Projects of houses and cottages from sandwich panels. House made of metal sandwich panels: description with photo, characteristics, project, layout, calculation of funds, selection of the best sandwich panels, design and decoration ideas

built country house on frame technology plus a small veranda. The cost came out quite economically, and in terms of 3 and a half months. Finished even a couple of weeks earlier than promised. We go to the country house only in the summer, so I can’t say anything about thermal insulation. Thank you

Thank you so much for building a house of aerated concrete. The quality of both material and work is excellent - FRIENDS ENVY. The terms of the work performed - in about 4.5 months a house was built from scratch. Good luck to you all, good clients and big houses!!


They built a house for us in 3 months (they started the foundation at the end of summer, and in the fall they finished the walls and interior decoration), it turned out not cheap, but everything was thought out, our participation was minimal. This year we are building a bathhouse with them! Thank you for such professional guys that you provided us!


Thank you so much for your hard work and dedication! Everything is prompt, high-quality, fast! Thanks to the team led by Alexei!


The company built a great summer house for me! I have no complaints about the company, next summer I am going to build a bathhouse and a garage, I will definitely contact them. Thanks to everyone, especially Sergey's team, which built for me, a lot depends on them!


We built a house of aerated concrete in your company - very satisfied. A house was built on our pre-prepared foundation in 45 days. And as a gift received home insurance for a year. So I recommend.


In August 2017, I ordered a foundation (monolithic slab) for a house in the Leningrad region. In 2018, I already ordered the house itself. I can recommend, because were satisfied with the result. Everything was done quickly and professionally.


We ordered a house and a garage in this company in the summer of 2016. The builders worked for about 4 months without a break (they liked it very much). Everything was done according to the contract, no extra money was asked.


Frequently asked questions before construction

About company

How long has your company been operating?

Our company began work as a repair and finishing company in 2007. From that moment we have grown to the construction industry and all thanks to our employees. Special thanks for the work invested in the development of the company.

What confirms the competence of specialists?

All architects and engineers of the company have qualification certificates. Because the project is not accompanied by a company license, but by an architect's certificate. By law, the architect is responsible for the project.

Does your company do all the work? Or are you hiring contractors?

  • We ourselves carry out general construction, Finishing work, site arrangement, wiring of engineering systems (electricity, heating around the house, water supply) and so on.
  • We invite contractors to work that we do not perform every day and require specialization, for example: the production and installation of windows and doors (special orders), air conditioning systems, boiler room equipment, installation of wells, septic tanks.
  • Search, attraction, compliance with agreements and control over the performance of work by contractors is our task.
  • We carry out 80% of all works on the construction of your house on our own and only 20% involve contractors.
  • We conclude an agreement with each contractor, in which he indicates a guarantee for the work performed by him, and in case of malfunctions, their elimination lies with the contractor.

Can I see the objects that are currently in operation?

Yes, there are objects that we can show at different stages of work and houses that have already been handed over by prior arrangement.

about the project

Buy a standard project or order an individual one?

Buy a finished project.

  • The plus is the price.
  • Minus - it will not provide for all your wishes regarding materials and layouts. Also, it will require refinement for the features of your site.

Buy a finished project and modify it.

It all depends on the changes you want to make. It is possible that it will be more profitable for you to develop an individual project than to modify a typical one.

The cost of such improvements should be discussed at the meeting.

Development of an individual house project.

  • Pros: all your wishes regarding all the characteristics of the house and the site are taken into account.
  • Minus - the cost of such a project is higher than a typical one.

BUT! You can develop an individual project for free. If our company builds, then the development of an individual project is free of charge for you.

How is the development of an individual project?

  • The development of an individual project begins with the signing of the contract and the first meeting with the architects, at which the client voices his wishes. As a result of the meeting, a design task is drawn up, which is an annex to the contract.
  • Architects prepare several versions of sketches and decide with the client in which direction to move on. During the entire design period, there are several meetings with the client, at which all architectural and design solutions are worked out in detail until the client is satisfied with everything, which he confirms with a signature on the Draft Design.
  • Next, a Working Draft is being developed. This is the calculation stage of each design solution, in which the client is not involved.
  • This whole process takes from 2 weeks to 2 months, after which the client receives a finished project with ready-made detailed calculations, which is necessary when applying for a building permit.

About construction

Will you travel to the site where the construction is planned?

Yes. When inspecting the site, we take into account the dimensions, the entrance from the road and its width, the proximity of neighbors' buildings, the presence of a slope or difference, cardinal points and what kind of soil is on the site.

Do you help with the selection of a building site?

Yes. Our experts help with site selection. They will help you find it according to your requirements on the Internet with ads.

What affects the final price of a home?

The cost of building a house is affected by:

  • site features: relief, conditions of entry, location
  • materials used in construction
  • house architecture features
  • conditions for the production of work (limitations on work time)

What guarantees do you give?

We give a guarantee of 3 years for our work. The warranty is given by the manufacturer and it is different in each case. There are materials for which the manufacturer gives a lifetime warranty.

How can I control construction?

  • We send each client a step-by-step photo report of the work.
  • We install online video surveillance of the object 24 hours a day, you and the company's specialists have access to it (paid service).
  • You can also use the services of companies that carry out technical control.
  • The construction is being delivered in stages, you always see which stage and only after accepting one, we proceed to the next.

When is the contract signed?

  • The design contract is signed at the meeting, before the first communication with the architect.
  • The construction contract is signed after the development and approval of the estimate.

When do I have to pay for your work?

For design, an advance payment must be made within 5 days after signing the contract in the amount of 70% of the total amount. The balance is paid when the finished project is handed over to the client.

Payment for construction is broken down according to the stages that are specified in the estimate. Each stage of construction is also divided into payments, the amount of which may be different (usually this is due to the need to purchase materials)

How are builders placed?

  1. It will be convenient if you have the opportunity to place builders next to the construction site, suitable garden house, construction trailer, old house or any other building with a roof.
  2. If there is nothing like that, then we are ready to bring our change house for FREE.
  3. In extreme cases, we will place our builders in a nearby hostel

What communications are needed to start construction: electricity, water?

Electricity with a capacity of at least 5 kW and technical water.

If not, we will bring our generators for FREE. Water in most cases wooden construction used only for domestic needs, we will provide its delivery on our own.

What time of year do you build?

We build all year round, one of the important conditions in the spring-autumn period is a suitable road for vehicle access.

WHAT CAN WE DO FOR YOU?

We will help you save money by correctly calculating the estimate and choosing high-quality materials.

Run a quality project documentation, thanks to which you can not worry about the design decisions made.

We work throughout the Moscow region

Volokolamsky district, Voskresensky district, Dmitrovsky district, Egorevsky district, Zaraisky district, Istra district, Kashirsky district, Klinsky district, Kolomna district, Krasnogorsky district, Leninsky district, Lotoshinsky district, Lukhovitsky district, Luberetsky district, Mozhaysky district, Mytishchi district, Naro-Fominsk district, Noginsky district, Odintsovsky district -n, Ozersky district, Orekhovo-Zuevsky district, Pavlovsky Posadsky district, Podolsky district, Pushkinsky district, Ramensky district, Ruzsky district, Sergiev Posadsky district, Serebryano -Prudsky district, Serpukhov district, Solnechnogorsk district, Stupinsky district, Taldom district, Chekhov district, Shatursky district, Shakhovskoy district, Schelkovsky district.

Houses are built from a wide variety of materials - it can be concrete or brick, timber, blocks, etc. Each material has its own advantages. Of great importance is the price of the material, as well as its reliability and practicality. Sandwich panels for building a house are a convenient building material that allows you to quickly, easily and inexpensively build a house for anyone.

Private housing construction

Sandwich panels - a fairly broad concept. In any case, it denotes two outer layers, between which the insulation is fixed. The outer sheets can be wood, metal or composite materials. Insulation - mineral wool, polyurethane foam, fiberglass or. For housing construction, they are usually used, made from expanded polystyrene as a heater.


A private house from SIP panels
SIP panels are very durable, withstand a load of more than 2.5 tons

Wall sandwich panels are quite light, normal or suitable for them. A metal or wooden frame to which the panels are attached. A frame is not needed for assembly, since the panels themselves and the beam connecting them do a good job of this role. The panels are suitable for mounting not only load-bearing walls, but also internal partitions. withstand large longitudinal loads, so they can be considered wall. For roofs and ceilings, if sandwich panels are used, then with an additional frame of beams.

Advantages

  • erection speed;
  • lack of requirements for the foundation;
  • thermal protection is many times better than that of traditional buildings;
  • ease of installation - you can build a house from sandwich panels yourself;
  • mobility - sandwich panels can be replaced at any time, the house can be expanded;
  • fire safety;
  • strength;
  • environmental friendliness;
  • low cost.

A house made of sandwich panels does not shrink; immediately after the walls are erected and under the roof, it can be connected to communications, engaged and moved in. This sandwich houses differ from brick or wooden ones.

prefabricated houses

Today, a variety of house projects are offered, for which enterprises produce a ready-made set of panels. A prefabricated house is built quickly, lasts a long time, and in the process of operation is in no way inferior to houses made of other materials. Such houses include - they are easily assembled as a designer - two or three people can handle such work without involving heavy equipment.


Such a prefabricated Canadian house is being built in just 3 weeks

Prices for SIP panels from OSB-3 KALEVALA

Panel View Dimensions, mm OSB thickness, mm Price per panel Price per m 2

A house made of sandwich panels can be built at any time of the year, spending a minimum of time on all the necessary construction activities. For this reason, such residential buildings are currently popular all over the world.

Advantages of residential buildings made of sandwich panels - why are they so popular?

The technology of building houses from the products we are interested in is currently worked out to the smallest detail. The construction process itself is quite simple and straightforward. If desired, the building of sandwich panels (SIP or SIP) can be erected independently, without involving specialists in the process. The key advantages of such residential buildings are listed below:

  1. 1. It takes 7-14 days to build a box house from sandwich panels.
  2. 2. There are no restrictions on the ambient temperature at which work is allowed. They can be performed both on hot days and in frosty weather.
  3. 3. Low cost. Construction of SIP houses requires minimal financial investments. This is due to the simplicity of the technology and the low cost of the panels used.
  4. 4. High strength, sound and heat insulation of buildings. Houses made of sandwich panels withstand strong hurricanes, warm up quickly, and retain heat well. Thanks to this, during the operation of the building, it is possible to save a lot of money on heating.
  5. 5. The walls of housing made of SIP do not deform, the house itself does not shrink. After the construction of the building, it is allowed to immediately begin its external and internal decoration.
  6. 6. Ease of execution installation work. Panels can be mounted without problems vertical position, the house does not require a reinforced base (foundation).

After describing all the advantages, you might think that the sandwich panels used to build a house are the ideal material for arranging a comfortable and economical home. But not everything is so rosy. The shortcomings of the described buildings will be discussed in the next section.

Cons of housing from SIP - take into account!

Houses made of sandwich products are operated for no more than 25–30 years. In terms of strength, they are significantly inferior to buildings made of concrete, brick and natural wood. The panels in question are non-environmental products. In their production, synthetic products, various additives and resins obtained by chemical means are used.

Also, the minus of residential buildings from SIP include their complete tightness. is such that the output is a kind of building-thermos, in which the air is not updated. It is imperative to equip the supply and exhaust forced ventilation. The cost of its competent installation significantly increases the cost of construction.

SIP buildings are officially classified as G1 flammability category. It is believed that one can live in such houses without fear of fires. In practice, this is not entirely true. Sandwich products burn actively and quickly and at the same time emit a lot of harmful substances. In addition, the expanded polystyrene, which is part of the panels, becomes liquid when burned, collects in hot drops, which fall from top to bottom like a kind of fiery rain. Putting out such a fire is problematic.

Projects of houses made of sandwich panels are designed for the operation of a dwelling in almost any weather conditions. As noted, such buildings do not collapse even with strong hurricane winds. But punching a hole in a building with a hammer or an ax is not difficult at all. This is worth remembering for those who decide to build their own house from SIP.

And one more important point. A house made of sandwich panels, which you plan to build with your own hands, requires the design and installation of a special heating system - air. It makes sense to entrust its installation to professionals. In principle, it is also allowed to install a standard heating system - with batteries under the windows, traditional wiring. But then you can forget about saving on heating the house. But this is one of the main advantages of SIP buildings.

Features of SIP - what you need to know about the design?

Sandwich panels are special three-layer products. They consist of:

  • core. It is a layer of insulation. As such, polyurethane foam, polystyrene foam or mineral wool acts. Please note that most often the function of the core is performed by expanded polystyrene. The thickness of the insulation can be different - from 5 to 25 cm. Its specific value depends on the requirements of the construction customer. If the house will be operated in a temperate climate, the thickness of the core is taken about 10–15 cm.
  • two outer layers. They are made from fiberboard (MDF), magnesite or oriented strand board (OSB) boards. The outer layer has a thickness of 0.9–1.2 cm. OSP-3 products are most in demand on the domestic market. Their thickness is 1.2 cm. They provide strength to load-bearing structures and resist high humidity well.

The core and outer layers of SIP are connected into a single structure under pressure. As a result, it turns out composite material with enhanced strength properties.

We have already said that inexpensive sandwich houses are usually made with a core of Styrofoam. This material consists almost entirely of carbon dioxide (approximately 98%), which gives the products unique heat-shielding properties. In addition, expanded polystyrene is a very light and inexpensive material. It is worth remembering that it can melt if there is a source of open fire nearby.

Mineral wool does not burn and does not support combustion processes. But for the manufacture of SIP it is rarely used. The reason is her high cost And big weight. Panels with a mineral wool core weigh 2–2.5 times more than products made of polyurethane foam and expanded polystyrene. If you build a house from SIP with insulation from mineral wool, the cost of construction work is approximately doubled.

Let's say a few words about the outer layers of the products we are interested in. It is advisable to use those panels that are made from wood chips (OSB). The latter has a length of up to 14 cm and a cross section of up to 0.6 mm. Such chips are laid in three layers. Then it is filled with a special adhesive waterproof resin and the resulting composition is pressed at a certain temperature and pressure, after all these operations, products with a high elasticity index and bending strength are obtained. The OSB surface is easily sawn and at the same time has excellent resistance to moisture.

First step - . It is impossible to do without this stage. The technique of frame-panel construction allows you to choose any projects of houses from sandwich panels. Can be purchased ready scheme. It is even better to order an individual project of a residential building in a specialized studio. Then you can build a unique home where you will be comfortable and pleasant to live.

After that, based on the drawn up project, you should order sandwich panels with the required dimensions and in the right quantity for construction work. You can use standard products. But in this case, the construction process will be significantly more complicated and delayed. CIP customized standard sizes under the desired parameters you will be long. Some craftsmen make panels with their own hands. But for this you need to have special equipment. This option is not considered by an ordinary home master.

While the panels are being made, you can begin to equip the foundation for your future home. from SIP do not require the construction of heavy foundations, as they are lightweight structures. It is enough to make a shallow tape or tape-columnar base. If desired, and if you have free time, you can fill in a pile-grillage or slab foundation.

The shallow base under the house is equipped as follows:

  1. 1. Mark out the site for construction, remove the soil (the width of the excavation is 0.4 m, the depth is about 0.6 m).
  2. 2. Tamp the groove made, pour a layer (about 10 cm) of sand, compact this layer. Then lay 10 cm of rubble. You tamp again.
  3. 3. Make a standard timber formwork. It should protrude 0.45–0.5 m above the soil surface. Do not forget to make holes in this design. They are necessary for the organization of air, which are part of the ventilation system.
  4. 4. Knit a frame of metal reinforcing bars, mount it in a foundation ditch.
  5. 5. Pour the concrete solution into the base. Be sure to remove air bubbles using a special vibrator.

The foundation will harden for about four weeks. After that, dismantle the formwork, lay several layers of hydrostekloizol (a modern moisture protector) or ordinary roofing material on the base surface, coat the resulting structure with bitumen-based mastic.

Now let's start laying the crown beam. Its cross section should be 25x15 cm. The timber should be placed strictly horizontally in the middle of the base for construction. In the corners, the crown element is connected according to the "paw" or "half-tree" schemes, and then carefully fastened with a dowel made of wood. The latter must be driven into the timber carefully, using a mallet hammer. The beam is fixed to the foundation with anchors with a section of 1–1.2 cm, 35 cm long. The distance between the individual fasteners is 150–200 cm. Important! the heads of the anchors must be recessed into the crown beam.

We build a building from sandwich panels - a step-by-step guide

Begin construction works with flooring. We prepare the bars. Of these, you will make spikes-beams and logs for the floor base. If SIPs with a thickness of 22.4 cm are used, take the section of the bars 20x5 cm, if products of 17.4 cm are used - 15x5 cm. At this stage, you need to perform a competent calculation. We take the length of the beam so that it fits without problems into the groove of the crown beam and at the same time completely fits on the foundation. Cut (if necessary) the panels, make a gap (about 2–2.5 cm) between the surface of the insulation and the edge of the SIP. Proceed to the assembly of the floor base.

The corner panel is laid first. Then the next product is added to it.

SIP splicing is carried out in a row to the required length. Treat the grooves of the sandwich panels (its excess can be easily removed and washed from the surface). Then put up the beam. It should be pressed well and kept under pressure for 5-10 seconds. After that, fix the beam with 3.5x40 mm screws (use hardware designed for woodworking) or zinc-coated self-tapping screws. The distance between the fasteners is up to 15 cm. Install the second panel from the side of the beam, then the third and all subsequent ones.

After arranging the floor, start building walls. Install the bed (guide board 5x20 cm) horizontally on the floor base, fix it with self-tapping screws. According to the project, which determines the location of the SIP, you proceed with the installation of sandwich products, starting from the corners. The panels are fastened to each other with self-tapping screws 1.2x22 cm, the grooves and lower ends of the products are filled mounting foam. A board is additionally inserted between the mounted and previously mounted SIP (its cross section is 5x20 cm) and fixed with the same self-tapping screws.

Next, install the crown beam on the top of the panels, attach to it with brackets, corners or by cutting the ceiling and mount the roof. If the construction is carried out on its own, it is better to install SIP on a simple and reliable architectural element of the building. Visually, the entire sequence of actions for building a dwelling from sandwich panels is presented in the video.

Currently, among the urban population there are more and more people who want to exchange their dull apartment in the center of the metropolis for a house in a quiet village. Projects of houses from sandwich panels - perfect solution for cases when residents do not have financial means for the external cladding and insulation of their new housing.

Many construction companies face unpleasant situations when the customer cannot pay for a certain part of the work. This raises the question of the possibility of saving on individual components of the house, which, of course, will lead to a deterioration in the performance of the building. The modern building materials market has the necessary sealing and facing materials, which will help not only save a significant part family budget, but also give the house first-class insulating qualities.

Sandwich panel house project with carport

Sandwich panels have a lot of advantages over other heaters. This material is a structural panel consisting of several layers. Due to the simple shape of the panels, they can be installed on any surface without fear of damage to the frame of the house. Wall panels covered with classic sandwiches are highly resistant to frequent precipitation, strong winds, critical temperatures and other adverse effects of capricious weather.

Sandwich panel coating protects the main structure of the house from fungal attacks and other destructive factors, which is very convenient when operating houses made of glued laminated timber and other types of wood.

The room creates a separate microclimate with a normal level of humidity and a favorable temperature.


Sandwich panel house project

In most cases, they are used in the construction of cottage settlements, urban settlements, small hotels, private houses and recreation centers.

The main advantage of construction is the possibility of carrying out work at any time of the year, the quite acceptable cost of the main building material, as well as its full compliance with all necessary technical parameters. Houses built from sandwich panels have a pleasant appearance and high environmental performance. In addition, it is impossible not to note the ease and speed of construction, installation of the structure, as well as the possibility of building a foundation in almost any climatic conditions.

Arrangement of the roof and assembly of the house structure takes only a few working days, which allows you to start interior and exterior decoration of the building as soon as possible. After the final finishing, the house can be settled.

In this video, you can learn more about all the advantages of prefabricated houses and cottages from sandwich panels.

Production of sandwich panels

Classic sandwiches are made of glass wool or other insulating materials, which are compressed by special insulating panels. At all stages of production, this material is treated with special substances that give the product high resistance to any external influences.


Sandwich panels

Sandwich panels have first-class sound and thermal insulation properties.

Technology

The basis of the technology of using sandwich panels is the use of three important materials:

  • expanded polystyrene foam;
  • flat-pressed boards containing wood chips;
  • dry calibrated antiseptic wooden frame.

Read also

Wood concrete houses

The frame is an important load-bearing element of the panel, in the manufacture of which wood is used (which makes it possible to provide the entire housing structure with good strength in view of the most optimal distribution of the load). The panels are complemented by various synthetic building materials, responsible for high rates of environmental cleanliness and vapor barrier, as well as reliable heat preservation. Thanks to all these properties, the house will remain cozy and warm even in the most severe frost.

One of the best options are considered to be sandwich panels with basalt fiber insulating filler, as they fully comply with all environmental and sanitary standards, while having high level heat retention and fire resistance.


Sandwich panels filled with basalt fiber

Using sandwich panels, you can build not only one-story, but also multi-story housing. at the expense High Quality materials used, bearing walls able to withstand a vertical load of about 10 tons per panel with a width of 1.25 m and a transverse load of about 2 tons per 1 sq. m. The roof easily withstands wind pressure up to 48 kg per 1 sq. m. cm and up to 150 kg of snow cover per 1 sq. m.


Project two-story house from sandwich panels

Sandwich panels are divided into two types:

  • roofing (used for arranging the roof);
  • wall (for mounting the sheathing of the frame of the house).

In addition, sandwich panels are divided into glued (solid) and consisting of several separate elements (prefabricated).

Wall sandwich panels

During the production of the material, a special coating is applied to the outer surface of the panel cladding, which provides reliable protection against corrosion, exposure to acidic environments, ultraviolet radiation and mechanical damage (for example, abrasion).

After completion of the construction of the structure, if necessary, it is possible to carry out plasterboard finishing from the inside. It is attached with guides, which allows the walls to look perfectly smooth. When finishing the outside, any material can be used: plaster, lining, siding, block house, facing brick, etc.


Typical wall sandwich panels

Wall panel structure:

  • sheet made of galvanized steel with finishing and coating;
  • special synthetic glue;
  • a layer of mineral wool;
  • labyrinth lock connection.

Structure of wall sandwich panels

Roof sandwich panels

Roofing sandwich panels are indispensable for the arrangement of roofs of houses that are built using frame-panel technology. Roofs of roofs, equipped with this type of technology, have a high level of reliability, a wonderful appearance, and excellent indicators of heat and sound insulation. The structure of the roof panels is similar to the wall view.

The main difference between roofing panels and wall panels is the presence of a high rib and a special locking connection, due to which moisture is prevented from entering the room. secure roof panels from deformation and aggressive effects of various weather conditions allows a special coating of the outer surface of the skin. Roof coverings

The most common today roof coverings sandwich panels are considered to be metal tiles, shingles and bituminous wavy leaf. Less popular, but just as popular are roofs, in the manufacture of which cement-sand or ceramic tiles were used, as well as various alloys or non-ferrous metals. In some cases, you can find a roof created using natural materials(straw, shingles, slate).


An example of arranging the roof of a house from sandwich panels

Economy class roof types

  1. metal tile;
  2. Slate (asbestos fiber sheet);
  3. Bituminous tile (Flexible tile, Katepal, Shinglas);
  4. Cement-sand or ceramic tiles;

Premium roof types

  • Roofs made of alloys and non-ferrous metals (zinc-titanium, copper, roofs with aluzinc);
  • Cement-sand or ceramic tiles.

In this video, you can see how the construction of houses from sandwich panels takes place, and what your future will consist of. country cottage. You can also rate finished projects country private houses from sandwich panels.

LLC "NIAL-SK" offers services for the construction of houses from sandwich panels in the Russian market of low-rise construction and industrial facilities.

The term "Canadian technology" is the construction of objects and houses from sandwich panels. In Russia, North American technology has appeared relatively recently, but has already conquered a certain market segment. Today, we can confidently evaluate all the positive aspects of this development. Canadian technology materials are used that meet the following characteristics: strength, reliability, durability, unique thermal insulation and many others.

All technical specifications of these buildings are ideal for Russian conditions - low temperatures air is not required high costs for space heating due to low thermal conductivity and high thermal insulation of SIP panels. And mobility and ease of installation guarantee a short time for the construction of the facility.

Only modern materials

We apply modern technologies construction of sandwich panels, adhering to all applicable standards and regulations. By choosing us as a contractor, you will save time, money and get a comfortable and warm home.

Our organization always fulfills its obligations to customers on time on the basis of a concluded contract and an approved estimate, taking into account a flexible system of discounts and optimal solutions for each object.

Sandwich panel construction - not only at home

Our company offers you to make a choice and build a turnkey house from sandwich panels, as well as garages, change houses or other outbuildings. Technical capacities production allow the construction of cottage settlements. The construction of objects is carried out both according to ready-made standard projects, and according to individual sketches or the wishes of customers.

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