than -5 ° C. It is also difficult to check the uniformity of application and layer thickness. Therefore, when working with bitumen waterproofing The surface to be treated should be carefully prepared.

Video: using Bitumast waterproofing mastic

Rubber roof waterproofing

Rubber waterproofing belongs to the category of coating materials. These are various types of mastics and paints for repairing and insulating roof structures, sealing joints and junctions, sealing cracks and seams. Before applying such compositions, the base must be treated with a primer, preferably from the same manufacturer as the mastic. This will improve the adhesion of the waterproofing agent to the working surface.

Mastic bitumen-rubber Bitumast for waterproofing, sealing and anti-corrosion protection of the roof

The most common and proven waterproofing products of this group are: AquaMast roofing waterproofing mastic, Isaval and Antigoteras waterproofing rubber paint, TechnoNIKOL waterproofing, Bitumast and others. They are all different:

• high resistance to ionizing radiation and ultraviolet;
• have good dielectric properties;
• withstand shock loads and large temperature fluctuations;
• resist moisture, oils and solvents well;
• almost all of them are one-component, i.e. they are immediately ready for use;
• after processing they create a durable coating.

Mastics belong to the group of combustible substances, so you should work with them in overalls and rubber gloves.

Bitumen-rubber roof waterproofing

Bitumen-rubber waterproofing is a multi-component composition, ready for use. It is made on the basis of petroleum bitumen with the addition of crushed rubber, organic solvent, mineral and technological components. There are mastics for cold and hot use. Cold formulations are more popular due to the lack of need for heating before application and wide color range due to dyes in the product composition.

Popular and most commonly used brands are bitumen-rubber mastic-primer “Izobit BR”, rubber bitumen mastic “Elastopaz”, rubber dispersion mastic for roof waterproofing Disprobit, waterproofing products “Technonikol” and AquaMast.

The unique composition of bitumen-rubber mastics allows us to obtain a waterproofing layer that is resistant to precipitation, temperature changes and ultraviolet radiation

Bitumen-rubber waterproofing has the following characteristics:

• forms a durable, integral waterproofing layer that can withstand a wide range of temperatures and reliably protect the roof from leaks;
• famous for its low consumption - to cover an average roof in 3 layers it takes 3–4 kg/m²;
• adhesion strength to metal and concrete surfaces ≈ 0.1 MPa;
• elongation at break of at least 100%;
• heat resistance +80 °C or more;
• good water permeability and flexibility;
• work can be carried out from -10 °C to +40 °C.

Bitumen-rubber mastic is fire hazardous, like rubber, with an acceptable proportion harmful substances, which disappear after the mastic absorbs its waterproofing properties - during the day, although the process depends on weather conditions.

It is impossible to use bitumen-rubber mastics for waterproofing residential premises.

Video: bitumen-rubber roofing waterproofing AquaMast

Roof waterproofing tape

Universal bituminous tapes are used for waterproofing joints, complex roofs in hard-to-reach areas, cracks that have appeared, when repairing the coating, as well as isolating adjoining. They are a multilayer fabric, elastic and durable, on an adhesive basis. The inner layer is bitumen with the addition of rubber and polymers, the outer layer is the thinnest copper or aluminum layer, which provides strong and reliable protection of the base from negative manifestations environment.

Bituminous roof waterproofing tape is a self-adhesive sheet that provides a highly effective waterproofing layer.

The main advantage of waterproofing tape is ease of use. No equipment, skills or knowledge required. Laying the tape is easy and fast, especially since it is applicable to any surface. In addition, the advantages of a waterproofer include:

• big temperature regime applications;
• high degree of safety and environmental friendliness;
• a good alternative to expensive repairs of individual sections of the roof;
• resistance to sunlight, moisture, chemical elements;
• variety of colors;
• the ability to self-heal, which not all waterproofing compositions are endowed with.

Video: self-adhesive bitumen tape Sika Multiseal

Tape for waterproofing junctions

Self-adhesive tapes for junctions are specialized for sealing joints and seams when roofing material adheres to walls and output channels of communication systems. Tapes are made from a polyisobutylene mixture with an aluminum mesh inside. On the reverse side of the tape, two-centimeter rubber strips are applied. The peculiarity of the abutment tapes is that they fit perfectly evenly on any roofing deck and do not form folds, which creates excellent moisture resistance. Aluminum mesh gives strength and good stretch - the tape does not break even when the building shrinks.

Today you can find many brands of self-adhesive tapes, both domestic and foreign. All of them deserve attention because, provided they are installed correctly, they provide reliable waterproofing.

The junction tape, when properly installed, creates a good seal

Roof waterproofing film and its types

Dampness in the house, mold, mildew, unpleasant odor - everything indicates that water has penetrated under the roof sheathing. Urgent repairs are required, and how much of a hit this will take to the home budget depends on how far the problem is. To avoid such negatives, you need to put a waterproofing film in the roofing “pie” between the insulation and the roof decking. And it is desirable to do this even at the construction stages. The waterproofing film will reliably protect the insulation from getting wet, preserve the load-bearing elements of the roof and the cladding of the attic space.

Hydrofilms are:

• polyethylene, which, in turn, are divided into reinforced and non-reinforced;
• polypropylene;
• films with an anti-condensation layer.

In addition, there are perforated and non-perforated films. Perforated ones, of course, are much better - due to perforation they have greater vapor permeability - up to 40 g/m² per day.

Perforated films have greater vapor permeability - up to 40 g/m² per day

However, this is not enough to completely remove steam from the under-roof space. In addition, the microholes become dirty over time, which reduces the vapor-conducting ability of the films. Therefore, in houses with heated attics, where more condensation forms than in cold attics, it is imperative to leave a ventilation gap between the layers of vapor and heat insulation.

Table: properties of waterproofing films (summary)

Properties	Polyethylene		Polypropylene		Anti-condensation
	unreinforced	reinforced	unreinforced	reinforced
Water resistance (m water column)	0,3	0,3	0,3	0,3	0,3
Longitudinal tensile strength (N/ 5 cm)	190	620–630	600	640	600
Transverse tear strength (N/ 5 cm)	170	420–450	340	500	450
UV resistance	3 months	3 months	6 months	6 months	up to 12 months
Home use	unheated and heated	heated	heated	heated	heated houses with metal roofing
Average cost ($/m²)	from 0.5	from 0.7	from 0.75	from 0.8	from 1.5

Anti-condensate films are non-perforated, they are laid with an anti-condensate rough layer down, and a glossy one up.

The anti-condensation film is designed to protect against the penetration of moisture from the outside into the inner under-roof space.

Since such waterproofers are not "breathable", they are used mainly on metal roofs, where there is a larger volume of condensate. Due to this, the likelihood of metal corrosion is higher. Anti-condensation films do not allow steam to escape from the insulation under the roof, thus protecting the roofing metal decking from rust and destruction. Steam accumulates on bottom layer hydrofilm and is absorbed by the textile shell. That is why a ventilation gap of 4–6 cm is simply necessary when using them.

When laying an anti-condensation film, a ventilation gap of 4-6 cm is simply necessary

Laying waterproofing on the roof

The roof can be covered with any material - natural or metal tiles, profiled sheets, slate, wood. Ruberoid, stone, copper and others. But for its long-term operation without unplanned repairs it is necessary correct styling all components, including waterproofing, which will protect the entire house from destruction.

A properly equipped waterproof roof with good heat and sound insulation will ensure the longevity of the entire house.

Roof waterproofing with mastic

Bituminous mastic is a good waterproofing agent that allows you to efficiently and quickly seal the roof without expensive equipment and special equipment.

Video: polyurethane mastic for roof repair and waterproofing

Laying waterproofing on the roof

When choosing a waterproofing agent for sealing a roof, it is better to purchase a waterproofing agent based on fiberglass coated with bitumen. This composition will create a strong and durable coating that is well resistant to fire, moisture and mechanical damage.

If, when working with waterproofing outdoors, it is below +10 °C, then the rolls should first be kept for 24 hours in a room at room temperature.

Video: laying waterproofing using the hot method

Waterproofing a concrete roof yourself is not difficult at all if you follow the instructions.

Such waterproofing can last for 20 years, since a properly constructed screed is itself a seamless and durable coating, and protected on top by roofing material is not afraid of ultraviolet radiation, temperature fluctuations, severe frosts, strong winds, torrential downpours and snowfalls.

When waterproofing a concrete roof, it is important to select the roofing deck, taking into account the pressure on the load-bearing elements, since the screed itself is an additional load. Therefore, the covering material should not be heavy.

Video: do-it-yourself garage roof

Roof waterproofing with liquid rubber

Using liquid rubber as a roof waterproofing material has many advantages. But there is one big drawback - to apply it you need expensive equipment, which makes sense to buy only if there is a constant presence of large volumes of work. Then it will pay off quickly. Because of this, private developers who equip the roof with their own hands have to invite a team of craftsmen with equipment or rent it to perform waterproofing work with liquid rubber. Liquid rubber is applied by spraying at an air temperature of at least +5 °C in dry weather.

Although liquid rubber is a non-toxic material, the specific nature of spraying requires working in overalls, protecting against contact of the waterproofing agent with the skin. Liquid rubber hardens instantly, so skill is required to quickly apply an even layer.

Video: spraying liquid rubber

Do-it-yourself roof waterproofing installation

Roof waterproofing is not just important, but necessary process, it begins immediately after the assembly and installation of the rafter system. In private housing construction, roll films are most often used.

1. Roll out the film across the rafters, smooth side up.
2. Secure one side of the fabric with a stapler, then slightly stretch it, leveling it, and secure it along the entire length.
3. The edges of the film are trimmed.
4. To ensure ventilation of the under-roof space, a counter-lattice is installed and then the sheathing is installed.
5. Layers of film sheets are laid with an overlap (10 cm), and if the roof slope is over 30° - 15–20 cm and the joints are sealed with tape.
6. They work from the bottom up and, approaching the ridge, bend the film to the other side of the roof, fixing it around the perimeter.
7. After laying the film, the joints are carefully sealed.

Video: roof waterproofing, installation of counter battens and sheathing

When laying waterproofing in several layers, you need to take into account that each upper layer should lie on the lower one with an offset of about 50 cm, and also that optimal temperature for waterproofing roll materials from +10 °C. Compliance with all rules and regulations is a guarantee of roof protection from leaks, and therefore comfort and coziness in the house.

Video: installation of sheathing and waterproofing under corrugated sheeting

Getting even a small amount of moisture under the roof negatively affects the durability of the structures of the entire building. Waterproofing materials from trusted manufacturers and adherence to installation technology will ensure reliable protection of the house, protect it from destruction, and protect the owners from unnecessary expenses.