Building an eco-house with your own hands: technological principles and schemes. My ecological home Self-control measures

We will find out from what materials an eco-house can be built and what is best used for external and interior decoration.

Environmentally friendly construction is a worldwide trend. Everyone wants to have a safe home for themselves and their children. We will tell you from what materials an eco-house can be built today, what is best used for exterior and interior decoration, rather than furnishing and decorating.

Environmentally friendly construction

The first thing you need to start building an environmentally friendly house is the choice of location. In the middle of the metropolis, all efforts to make the house safe for humans and nature will look, to put it mildly, unconvincing.

The best option is a land plot next to a reservoir or a forest, in a place where a person has not yet managed to completely change the relief. We agree that even fans of eco-style do not really want to live somewhere in the outskirts, far from a supermarket, clinic and other benefits of civilization.

A good option could be a cottage village in a convenient location in terms of transport interchange and at the same time away from high-voltage power lines, a busy highway, factories, factories and other industrial facilities that pollute the atmosphere. It will not be superfluous to make sure that the local river, beach, and soil are ecologically clean. Approach the issue of choosing a place for your home seriously!

The most environmentally friendly is pile foundation, which has the least effect on the surrounding landscape. However, piles are not suitable for every house and type of soil. You can use a pile-grillage foundation, which is built from concrete with reinforcement, sand, roofing material and extruded polystyrene foam. But it is also not for all types of soil. A monolithic slab is suitable, which is used on any soil and for any type of house.

As for the material for the walls, the most environmentally friendly will be straw houses and clay pots, which the portal Rmnt.ru wrote about in detail. But such buildings, we admit, are exotic. Therefore, such options as ceramic bricks and foam concretes are more often used, including aerated concrete, polystyrene concrete (eco-concrete), which experts call the safest for the inhabitants.

We started with environmentally friendly blocks, materials for a stone house. But the wood, of course, is not forgotten! Houses made of pine, larch and spruce are valued by the owners precisely for the natural origin of the wall material and beauty. It is best to opt for a rounded log.

As for the floors, wood and monolithic slabs are used.

block house;
lining and eurolining;
clinker, clinker tiles;
ceramic facing brick.

Expanded clay is ideal for warming an eco-house, but it is loose and rarely used on the facade, much more often for backfilling the attic. For facade use basalt insulation, mineral wool.

The roof of an environmentally friendly house is not necessarily reeds. Copper roofs are the most durable, but also the most expensive. As well as shale. Therefore, coatings such as ceramic and sand-concrete tiles are more often used.

Experts advise making the floor in an environmentally friendly house from cork, floorboards, parquet, and ceramic tiles.

Important! A natural stone- marble and granite - may contain radon, a decay product of radium. It all depends on the deposit, you need to check the materials for the indicator of radioactivity.

About eco-materials for interior, decorative finishes We have already written at home. Let's repeat a little:

if the wallpaper is reed, jute, rattan, bamboo, plain paper;
paint - water-based;
plaster based on clay and minerals;
ceramic tile as an ideal option for finishing the bathroom, bathroom and kitchen apron;
natural stains, linseed oil for processing wooden surfaces.

The furniture in the eco-house is natural wood. You can choose noble classic style. Maybe a simple rustic one. Wicker options are suitable, and upholstered furniture should be with safe filler and upholstery.

Textiles - linen, cotton, bamboo curtains are now in fashion.

As you can see, the choice of environmentally friendly materials is very large, it is possible to build a house that is completely safe for residents. However, in order for the eco-house to be truly nature-friendly, do not forget about solar panels, own well and system of processing, utilization of waste of human activity.published

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If you have any questions on this topic, ask them to specialists and readers of our project.

I suggest you consider the good old technology of building houses, the house is environmentally friendly as a result.
Most books on construction and architecture do not even mention the well-known, almost universal building technique for building clay (adobe, adobe) houses. Clay houses are the least industrial, safest, and easiest of the natural building methods. Clay has been used as a building material since ancient times. Back in Babylon and Ancient Rus' for many thousands of years before the birth of Christ, outbuildings and houses were built from unbaked clay. The technology was simple: wet clay was stuffed into special wooden molds and then dried in the sun.
Mixing clay with straw, a natural light but durable material, reinforces the structure, makes it lighter, stronger and enhances the thermal insulation properties of walls and ceilings, turning them into a kind of heat accumulators that accumulate heat during the day, do not allow heat to penetrate into the home, and at night On the contrary, they give off heat.
So:
We build the foundation, as under the usual frame house and build a wooden skeleton of the future home.
We stock up on clay, coarse sand and straw (large sawdust, flax). Clay with sand can theoretically be obtained on your site:
It will take about 3 liters of pure water and 50 g of salt. Take soil samples, grind them up, fill a 3L jar of water half to a third. Add a full teaspoon of salt, it speeds up the washing out of the clay. Shake the banks long and hard. Let the hard pieces lie down for an hour or two to soften, then shake again.
After you stop shaking the jar, the soil will break into small particles. Useful sand will fall within 3-5 seconds. Mark this level on the bank. Then fine silt and sand will fall out in 10-20 minutes. Then the clay will gradually settle, the water will remain above it. What's left to float is organic material. Anything below the 10 minute mark in the can is silt, anything above is clay. If you have the right soil to use, you will see a thick layer of coarse sand with a slightly less thick layer of clay, some silt and fine sand. Try to dig more test holes. Even within the same area there are places with very different soil composition, also different composition at different depths.
We make a mixture: 1 part clay + 2 parts sand + 0.6 parts straw.
To determine the right mixture, mix clay and sand in different proportions: 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 2:3, 1:2, 1:3. After mixing, add water so that the samples stick together when you squeeze them with your palms. They should be relatively dry. The sample should not be homemade - it should not be wet or crumbly. When falling from a height of a meter onto soft ground, a ball (the size of a snowball) should retain its shape. If it crumbles, there is too much sand. If flattened - too much clay.
You can mix the solution with a piece of tarpaulin or in a special pit (trampling the mixture and lifting the corners of the tarpaulin). If you are using a concrete mixer, put a couple of large stones in a mixture of sand, clay and water so that they spin with the mixture. The stones, spinning, will break the clay and embed sand into it. Straw can be mixed into the mixture by pouring it out of the mixer with your feet.
Then we stuff a crate around the perimeter for attaching insulation and exterior trim.

We make mats from straw or reed (Ocheret) (we tie them with a linen rope or aluminum wire) for insulation and fasten them to the walls

Reinforced straw mats are plastered with lime plaster (lime:sand, 1:1-2), the layer should be 25-30mm

Inside the walls we plaster with clay plaster (clay:sand, 1:3-5).
We paint the house outside with lime paint - lime dough is diluted in 5-6 liters of water, salt dissolved in 0.5 liters of water is added there, and everything is mixed. Then water is added to a volume of 10 liters, i.e., to a working density. So get white paint - whitewash. Pigments are introduced into it (mercury cinnabar, ultramarine, lead chrome greens, cobalt violet, chromium oxide, umber, iron red lead)
We fix clay-straw roofing:
This roof is cheap, easy to manufacture, fire-resistant, but heavy, so it requires a roof slope of 40 to 50 °. Service life - 25-30 years. The rafters under the clay-straw roof are made more massive by stuffing a crate of sanded straight poles 5-7 cm thick on them. The poles are based on hard rock dowels inserted into the holes of the rafters (hole diameter - 2 cm, depth - 6-7 cm). To prevent the poles from falling, their ends are fastened with nails.
To protect the rafters from sagging in the attic, they put props under them and remove them only after the roof has completely dried. For the same purpose, a stubborn board supported by a pole is temporarily attached to the lower plane of the eaves.
Straw should be free of grass and rot. Clay can only be used oily, with a sand content of not more than 15%. It is better to prepare clay in advance for the winter at the rate of 1 m3 per 30-35 m2 of roofing. Frozen clay becomes looser and easily soaks.
Not very tight sheaves with a diameter of 10-20 cm and a length of 50 to 100 cm are knitted from straw, chopping off the ears.
The loosened clay is poured into the creative pit in layers of 10-15 cm, poured with water (2 parts of water are taken for 1 volume part of the clay) and incubated for 5-6 or more hours. Then it is stirred or crushed until a homogeneous creamy mass is obtained. The density of the clay is determined by the straw placed in it. If the straw stands vertically for some time, and the solution adhering to it does not drain, clay can be used in business. If the straw falls and the solution drains from it, clay must be added (water is added to too thick).
The first row of the roof is laid from sheaves with evenly chopped butts, which are pressed against the stubborn board. Having laid the sheaf on the crate, it is untied and leveled. Another is placed next to the first sheaf, but in such a way that it necessarily overlaps the edge of the previous one. Having laid the first row of sheaves, check the thickness of the layer with a board. The thickness of the roof is 10 ... 15 cm. Sheaves are laid in horizontal rows, starting from the overhang, with a gradual transition to the ridge. Two slopes should be covered at the same time, and first one or two rows are laid on one slope, then on the other, so as not to overload the rafters on one side.
After laying out three or four rows, the straw is combed with a metal rake and poured on top with clay mortar. Then the solution is tapped and smoothed with a shovel until the roof becomes even. If work is carried out intermittently, then the edges of the already laid sheaves usually dry out. Therefore, before laying a new layer, it is recommended to moisten them with clay mortar.
Completely covered slopes are combed with a rake, the recesses are leveled and filled with a thicker clay mortar, nailed and smoothed with a shovel. If the slope is not made even, then water will linger in its recesses, which will quickly destroy the roof.
A house built using this technology has antiseptic, deodorizing, cleansing properties, in addition, walls made of clay and ceilings covered with clay reliably protect the inhabitants of such a house from harmful radiation, noise, excessive solar radiation, and are also a reliable heat insulator, protecting both from the summer heat of the steppe, and from the winter cold.
I personally saw how a house was built using this technology (pictures from it). Unfortunately, I did not know the recipes for the preparation of materials - I had to use sources on the network

Today, eco-friendly houses are not just a fashion trend from the West. Higher and higher rising energy prices in modern world make the problem of operating costs of housing ever more acute. Currently in European countries there is an active development of the construction of energy-saving buildings, and the development of state programs to bring building objects to the maximum low level energy consumption.

Some of the most popular materials for building an eco-friendly home are: stone, wood, glass, concrete, metal and straw.

Hot water supply and heating comes from renewable energy using

Heat pumps, as well as geothermal heat pumps. These are the so-called ones that do not use third-party electricity resources.
The scheme for building such a passive energy-efficient house

The design of modern eco-friendly houses implies a new approach to the thermal insulation system, and lighting. At the same time, eco-house projects do not have a boring gray design, as many people think, but a very unusual and bold design, due to which they blend perfectly with the surrounding landscape.

Wooden eco-house project

For example, a very cozy and, at the same time, rather unusual square eco-house with two bathrooms and three bedrooms was built 17 kilometers from Hamburg (Germany). Its main areas (kitchen and living room) are located just below ground level. The floors and walls of the three bedrooms, which are lit during the daytime due to high-quality insolation, are made using eco-friendly wood panels. Free layout and large windows give a feeling of freedom, light and air in a small house.

Heating of housing is due to geothermal energy, and the windows are equipped with high-quality double-glazed windows. To obtain permanent access to this heat source, the earth was drilled to a depth of 75 m, after which a vertical pipe was installed. The liquid is pumped down, thoroughly warmed up due to the influence of the internal temperature of the earth, and then pumped up, which allows heating the housing through pipes in the concrete floor.

The rooms located on the top floor are connected to each other. Used in the design of the bathroom non-toxic paint with stone tiles. In the manufacture of flooring, 5 layers of spruce wood were used.

In this video you can watch an overview of the best eco-friendly houses in the world.

Eco-friendly houses in Russia are practically no different from those that are common in European countries. Similarly, their operation uses solar energy and autonomous systems heating.

Exterior walls and floors in the house should be dark color, which will allow the structure to absorb thermal energy as much as possible. Cornices, canopies and roofs are designed in such a way that in summer time years they protected the house from overheating, and in the winter they let in as much as possible sun rays. You can increase the amount of incoming solar energy by placing large windows or glazed verandas on the south side of the building. The facade on the north side should be as deaf as possible and with small windows. Thanks to all these actions, energy consumption can be reduced by about 20-30%.

Straw eco-house

Building eco-friendly houses with walls made from straw bales is far from new. For the first time such buildings appeared in the last century, in the USA, after the invention of balers. The oldest building dates back to 1903, and the main peak of the construction of thatched housing fell on the 20-30s. In the 80s, there was a slight decline, after which this method of construction confidently spread to many countries, including Australia, France, Canada, Finland, Mexico, etc. At present, straw building technology is gradually becoming popular in our country, which is explained by many factors.

Straw and mud house

First, straw is an excellent insulator. According to experts, the thermal resistance of a wall plastered on both sides, in the manufacture of which standard straw bales 500 mm thick were used, exceeds the standard by as much as 4 times. As you might guess, heat loss in such a house is much lower than in houses made of more familiar materials.

In addition, it should be noted that the energy consumption in the manufacture of straw bales, unlike other building materials are incredibly low. In such cases, fuel is consumed, as a rule, only for the operation of the baler.

The light weight of the bales and, accordingly, the entire building as a whole, can significantly save on the construction of a lighter foundation.

Along with this, you can hear about some of the shortcomings of such houses. The most common among them are statements that straw housing is too fire hazardous, and the material itself can quickly rot or become unusable due to rodents and various insects.

In fact, straw walls plastered on both sides show an even greater level of resistance to fire than, for example, wooden log cabins. Accordingly, about fire safety you can not worry if you approach the issue of construction with intelligence and accuracy.

Straw house wall plastering

To avoid rotting of the walls, certain measures should be taken to waterproof the material, and only high-quality dried bales should be used during the construction process. For greater reliability, bales can be treated with special antiseptics.

As protective measures against rodents, metal nets with a small cell, attached to the bales from all sides, as well as their thorough chemical treatment with borax, lime, etc., are ideal. In addition, rodents do not really like rye straw, so it is better to use it as the main building material.

How to build an eco-house from straw and clay with your own hands

Mixing clay and straw allows you to make the structure of the house quite light and durable, significantly improve the thermal insulation properties of ceilings and walls. A frame eco-house made of straw and clay will give you coolness in summer and warmth in winter.

Consumption ecology.Technologies: These houses look wonderful and are a pleasure to be in. If you are looking for a more affordable and sustainable home, one of these options, collected from around the world, will definitely suit you.

Many people dream of building their own own house, but the financial cost of starting a building from scratch usually seems exorbitant. But it shouldn't be. Looking at it from the other side, using natural methods, almost anyone can build their own eco-friendly home from durable and environmentally friendly materials.

These eco-houses take advantage of the terrain and use natural materials such as soil, bamboo, wood and clay to create a space without much impact on the environment. environment. These houses are very well insulated thanks to the thick walls made of environmentally friendly materials, and are therefore cooler in summer and warmer in the winter than ordinary houses.

Naturally, this leads to less use of cooling and heating systems and, consequently, to lower energy bills. Smart eco-home builders are also using passive solar energy strategies to maximum efficiency. These houses look wonderful and are a pleasure to be in. If you are looking for a more affordable and sustainable home, one of these options, collected from around the world, will definitely suit you.

House in Colombia in the form of a dome, made of bags of soil, which is cool
The unusual domed shape of the house called La Casa Vergara attracts the eye, but what's inside is even more amazing. A house in the city of Bogotá, built by an architect named José Andrés Vallejo, made from "earth bags," bags filled with - you guess what - soil. These bags are stacked on top of each other and lined with concrete on both sides, a combination that can withstand an earthquake and is also resistant to water damage. Raw wooden beams and plenty of light makes it feel a little closer to the ground, plus the $28/m2 price makes this home affordable for the buyer.

Hobbit house with a green roof that can be built in just 3 days
Pre-assembled by Magic Green Homes, these charming Hobbit-style dwellings can be built in as little as 3 days. The 400 m2 green roof houses are so easy to assemble that almost anyone can do it. To build such a house, no heavy equipment is needed, but only long parts with holes twisted together and sealed. Magic Green Homes adapts these homes to any location and makes dreams come true.

Build your own shatter-resistant eco-house
For anyone who wants to build their own eco-home but doesn't yet know where to start, Cal-Earth's guide can be of service. A group of educators in California teaches others how to build sustainable, sustainable and durable homes with their own hands. This company specializes in the reuse of military materials and the strengthening of homes located in areas at risk of natural disasters. Bags filled with sand, earth, barbed wire for resilience, and reinforcing materials such as cement, lime, or asphalt emulsion are all found in a home that can withstand the elements.

House with passive solar energy, built from bags of soil
Orkidstudio, an organization focused on building humanitarian buildings, has opened an orphanage in Nakuru, Kenya, which is made entirely of soil bags. The passive solar energy system absorbs heat during the day and releases it at night, thus creating a comfortable atmosphere for children and staff of the orphanage. The orphanage is clad in recycled wood and features a plumbing system that draws water from a local rainwater canal. This is not just a project to create enticing and efficient amenities, it was completed in just 8 weeks by a team of architecture students from Britain.

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Eco-house building machine “gives out” entire houses from bags of soil
Building low-cost, green-friendly homes is a sure sign that we're moving in the right direction, and Earth Home Builder makes the process remarkably efficient. A 3D printer caterpillar machine fills the sandbags at a rate of about 400 bags per hour. Given that only 30 bags can be filled by hand, this machine could revolutionize access to affordable, reliable housing. United Earth Builders, the firm that founded the technology, is now looking for non-profit partners to bring eco-homes to the masses.

Budget rammed home in Mexico
A family in Mexico decided to build a multi-colored house without spending a lot of money, with the help of the knowledge of the architect Tatiana Bilbao. The rammed eco-home looks attractive inside and out thanks to the smart decision to add pigment to the material before painting the walls from the very beginning. This tangible effect only enhances the thermal control needed during the hot Mexican summer. Ajijic House features floor-to-ceiling windows and two outdoor terraces from which you can admire the breathtaking coastal scenery. Flooring pine wood allows this family to enjoy the beautiful details of their home without having to spend big bucks.

Triksa luxury villa combines rammed earth, bamboo and recycled wood
Using clay materials during construction, it is possible to create a home that can compete with the most luxurious places to stay. Chiangmai Life Construction has built the Triksa Villa in northern Thailand, an amazing home made partly from rammed earth and partly from a mixture of clay and concrete for the foundation. The walls, built of raw bricks, support comfortable temperature inside, while the bamboo roof - an environmentally friendly and durable material - adds prestige. Recycled wood and a state-of-the-art outdoor swimming pool refute the notion that sustainable building materials cannot create an eye-catching piece of paradise.

Rural house in Ghana built from rammed earth and recycled plastic
Nestled in the countryside in Ghana, this unique home is made from rammed wood, recycled plastic and reinforced against the elements with natural materials. This house was built on the initiative of Anna Webster, a student who won the building competition, Nka Foundation.

She states, “Our goal was to move away from the adverse compounds of these materials, as well as from the primitive idea of \u200b\u200bapplication modern design when using eco-materials. Waste plastic is now in window bars and roof coverings, and hard-packed earth walls are covered with a cassava sealant to prevent external water damage. Building a house costs only $7,865 and is an example of how you can build a house with the help of local materials and a little creativity. published

At the turn of the millennium, environmental problems become global. Increasing natural and man-made disasters, air and water pollution, chemicalization of materials and food are forcing people to look for safe places to live and see a way out, including in individual housing construction. But often a person, escaping from total environmental problems, finds himself in a local ecological situation created by himself.

Real ecology

A false understanding of ecology as a set of measures to protect the environment has developed in society. In fact, ecology is a system of relationships and mutual influence of all life on the planet (people, animals, plants, etc.) and the environment. At the center of this system is the human being. No wonder he was considered the king of nature for centuries, but deeds on Earth now deprive Homo sapiens royal crown, turning almost into a slave of nature.

In individual housing construction, the local ecological situation is also created by a person. This situation is shaped by the interrelationships and mutual influences of man, home and environment. In these relationships, a person occupies a central place, which is of the greatest importance for creating a real environmental safety of a low-rise building.

man and house

When building or buying your own house, you need to solve two main - from the point of view of ecology - tasks: to ensure the environmental safety of the building site and the environmental safety of building materials and structures, methods of their protective treatment. The solution of the first task consists in geopathic and radiation examination of the building site and obtaining positive results these surveys, and the second - in the choice of environmentally friendly building materials and structures; during the construction of a log or cobbled house, the second task is solved immediately, although checking the logs and timber for the presence of radionuclides will not hurt.

A wooden residential building has a number of well-known environmental benefits, primarily the microclimate of the premises. A residential building becomes a home after the internal arrangement, during which the rooms are saturated with materials and products to create a comfortable living environment. And this process usually comes into conflict with environmental safety. wooden house.

The main element of the arrangement is furniture. Cabinet furniture (cabinets, cabinets, etc.) are now made using wood-based panels produced using synthetic binders and emitting harmful chemical substances(formaldehyde, phenol, ammonia, etc.) that affect human health. At upholstered furniture(sofas, armchairs, etc.) synthetic fillers and upholstery, they are environmentally unsafe. The number of pieces of furniture in the rooms is determined by the tenant, but he does not know the degree of environmental safety, because the maximum permissible saturation (MPA) of residential premises with furniture made on the basis of wood-based panels is not regulated. An alternative solution to the problem may be, for example, furniture based on glued wooden boards, but it is more expensive.

According to the requirement of the technical regulation of the Customs Union "On the safety of furniture products" (TR TS 025/2012), the emission of formaldehyde into the air of a dwelling should not exceed 0.01 mg / m 3. This means, for example, that in a room of 20 sq. m and a height of 3 m, that is, a volume of 60 m 3, you can put only one cabinet made of wood-based panels. But there may be other objects and materials in the room that emit harmful chemicals.

When arranging rooms today, laminate is widely used - a material based on wood-based panels, which is also environmentally unsafe. Alternatives to laminate are traditional floorboards and parquet, but they are more expensive.

Washable wallpaper, wall panels, carpets and rugs, as a rule, a synthetic basis, and they are not in the best way affect the microclimate of residential premises. The main thing is that they “nullify” the ecological advantages of a wooden house. The inevitable use of paint and varnish materials in home improvement exacerbates the environmental hazard of the house.

Consequently, the desire of a person to create an environmentally comfortable living environment in his own wooden house should be based on a conscious choice of materials and products for the arrangement of this house. In the absence of such an understanding, not only the environmental benefits of a wooden house are lost, but also harm is done to its inhabitants. Moreover, to a certain extent, an environmentally unsafe house has an impact on the environment.

Man, home and environment

Environmentally unsound home improvement will affect the people living in it. Such a house will also have an impact on the environment, but not so much with an environmentally unsafe arrangement, but with the consequences of human household activities, which inevitably gives rise to two problems: disposal of household waste and sanitation, that is, sewerage of liquid waste.

Disposal of household waste depends on their volume; small volumes of household waste should be placed in periodically emptied garbage bins, containers and go to waste processing plants. It should be so, but, alas, often residents of private houses create a garbage dump in the nearest forest, ravine, thereby harming the environment.

Active human economic activity on the adjacent land plot: growing vegetables and flowers, keeping animals - is accompanied by the formation of significant amounts of organic waste. For their processing, there are various biogas plants, in which, by fermentation, it is possible to obtain gas suitable for domestic needs and liquid fertilizers. You can also use the method of composting such waste to obtain environmentally friendly fertilizers. Any method of processing organic waste reduces the impact of human economic activity on the environment, in fact, on its habitat.

Sewerage of liquid waste, especially in the absence of centralized sewerage networks, which is typical for most individual houses outside existing settlements, is associated with the danger of contamination of the area. For environmentally safe wastewater disposal, it is necessary to build a septic treatment system. Its device depends on the soils of the adjacent area, since heavy soils (clays, loams) poorly absorb water and do not provide proper sewerage.

The device of the septic tank should provide for several levels of wastewater treatment to gradually rid the water of various impurities. Usually, at the first stage (in the first well), the effluents are cleaned of solid impurities, passing through a grate with small cells. The second well is filled with large gravel, which collects smaller waste, at the third stage, the runoff must be cleaned with a soil layer of sand and discharged into groundwater through this layer.

If it is impossible to install such a septic tank, in particular, due to the structure of the soil, there should be a grounded container in the adjacent area - the so-called cesspool for the accumulation of liquid waste; as this pit fills, its contents are removed by sewage trucks to a nearby waste treatment plant.

Lack of regular collection and effective ways waste disposal in low-rise housing is not only environmentally dangerous for humans and the environment, but also discredits the dignity of a wooden house.

Environment, home and person

The relationship and mutual influence of the environment and a person are formed from the moment of acquisition or construction of low-rise housing, that is, a house with a local area. The beginning of the relationship is the moment of choosing and evaluating the development. At the same time, the environmental safety of the settlement area is assessed, that is, the sanitary and hygienic state of the air and water basin (the presence of harmful emissions into the atmosphere and pollution of water bodies with effluents from industrial enterprises), the presence and condition of forest areas and other vegetation, the depth ground water and etc.

If a low-rise dwelling is being built or located in an existing settlement, then the functional category of that settlement must be assessed. It is characterized by the type of settlement (city, suburb, settlement, village, farm), functional zoning (industrial, agricultural, communal warehouse, residential, that is, housing development zone) and other factors.

The environment is also characterized by the level of well-being of a low-rise dwelling, that is, a house adjoining land plot; this level is provided by a person and is estimated by the area of landscaping of the site (lawns, flower beds, flower beds, fruit and berry bushes, etc.). Residential building development a large number household buildings significantly lowers the level of its livability and does not have the best effect on the ecology of a low-rise building, even with an environmentally friendly arrangement.

Climatic features (thunderstorms, hurricanes, precipitation, etc.) and unforeseen man-made impacts as environmental factors that affect a person and his house cannot be objectively taken into account and prevented; they characterize unregulated risks for any human environment and relate to the insurance services sector.

In the ecological triad "man - house - environment", a key role is assigned to a person who must consciously create a favorable environment and, if not exclude, then minimize his impact on the environment and its impact on himself. But for this it is necessary to have certain systematized information.

Information and reference support for the owner of the house

A person - the owner of a house as a rather complex product in constructive and environmental terms, should be provided with the most complete and specific information that he can get from the passport of this product, including the rules and methods for creating and ensuring a favorable environmental situation in the habitat and in relationships with nature.

Such a passport should contain not only a description of the house itself (its design and construction solutions, materials used, layout of premises, recommendations for building a house and caring for it, etc.), but also a complete list of environmental rules and recommendations: how to follow them only in the house itself, but also on adjoining territory how to achieve harmonization of the relationship between the house and the environment and optimize their mutual influence. This should be a passport not so much of the house itself, as of a low-rise dwelling.

The environmental section of such a passport should be based on the principles of “green building” practiced in other countries, the main purpose of which is to minimize human impact on the environment and protect humans from its adverse factors. Local attempts to compile environmental passports for low-rise, primarily wooden, houses and even certify them by appearance wall materials and saturation wooden details and structures are clearly advertising in nature and have nothing to do with ensuring the real environmental safety of low-rise housing.

The initial stage of creating passports for low-rise dwellings can be their ecological classification according to the criterion of functional purpose, that is, according to the types of household activities of the owner of a low-rise dwelling with recommendations on how to dispose of waste.

Victor KISLY, director of the firm "MP "DOM"", Ph.D. tech. Sciences