How new grape varieties are developed. Technique of breeding new varieties of grapes. Artificial sexual hybridization

For the conditions of the south and south-east of Ukraine and the south of Russia, as experience has shown, it is necessary to create new varieties of grapes. They must have high frost and mildew resistance, combined with good fruit quality, large size berries and bunches, external attractiveness.
Until recently, vineyard breeders to obtain resistant varieties used the best European varieties as "parents", crossing them with Amur wild or American grapes and their hybrids.
Thus, N.I. Guzun (1976) used crossbreeding of grape varieties carrying complexes of resistance genes with the best European varieties. They have been allocated a number of forms in terms of quality at the level of released varieties and suitable for non-covering and self-rooted crops in the conditions of Moldova.
On a large scale, complex hybrids of the French breeder Save Villar were used by Moldovan scientists D.D. Verderevsky and K.A.Votovich and others. From crossing these hybrids with European varieties, a number of new varieties with high group resistance and good fruit quality (Lyana, Suruchensky white, Nistru, Kriulyansky, Norok, etc.) were bred.
Breeders of the All-Russian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking. ME AND. Potapenko used European varieties and wild Amur grapes in breeding work. From such crossings, frost-resistant varieties were obtained, which, moreover, have increased resistance to mildew: Purple early, Shasla northern, Northern saperavi, Vydvizhenets, Vostorg, etc. (I.A. Kostrikin, 1985) S.A. Pogosyan (1972 d.) when breeding for frost resistance, it also uses European varieties that are relatively more resistant to critical temperatures.
Poghosyan came to the conclusion that when breeding frost-resistant grape varieties for hybridization, it is necessary to attract high-quality European varieties that have a relatively high frost resistance and high fruitfulness of replacement buds.
Similar varieties have been bred in the conditions of Armenia and Ukraine. These include Adisi, Sev Lernatu, and among the Western European and Black Sea groups - Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon, Saperavi.
On the basis of experimental data, Pogosyan believes that with the correct selection of European varieties-producers, through inter-varietal hybridization in the south, it is possible to develop high-quality varieties that can withstand frosts in the range of -27 ... -30 "C.
R.P. came to the same conclusion. Hakobyan (1969). He noted that when crossing such relatively frost-resistant varieties of the Western European group as Cabernet and Riesling with varieties of the eastern eco-geographical group Adisi and Sev Lernatu, individual seedlings, along with high fruit quality, surpass parental species in frost resistance by about 4-5 "C .
Important for breeding work is the study of the behavior of the original parental pairs in local conditions.
Of the 110 uncovered varieties and breeding forms of grapes studied in the Donbass, very high winter hardiness was noted only in 7 varieties: Alpha black, Suputinsky white, Taiga emerald, Elvira, Arktika, Buitur and Amur grapes.
In them, the death of the central kidneys does not exceed 20-46%. These varieties tolerate frosts well - 31 "C even after thaws, which indicates their high resistance.
High winter hardiness and the ability to develop fruit-bearing shoots from replacement buds have been established in the varieties Russian Concord, Pineapple, Solovyova early, Chugai-23.
Increased winter hardiness in comparison with European varieties is also possessed by varieties - Violet early, Shasla northern, Saperavi northern, Iyulsky, Decorative. They are of great interest not only for industrial distribution, but also in breeding work.
Having crossed the frost-resistant large-fruited variety Pineapple with the Euro-Amur Decorative, we have identified two promising forms of grapes for further selection. These are #7-28 and #7-61; they winter well in the conditions of Donbass, have large clusters. But the quality of the berries needs to be improved by crossing with resistant nutmeg varieties of the Jubilee-70 type, bred by the Moldavian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking "Vierul".
The experience of the senior researcher of the Donetsk experimental station of viticulture V.T. Galushenko shows that the use of these forms as parental pairs made it possible to create stable table varieties with good fruit quality.
Crossing, carried out at the Ukrainian Research Institute of Winemaking and Viticulture. Tairov, two hybrids with resistance genes of Euro-Amur and Euro-American origin (Muscat blue early x Pieril) made it possible to create a fairly frost- and mildew-resistant Muscat variety of technical direction - Muscat Odessa.
Thus, in order to create stable table grape varieties suitable for non-covering crops in the conditions of Donbass, it is necessary to cross not with European varieties, but between the best Euro-American and Euro-Amur hybrids.
For this purpose, we consider the following varieties to be promising: Vostorg, Northern Shasla, Early Purple, Northern Saperavi, Bruskam, Vydvizhenets, Burmunk, Nerkarat, Zovuni, Karmreni, Dimatskun, Mertsvan, Ushakert, Qakhtsreni, Armavir, Lusakert, Nalbadyani, Zeytun, Ashtaraki, Nushayut, Aknalig, seedling No. 1647/2, Gorizda No. 19 and No. 117. It is desirable to cross them with varieties of European-American origin: Anniversary-70, Memory of Verderevsky, Memory of Negrul, Anniversary of the Crane, Lyana, Nistru, Kriulyansky, Suruchensky white, Lanka , Original, Save Villar 20-365, Anitscan Muscat, Kodryanka, Frumoas Albe, Kontemirovsky, Strashensky, Zhemchug Zala.
However, some varieties of European origin can also be involved in hybridization. These are such as Abundant, Lobular, Derbent Muscat, Paytel Muscat, Amber Muscat, Korna Neagre.
High-frost-resistant grapes Amursky, Buitur, Arktik, Russian concord, Pineapple, Suputinsky white, etc. can also be crossed with stable high-quality varieties.
Wine growers of Donbass need varieties with a short growing season and early, as well as ultra-early ripening.
Therefore, the selection of parental pairs must be carried out so that both "parents" have these features, or at least one of them.

Thanks to scientific achievements today it is possible to create new varieties of plants and improve existing ones. Breeding results in a variety of plant varieties with different characteristics which simplifies the breeding process. This science contributes to the flow of natural natural selection. Selective work makes it possible to improve agricultural crops, which makes it possible to grow them even in the most unsuitable, at first glance, conditions. For example, such a thermophilic crop as grapes is now grown even in the northern regions (Urals, Siberia).

Selection task

Grape breeding allows you to improve the basic varieties, as well as, by crossing them, create new grape varieties. Due to the fact that the selection is carried out artificially (by man), it is possible to develop varieties that correspond to the places of their future cultivation. In the process of selective work, weak characteristics are excluded from the plant.

Because of this, grape bushes become more resistant to external negative factors, diseases, and the quality of the crop also increases. Breeding allows you to create unique tastes of berries by crossing unusual grape varieties with each other. This task is especially important in winemaking, as such grapes allow the production of unique drinks.

Thanks to selection work, they appeared.

Methods

Before carrying out breeding work, it is necessary to select the correct samples of plants. The most common methods of selection: individual and mass. Primary material is evaluated according to the following characteristics:

• genetic;
• biological;
• immunological;
• ecological and geographical origin;
• economic features.

Artificial sexual hybridization

This method is the most used in grape breeding. It is based on the artificial selection of parent seedlings. This increases the chances of inheriting the necessary characteristics. Thanks to this crossing, you can get grapes with unique qualities. During hybridization, a stepwise selection system is used, which allows creating bases of high-quality breeding material.

Vegetative selection

Breeding work is carried out by grafting the selected variety to a grape bush. This method has limited gene transfer between scion and rootstock. Thus, with "vegetative hybridization", the plant inherits only a part of the characteristics from the grafting grape variety.

This one will tell you how to plant grapes in the spring.

clone

The point of clonal breeding is the separation and subsequent study of the various clones that make up the studied grape variety, and the reproduction of the most valuable among them. For this purpose, bushes of well-known standard species are selected, which are characterized by high fertility and bring good-quality grapes.

Signs and properties, the manifestation of which is caused by agricultural techniques and influence environment, are not considered clones.

Variety study and variety testing

Variety study implies the study of local and imported grape varieties under production conditions by the method of expeditionary survey. It also uses the collection method. The collection collects varieties among local and imported, and then each planted 10-20 bushes. After studying, the best species are distinguished that correspond to the direction of cultivation and the natural conditions of the area.

Further, the selected varieties are transferred to the production variety testing and the state variety breeding network. Selected varieties are planted on test plots in selected areas in accordance with a specific production task. According to the test results, valuable species are introduced into the standard assortment of a particular area and less suitable species are excluded. The variety testing also carries out the zoning of new grape varieties.

The essence of variety testing activities is the improvement of the standard set of grape species, the selection of grapes for a new area and the zoning of new varieties.

Stages

The whole selection process is divided into stages, each of which solves a specific problem. If some stage is excluded or their order is changed, it can cause problems during selection. Before starting work, carefully study the sequence of actions.

Mother plant preparation

The mother grape bush should be with large inflorescences on strong shoots.. . For crossing, a pair of related grape varieties should be selected. In addition, among them it is necessary to choose the most suitable bushes for each other. At first appearance, the flowers on the selected bush are castrated, and then the inflorescence is covered with an insulator to prevent pollen from other flowering plants from entering.

In the inflorescence, not all flowers are castrated, but only 40-50% of the total number, approximately 100-150 pieces.

Collection of pollen from the paternal plant

Before starting breeding work, it is necessary to select a suitable pair for pollination. During the flowering period paternal plant filaments with anthers are collected in paper bags, and then they are transferred to the room and spread on paper for drying and ripening. Harvested pollen must be kept in a dry and cool place.

If the flowering of both plants coincides, no pollen is collected. For fertilization, the inflorescence of the paternal plant is shaken over the inflorescences of the mother.

pollination process

Usually, pollination is started after the appearance of a special adhesive liquid on the stigmas of the pistils of the mother bush. To prevent third-party fingers from entering, the insulator is not removed during pollination. A hole is made in it through which pollen is applied, and then it is sealed with parchment paper. For best results, pollination is recommended to be repeated after two to three days.

Working with seeds

The resulting berries should remain on the bushes until the seeds are fully ripe. Next, the bunches are removed together with protective bags and transferred to a storage location. Seeds are extracted in winter, well washed and dried. Then they are placed in pots on wet sand and stored in a room with a temperature of +5-7°C. 2 weeks before transplanting into the ground, they are placed in a warm room to start seed germination. Transplantation is carried out in a period without any special temperature fluctuations.

Directed parenting

During the growth period, the hybrid plant is very plastic and can develop certain properties that correspond to environmental conditions. Directed education allows you to accustom the plant to the adverse conditions of the area where it is grown. Depending on the direction of cultivation, grape bushes are placed in certain conditions. For example, if it is necessary to develop the cold resistance of a variety, the hybrid is placed in natural conditions of low temperatures.

rejection

Not all seedlings obtained need to be brought to the fruiting period. Some of them can be married at an early age. The selection of unsuitable plants is made depending on the tasks. For this, they are used various ways and selection criteria. It is easiest to reject when the plant is in a certain period. For example, during the flowering period, plants with an abnormal flower structure are selected, etc.

Evaluation of the resulting hybrids

The most accurate estimate can only be made after the beginning of the fruiting period of the hybrid. Agricultural technology greatly influences the development of certain qualities of a plant, so it should not be neglected during the period of growth and development of bushes. A more complete and accurate assessment of the capabilities of hybrid plants can be made in the second or third year of fruiting.

It is not necessary to evaluate the quality of berries and the yield of hybrid bushes in 1 year of fruiting.

Popular Representatives

Among the grape varieties bred through breeding work, certain representatives can be distinguished. According to their characteristic features, it is possible to judge the possibilities of selection.

frost-resistant

One of the main directions in selection work with grapes is an attempt to increase its frost resistance. Due to the fact that, by nature, grapes are a very thermophilic plant, it is extremely difficult to grow them in the northern regions. However, through breeding, varieties were developed that can withstand low temperatures.

Grape variety Amur breakthrough is a frost-resistant hybrid that can withstand temperatures down to -40 ° C.

marinovsky

Medium ripening grapes, able to tolerate temperatures as low as -30°C. With proper agricultural technology, bunches can reach a weight of up to 1 kg. The variety is mainly used for fresh consumption and the manufacture of sweet juices. You can also make homemade rosé and white dry wines from this.

Alpha

Technical grape of North American origin. Ideal option for middle lane Russia. Able to tolerate frost down to -35°C above the ground, and the root system can withstand up to -12°C. The berries taste like the Isabella variety.

Grape variety Alfa (Alpha) is a technical non-covering variety of black grapes that can withstand frosts down to -40 ° C.

elegant

Grapes of early ripening with high palatability. It is a table variety, therefore it is suitable for making juices, jams, preserves, as well as fresh consumption. Elegant tolerates heat and drought well, and in winter it can withstand temperatures as low as -25°C.

disease resistant

An equally important problem in the cultivation of grapes is disease resistance.. Due to the fact that most of Russia is not initially suitable territory for growing this crop, bushes may be more susceptible to disease. Through selection, this problem is gradually being solved.

Timur

Table variety of grapes with early ripening. There are two types - white and pink. Both species are resistant to mildew and oidium, and also calmly tolerate temperature drops to -24 ° C. Venus

Seedless variety of early ripening. Grapes are characterized by high yield and lack of seeds. Resistant to oidium and mildew, but in wet weather, mature clusters can be affected by gray rot. Frost-resistant - withstands up to -26 ° C. It is used in the preparation of wine, juices, and also consumed fresh.

Harold

White grapes of very early ripening. can give a double crop due to the fruiting of shoots and stepchildren. High resistance to gray mold, mildew and oidium. In winter, it can withstand temperatures as low as -25°C.

Video

This video shows the results of grape selection for frost resistance.

conclusions

1. Breeding works allow to improve old grape varieties and develop new ones.
2. Selection contributes to the creation of unique species and tastes, which is especially appreciated when creating wine.
3. Through selective development, resistance is increased plants to adverse factors (low temperature,).
4. Selection can be done independently. However, this process requires preliminary careful preparation.
5. Grapes are a heat-loving crop, but varieties have appeared thanks to selection able to withstand temperatures down to -25°C - -35°C without harm to the plant. These include and.

Winegrowers who have experience selling their own harvest know that the first thing a buyer pays attention to is the appearance of the grapes. Beautiful clusters, consisting of many large berries, are sure to attract the buyer first, and the taste qualities are evaluated a little later. A variety that claims to be the best grape for the market must produce just such a crop. Shrubs must withstand stable and high yields, be exposed to minimal risk of infection with crop-threatening diseases and loss of ovaries from pests. Thanks to the ongoing selection work, winegrowers receive more and more interesting varieties and forms, which, after testing, sometimes crowd out the recognized leaders in the ranking. the best varieties grapes.

Arcadia grapes: description and photo of the variety

Created by Ukrainian breeders from crossing Moldova and Cardinal Arcadia, today it is recognized as one of the best grape varieties in many regions of the country where viticulture is developed. The variety belongs to table varieties and yields 115–120 days after the start of the growing season.

The plant forms a vigorous, early maturing vine with a powerful root system and good survival. Arcadia shows an average result in grape disease resistance, in order to protect the vine from mildew, two preventive treatments are needed, and protection from powdery mildew is also required. The variety tolerates frosts down to -21 ° С. With changes in humidity, the berries sometimes crack, which affects the quality of the crop.

As can be seen from the description and photo, Arcadia grapes form large, mostly dense clusters weighing from 0.5 to 2 kg. The shape of the brushes is cylindrical or close to conical. With a weight of about 15 grams, the berries of this market variety can grow larger than 2.8 cm. At the same time, the berries have a heart-shaped shape and a beautiful yellowish or White color. Since the variety is very high-yielding, the fruits cannot accumulate a lot of sugars, but with a slight acidity, the taste of Arcadia will not disappoint. It is refreshing, pleasant and light, which is especially felt when eating fresh berries with a fleshy texture.

Grapes Kishmish radiant

Seedless berries of medium-early Kishmish Radiant grapes are well known to consumers. The variety, bred in Moldova from crossing the grapes Cardinal and Kishmish pink, ripens in 125-130 days and is distinguished by high yields, ripening on medium or vigorous bushes.

Kishmish Radiant does not differ in high frost resistance and is susceptible to infections of this crop. At the same time, the variety is demanding of the grower's attention, and with proper care it compensates for the efforts, gives large and medium berries of golden and red-pink colors, up to 2.5 cm long and weighing up to 4 grams. I ripe berries dense texture and nutmeg flavor and aroma. The clusters of one of the best grape varieties on the market reach 40 cm in length and can weigh over 600 grams. The crop is easily transported and stored for a long time.

Description and photo of Kodryanka grapes

According to the photo and description of the grapes, Kodryanka can rightfully be considered one of the most interesting modern varieties. It takes 110 to 118 days for Kordyanka, obtained from the parent varieties Marshalsky and Moldova, to ripen. The variety forms a vigorous, high-yielding vine that can withstand a mass of large brushes weighing from 400 to 1500 grams.

Among the disadvantages of the best grapes is the crushing of the berries, which can be dealt with by applying gibberellin, which will make the berries grow and reduce the number of stones in them. Usually, the fruits of grapes, about 3 cm long and weighing about 7 grams, are distinguished by a thick bluish-violet color, dense pulp and inconspicuous skin. By the time of ripening, the berries accumulate quite a lot of sugar, but they acquire a pleasant taste even a little earlier. Brushes can be transported, are well stored and do not lose their qualities for a long time if they remain on the bushes.

Grape variety Hadji Murat

The basis for the work of Tajik scientists in the breeding of Hadji Murat grapes was the Zabalkansky and Muscat Hamburg variety. As a result, the variety became one of the contenders for the title of the best grape variety for the market, while the berries on vigorous bushes ripen in 125-135 days.

The Hadji Murat grape survives frosts down to -22 ° C, but feels better in a greenhouse or under winter shelter. Fruiting shoots of this variety mature by 75% or more, withstanding extremely large clusters weighing from 800 to 2500 grams and retaining their properties well during storage and transportation. The variety is high-yielding, tending to form a large number of ovaries, therefore, to ensure the quality of the berries, it is necessary to ration the future harvest.

The Hadji Murat grapes have an even conical shape and medium density. Ripe oval berries can weigh from 15 to 25 grams, have a thick almost black color, are covered with a bluish wax coating and have a decent taste.

Grape Beauty

It takes from 110 to 110 days for the beautiful berries of the Krasotka grape variety to ripen, dark pink with a dense purple tip. Beauty has bushes of medium growth strength, well-ripening fruit-bearing shoots and even, weighing about 500-700 grams of the brush. The variety shows average resistance to common infections and pests.

The clusters contain elongated, about 3 cm long and weighing up to 6 grams of berries with a good fresh taste, juicy and rather fleshy pulp and a skin that is hardly noticeable when biting. Berries of grapes Beauty with an excess of moisture at the ripening stage can sometimes burst. The fruits of this variety gain sweetness well, but they cannot compete with the brightness of taste with varieties for personal use.

Grapes Monarch: photo and description of the variety

When choosing the best varieties for the market, Monarch grapes can be awarded the attention of gardeners and specialists, since with an average ripening period it produces large, weighing about 900 grams, high quality brushes. The variety shows a high yield. One vine gives at least 7 kg of fresh commercial quality berries.

According to the photo and description, Monarch grapes are different high strength growth, good rooting of cuttings and maturation of more than 65% of the length of the shoots. The variety is frost-resistant and demonstrates high and medium resistance to known diseases of this crop. Characteristic of this grape - large, 20-gram oval berries of a beautiful yellow color. The pulp has a juicy, but not liquid consistency and a wonderful, rich taste. After ripening, being on the vine, Monarch grapes, as in the photo and in the description, almost do not lose quality, can be stored and transported for a long time.

Grapes Galahad

Extremely early hybrid grape Galahad on the territory of the Kuban and in other areas of viticulture gives a harvest within 95–100 days after the start of the growing season. The plant received the title of the best grape variety for the market due to the highest palatability, good growth force of bushes, the ability to winter at air temperatures down to -25 ° C, as well as noteworthy resistance to harmful fungi and rot.

Grapes give beautiful, weighing up to 1.1 kg, medium-density bunches of conical shape. The average length of oval, large amber berries is 2.6 cm. The weight of a fleshy with a pleasant texture and sweet berries reaches 12 grams.

Photo and description of Super-extra grapes

Received by E. Pavlovsky hybrid early term maturity gives a harvest in 100-110 days after the appearance of the first leaves. By the end of July, on the vigorous bushes of Super-Extra grapes, you can see large, up to 1.5 kg in weight, bunches of medium looseness. The variety is high-yielding, so the grower must deal with the rationing of the ovary and inflorescences.

According to the description and photo of the Super-Extra grapes, the brushes consist of oval or ovoid large berries weighing 7-8 grams. The color of the berry is white or light amber. The berries gain sweetness very quickly, their pulp is pleasant, dense with a sufficient amount of juice.

Grapes resist diseases and winter frosts well. Brushes after harvesting can be transported and stored, the only drawback is the diversity of berries inside the bunch.

Grapes Buffet

Bearing fruit 115–125 days after the start of the growing season, Furshetny grapes were bred in Ukraine by breeder V.V. Zagorulko from the variety Kuban and Gift to Zaporozhye. According to the data obtained by winegrowers who have already managed to get acquainted with this grape, Furshetny has an average resistance to fungal attack and successfully winters at a temperature of -22 ° C. Powerful bushes of this species actively form shoots, almost completely ripening by autumn.

Brushes on the bushes are formed dense, closer to cylindrical in shape. The weight of a bunch, consisting of oval berries weighing up to 16 grams, is from 600 to 800 grams. The length of an individual berry is about 3.5 cm, the color is dark, reddish-violet with a pronounced waxy coating. One of the best grape varieties has a great taste with notes of raisins and ripe mulberries.

The acquaintance with the best varieties for the market does not end with the description of Furshetny grapes. Read the article about the best grape varieties for sale. We hope that our selection will help you make your choice and start growing grapes for sale.

Video about the best grape varieties

This "sunny" berry has a wonderful taste and amazing properties. Among them are the charming and alluring beauty of grapes with their expressive color, the delightful range of numerous color shades that the best grape varieties have, the perfection and variety of the shape of the fruits of this amazing culture. After all, it is not without reason that they say that this berry is first eaten with the eyes ...

cultivation

Today, this crop, which was previously planted only in the southern regions, can also be seen in northern vegetable gardens or orchards. This became possible thanks to the work of breeders - they managed to create the best grape varieties, which are now grown in the conditions of the North. This berry is considered one of the ancient cultures. Grapes have existed since the Bronze Age, as evidenced by numerous archaeological finds. Its clusters are on ancient rock paintings, they are also on excavated ones, including on the territory of our country, especially in the Crimean region, amphoras and jugs.

Apparently, therefore, over the course of many centuries, the natural evolution of this culture took place, new best grape varieties appeared, which are distinguished by the size of berries and clusters, excellent taste, etc.

Today, around the world in countries where this plant grows, there are more than seven thousand of its varieties. In the countries of the former Soviet Union, the best varieties of grapes, including table grapes, were identified. These are the so-called indigenous species - Armenian, Dagestan, Georgian, Tajik, Uzbek. Many of them originated in a specific area, where they have been cultivated and improved in terms of quality for many decades.

In addition to domestic ones, the best grape varieties that were imported and introduced from such European countries like France, Spain, Italy and Germany.

Nevertheless, species that have a "local" origin are considered by specialists to be better adapted to the natural conditions of their native territory than those that were brought. As an example, we can bring the best Georgian grape varieties - Rkatsiteli and Saperavi, which are perfectly adapted to the Georgian climate, under the influence of which they were once formed. This is expressed not only in excellent yields, but also in excellent palatability Oh.

Kinds

Experts say that over the past twenty years in our country there has been a real boom in this berry crop. Breeders annually grow up to ten new products, and all of them claim the title of "the best grape varieties." However, in pursuit of the size of clusters and fruits, in some species reaching even twenty-eight grams, some varieties lose their taste and useful properties.

Today, this culture is very common in our gardens and orchards. But, in order for its cultivation to give the desired results, summer residents first need to understand the huge variety of species, find out which are the best grape varieties most suitable for a particular region.

By maturity, this plant is divided into late and very late, early, early-medium, as well as medium and medium-late, and according to its purpose - into universal, table and technical. Each subgroup, in turn, consists of a sufficiently large number of subspecies, many of which are really the best in their category. Table grape varieties are considered the highest quality. Most amateur gardeners prefer to plant them in their garden.

Benefits of table and wine types

They have an excellent presentation compared to other - universal and wine varieties. Today, there are numerous table varieties on the market with a wide variety of fruit characteristics, which are consumed mainly in a fresh state. Many species are interesting because they are cultivated for the subsequent production of wine. For amateur gourmets, the best varieties of wine grapes should differ in the following characteristics: sugar content of berries, the presence of nutmeg, high juice yield, and, importantly, resistance to frost and pests.

Ten

Beginning gardeners and summer residents are always first of all interested in specialists what plants to plant on their plots. Such a culture as grapes is no exception. And although it is difficult to reliably answer the question of the best variety, breeders mainly mention the 10 best grape varieties, although most often each of them has its own preferences and its own “favorites”. Nevertheless, for a very long time there have been such species that have not lost their taste qualities, they are great for a particular region. In addition, these are those that most often fall into the annual nomination “the best grape varieties”, their photos are most often printed in special literature, etc.

Arcadia

The variety has long been a real decoration not only for home plots, but also for large plantations. He deserved such universal recognition thanks not only to high quality yield, but also great stability and very easy establishment. Being an early grape, it deservedly occupies one of the places of honor in the top ten of the world assortment. Arcadia is characterized by very large clusters, reaching a weight of two or more kilograms. This table variety has fleshy and juicy flesh, a light nutmeg aroma.

Delight

This variety is always mentioned in the top ten one of the first. In addition, it belongs to a very early variety. In addition to resistance to disease and frost, Rapture also has one, but quite rare and, moreover, valuable advantage: its berries practically do not crack and do not rot at all.

Kishmish white

This mid-ripening grape, popular in our country, has cylindrical wide-brimmed brushes. They are not very large - up to three hundred grams, but with fleshy and tasty berries. This variety is considered one of the most sought after. Its berries help a person get rid of irritability and stress loads. They don't have bones at all. The skin on the fruit is thin and transparent, sometimes with small black dots. The pulp of the berries is fleshy, very pleasant taste.

Kodryanka

This Moldovan variety has a very pleasant taste, pleasing to the eye with its aesthetic forms. Above early ripening combined with high yields and high palatability of its large dark purple oval berries, Codreanca is indispensable for lovers of vine growing. The variety has deservedly taken its stable place in the top ten table grapes for many years.

Lady fingers

Almost all gardeners know about this grape, which is called somewhat original. This mid-season variety with medium-sized clusters - large and elongated, is characterized by the absence of stones and the shape of the berries - oval elongated. They are covered with weak wax and have a moderately sour and moderately sweet taste.

Pleven

Over the years of fruiting in the gardens of our summer residents, the variety showed the highest yield. Apparently, therefore, he is always in the top ten species. Pleven grows well on any soil, it is stable and resilient in all its indicators. Its clusters are aligned, with the same, as if calibrated, elongated berries and with a harmonious taste. The variety is in high demand in the market, besides it ripens very early.

Elegant super early

Grapes of this variety have proved their right to popularity. It ripens early, withstands frost, rain and drought, and practically does not get sick. Elegant has beautiful clusters with large, egg-shaped, original berries. Normalizing it, as gardeners testify, is very easy, and there are no problems at all with pinching. Clusters of the variety are not damaged, and therefore are in steady demand on the market. It is believed that this is - "grapes for the lazy."

Laura

The variety, according to breeders, shows great promise. In the south, Laura and Rapture ripen a week apart. The variety has very large oblong berries of a yellowish-golden color. Fruit pulp is crispy and tender. Laura's vine ripens well, easily enduring frosts up to twenty degrees. In more severe cold weather, the plant needs shelter.

Talisman, or Kesha-1

Being the "descendant" of the famous Rapture and the "parent" for many hybrid forms, this variety, due to its excellent characteristics - early ripening, high yield, resistance to pests or diseases, frost resistance and vigorous growth, is very popular with both amateurs and professionals, growing grapes on an industrial scale.

Strashensky

This variety withstands tough competition even with the best views. Its high drought resistance allows it to grow and develop at a time when other forms wither and die. The variety has round dark blue berries that grow from an average plum, as well as huge brushes that do not fit even in a five-liter bucket. At the same time, Strashensky is sensitive to overload, so it must be normalized to obtain large clusters. The variety ripens by mid-August, confirming its reputation as one of the best large-berry grapes in the world.

Scientists have found that adults healthy person it is necessary to eat 70 kg of grapes of various varieties per year. In reality, 30 kg is not even an average result, but the best. All this is because in many regions grapes continue to be a delicacy. Many summer residents are seriously considering growing vines on their plots. This is possible because modern varieties and hybrid forms are bred not only for every taste, but for various conditions growth. In the article we will talk about new grape varieties (description and comparison), give their detailed characteristics.

Description of the earliest grape varieties, advantages and disadvantages

Thanks to the painstaking work of modern breeders, hybrid forms have appeared, the ripening period of which has surpassed all stereotypes, and is 100 days.

"Ruslan" is one of the early varieties.

The most popular among gardeners are:

№	Name	Description	Advantage	Flaws
1.	"Ruslan"	The hybrid form of the varieties "Kuban" and "Gift to Zaporozhye" of the famous Ukrainian breeder V.V. Zagorulko. Tall shrubs with multi-sex flowers. Fruits with an average weight - 20 g. Ripening period - 100 - 115 days. Clusters weighing - 800 - 900 g. Pulp of fruit flavor with plum aftertaste. Harvest - the second decade of August.	Frost resistance up to minus 230. High resistance to fungal diseases.	Does not tolerate excess moisture.
2.	"Lelik"	Hybrid form of folk breeder E. G. Pavlovsky, created on the basis of the variety "Baklanovsky" and "Hybrida 41". Vigorous climber with bisexual flowers. Berries of pink color, weighing 8 g. The mass of one bunch reaches 1 kg.	Withstands frosts down to minus 240. Moderately resistant to oidium mildew and gray mold.	Heterogeneous ripening of berries in bunches.
3.	Muscat Novoshah-	The author of the hybrid, E. G. Pavlovsky, brought him out of the "Talisman" and "XVII-10-26". The weight of a bunch, on average, is 500 g. The taste is very sweet. Ripens by mid-August.	Ripe berries can be stored on the bushes for a long time without compromising taste. Moderately resistant to major diseases.	The vine is prone to overload, requires normalization
4.	"Melting"	A hybrid of the Ukrainian breeder A. A. Golub, appeared as a result of crossing "Atlanta" with "Arcadia" and a mixture of pollen. Bisexual form with early maturation. Fruit color is white.	It has an increased resistance to diseases and successfully tolerates frosts down to minus -230.

Variety "Melting" ripens in 100 - 115 days.

In addition to the others described earlier, ripen:

• "Outrigger",
• "Beloved Muscat"
• "Vitannya",
• "Alexa Early"
• "Mary Magdalene"
• "Libya",
• "Sphinx",
• "Primitive"
• "Pulsar",
• "Charlie",
• "Azalea",
• "Vovchik",
• Vera, etc.

The listed varieties and hybrids are relatively unpretentious in care, therefore, more often than others, they are planted in summer cottages.

"Lelik" - a variety of E. G. Pavlovsky - one of the gardeners' favorites.

Features of mid-early varieties and hybrid forms

In terms of ripeness, they require more time than the early ones, but not by much. On average, the hybrids of this group are harvested at the end of August. Gardeners prefer these grape varieties:

"Leah"- an early variety, ripening in 110 - 115 days. Created by V. V. Zagorulko by crossing the varieties "Arcadia" and "Atlant Zaporozhye".

• Table form, that is, what is intended for fresh use.
• Bushes give up to 3 m of growth annually.
• The color of ripe fruits is white-pink.
• Clusters of 900 g each, the weight of 2 kg has been repeatedly noticed.
• The sweetness of berries depends on the number of sunny days, the warmer, the more sugar.
• Withstands frost without shelter - minus 210.
• The defeat of the main diseases 3.5 - 4 points.

Disadvantage: the variety reacts negatively to excessive watering and prolonged rains.

"Liya" is a relatively frost-resistant variety of early ripening.

"Prometheus"- another hybrid of V.V. Zagorulko, bred by crossing the varieties "Radiant Kishmish" and "Arcadia".

• Distinguished by functionally female flowers.
• The bunch is similar in structure to the Arcadia variety.
• Fruit color is dark pink.
• Resistant to winter cold up to minus 210.

"Ksenia"- variety bred by V. N. Krainov, has a second name "Angelica".

• Vigorous bushes of medium early maturity 115 - 125 days.
• Large clusters, weighing up to 1.5 kg, with oblong berries of white - pink color.
• The pulp is sweet and crunchy with several flavors.

The advantage is high disease resistance. Handles transportation well.

Tip #1 Note! Variety "Xenia" requires annual pruning for 8 - 10 eyes.

"Prometheus" is distinguished by a generous harvest.

"Carmen"- E. G. Pavlovsky connected the Nadezhda AZOS variety and the hybrid form FVC-94-3.

• Ripening period - 3.5 months in mid-August.
• Vigorous bushes - 2 m or more.
• Flowers bisexual.
• The weight of a bunch of grapes is 600 - 800 g.
• The color of the fruit is red-violet, the shape is elongated.
• The disadvantage is that the variety is prone to overload and needs thinning of the ovary.

Gardeners favorably relate to the cultivation of relatively unpretentious early and mid-early varieties such as:

• "Vlada",
• "Glad",
• "Sofia",
• "Fupshetny",
• "Elf",
• Abu Hasan.
• "Blessing"
• "Victor",
• "Long-awaited"
• "Zlatogor", etc.

Grape varieties of medium and medium late ripening

Grapes that take 135 to 145 days to reach full maturity are classified as medium varieties. There are hybrids that ripen between medium and late, they need 145 - 155 days. Sometimes, due to weather conditions, fruiting dates are shifted, and varieties of one group intersect with another. Read also the article: → "Growing grapes of medium ripening."

Among the popular ones are:

The following varieties and hybrids deserve more detailed attention:

• "Anapsky giant"- variety universal, vigorous. It belongs to medium-ripening, the berries are gaining ripeness by mid-September. Clusters are small, 200 g each, the color of the fruit is white.
• Ataman Pavlyuk"- the result of the selection work of V. U. Kapelyushny, by crossing the varieties "Talismpn" and "Autumn Black". The result is a fast growing bush with large clusters up to 1300 g, often up to 2 kg. The advantage is the complete absence of peas. The variety is popular because of the good preservation both on the vine and in the plucked form.

A feature of the variety "Ataman Pavlyuk" is a wax coating that protects the fruits from diseases, pests and abnormally low temperatures for grapes. The colder the weather, the thicker the plaque.

• "Alphonse Lavalle"- a table French variety that has successfully taken root with us. Refers to the middle. It has bisexual flowers. Clusters are heterogeneous - from loose to dense. Berries of the correct round shape of dark purple. The ripening period is up to 160 days, subject to a positive temperature of +220 - +320. Disadvantage: not resistant to most fungal diseases, does not withstand frost and spring return frosts.

Growing conditions for late grapes

To get a harvest late varieties it will take 155 - 160 days. They are meant for long term storage. Read also the article: → "Overview of the best grape varieties for the middle lane." Most often they are used in warm climate zones or in greenhouses.

For growing late varieties such as Courage, many of which are European, it is better to use an inclined landing.

Tip # 2. The successful development of a young vine and the quality of a mature crop depends on properly conducted irrigation. Mandatory watering is carried out the first 2 years. For adult plants, irrigation is necessary before flowering and water-charging watering for the winter.

The best varieties for the Crimea, the Volga region, the Moscow region, the Leningrad region, Siberia

Gone are the days when grapes were considered exclusively southern culture. Thanks to professional and amateur selection, modern varieties are able to satisfy gardeners living in various climatic zones. As before, Crimea is the leader in the cultivation of grapes. Thanks to the climate here, the earliest varieties ripen at the end of July.

• "Pearl Saba"- medium-sized fruits, when ripe, amber-golden, rounded, with pulp of a delicate and pleasant taste, with a nutmeg aroma of nutmeg, clusters small size, the shape is loose.

"Pearl Saba" is one of the sweetest varieties.

• "Queen of the Vineyards"- a variety with large berries, round or slightly elongated, golden amber in color, with large clusters.
• "Tyfi pink"- with large long clusters up to 25 cm long. The color of the berries is dark pink, the shape is regular round. Ripens in 167 days.

These varieties are the most famous and popular. But thanks to selection, grapes are grown in many climatic zones, even in those whose conditions are opposite to Crimean. Such varieties and hybrids are typical for different regions.

Moscow region	Leningradskayaregion	Volga region	Ural	Siberia
F - 14-75 (shape)	F1475	Liepajas Dzintars	Zilga	Tukay
Laura	Mars	Dovga	Aleshenkin	Solovyova-58
Shun	Russian Karinka	Tsiravas Agro	Sharov's riddle	Rusven
Nadezhda Aksaiskaya	In memory of Dombkowska	Silva	In memory of Dombkowska	Muromets
Victoria	Reline Pink Seedless,	Superearly Cicatricial	In memory of Shatilov	Super early red muscat
Nakhodka AZOS	Neptune	Zolotinka	Muscat white extra early	Kodryanka
Super Extra	Super extra	Super extra	Muscat pink early
First-Called	Victor	Elegant super early	Beauty of the North
	Laura	Victoria
Phenomenon (Augustin, Pleven steady)	Timur	Timur
Muscat summer	Augustine	Kolobok
Cherry	Extra	Prima
Aleshenkin	Ainset Seedless	Hip-hop
Charlie		Sphinx

Variety "Aleshenkin" grows in all climatic zones.

Rubric: "Questions and answers"

Question number 1. What are the largest grape varieties?

1. Harold.
2. Laura.
3. Augustine.
4. New century.
5. Paul.
6. Memory of a surgeon.
7. Karmakod.
8. In memory of Negrul.
9. Stashensky.
10. Kodryanka.

Question number 2. Which varieties are best suited to transport?

1. Shami Abiad.
2. Gorgeous. Read also the article: → "Description of the Krasotka grape variety, tips for growing and caring."
3. chieftain,
4. Kodryanka.
5. Kishmish Kalina.
6. Arched.
7. Baikonur.

Question number 3. Which grape keeps the longest?

• Ruslan.
• Moldova - up to 160 days;
• Memory of Negrul - up to 130 days;
• Autumn black - up to 120 days;
• Criuleni - up to 100 days;
• Original - up to 130 days;
• Light - up to 100 days;
• Hope AZOS - up to 90 days;
• Tahir - up to 90 days.

Question number 4. What grape varieties are the most frost-resistant?

1. Carmen - 300,
2. September - 210,
3. Moldova - 230,
4. Anthony the Great - 230,
5. Black grand - 230,
6. Cowberry - 240,
7. Valentine - 240,
8. Meteorite - 240,
9. Romeo - 230.

Serious mistakes gardeners make when choosing new grape varieties

Mistake #1. Choosing a grape variety that is not suitable for growing in a given climate zone.

Often acquiring new variety, gardeners are being held hostage by unscrupulous sellers who distribute plants that do not grow locally. At best, this will affect the quality and quantity of the crop, but most likely the grapes will not take root.

Mistake #2. Planting new varieties in a common vineyard.

A newly acquired plant is best planted separately or kept in quarantine. It is not known how the local "environment" will affect the new variety, it is better to protect it (if possible) from infection with diseases.

Mistake #3. The choice of heat-loving varieties for a zone with a harsh climate.

In this case, the main criterion is frost resistance, otherwise grapes can only be grown in a greenhouse.

People began to grow grapes more than six thousand years ago. It comes in two varieties - technical and table. The first group includes varieties that are used for the manufacture of juices and the production of alcoholic beverages - wines and cognacs, the second group - table species.

What grapes are called table grapes?

Distinctive features of such grapes are beautiful appearance and high taste qualities. Large sweet clusters are consumed fresh, without processing. They tolerate transportation well. Berries have few seeds, thin skin and "fleshy" flesh. The most popular and elite grape varieties are presented below.

The most popular and best varieties

Arcadia

Grape variety Arcadia

The result of crossing Moldova and Cardinal, combined the successful properties of their parents. Consumers appreciate large bunches that can reach two kilograms, and gardeners - resistance to low temperatures and high immunity. Juicy light pulp of berries captivates with a delicate sweet taste and aroma of nutmeg when fully ripe. This early variety is the leader in yield, if the number of inflorescences is normalized, the bush is fed on time. An excess amount of moisture can lead to cracking of the ripening Arcadia berries, so water with caution, taking into account weather conditions.

Delight

Grape variety Delight

Very early ripening variety. The berries are large, with a refined nutmeg taste and loose skin with a wax coating. The vine can withstand temperatures down to -26°C, therefore, cultivation in the northern regions is allowed. The high immunity of the Rapture variety helps to fight fungal diseases and mildew, but you need to treat the bush from phylloxera. The yield is high, the fruits can be left on the bush for up to 1.5 months after ripening, while the taste remains excellent.

Experienced gardeners say that this grape has no flaws.

Kishmish white

Grape Kishmish white

An ancient dessert species with an average ripening period. Clusters are small. Seedless small oval-shaped berries, juicy, very sweet and not tart. Their skin is thin and transparent. Because of the fragility, the fruits are not stored for a long time and have low transportability. After harvesting, they must either be eaten immediately or used for drying raisins. Dried fruits made from Kishmish are a tasty and healthy delicacy. The vine is strong, but the yield is low. Frost resistance is average. Requires protection from pests and diseases. Needs pruning and rationing of the crop.

Kesha

Grape variety Kesha

Improved Rapture with beautiful brushes. White berries are sweet, with a slight sourness and 2-3 large seeds. Kesha is a mid-early variety, very tall, with excellent transportability and frost resistance. It develops well if it has a supply of perennial wood. Will appreciate planting in a sunny place and fertile soil. moderate watering, thinning bunches and regular top dressing have a beneficial effect on productivity.

Strashensky

Grape variety Strashensky

A handsome man with a black berry, medium early ripening. The fruits are juicy, the grapes are delicious. Clusters of medium density, highly marketable, usually weigh up to 1 kg. Poorly tolerates long-term transportation, winter hardiness is average. Uneven ripening is observed, so the crop is cut selectively. The load on the bush will decrease, the remaining fruits will pick up sugar well. This variety has reduced resistance to botrytis and oidium, but resists phylloxera, mildew and spider mites well. Needs pruning, depending on the growing region.

Laura

Grape variety Laura

Table form of grapes of very early ripening. Amber pulp contains a lot of sugar. The taste is rich, pleasant, with hints of nutmeg. Big beautiful bunches - distinguishing feature varieties, some record brushes weighing up to 2.4 kg. Transportability is high, it is in demand among buyers and is suitable for beginner winegrowers. Resists mildew and gray mold, withstands temperatures down to 20-23°C below zero. Variety Laura needs pollination during flowering and medium pruning, with the preservation of perennial wood. The bush is loaded optimally, leaving 30% of non-fruiting shoots. Such a plant has enough strength to form beautiful large brushes that will ripen on time.

Moldova

Grape variety Moldova

A time-tested look, purple berries with a waxy coating. Clusters of medium size, fleshy pulp has simple taste. Ripening dates are late or medium late. Frost resistance is not very high. Requires careful shaping of the bush - a vigorous vine does not like thickening. Excellent resistance to fungal diseases and phylloxera, treatment is needed only against oidium. Hypersensitivity to calcareous chlorosis is observed. It is used for cultivation on the arbor, the clusters retain their decorative appearance and pleasant taste on the bush for a long time. Handles transportation well.

Timur

Grape variety Timur

Early maturing hybrid. White berries with nutmeg aroma, a slight amber or slightly brown tan appears in the sun. Brushes of medium size, dense. Cuttings already in the second year after planting give a small "trial" crop. High frost resistance and resistance to gray rot and mildew. Grape Timur often becomes a victim of a tick. If the leaves "swell" and redness appears, the grapes must be treated with a sulfur-containing preparation. Experienced growers praise Timur for its ease of cultivation and early ripening. Care consists of regular watering, fertilizing and pruning.

Lady fingers

Grape variety Lady's fingers

An old mid-season variety, which, despite the difficulties in care, continues to be grown by many growers. The weight of one brush is about half a kilogram. Berries of the variety Lady's fingers are elongated, with a classic harmonious taste and appetizing aroma, pitted. Not resistant to low temperatures, may die already at 10 ° C frost, therefore needs shelter for the winter. Yields are variable, depending on weather conditions. The vine is sensitive to diseases and pests, regular treatment with appropriate preparations is necessary. Recommended for experienced growers.

Gourmets consider this variety to be the benchmark for the taste of grapes.

Mascot

Grape variety Talisman

Mid-early yellow-white grapes. Vigorous seedlings perfectly resist mildew and gray rot, resistant to low winter temperatures. Ripe bunches weigh a little more than a kilogram on average. The fruits are large, with a nutmeg aroma. Already ripened brushes can hang on a bush for a long time without losing their taste and retaining their marketable appearance. A transportable variety that does not require shelter for the winter. A record harvest can be achieved with proper agricultural practices and additional pollination before flowering.

Grapes are a wonderful gift of nature, a child of the gentle sun and fertile land. Ideal varieties do not exist, but you can always find a species that suits the growing conditions and personal preferences of the gardener.

Breeding of new varieties of grapes. The current stage in the development of viticulture is characterized by specific features. Industrial viticulture is concentrated in ecological areas with the most favorable natural conditions, mainly in specialized farms. Vineyards are laid in large arrays, so the planted varieties must be adapted to the mechanization of labor-intensive processes: pruning, caring for bushes, tillage, and harvesting.

Whereas in the past breeders have devoted all their skill and experience to improving appearance bunches and the taste of berries, now the tasks of increasing the resistance of grapes against frost, pests, and diseases, while increasing productivity, have come to the fore before breeding. There is also an obvious need for selection for a certain chemical composition, achievement in the berries of the optimal amount of organic acids, sugars, amino acids, vitamins, aromatic compounds and other biologically active substances.

International congresses on viticulture and symposiums devoted to the issues of genetics and selection of grapes have shown that the main method for improving its genetic properties on present stage is combination breeding based on sexual hybridization and the production of offspring with an updated combination of valuable traits and the strengthening of some of them due to heterosis or transgression.

The decisive point in the application of hybridization is the choice of starting material for selection. It depends on the set selection task and the availability of species and varietal resources. When breeding grape varieties resistant to frost, pests and diseases, intervarietal, distant, repeated and complex hybridization is used with the use of high-quality varieties of the Euro-Asian grape V. vinifera as a source material, including those with a slightly increased endurance against frost damage, damage gray rot, phylloxera, as well as representatives of the species - Amur V. amurensis, American - V. Labrusca, V. riparia, V. rupestris and others, characterized by complex resistance to adverse environmental factors.

Perennial practical work on the breeding of new varieties, carried out in the conditions of Odessa, Crimean, Donetsk, Kherson and Kiev regions of Ukraine, allowed researchers to clarify certain methodological provisions in grape breeding to increase immunity against phylloxera, fungal diseases, as well as winter hardiness.

It is necessary to take into account the polymorphism of Amur grapes. It is far from indifferent which forms of V. amurensis are taken for selection, since some give offspring that are more resistant to frost and mildew, while others are less resistant. Seedlings also differ in the degree of adaptation to arid and soil conditions in the south of Ukraine. Many forms are not viable and show depressive growth, low combination ability when crossed with different varieties.

Repeated hybridization of European-Amur and European-American varieties with European ones leads to a sharp decrease in resistance to frost, mildew, and phylloxera. Only single individuals are sufficiently cold-resistant in the conditions of the south of the Odessa region, but they are poorly winter-hardy in the middle and northern parts of the viticultural zone of Ukraine. In areas with more severe climatic factors, the most promising selection for resistance is through the use of complex hybridization of resistant forms with each other.

When breeding varieties resistant to the impact of one or another negative factor, one should take into account not only the polygenic nature of the property of resistance, but also the role of cytoplasmic heredity. For a more complete inheritance of resistance, it is better to take the most hardy forms as maternal parents.

I. V. Michurin bred new grape varieties by mass selection and selection of seedlings grown from seeds obtained from free pollination, or by hybridization - crossing geographically distant species, taking into account their historically established biological characteristics.

mass selection method I. V. Michurin bred a number of valuable grape varieties, of which Seedling Malengra, No. 135 (Seedling Shasla), Black sweet, are especially widespread.

By crossing geographically distant species, I. V. Michurin created such winter-hardy varieties grapes like Buitur, Russian Concord, Korinka Michurina, Arktik, etc.

Using Michurin methods for breeding new varieties of grapes, research institutions, experts, farm workers improve the existing assortment and create new, more economically valuable grape varieties.

Breeding new grape varieties begins with obtaining seeds harvested at their full physiological maturity.

In cases where it is desirable to obtain the properties of two species or varieties of grapes, hybridization is carried out. If they cross different types, then such hybridization is called interspecific, if varieties of the same species are crossed - intraspecific.

Of great importance in hybridization is the selection of parental pairs - maternal and paternal varieties.

Usually, in interspecific hybridization, it is better to take cultivars of grapes as a mother, and a wild species as a father. To weaken the influence of wild grape varieties, the correct upbringing of seedlings and the mentor method developed by I. V. Michurin should be used.

When carrying out intraspecific hybridization, positive results can be achieved if varieties growing under different conditions are taken for crossing, such as Madeleine Angevin, cultivated in Ukraine and in the northern regions of viticulture, and Khalili black, available in the plantations of Turkmenistan. In these cases, the resulting hybrids have a loose heredity, as a result of which they easily adapt to the conditions of the area where they are grown.

For crossbreeding 1-2 days before the start of flowering in bisexual grape varieties, castration is carried out, i.e., with the help of tweezers, the caps of the flower are removed and the stamens are plucked out, and the remaining uncastrated flowers are removed.

Parchment bags are put on the castrated inflorescences of grapes, which protect the flowers from pollen from other grape varieties.

When liquid appears on the stigma of the ovary, the sac is removed and the flowers are pollinated with harvested pollen using a brush or a piece of cotton wool.

If the flowering time of the varieties selected for crossing coincides, then the pollen is not harvested, but the flowering inflorescences are cut off from the paternal variety and the pollen is shaken from them onto the flowers of the mother variety.

If the timing of flowering, crossed varieties, pollen must be prepared in a timely manner. To do this, caps and stamens are removed from the inflorescences plucked at the beginning of flowering with tweezers from each flower. Anthers are dried indoors, on paper. Pollen is sifted on a sieve, then put into a test tube and stored until flowering in a cool room. After pollination, bags are again put on the inflorescences of the mother variety.

Hybrid berries should stay on the plant as long as possible. After cutting the bunches, they must be hung indoors. IN winter period the seeds are removed from the berries and slightly dried; for better preservation of the seeds, they should be subjected to stratification, which consists in the following: “... the seeds are mixed or interbedded with river sand that is slightly moistened, pre-cleanly washed and calcined in a hot oven.

This mixture is placed in a new one, well soaked in boiled water. earthenware, for example, low korchagi with a narrow neck or, with a small amount of seeds, you can take ordinary flower pots. In any such dish, it is necessary to make holes in the bottom to drain water that could accidentally get into the dish.

After mixing the seeds with sand (the amount of sand should be three times more than the seeds), I. V. Michurin recommends covering the pots with the same clay saucer (slightly larger in diameter compared to the neck of the pot) and burying them in the ground to a depth of 15 -20 cm. To prevent water from flowing into pots, holes should be dug on elevated terrain.

In the spring, with the onset of warm weather, the seeds are sown in open ground . The mode of education of seedlings is of great importance in the development of their properties. Especially on early stages development, young seedlings under the influence of external conditions easily change their properties, as a result of which we can educate them in a targeted manner.

Therefore, sowing seeds and growing seedlings should be carried out in areas that, both in terms of soil and climatic conditions, are most typical for the area where the variety is grown. I. V. Michurin taught that when growing seedlings, one should not create especially favorable conditions for them and often transplant them. Simultaneously with the cultivation of seedlings, their selection is also carried out.

I. V. Michurin wrote that for the northern regions, the selection of grape seedlings for the first time is carried out at the age of one year, after the first winter, according to the degree of their endurance to frost; during the next, second, summer, seedlings are noted, the vines of which begin to ripen earlier than others, which is usually seen from the browning and woodiness of the vines, which always starts from the very bottom of the root neck and then gradually goes up the vine.

According to the time of the beginning and the length of the shoot along the vine of this ripening, one can accurately judge the future term of ripening of the berries of a new variety, since in general, in grapes of all varieties, both of these phenomena always occur simultaneously.

When the seedlings enter the time of fruiting, the mode of their upbringing should be changed.. The main attention at this time should be directed to obtaining a high yield. good quality. To do this, it is necessary to apply mineral and organic fertilizers, give the bushes the appropriate shape, properly prune and green operations.

TO hybrid seedlings at this time it is very good to graft other varieties, that is, to apply the mentor method, with the help of which we improve individual characteristics of a new variety (berry quality, early ripening, etc.).

In the future, with the help of appropriate agricultural technology, it is possible to significantly improve the quality of berries and achieve high yields of grapes from seedlings selected by us for propagation.

“Careful selection (selection) of cuttings, repetition of layering of the best parts of the vine, relatively short pruning and planting on better soil the development of the best qualities should be promoted.”

After a new variety has been propagated in an amount of at least 20-30 bushes and their fruiting has been studied for three years, the breeder can obtain an author's certificate for it.