Do-it-yourself home heating installation. Do-it-yourself heating of a private house: video, diagrams. Two-pipe water heating system
The main advantage of private housing construction is that complete independence from public communal goods can be achieved here. At the same time, they should still be, but much better than those that utilities can offer. The most important thing, probably, is that in your house the heating season can begin when the homeowner wishes and, accordingly, end when he wants it. It is important, of course, and how it will pass.
The heating system cannot be purchased from a store and installed at home. More precisely, of course, all its components in a store or on the market are just sold, but buying them in one set will not work. In order to make the heating system of a frequent house with your own hands, you first need to know:
- How will the house be heated?
- What is the appropriate energy carrier to use in the system.
Designing a heating system is one of the most important in the communications of a private house
After that, it will be necessary to carry out a lot of calculations to determine the number of heating radiators, as well as pipes. All this should correspond to each other in many ways.
In general, first you need to decide which boiler can heat the house.
Types of heating boilers
In a private house, you want it to be warm, but you also want it to be achieved with minimal human participation. Therefore, the heating boiler should be purchased based on what type of fuel is easiest to provide for its smooth operation.
So, boilers can be:
- gas,
- electrical,
- coal,
- combined.
It is important! All modern boilers more or less economical, work without much noise, have a relatively small size and easy to maintain. But for all of them, even if it is a coal-fired boiler, they need electricity to run.
Gas boiler
How to install a single pipe system
Fewer pipes are needed to install the system in this way. The system can only be with the top wiring. It will fit in small private houses with attics. Heating radiators. Therefore, each next one will be a little colder.
The system must have:
- boiler,
- expansion tank,
- batteries,
- water purification filters,
- possibly a pump.
It is important! It is very difficult to set the temperature in a room with such a heating system. One disconnected battery will bring the entire system to a halt.
air heating
This method of heating the house is now quite popular. Air heating assumes the presence in each room of heaters or special ventilation ducts through which hot air will flow. Both the first and the second can be located in the walls or on the ceiling.
There are three types of air heating:
- Local.
- Central.
- Curtains from the air.
Heating local
This method of heating can hardly be called a full-fledged heating, but it also has a place to be of high quality. To do this, you need to install fan heaters in each room or heat guns and enjoy the warmth. Heaters will heat the air, drying it out. It will only be warm separate room and provided that the doors are closed.
Thermal fan- it can be installed in the room, but it can also be built into the wall as part of the central air heating.
Central heating
Systems where hot air is supplied centrally can be with:
- direct-flow recirculation,
- complete,
- partial recycling.
Typically, ventilation ducts are located above the suspended ceiling, leaving holes in it through which hot air will enter the rooms.
All this can be done in the walls, if, of course, the space allows to take a certain part of it in order to hide the pipes.
Air curtains
Devices resembling air conditioners are hung over entrance doors or installed next to them. A powerful jet of warm air comes out of the curtains, which blocks the cold air that enters the room when the door is opened. In a private house, such a curtain can be installed only at the entrance to it, and then if the doors are constantly opened.
Air heating is more expensive to install than water heating. Any boiler (usually electric or gas) can heat the air.
Advantages of an air heating system:
- Warm air is circulated after it has been filtered.
- The house has a constant flow fresh air, since the system takes it from the street for heating.
- Possibility of installation in the drip humidifier system.
Flaws:
- The inability to mount the system in the built house.
- The cost of installation.
Sooner or later, the owners of suburban real estate are faced with the question of how to properly make heating in a private house without outside help. However, for this you will have to delve into all the subtleties of the system. A common heat carrier for heating residential premises is ordinary water, which reaches the desired temperature values after passing through a special boiler. Although innovative options for heat storage have been emerging recently, they are currently not widely used.
Principle of operation
It is necessary to familiarize yourself with the functioning of the water heating system in order to avoid mistakes during installation by yourself. In addition, you need to be able to find faults in extreme cases, because when you call the master, you will have to say goodbye to a considerable sum of money. It should be understood that the water system is a closed network, including heating devices and pipelines.
Elements
Before you learn how to make heating in a private house yourself, in any case, you need to familiarize yourself with the entire structure. Such systems usually include a standard set of equipment. Heating control is usually carried out by changing the temperature of the coolant.
However, when installing control valves, it becomes possible to change the microclimate in different rooms.
- Thermal point, which in most cases is a whole complex of devices located in special rooms. In them, the consumption modes are controlled, the coolant parameters are adjusted, and the like.
- Pipelines are used to transfer heated liquid to heating devices. Their wiring can be performed according to various schemes. These elements are installed open way or removed under the finishing coating.
- Convectors and required to transfer heat to the room in which they are located. The first of them create a more powerful flow of ascending air, but there are certain difficulties in cleaning. As for radiators, their essential part of heating occurs at the expense of thermal radiation.
- Temperature controllers very often began to be used in heating systems. They consist of a thermostatic head and a valve. With a decrease temperature regime the gas pressure decreases in the room below the set limit. In this regard, the opening of the passage section occurs.
Note! Working batteries significantly reduce the level of humidity in the air, and this figure can drop to 20-25 percent. Therefore, it is recommended to use humidifiers or install an aquarium.
Fluid circulation options
In fact, the movement of water inside pipelines can be natural or forced. However, in each of them, the coolant moves in a circle, reaching a certain temperature in the boiler.
- Forced circulation is created using a special pump, the power of which can vary. It is with its help that the liquid is set in motion. With this method, it is quite possible to regulate the temperature of individual radiators.
- Natural circulation is provided without special devices, and the movement occurs due to the difference between the densities of chilled and heated water. In this case, there must be a sufficient diameter of the vertical risers to form a motive force.
Addition! The first option in the conditions modern world began to be used much more frequently. The only drawback is the dependence of the heating system on the electrical network.
Choosing the right equipment
With the development of technology modern devices to obtain heat, they have a high coefficient useful action and automatic control. They also provide an opportunity to reduce energy consumption to some extent and rationally use resources.
Information about boilers
These devices are closed tanks, where the coolant is heated to the required levels. In addition, there are double-circuit analogues, which, along with this, supply the dwelling with hot water.
With this option, there is no need to purchase additional equipment, which has a positive effect on the family budget.
- are used where there is a backbone network of this energy source. In the process, natural gas is burned, the price of which is quite low. As for the installation site, such products can be located on the floor or on the side plane of the room.
- Solid fuel boilers- special designs made of cast iron or steel. Their task is to generate thermal energy by burning solid materials. As raw materials, as a rule, firewood, fuel granules, peat, coal and so on are used.
- Liquid fuel analogues consist of an insulated body containing a combustion chamber with a network of branched channels. Diesel-powered units can be equipped with a special heat exchanger to increase efficiency.
- Electric boilers have many advantages, but from an economic point of view they are considered not very profitable, since electricity is used as a feedstock.
- Combined installations capable of operating on several types of fuel. Thus, it is possible to save depending on seasonal events or time of day. The changeover to another operating variant is carried out by replacing the burner or by normal switching.
Attention! The installation of combined structures is practically no different from the installation of conventional devices. Combined models do not require an additional chimney.
Selection of pipelines
The tightness of the heating system will depend on them, therefore, serious requirements are imposed on quality. Their task is not only to maintain the temperature regime. The coolant should not go beyond the closed circuit, which can only be provided by products with good strength characteristics.
Two broad product groups can be distinguished.
- Products based on plastics have recently been in incredible demand. This is especially true for polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride. The first of them is characterized by increased resistance to abrasion, and the second is able to successfully withstand chemicals.
- Metal pipes have sufficient mechanical strength, so they continue to be a good option. However, they have a relatively low resistance to corrosion. Although the same cannot be said about stainless steel and copper products.
Note! Recently, a composite material has been actively used - metal-plastic, which combines different layers. As a rule, the metal base is inside, ensuring the preservation of the shape.
Heat storage devices
Such devices include convective-radiation structures, including separate sections with channels inside. Heating is carried out by means of radiation or convection. Most people purchase products based primarily on aesthetic preferences, but this approach is not correct.
- Sectional radiators consist of sections produced by high pressure casting. They are connected to each other by threaded elements. Sealing is carried out using gaskets made of various materials.
- Panel structures are panels rectangular shape consisting of steel sheets welded together. The height and width of products can vary significantly.
- Tubular devices are considered the most expensive option. First of all, they are designed for a pressure of 10-15 atmospheres. The possibility of leakage is practically absent due to welded joints.
- Plate heat exchangers provide heating with the help of special elements in the form of steel rectangles. Usually their thickness ranges from 0.4 to 1 mm.
Addition! As for the materials used in production, bimetallic products are widely used, which differ from aluminum counterparts in the presence of steel inserts.
Execution of work
After getting acquainted with the constituent elements of their types, it's time to learn how to make heating in country house or in any other dwelling. For installation, you will need a simple set of tools, which is not so difficult to manage. However, when working with polypropylene pipes, a welding machine will also be required.
Boiler installation
This section covers the installation of a wall-mounted gas appliance. This is an easier option. First of all, you should decide on the location, and all requirements must be met. They are usually in the project or in the passport for the heating device.
- First of all, a special bar is fixed to the side surface, on which the boiler will be fixed. It is always included in the equipment kit. When working, anchors are used.
- Next, the boiler itself is suspended and connected to the chimney. It is usually performed from sheet steel. Training videos often reflect these points.
- After that, you can mount the supply pipeline, which is fastened using polypropylene couplings. The other side is soldered.
Important! As for the gas pipe, it is connected to the heating device by the gas service specialists. Therefore, it will not be possible to carry out this event on our own.
Installation of heating radiators
In addition to the heating devices themselves, a certain set of parts will be required: brackets and dowels, four plugs, plugs and a Mayevsky crane, which is an air release device.
- In the side of the room, marks are made with a pencil where the brackets will be located. Marking is carried out by level.
- Holes of the required diameter are drilled in the wall, which primarily depends on the dowel used.
- Next, the necessary elements are connected to the battery. The part is unscrewed from the crane, and the winding is wound onto the thread. A union nut is already put on it, screwing into the cork. Cranes are also screwed on.
- Now you should solder the branch pipes with one edge to the tee, and the other to the radiator tap.
- After connecting all the elements, the device is fixed.
Attention! When marking, it is necessary to take into account the height of the product from the window sill to the floor. In addition, it must be borne in mind that the brackets must be installed in such a way that they are located between the sections.
Polypropylene pipe welding
- In the process of soldering at the joints of the parts, a side should be obtained. Without fail, a uniform passage around the entire circumference is required.
- To prevent traces of linear expansions from being visible, a compensator is used, located in an inconspicuous place.
- The elements are heated with a soldering iron for no more than five seconds. The temperature is set to 270 degrees.
- After connecting the individual parts, you should hold the parts in a certain position for some time, which any welding instruction tells.
- Depending on the heat, the sleeve moves to the side, leaving a special mark. Elements need to be squeezed together.
- After docking, the two parts are held for about thirty seconds to harden the junction.
- The soldering iron itself has two nozzles, each of which is designed for different sides.
- The heat-up time can be greatly extended when welding large diameter workpieces.
If you need to create or upgrade heating in a private house, then it is better to first spend an hour or two studying the issue, collecting expert opinions, and in particular, reading this material - consider the most common situations and time-tested solutions.
Knowing the subject is the key to success. Even if the heating in the house will not be done independently, then it is better for the owner to speak their language with outside installers. It will be easier to control the correctness and budget of the process, it will be possible to purchase materials on your own, which means significant savings. Therefore, it is beneficial to study how the heating system is made.
How heating works
For an ordinary residential building, in the vast majority of cases, a water system with forced circulation of fluid is used. The coolant moves through the pipes under the influence of the pump, heats the radiators, from which the air is heated. Energy is generated in the boiler.
Everything that does not correspond to this is called "rarity", and experts also call it "wildness" - so much it will be inferior in terms of consumer qualities for residents of a house of a regular area of 70 - 500 square meters.
What does it consist of
In heating, a number of components and assemblies are always used, which are worth learning more about.
- A boiler is a heat generator that burns fuel and heats water (heat carrier).
- Circulation pump - can not only be installed separately, but is also part of an automated boiler, like some other elements. Drives the coolant through the pipes.
- Pipes - modern plastic, metal-plastic products are used, they are selected by diameter.
- Radiators - transfer energy to the air.
- Expansion tank - required element, maintains stable pressure during thermal expansion of water. Protects the system from crash.
- Safety group - can be part of the boiler or separately, includes a safety valve, automatic air vent, pressure gauge. Must be installed in any closed system.
- The cleaning filter is a small mandatory element.
This is the bare minimum of a conventional system. If it is correctly mounted, for which fittings and taps are used, then heating will begin to heat the house.
Additional elements of the system
- Ball valves - two operating modes "opened-closed".
- Balancing valves - similar to ordinary taps - fine-tuning the system.
- Three-way breath valves are automatic flow regulators.
- Thermal heads are devices that control valves depending on temperature and manual settings.
- Mayevsky cranes are manual air vents for air release.
What to drown
First of all, the owners are concerned about the question - how to heat the house. Each area has its own priorities.
- Many houses are now heated by natural gas from the mains. It is a cheap and convenient type of fuel. If there is a gas pipe, then there is nothing to think about, you need to connect and install a gas boiler.
- But you can also often find heating with wood in solid fuel boilers. It is cheap in most regions. But not convenient. To simplify the combustion process, the system is supplemented buffer capacity, or, worse, complex, not the best in quality, devices - long-burning boilers.
- Coal is replacing firewood in some coal regions where it is cheap.
- Pellets - "automated firewood", more convenient, but expensive.
- Electricity is slowly replacing firewood, as it is very convenient, and at a nightly rate it is tolerable in price. But at the daily rate - too expensive.
It is advisable to thermally insulate the floor, and organize heating with a warm floor.
After these events, if they are properly performed, the house will be warm ...
Learn more about heating
Heating in the house is done in the following sequence.
- A decision is made on the scheme for connecting heating devices, their placement points and, accordingly, the location of the pipelines will be determined. The power of the equipment and others are determined technical specifications(a project is being prepared!…)
- A place for the boiler is selected and the boiler is installed, possibly according to the project of gasification of the house, possibly in connection with the binding of the natural draft chimney.
- The boiler is piping - the pipeline and the mandatory equipment that ensures its operation and the entire system are installed.
- Radiators are distributed and installed in rooms in accordance with the required heating power for each room. This question can be found
- A pipeline is being laid, radiators and a boiler with their own piping are connected.
- The system is filled with coolant and tested.
We tie the boiler
Automated boilers, as a rule, contain in their housing both a pump and a safety group, and sometimes an expansion tank. All their piping consists in installing shut-off valves.
For a solid fuel boiler, a pump is installed, expansion tank, security group, temperature control, automation and control units are also possible.
In complex systems, all this is supplemented by a hydraulic arrow (or the circuit of the primary ring) with additional pumps on each branch, and it is also possible to install a buffer tank, and install a hot water boiler.
In the simplest version, a solid fuel boiler must be properly tied -
Elements that occur in complex systems
Old systems do not apply
It was mentioned that in the modern view, the coolant should move under the influence of the pump. Everything that flows by gravity is an anachronism, not practical, not functional, and twice as expensive.
Also, according to modern ideas, a heating system should be two-pipe, and a single-pipe one is expensive both to create and operate, bulky and not providing ... Its price is catching up due to the large diameter of pipes and fittings, and the ring scheme creates both laying difficulties and difficulty in ensuring the same temperature radiators.
Choose a scheme - one of three
How heating is combined with design
Now more and more people are trying to remove not only the pipes under the floor, but also the radiators themselves. Floor convectors are installed, although more expensive, but they do not clutter up the interior. The presence of heating with them will be reminded by a decorative grille under the window sills, under the front doors ...
An intermediate option is more practical in operation - hide the pipes under the floor, leave radiators with a bottom connection on the walls - the pipes come out of the floor under the radiators.
At the same time, the wiring under the floor can be according to any scheme, but the cheapest and most practical is the dead-end with branches with thinner pipes from the main. Under the floor, it is allowed to install compression fittings on metal-plastic pipes. Often the connection of radiators is combined with the wiring of a warm floor in one space.
Select pipes and radiators
The cheapest option and easily performed independently is the installation of a system from polypropylene pipes…. But it cannot be recommended. He is also the most unreliable. This is due to the impossibility of ensuring the standard quality of the connection and the nominal clearance of pipes in welded joints.
You can argue about the selection of radiators for a long time ... but any that you meet in a store are suitable for a private house.
You need to connect and install radiators according to the rules ...
Installation
Now it's up to the small thing - to put together all the elements that were designed. By the way, it's better to use finished project heating, if any.
And if this is known, then the heating system should work properly ... It remains
Living in your home on earth provides a number of advantages, including the possibility of installing a heating system that operates offline. Properly selected and installed heating wiring in a private house allows you to organize fast, uniform heating of all rooms. Control of fuel consumption, calculated according to weather conditions, reduces heating costs.
In practice, several proven heating schemes are used, which differ in the type of circulation of the coolant (most often water), as well as in the method of wiring the main pipes. In most residential buildings, a single-pipe, two-pipe, beam or "Leningrad" heating system is being installed. Each wiring diagram for heating a private house has its own characteristics, which are paid attention to when designing engineering communications.
Ways of water circulation in heating systems
The movement of fluid along a closed circuit (contours) can occur in a natural or forced mode. The water heated by the heating boiler rushes to the batteries. This part of the heating circuit is called the forward stroke (current). Once in the batteries, the coolant cools down and is sent back to the boiler for heating. This interval of the closed route is called reverse (current). To accelerate the circulation of the coolant along the circuit, special circulation pumps are used, cut into the pipeline on the "return". Models of heating boilers are produced, the design of which provides for the presence of such a pump.
Natural circulation of the coolant
The movement of water in the system goes by gravity. This is possible due to the physical effect that occurs when the density of water changes. Hot water has a lower density. The liquid going in the reverse direction has a high density, and therefore easily displaces the water that has already heated up in the boiler. The hot coolant rushes up the riser, and then is distributed along horizontal lines, drawn at a slight slope of no more than 3-5 degrees. The presence of a slope and allows the movement of fluid through the pipes by gravity.
The heating scheme, based on the natural circulation of the coolant, is the simplest, and therefore it is easy to implement in practice. In addition, in this case, no other communications are required. However, this option is suitable only for private houses of a small area, since the length of the circuit is limited to 30 meters. The disadvantages include the need to install pipes of larger diameter, as well as low pressure in the system.
Scheme autonomous system heating a house with natural circulation of water (coolant). The pipeline is laid at a slope of no more than 5 degrees
Forced coolant circulation
In autonomous heating (coolant) in a closed circuit, a circulation pump is mandatory, which provides an accelerated flow of heated water to the batteries, and cooled water to the heater. The movement of water is possible due to the pressure difference that occurs between the direct and reverse flow of the coolant.
When installing this system, it is not required to observe the slope of the pipeline. This is an advantage, but a significant drawback lies in the energy dependence of such a heating system. Therefore, in the event of a power outage in a private house, there must be a generator (mini-power plant) that will ensure the functioning of the heating system in an emergency.
Scheme of the organization of the heating system of the house, in which the circulation of the coolant is provided by a circulation pump cut into the return current pipeline
A scheme with forced circulation of water as a heat carrier can be used when installing heating in a house of any size. In this case, a pump of suitable power is selected and its uninterrupted power supply is ensured.
Single pipe wiring diagram
In a heating system of this type, the heated coolant flows sequentially through all radiators, while giving off part of the thermal energy to the devices. This scheme is preferred to choose if a small budget is allocated for the installation of a space heating system. After all, for laying you will need a minimum number of pipes, as well as related consumables.
It is impossible not to point out a number of shortcomings characteristic of a single-pipe heating system with an upper wiring, namely:
- the inability to implement separate regulation of the level of heat transfer for each individual radiator;
- decrease in the amount of heat given off by the batteries into the room as they move away from the heating boiler.
"" the heating circuit is designed to solve the problem of independent adjustment of the heat transfer level of each individual battery. In a one-pipe system, water flows through all installed radiators sequentially. Installing shut-off valves for each battery and installing a bypass (bypass pipe) allows the coolant to circulate when a heater is cut off.
The single-pipe wiring of the Leningradka heating system makes it possible to turn off individual radiators using shut-off valves, while the movement of the coolant continues through the bypass pipe
Options for a two-pipe system
The main difference between heating a private house is the connection of each battery to the mains of both direct and reverse current, which doubles the consumption of pipes. But the owner of the house has the opportunity to regulate the level of heat transfer of each individual heater. As a result, it is possible to provide a different temperature microclimate in the rooms.
When installing a vertical two-pipe heating system, the lower, as well as the upper, heating wiring diagram from the boiler is applicable. Now in more detail about each of them.
Vertical system with bottom wiring
Set it up like this:
- From the heating boiler, a supply main pipeline is launched along the floor of the lower floor of the house or through the basement.
- Further, risers are launched from the main pipe, which ensure that the coolant enters the batteries.
- A return current pipe departs from each battery, which takes the cooled coolant back to the boiler.
When designing the lower wiring of an autonomous heating system, the need for constant removal of air from the pipeline is taken into account. This requirement is met by installing an air pipe, as well as installing an expansion tank, using Mayevsky taps on all radiators located on the top floor of the house.
Scheme of a two-pipe autonomous water heating system for a house with a lower wiring. The coolant will rise up the vertical risers from the central pipe
Vertical system with top wiring
In this scheme, the coolant from the boiler is supplied to the attic through the main pipeline or under the very ceiling of the upper floor. Then the water (coolant) goes down through several risers, passes through all the batteries, and returns back to the heating boiler through the main pipeline.
To periodically remove air bubbles in this system, install. This version of the heating device is much more effective than the previous method with lower piping, since higher pressure is created in the risers and in the radiators.
Scheme of a two-pipe autonomous heating system for a house with an upper wiring. The coolant moves up the central riser, and then goes down, passing through all installed radiators
Horizontal heating system - three main types
The device of a horizontal two-pipe system autonomous heating with forced circulation is the most common option for heating a private house. In this case, one of three schemes is used:
- Dead end circuit (A). The advantage is the low consumption of pipes. The disadvantage lies in the large length of the circulation circuit of the radiator farthest from the boiler. This greatly complicates the adjustment of the system.
- Scheme with associated water advancement (B). Due to the equal length of all circulation circuits, it is easier to adjust the system. When implementing, a large number of pipes will be required, which increase the cost of work, and also spoil the interior of the house with their appearance.
- Scheme with collector (beam) distribution (B). Since each radiator is connected separately to the central manifold, it is very easy to ensure uniform distribution of all rooms. In practice, the installation of heating according to this scheme is the most expensive due to the high consumption of materials. Pipes are hidden in a concrete screed, which at times increases the attractiveness of the interior. The beam (collector) scheme for distributing heating on the floor is becoming increasingly popular among individual developers.
This is how it looks like:
Three schemes for installing a horizontal two-pipe autonomous heating system, which are most often used in the construction of low-rise buildings and private cottages
Which wiring diagram for heating circuits is better
It is impossible to say unequivocally about the superiority of any one wiring scheme over others - it all depends on the number of floors, the presence of basements and the roof structure. One of the most common cases is a one-story house with a steep hip or gable roof. Regardless of whether there is a basement under the building, the best option the arrangement of heating according to a two-pipe scheme with vertical risers is considered. In this case, the wiring can be both lower and upper. The latter is preferable to use if the boiler is mounted on the ground floor, which is typical for buildings that do not have a basement.
Now consider the previous example of a house, but replace the steep roof with a flat one. The wiring is best done in a horizontal way, placing the boiler in the basement. By the way, statistics show that for one-story buildings flat roof is used relatively rarely, while almost all of them are equipped with basements.
For double storeys and multi-storey buildings both single-pipe and two-pipe heating circuits with vertical risers are allowed. In this case, you can use the top or bottom wiring. Only horizontal installation of supply branches is not allowed. In general, almost any option, regardless of the type and design of the roof.
When choosing a typical wiring diagram, it is necessary to take into account many factors, ranging from the area of \u200b\u200bthe house to the materials used in its construction. It is better to resolve such issues with specialists in order to eliminate the possibility of error. After all, we are talking about heating the house, the main condition for comfortable living in private housing.
The problem of organizing the heating system of one's own house is one of the key ones in the construction, reconstruction, overhaul and so on . Even when buying a ready-made country building, you should pay close attention to this issue. And for this, it is imperative to have an idea about existing types heating systems, about their advantages and disadvantages, about operational features.
Of all types of heating, water remains the leader in popularity - with pipes that transfer the heated liquid coolant from the boiler to radiators, convectors or underfloor heating circuits. Despite the cumbersomeness of such a system, the scale of work during creation, there is no real alternative yet, if evaluated according to the joint criteria "price affordability - efficiency - economy". Well, among all water systems, the simplest in execution is single-pipe. How a single-pipe heating system of a private house is planned and installed with your own hands will be discussed in this publication.
What distinguishes a single-pipe heating system
The main feature of a single-pipe heating system is probably already immediately clear from the name itself.
The circulation of the coolant here is organized along one main pipe, which forms a ring that begins and ends in the heating boiler. All heating radiators are connected in series or in parallel to this pipe.
To distinguish externally a single-pipe and two-pipe system is not difficult at all, even just by looking at the heating radiator.
Despite the difference in connecting radiators - all this is a one-pipe system
Despite the variety of battery connection options shown in the figure, all this applies to single-pipe wiring. Options "a" and "b" shows the sequential placement of radiators - the pipe, as it were, passes through them. In options "c" and "d" the batteries are placed parallel to the pipe. But in any case, both the entrance and exit from any radiator "rely" on one common highway.
For clarity, to make it easier to understand, we present a two-pipe wiring diagram:
Always, with any battery insertion scheme, the input to it comes from the supply line, and the output closes to the "return" pipe.
Read more about what it is in a special article on our portal.
Even for those who are inexperienced in creating a heating system, most likely, the main drawback of a single-pipe scheme immediately becomes clear. The coolant heated in the boiler, passing sequentially through the located radiators, cools down, and in each subsequent battery its temperature is lower. This difference will be especially noticeable if we compare the first heat exchange point, located closest to the boiler room, with the very last one in the "chain".
There are certain methods that allow, to a certain extent, to neutralize this drawback - they will be discussed below.
Advantages of a one-pipe system
Be that as it may, the single-pipe scheme of the heating system is quite popular, which is due to its advantages:
- Such wiring requires a minimum amount of material - (we can safely talk about 30 - 40% savings on pipes).
- Based on the first point, the scale of the installation work being carried out is significantly less.
- The wiring diagram is simple, and therefore with the task self-assembly most owners who have certain skills in plumbing work can handle.
- A single-pipe system is extremely reliable - once properly installed and debugged, it will not require intervention in its work for many years. It does not require any complex adjustment units or equipment.
- Such a system is quite versatile, and if desired, it can be mounted as in one-story house, and at several levels, of course, somewhat changing the required equipment and adapting the connection scheme.
One pipe runs along the floor surface - it is not too conspicuous and easy to decorate
- The main pipe always runs along the floor (with the exception of options with risers that will be discussed below). Such an arrangement makes it possible to decorate the pipe without special costs, for example, by closing it, after appropriate thermal insulation, with a finishing flooring. And, in the end, one low-lying pipe is not so conspicuous, and it is always easier to hide it than two.
Disadvantages of a single-pipe heating scheme
Single-pipe heating systems were actively used on an industrial scale, in the construction of residential and public buildings. Builders, for sure, were fully satisfied with the ease of installation and economy in terms of material consumption, so the shortcomings of the system faded into the background. But with private construction, the “cons” of a one-pipe system will have to be known and taken into account, since they are quite significant.
- The main thing has already been mentioned - in the most simplified form of wiring it is impossible to achieve equal temperatures of the coolant in all batteries of the circuit. One of the ways out is to gradually increase the number of sections from room to room as you move away from the boiler in order to achieve equal heat transfer by increasing the active heat exchange area. But at the same time, of course, it will be difficult to talk about saving on materials - radiators can cost much more than pipes.
There are other ways to equalize the temperature - they will be discussed below.
- If a heating system with natural circulation is planned, then difficulties may be encountered in terms of complying with the mandatory required pipe slope. With a single-pipe system, the line is located along the floor, and if the room is spacious enough, or the perimeter of the building is long, then sometimes it is simply impossible to cope with such a task.
Conclusion - a single-pipe system with natural circulation is only suitable for buildings that are compact in plan. Otherwise, install circulation pump will become mandatory. However, now they are trying to install a pump at every opportunity, and many modern heating boilers already have a built-in circulation unit.
- A single-pipe system completely eliminates the tie-in into it, in addition to heating radiators, the contours of "warm floors". If in the future the owners intend to organize water floor heating in any of the premises, then it is better to immediately install a two-pipe system.
More about - in a special article of our portal:
Wiring diagrams for a single-pipe heating system
The general contour of a single-pipe system is most often located along the outer walls of the premises of the house and runs parallel to the floor (or with the required slope). But the scheme for including heating radiators in this circuit may vary. Consider possible options- from the simplest to the most complex and effective.
Because circuit diagram the distribution of pipes and general equipment does not change, then the general numbering of nodes will be preserved from drawing to drawing, indicating only newly appeared elements.
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The simplest scheme
A. The simplest single-pipe wiring systems:
The numbers in the diagram show:
1- heating boiler. The main supply pipe (pos. 2) goes up from the boiler. The diagram shows a variant of a single-pipe heating system open type, therefore, an expansion tank (pos. 3) is mounted at the highest point of the wiring.
Prices different types heating boilers
heating boilers
If the system operates on the principle of natural circulation, then a starting section is required for single-pipe wiring - the so-called "accelerating collector"(pos. 4). It will prevent stagnation of the coolant in the system and will give an additional impetus to the circulation of fluid through the pipes. The height of this accelerating collector above the first radiator (h 1) is at least one and a half meters.
The heating radiators themselves (pos. 5) in the simplest scheme are installed in series with the lower connection of the input and output from opposite sides. It is clear that when laying a pipe to ensure natural circulation, a slope is observed (it is shown by brown arrows). Moreover, the excess of the last radiator in the chain over the heating boiler (h 2) must be observed. The larger this value, the better, therefore, boiler rooms are often placed in basements or they make an artificial deepening of the floor at the installation site of the device. The maximum allowable value h 2 - 3 meters.
To avoid all these difficulties, the best solution would be to install a pumping unit (pos. 6). It includes the pump itself (pos. 7), a bypass (link) and a system of valves (pos. 8) that allow, if necessary, switching from forced circulation to natural (for example, if power outages are not uncommon in the construction area).
It is necessary to foresee one more point - the possibility of releasing air plugs that can accumulate at the top of the radiators. To do this, batteries are placed air vents(pos. 9).
On the left is Mayevsky's crane. Right - automatic air vent
They can be Mayevsky taps, which are periodically unscrewed to release air. More expensive option - automatic air vents that do not require human intervention.
Mayevsky crane prices
Mayevsky faucet 1/2
Such a scheme for connecting radiators is the most primitive, since all the shortcomings of a single-pipe system affect it to the maximum extent. The last radiators in the circuit will always be much colder than the first ones.
B. The following diagram provides only one improvement - the radiators are connected diagonally (shown by purple arrows).
Such passage of the coolant through the battery contributes to the maximum return of thermal energy and more uniform heating of all sections. But the temperature difference in the first and last radiator will obviously be even higher. In addition, such a battery insertion scheme significantly reduces the possibility of natural circulation of the coolant, and with a long common circuit it will become impossible at all. This means that it will not be possible to do without a circulation unit.
IN. For such wiring, an open or closed type system with forced circulation is more suitable. The diagram below shows a variant with a sealed expansion tank.
The pump in this case is embedded directly into the main pipe (although the previously indicated piping scheme may also be preserved). The main difference is the expansion tank of the membrane type (pos. 10), which is usually installed on the "return" near the boiler (there is no regulation here - the optimal place is chosen in terms of layout and ease of use). And the second mandatory element is the “safety group” (pos. 11), consisting of a safety valve, designed for a certain value of the maximum pressure in the system, automatic air vent and a visual control device - a manometer.
Collected in one building "security group"
In the future, when considering the schemes, only a closed system with forced circulation will be shown. This is done only in order not to overload the drawings with lines. But in general, the choice remains the same for the owner of the house - a closed or open expansion tank, and the circulation is natural, forced or combined.
All three of the above schemes have one common important drawback. It lies in the fact that in the event of failure and emergency dismantling of any of the radiators, the system becomes temporarily completely inoperative, as the circuit breaks.
Therefore, if a decision has already been made to mount a single-pipe heating system, then Leningradka will be the best choice, which allows you to get away from many characteristic shortcomings and provides more opportunities in terms of adjustments.
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A modernized version of a single-pipe heating system - Leningradka
Where this well-established name, "Leningradka" came from, is not known for certain. Perhaps it is in northern capital Research Institute specialists developed technical regulations for such a heating system. It is possible that at the beginning of large-scale residential construction in the country, some Leningrad construction organizations were the first to put such a scheme on stream. Be that as it may, it was Leningradka that was designed for mass construction, both low-rise and high-rise, and its design, while being economical in terms of material consumption and with ease of installation, makes it possible to use thermal energy quite efficiently in large heating circuits .
The main difference between Leningradka is that the input and output on each of the radiators are connected by a jumper - a bypass. Or another option - taps are made from the main pipe to the inlet and outlet of each of the batteries.
Bypass prices
Schematic diagram of "Leningradka" is shown in the figure:
The basic scheme of a single-pipe system - "Leningrad"
The presence of a bypass (pos. 12) allows you to more evenly distribute heat over radiators, to varying degrees removed from the heating boiler. Even if the coolant current is interrupted through any battery (for example, there is a blockage or a airlock), the system will still work.
The presented diagram shows the simplest version of the "Leningrad", without equipping with any adjustment devices. It was often used before, and experienced craftsmen already knew what approximately bypass diameter is required on a particular battery in order to maximally equalize the temperature at all points. So, a very slight increase in the number of pipes allows you to reduce the total number of battery sections in rooms remote from the boiler room.
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The same option, but with a diagonal tie-in of the batteries, which improves their overall heat transfer:
But that's not all. Firstly, it is very difficult to independently calculate the diameter of the jumper for each battery. And secondly, such a scheme does not yet provide for the possibility of dismantling any individual radiator without violating the closure of the general circuit. Therefore, it is best to use the modernized modification of the "Leningrad":
Modernized scheme - with taps and control valves
In this version, each radiator is surrounded by taps on both sides (pos. 13). At any time, you can "cut off" the battery from the common pipe - for example, when the room for some reason temporarily does not need heating, or if it becomes necessary to dismantle it for repair or replacement. The operation of the system will not be affected in any way.
These taps, by and large, can also be used to adjust the heating of a particular radiator, increasing or decreasing the coolant current.
But it would be wiser to install here Ball Valves, which are designed primarily to work in two positions - "open" or "closed". And for adjustment, a balancing needle valve mounted on the bypass (pos. 14) will serve.
The same scheme - with a diagonal connection:
And here is a similar connection - in the photo:
The radiator is connected to the "Leningrad"
- Blue arrows - shut-off ball valves at the inlet and outlet of the radiator.
- Green arrow - balancing valve.
Such a modernized Leningradka system makes it possible, if necessary, to mount the system not with a single looped circuit, but with dedicated sections - branches. For example, this is how you can organize wiring in a two-story building, or in a house that has "wings" or side extensions.
"Leningradka" with an additional branch circuit
In this case, a branch is made from the main pipe (pos. 16), going to an additional heating circuit, and a tie-in into the return pipe (pos. 17). And on the "return" of the additional circuit (pos. 15), it is advisable to install another needle regulating valve (pos. 18), with which you can achieve a balance in the joint operation of both branches.
For two-story house another option is also possible. If the layout of the premises in general terms coincides, then it will be rational to use a system of vertical risers.
19 - interfloor overlap.
20 - supply pipe from the boiler.
21 - "return" pipe.
22 - risers, which include radiators according to the "Leningrad" scheme with an adjustable bypass.
Here, however, there is one interesting point. Each drain itself is organized as a one-pipe system (highlighted in green). But if we consider the system as a whole, then the risers are already included in a two-pipe system - each of them is connected in parallel to the supply pipe and to the return pipe (highlighted in brown). Thus, there is a harmonious combination of the advantages of both systems.
Video: Leningradka heating system
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Heating system planning
When conducting advance planning Any heating system must take into account many nuances that directly affect its efficiency. It is very important to correctly determine the choice of the main elements - a boiler, radiators, pipes for creating circuits, an expansion tank, a circulation pump. Ideally, such a calculation should be entrusted to specialists. But knowing the basics and being able to navigate in such matters will never be superfluous.
What kind of boiler is required?
The main requirement for the boiler: it thermal power must fully ensure the efficiency of the heating system - maintain the required temperature in all heated rooms and fully compensate for the inevitable heat losses.
This publication will not dwell on the types of heating boilers. Each homeowner makes an individual decision - based on the availability and cost of energy, the presence or absence of the possibility of equipping a boiler room, storing fuel, taking into account their financial capabilities to purchase this or that equipment.
But the power of the boiler is that general parameter, without which it is impossible to create a rational and efficient heating system.
You can find a lot of recommendations on the simplest self-calculation of the required power. As a rule, it is recommended to proceed from the ratio of 100 W per 1 m² of house area. However, this approach gives only an approximate value. Agree that neither the difference in the climatic conditions of the region, nor the features of the premises are taken into account here. Therefore, we propose to use a more accurate method.
To get started, make a small table in which you indicate all the rooms in your house and their parameters. Surely, each owner has a building plan, and, knowing the features of his "possessions", he will spend quite a bit of time filling out such a table. An example is given below:
| room | area, sq. m | exterior or balcony door | exterior walls, quantity, where to look | windows, quantity and type | window size | required for heating, kW |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TOTAL: | 18.7 kW | |||||
| hallway | 6 | 1 | 1, C | - | - | 2.01 |
| kitchen | 11 | - | 1, V | 2, double glazing | 120×90 cm | 1.44 |
| living room | 18 | 1 | 2, Yu.Z | 2, double glazing | 150×100 cm | 3.35 |
| sleeping | 12 | - | 1, V | 1, double glazing | 120×90 cm | 1.4 |
| children's | 14 | - | 1, Z | 1, double glazing | 120×90 cm | 1.49 |
| and so on throughout the premises | … |
Now that the data is ready, go to the calculator below and calculate the heat demand for each room in a table - it's very simple. It remains then only to sum all the values.
