Formula of love: a hormonal cocktail from St. Valentine. Dopamine and serotonin are hormones in the body. What is it, blockers, deficiency symptoms, how to increase Serotonin and dopamine production

What is happiness"? Someone has been looking for the answer to this question all his life and never finds it. But it's not all that difficult. WITH scientific point vision, the feeling that we describe as “happiness” is provided by the presence in the brain of many special neurochemicals, the main of which are: dopamine, endorphins, oxytocin and serotonin. These are actively synthesized in those moments when the brain identifies positive phenomena. Details from Kati Young - doctor of preventive medicine, endocrinologist, author of programs for the preservation and enhancement of health.

Each hormone is associated with the following specific positive emotions:

creates a feeling of joy from the fact that a person finds something necessary.
forms a feeling of lightness and forgetfulness, which helps to alleviate pain.
gives a person a sense of comfort in society.
creates a sense of social significance in a person.

Thus, by understanding the mechanism of action of each of the hormones and maintaining the right balance in the body, you can achieve a feeling of “happiness”.

Dopamine

Editorial opinion may not reflect the views of the author.
In case of health problems, do not self-medicate, consult a doctor.

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Human sensations are inextricably linked with the chemical processes occurring in the brain, where there is a complex mechanism for the production various substances. Happiness, joy, pleasure are provided by brain neurohormones - dopamine and serotonin. Endorphins are used to compensate for stress and pain. If various violations lead to the loss of a harmonious spectrum of feelings, life becomes inferior. To return the brain to a normal state, you need to understand what kind of violations have arisen, and try to restore the full production of happiness hormones using various means to help the body, including pills.

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Dopamine

Dopamine is a chemical substance related to catecholamines. It is a neurotransmitter that transmits signals to nerve cells in the limbic system of the brain. The dopamine released by neurons activates it, and the emotions of pleasure are released. A person experiences a feeling of comfort, an increase in mood and sensuality. The intensity of pleasure is directly related to the concentration of dopamine.

The natural production of the hormone can be stimulated by activities that bring pleasure - the use of your favorite food and drinks, alcohol; having sex, smoking, etc. The more often these actions are repeated, the faster you can get pleasure. Moreover, the process begins at the stage of preparation, so dopamine acts as a motivator.

The appearance of addictions causes uncontrolled stimulation of the production of dopamine. In the absence of pleasure, the condition is characterized by a deterioration in mood, depression. In order to maintain a balance of mood, a person must independently set limits in dopamine activation. Habits need to be formed not only in the sensual sphere (food, sex, alcohol), but also in the sphere of physical activity, creativity. These actions, performed with pleasure, bring, in addition to satisfaction, a visible result.

If for some reason the production of dopamine is reduced in the human body, the part of the brain responsible for motor activity the following symptoms appear:

muscle stiffness;
lack of facial expressions;
delay in movement.

Often this condition precedes Parkinson's disease.

With age, the number of dopamine receptors, as well as the sensitivity of the brain to its effects, decreases. There are irreversible consequences:

deterioration of abstract thinking;
decreased attention;
frequent depression.

Help the body with insufficient hormone production

Insufficient production of dopamine deprives a person of bright pleasures. The following rules will help you return to a fulfilling life:

1. Inclusion in the diet of food rich in tyrosine - a substance that affects the production of the hormone. These are fruits, vegetables - beets and greens, protein products, herbal teas from ginseng.
2. Physical activity. Exercise contributes to the activation of the hormonal background, the level of dopamine increases. The post-workout pleasure compensates for the negative focus that comes with dopamine deficiency. At the same time, a good habit is formed.
3. Refusal of alcohol and smoking. The state of euphoria provided by alcohol, tobacco, drugs, is achieved by a process in the brain that blocks the natural formation of dopamine.
4. Sexual activity. Regular sex has a positive effect on the psycho-emotional state of a person, stimulating the production of dopamine and strengthening the neural connections of the limbic system and the pleasure center of the brain.
5. Falling in love. The feeling of being in love favorably affects the production of dopamine. The anticipation of the pleasure of mutual love improves all areas of life, stimulates success and achievement.
6. Elimination of coffee. Excessive consumption of caffeinated beverages has an inhibitory effect on the production of dopamine.

Medical treatment

With reduced hormone production, treatment is prescribed with the following drugs:

1. Phenylalanine is an amino acid that provides the synthesis of tyrosine to dopamine. Tyrosine stimulates the production of the hormone in violation of its secretion, often included in the composition of vitamin complexes.
2. Ginkgo biloba - a herbal preparation that improves blood circulation. With its help, the concentration of oxygen increases, the transmission of impulses by neurons is stimulated.
3. Herbal infusions and decoctions containing nettle, ginseng, dandelion.

In the case of deep depression caused by dopamine deficiency, courses of antidepressants are prescribed in addition to stimulating the production of the hormone.

Serotonin

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter in the brain. Its function is to transmit impulses between nerve cells. Its transformation into a hormone occurs only after it enters the bloodstream.

A sufficient level of serotonin provides a person with a high social rank associated with self-perception. A decrease in serotonin in the brain is manifested by:

bad mood;
increased anxiety;
loss of strength;
distraction;
decrease in analytical abilities and libido;
depression
intrusive or frightening thoughts.

Ways to increase hormone levels

The relationship between serotonin levels and mood is two-way. Knowing and applying this rule helps to significantly improve the quality of life:

More often to be under the bright rays of the sun. On cloudy days use bright artificial lighting.
Follow your posture. Stooping leads to constant feelings of shame or guilt, which lowers serotonin levels. A straight back provides a fairly high level of self-esteem and mood.
Show physical activity. Exercising every day for 20 minutes will help improve your mood, while the choice of a particular sport does not make much difference. You can also use walking, 3 km a day - a sufficient load to maintain tone.
Establish healthy sleep. Eight hours of sleep in a ventilated room will ensure the production of serotonin for the whole day.
Use activities that bring pleasant sensations: communicating with pleasant people, doing creative work, listening to your favorite music.
Eat foods rich in substances that are actively involved in the synthesis of serotonin.

Among them are the following:

1.With tryptophan in the composition:

lean meat;
chicken eggs;
lentils;
oyster mushrooms;
beans;
cottage cheese;
millet;
buckwheat;
chocolate.

2.Sources of B vitamins:

liver;
oatmeal;
lettuce leaves;
beans.

3.Foods rich in magnesium:

prunes;
dried apricots;
bran;
seaweed.

4. Fruits and vegetables:

bananas;
melon;
dates;
pumpkin;
oranges.

endorphins

These are substances that are not hormones, unlike dopamine and serotonin, which are produced by the pituitary gland. Their function is to regulate the work of the glands of the endocrine system.

Endorphins are similar in their action to opiates, a large amount of them can cause a state of bliss, euphoria in a person. Endorphin is released by the body in response to external influences to alleviate their effects and speed up recovery.

The provocateurs are:

pain;
stress, shock;
mental stress.

With the help of the production of these substances, the body regulates the psycho-emotional state of a person, causing his behavior and emotions in response to an irritant: cry, anger, joy.

If the level of endorphins is reduced, this is expressed not only by a depressed mood, but also by inadequate reactions in normal situations, such as:

frequent depressive states;
inadequate response to criticism;
conflict;
weakened ability to remember;
trouble concentrating.

A decrease in the production of endorphins can occur with the abuse of food that contains alcohol and sugar. As a result, addiction occurs with a loss of a sense of joy.

Increasing the synthesis of substances

Synthesis of endorphins occurs with the participation of a large number of chemicals. You can stimulate their production by eating the following foods:

1. Fruits:

oranges;
bananas;
mango;
strawberry;
Red Ribes.

2. Spices:

cinnamon;
red pepper.

3. Seafood:

mussels;
shrimps.

4. Drinks:

natural coffe;
Black tea;
bitter chocolate.

Any exciting activities that bring a feeling of joy help the body produce endorphins:

listening to your favorite music;
physical activity;
positive memories;
contact with loved ones;
sex with a loved one;
communication with friends;
a captivating book or video;
self-hypnosis;
aromatherapy;
sunbathing.

The combination works best various kinds influences selected on the basis of individual preferences of the person.

Serotonin and dopamine (or in other words, dopamine) are biologically active substances that play an important role in the nervous system. They are released under the influence of nerve impulses and ensure the transmission of a signal from one cell to another. Entering the general circulation, these substances ensure the proper functioning of distant cells and tissues, that is, they are neurohormones.

About 90% of serotonin is synthesized in endocrine cells located in the epithelium. gastrointestinal tract. Here it accumulates in storage granules.

Transfer to the bloodstream is carried out through platelets, and its splitting occurs in the blood plasma, liver and other internal organs. The maximum amount of serotonin in the brain is concentrated in the thalamus, which is responsible for the transmission of sensory sensations.

Dopamine, which is more difficult to raise than serotonin, is mainly synthesized in the hypothalamus. It is the precursor of epinephrine and norepinephrine. The functions of these biologically active substances are closely related to positively colored emotions, which is why they are also called "hormones of happiness and pleasure."

Dopamine is the biosynthetic precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine. It is one of the main neurotransmitters of the central nervous system

The physiological effects of serotonin are closely related to a person's mental health. Serotonin deficiency contributes to the dysfunction of the central nervous system. In addition, deterioration in the contractility of smooth muscles can eventually lead to deterioration in the functioning of vital organs and death.

In medicine, the following types of influence of serotonin on the psyche are noted:

with a decrease in the level of the hormone, sensitivity to pain increases significantly, even the slightest irritation leads to a pronounced pain syndrome;
deficiency of serotonin in the brain is one of the main factors in the occurrence of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (obsessive-compulsive disorder), as well as severe migraine;
an increase in the concentration of serotonin (serotonin syndrome) contributes to the appearance of hallucinations and the development of schizophrenia.

It is also noted that with age, degradation of serotonin receptors in the brain occurs, therefore, hormonal deficiency develops. It leads to a deterioration in blood microcirculation and structural changes in the inner layer of arteries and veins, a decrease in its antithrombogenic and antiadhesive properties. This contributes to smooth muscle dysfunction in organs and tissues.

As medications to increase the level of serotonin, serotonin reuptake inhibitors are used, the principle of which is to suppress the uptake of the hormone, as well as agonists of its receptors. The main characteristics of such drugs are shown in the table below.

Drug (trade name), release form	Dosage, mg / day	Indications	Contraindications	Average price, rub.
Sertraline (Aleval, Serlift), tablets	25-200	Depression, panic and post-traumatic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders.	Children under 6 years of age (with depression), pregnancy and lactation, individual intolerance, uncontrolled epilepsy.	300
Serotonin adipate (Dynaton), injection solution	20-360	Intestinal obstruction, hemorrhagic syndrome, thrombocytopenia.	Kidney pathologies, hypertension, acute thrombosis, bronchial asthma, increased blood clotting.	3500
sumatriptan tablets	100-300	Migraine, Horton's syndrome.	Ischemic disease heart, hypertension.	170

Non-drug ways to normalize serotonin levels include the following:

Use food products rich in the amino acid tryptophan, which is a precursor to serotonin. These include: meat, fish, dairy products, chocolate and cocoa, dried fruits (dates, figs), nuts and seeds (sesame, peanuts, Pine nuts), legumes (including soybeans), tomatoes, plums, vegetable oils.
Daily exercise, including breathing regulation. With moderate physical activity and sports, serotonin activity increases.
Improving the mode of life, normalizing sleep, walking on fresh air(heliotherapy), early rise in the morning (since the hormone is more produced in the morning hours).

Existing drugs based on dopamine hydrochloride are not usually used to increase the level of this hormone, since it cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. Such drugs are prescribed for pacing in shock of various origins (anaphylactic, postoperative, cardiogenic and other types) and acute cardiovascular failure.

Narcotic analogues (Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, opiates and others) also cannot be recommended for treatment. On the pharmaceutical market, there are only dietary supplements with L-tyrosine imported, which have not passed clinical testing and certification in official medical science.

In Parkinson's disease, drugs based on an intermediate substance, L-dopa, are used. These drugs include Levodopa, which contains a dopamine precursor. The drug allows you to eliminate such negative manifestations as insufficient motor activity, tremor, salivation, impaired muscle tone.

Dopamine, which is not yet possible to increase with the help of safe drugs, can be normalized using the following recommendations:

The use of foods high in tyrosine (fatty fish, eggs, meat, peanuts, almonds, cottage cheese, cheese, oatmeal, avocados, legumes), proper drinking regimen.
Light physical activity, such as walking, does not lead to exhaustion and overwork.
Creative activity that stimulates the production of the hormone.
The right lifestyle, a balanced diet rich in vitamins, a rational regime of work and rest.

Medicines used for hormonal deficiency should not be taken on their own, since an excess of biologically active substances in the human body is just as dangerous as their deficiency.

You can increase the level of dopamine and serotonin in the first place with the help of proper nutrition and lifestyle. In severe cases, the doctor may prescribe psychotropic drugs that prevent the development of diseases of the central nervous system.

Article design: Vladimir the Great

Blood tests for dopamine content are carried out with suspicion of a tumor process, stable hypertension, Parkinson's disease. It is also indicated for mental disorders: panic attacks, insomnia, attacks of aggression, psychomotor agitation, disorientation in space. Rarely, a blood test is ordered for dopamine alone. Usually it is necessary to determine the catecholamines in the blood, including epinephrine and norepinephrine.

The norm for dopamine is from 10 to 87 pc / ml. It should be borne in mind that in the laboratory there may be physiological values \u200b\u200bdifferent from those given, which is associated with the method of blood analysis.

The reasons for the increase in its level may be:

trauma, blood loss, extensive burn;
pain syndrome;
tumor of the brain (ganglioneuroma, neuroblastoma) and adrenal glands (pheochromocytoma);
attack of stenocardia, bronchial asthma;
hypertensive crisis;
stressful situations;
cirrhosis, hepatitis, peptic ulcer;
depression, psychosis;
decompensated diabetes mellitus;
the use of nitroglycerin, the use of alcohol, caffeine.

A decrease in the level occurs with Parkinson's disease, decreased adrenal function, acute and chronic heart failure, autoimmune diseases, diencephalic crisis.

how to boost hormone

The precursor of dopamine is the amino acid tyrosine. It is found in bananas, pumpkin seeds, avocados, poultry, cheese, beans and broccoli. The destruction of dopamine is slowed down with the help of antioxidants, green, orange and purple vegetables, strawberries and oranges are rich in them. To improve dopamine metabolism are useful:

long walks, swimming, easy running, Pilates;
sleep for at least 8 hours;
vitamin B6;
bitter chocolate.

We live for ourselves, we live. We try to enjoy our little pleasures. And we don’t think about the fact that a whole chemical laboratory is working inside us, producing many substances important for life from our positive emotions, such as the hormone dopamine, which is also called the hormone of joy.

I wish I could learn how to manage it, control its level, in order to always be, as they say, “on top”. Whenever an action brings us great pleasure, dopamine is produced in the brain by the efforts of the adrenal glands.

Actually, dopamine is associated not so much with the very moment of experiencing pleasure and feeling happiness, but with the anticipation of it.

This may explain the fact that as soon as we have reached the goal, we immediately again experience dissatisfaction. Remembering how good we felt under the influence of dopamine, we strive to experience it again and again and make efforts to achieve what we want.

This effect is clearly manifested in the formation of various dependencies:

alcoholism,
addiction,
gambling addiction,
unhealthy cravings for sex, food.

We get pleasure - the release of dopamine - the state is remembered - a new dose of "high" is required. At the same time, drugs, alcohol, sugary and fatty foods reduce the production of the hormone dopamine. And the person is taking larger and larger doses of stimulants. It turns out a vicious circle.

The structure of serotonin is very similar to the structure of LSD - a narcotic substance. It is formed from the amino acid tryptophan, the main amount of which a person receives from food. Serotonin is produced by the intestines and certain brain neurons. The neurotransmitter is formed only in the presence of iron and the substance pteridine.

Serotonin is a natural pain reliever: when it is low, any tactile stimulation can lead to painful sensations.
Allergy provokes the active release of this neurotransmitter along with prostaglandins and histamine.
During chemotherapy, the released serotonin provokes vomiting and diarrhea.
Serotonin takes a certain part in ovulation and childbirth. An increase in the amount of this neurotransmitter inhibits ejaculation in men during sex.

Confidence hormone - oxytocin

This compound has properties to activate the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. This manifests itself in the form of such changes:

pressure rises, mainly systolic;
the strength of myocardial contractions increases;
increased ejection of blood from the ventricles;
pulse accelerates;
the need for oxygen in the cells of the heart muscle becomes greater, but it is provided by increased coronary blood flow;
improves renal blood flow and urine filtration, sodium excretion;
the motor activity of the intestine and stomach slows down, food leaves the stomach and duodenum faster;
dopamine irritates the vomiting center, participates in the gag reflex.

Rapid pulseSamaya interesting feature is that dopamine from the adrenal glands does not pass through the blood-brain barrier. That is, the same substance in the body has completely different functions depending on the place of its production. "Adrenal" dopamine can irritate nerve centers, but only extracerebral localization. Therefore, the introduction of the drug (Dopamine, Dopamine) causes only hormonal reactions and does not affect behavior and pleasure.

In the human body, serotonin undergoes a number of transformations, of which the most studied is the metabolic process involving the enzyme monoamine oxidase (breakdown of up to 50% of the hormone). The final substance is excreted in the urine and feces.

One of the metabolic intermediates is melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. The half-life of serotonin in various organs ranges from 2 minutes. (brain) up to 48 hours in blood cells. It needs ultraviolet light to produce it. sunlight), which is why on sunny days a person is more often in a good mood.

Serotonin has the following effect:

contraction of smooth muscles that are integral part walls of hollow organs (intestines, blood vessels, bronchi, heart and others);
regulation of processes in the central nervous system, motility and secretion in the gastrointestinal tract;
stimulation of the first contractions of the heart in the embryo during pregnancy;
increased platelet activity and, accordingly, blood clotting;
increase in wall permeability blood vessels;
contraction of the uterus during childbirth and the vessels of the placenta, regulation of the process of ovulation;
influence on the mechanism of the allergic and inflammatory process through the activation of eosinophils, the movement of leukocytes, the destruction of mast cell granules (which leads to the release of histamine and biologically active substances);
irritation of sensitive cells and stimulation of pain in the area of inflammation or tissue damage;
excitation and inhibition of sexual desire.

Dopamine is converted from the amino acid tyrosine, which, in turn, enters the human body with food or is transformed in the liver from phenylalanine found in protein-rich foods. When it is artificially introduced into the bloodstream, the hormone practically does not penetrate the brain, since it cannot pass through the physiological barrier.

An intermediate product in the conversion of tyrosine to dopamine is L-dopa. On the basis of this substance, medical preparations have been created for the treatment of diseases of the nervous system, which are based on dopamine deficiency.

dopamine and serotonin receptors

Dopamine is involved in the main metabolic processes, and its effect on the human body is as follows:

an increase in the force of contractions of the heart and its stroke volume, an increase in blood pressure;
improvement of myocardial oxygen supply due to increased coronary blood flow;
increased urinary sodium excretion and renal filtration due to reduced vascular resistance;
weakening of the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract, relaxation of the lower sphincter in the esophagus, stimulation of the gag reflex;
increased motor activity, reduced stiffness;
activation of the process of splitting glycogen to glucose, increasing the concentration of the latter in the blood;
activation of general adaptive reactions and metabolism due to the impact on the hypothalamic-pituitary system;
at the emotional and psychological level - the development of a sense of pleasure, selective attention, positive emotions during creativity and during learning (the so-called motivational "reward system"), regulation of the speed of thinking and processing of sensory signals.

The effect of this substance on the central nervous system is ambiguous: it has an inhibitory effect on some centers of needs (these include hunger, fear and anxiety, a sense of parental care for offspring), and on others it has an activating effect (sexual desire, aggression). Addiction to alcohol, drugs, and smoking is also associated with an excess concentration of dopamine.

Dopamine, which can be increased already in the process of waiting for an act associated with pleasure (for example, food and sex), determines the further behavior of a person. It signals to the brain what actions need to be taken to achieve these pleasant sensations.

Since the level of dopamine in the body rises in response to positive emotions, it is necessary to Everyday life look for activities that lead to their appearance.

Physical exercise

In order to maintain the level of the hormone in the norm, it is necessary to engage in physical education. Exercises / sports should be chosen that bring joy and pleasure. It can be running, cycling, swimming, exercising on simulators, walking. In this case, not only increases the level of the hormone, but also improves metabolism and normalizes weight.

Physical activity contributes to the normalization of dopamine levels

intimacy

Regular sex helps to ensure the production of dopamine. It creates pleasure in a person and causes a feeling of pleasure. The hormone is produced not only after sexual satisfaction, but also in anticipation of it or in the presence of positive memories.

Massage

Massage has a beneficial effect on the skin, subcutaneous layer, joints, tendons, lymphatic and nervous system. Since the procedure improves all metabolic processes in the body, there is an additional release of dopamine. After the massage, the person feels cheerful and active.

Sleep affects hormone levels in the body. Invigorating drugs stimulate the release of dopamine by bypassing dopamine receptors. During wakefulness, the amount of this hormone increases significantly. Stimulants can cause long-term insomnia.

On the other hand, if a person long time does without sleep, his attention is disturbed, he becomes distracted, he can perform inappropriate actions. Research conducted by scientists from the National Institute of Addictions in the United States found that lack of sleep leads to a decrease in the number of dopamine receptors, while the level of neurotransmitters remains unchanged.

To normalize the hormonal background, you need a full sleep, lasting at least 7 hours.

In order for the number of dopamine receptors not to decrease, a person needs a full sleep that lasts at least 7 hours.

An excellent stimulator of dopamine production is a favorite activity. Regardless of what exactly a person is busy with, his emotional background improves. The main thing is that the result of this lesson meets the expectations.

In order for the level of the hormone in the body to be within the normal range for a long time, it is enough to devote about an hour a day to your favorite pastime.

Dopamine is responsible for many functions in our body. He dominates immediately in 2 important systems brain:

promotions;
evaluation and motivation.

The reward system motivates us to get what we need.

The ability to remember, learn, make decisions also directly depends on the hormone dopamine. Why do young children learn new knowledge better if they receive it in game form? It's simple - such training is accompanied by positive emotions. Dopamine pathways are stimulated.

Curiosity is considered a variant of intrinsic motivation. It encourages you to seek answers to questions, solve riddles, explore environment to explore the world and improve. Curiosity triggers the reward system and is fully regulated by dopamine.

Personality type (extroverted / introverted) and temperament also depend on susceptibility to the effects of dopamine. An emotional, impulsive extrovert needs more hormone to be normal. Therefore, he is looking for new experiences, strives for socialization, sometimes takes too many risks. That is, live richer.

It provides a stable heart rate, kidney functionality, regulates motor activity, reduces excessive intestinal motility and insulin levels.

A hormone produced in the hypothalamus. Its maximum content is diagnosed in women in childbirth and the subsequent period of breastfeeding. The production of a neurotransmitter is activated by stimulation of the nipples, which leads to uterine contractions and the release of breast milk.

The level of oxytocin in men and non-pregnant women rises sharply with sexual arousal and reaches its peak during orgasm.
A constant level of the hormone increases confidence, reduces fear and anxiety, and provides calmness in the presence of an object of sympathy. For this reason, oxytocin is referred to as the confidence hormone.

The release of oxytocin into the blood during childbirth provokes reverent feelings for the newborn in the woman in labor, and therefore it is recommended breast-feeding. The hormone also forms a love attachment and increases confidence in the object of sympathy.

Symptoms of dopamine deficiency

The influence of the hormone (and neurotransmitter) is not limited to the impact on the psycho-emotional state. It controls the work of the central nervous system, the heart, affects the weight of the human body.

With a chronic lack of a hormone:

metabolic processes are disturbed, which inevitably lead to obesity;
a depressed psycho-emotional state is manifested;
irritability and aggressiveness are observed in human behavior;
there is a dysfunction of the organs of the circulatory system;
chronic fatigue appears;
hallucinations are noted.

With a decrease in the concentration of a substance, the risk of diseases increases:

diabetes II type;
Parkinson's disease;
sexual disorders;
dyskenesia;
psychoemotional dysfunction of the brain.

A low level of dopamine in the body disrupts social adaptation, which manifests itself in interpersonal conflicts. When diagnosing a low concentration of the hormone, the doctor prescribes complex therapy.

There are a number of ways to help increase dopamine. According to endocrinologists and nutritionists, it is possible to increase the level of the hormone without the use of complex drug treatment regimens, although drugs are used in some cases. Helps increase dopamine proper nutrition, exercise, traditional medicine and other methods.

Serotonin deficiency leads to disruption of its interaction with smooth muscle receptors, as well as to a disorder of the blood system, which consists in increased consumption of platelets in tissues and their accelerated destruction.

With an increased level of this hormone, an equally dangerous carcinoid (or serotonin) syndrome develops, most often occurring against the background of an overdose of antidepressants or drugs.

Dopamine and its insufficiency are primarily reflected in cognitive disorders, which can ultimately lead to severe mental disorders.

It is impossible to increase it to an indefinite level, since an excess of this hormone contributes to the formation of behavior in which a person is in constant search for pleasure (hedonism), as well as the appearance of delusions and hallucinations. Dopamine imbalance is the cause of pathological involuntary movements, the development of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.

At the initial stage, the lack of hormones manifests itself in the form of non-specific symptoms, so it is difficult to recognize the true cause of this condition. An accurate diagnosis is established only on the basis of a blood serum test.

Serotonin

Serotonin deficiency can manifest as the following symptoms:

The reasons for this condition may be the following factors:

diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, dysbacteriosis, as a result of which the process of synthesis and storage of serotonin in enterochromaffin cells is disrupted;
pathologies of the circulatory system - thrombocytopenia or a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, as well as the inferiority of these blood cells;
infectious viral and bacterial diseases, poisoning with toxins, allergic reactions in which the transport of serotonin by platelets is disrupted due to the deposition of pathological particles (viruses, toxins, and others) on their surface;
radiation exposure, in which the exchange of serotonin in the body becomes too fast due to the effects of free radicals;
malnutrition, lack of protein products in the diet, resulting in a decrease in the intake of tyrosine, a precursor of serotonin, into the body;
diseases of the central nervous system, in which there is a violation of the metabolism of serotonin;
inflammation of the walls of blood vessels under the influence of immune complexes after an infection, food allergies, insect bites, hypothermia;
taking certain anesthetics and antibiotics, psychotropic drugs, their overdose.

dopamine

Symptoms of dopamine deficiency include:

Dopamine, which can be increased using the recommendations below, is reduced for the following reasons:

taking antipsychotics (methyldopa, cinnarizine, diprazine, flunarizine, reserpine and others), antiepileptic drugs with valproic acid, in isolated cases - in the treatment of interferons, amiodarone, diazepam, indomethacin, cimetedine, cyclosporine and other drugs;
violation of cerebral circulation;
poisoning with toxins;
intrauterine developmental disorders of the central nervous system in infectious diseases of the mother during pregnancy;
oxygen starvation fabrics;
metabolic disorders (especially copper and iron);
brain tumors;
traumatic brain injury;
prolonged stress;
Fahr's syndrome (accumulation of calcium in various parts of the brain);
neurodegenerative hereditary diseases;
drug use.

A physiological decrease in dopamine levels also occurs in old age. This is due to a decrease in the volume of the brain and receptors, as a result of which the concentration of the hormone in the subcortical structures drops significantly.

Clinically, this is expressed in the form of the following symptoms:

decreased speed of reaction and attention;
weakening of facial expressions;
memory impairment;
general slowness;
senile posture and shortened stride length.

When dopamine enters the bloodstream, we begin to do those things that we really want to do, and we live to the fullest. And when a person does what he loves, he feels full, happy, full of strength, brave and fearless brave man. Such a person is ready to move mountains, if only to achieve his goals.

If a person leads an unhealthy lifestyle, abuses alcoholic beverages, psychotropic substances, constantly eats fatty and sweet foods, systematically gets into stressful situations, then the level of dopamine in his body drops significantly. These factors not only affect the level of production of the "hormone of happiness", but also cause the development of addictions to alcoholic beverages, delicious food, drugs, gambling, etc.

The main symptoms of dopamine deficiency are:

frequent and unreasonable mood swings;
pathological fatigue without special physical exertion;
constantly postponing important things (procrastination);
decreased sexual desire;
inability to concentrate on any business or action;
memory impairment, forgetfulness;
insomnia, chronic sleep deprivation, sleep problems;
complete lack of motivation;
constant feeling of hopelessness.

A person who has a lack of dopamine ceases to enjoy simple and banal things. Neither the long-awaited trip abroad, nor the kisses of the second half, nor the new album of the beloved musical group, neither a pleasant massage, nor a trip to the cinema pleases such an individual anymore.

If a person experiences a constant deficiency of the "hormone of joy", then in the future he may experience the following health problems:

Parkinson's disease;
mastopathy;
✘ anhedonia (inability to enjoy life);

In an individual with a low level of dopamine, the quality of life is significantly reduced, and the structures of the brain gradually succumb to irreversible negative changes.

DOPAMINE: WHAT PRODUCTS CONTAIN

With the initial manifestations of a neurotransmitter deficiency, it is worth taking care of compiling a diet that includes foods with a high content of tyrosine. This amino acid is the biochemical precursor of dopamine. List of foods that contain the amino acid tyrosine:

protein products: eggs, seafood;
vegetables: beets, cabbage;
fruits: bananas, apples, strawberries;
drinks: green tea.

In addition to replenishing the hormone deficiency, the listed products have side effects:

beets and bananas have antidepressant properties;
a source of useful omega-3 fatty acids are seafood, they also prevent the occurrence of allergic reactions;
helps to strengthen the immune and circulatory system folic acid, which apples and cabbage are rich in;
Strong natural antioxidants include catechins found in green tea.

Dopamine is formed (with enough folate, or vitamin B9, in the body) from the amino acid tyrosine, which is found in protein-rich foods. Eating foods high in tyrosine ensures that a person has enough of the building blocks in the body that are needed to produce dopamine. List of foods, drinks and spices that increase tyrosine and dopamine (the so-called sources of dopamine):

animal products (they also contain vitamin B12, necessary for the production of dopamine),
sesamin (lignan from sesame seeds),
linoleic acid (such as in olive oil),
curcumin with piperine (turmeric and black pepper),
bananas,
chocolate,
coffee,
green tea(contains L-theanine, which can also be taken as a 200 mg supplement 2-3 times daily)
oregano,
almond,
apples,
watermelon,
avocado,
beet,
beans,
green leafy vegetables,
lima beans,
oatmeal,
peanut,
rosemary,
ginkgo biloba,
wheat germ.

High amounts of saturated fat, sugar (since it only stimulates dopamine for a short time), and sweeteners such as aspartame (which is bad for the brain) should be avoided.

A diet that increases dopamine levels in the body works more effectively when combined with certain herbal and vitamin preparations.

L-tyrosine

L-tyrosine can be obtained not only from food (meat, eggs, fish, etc.), but also from special supplements. It can increase dopamine and adrenaline, especially when the body's supply is depleted. By supporting the production of these neurotransmitters, L-Tyrosine supplements can improve sleep, mood, emotional well-being, and cognitive function, especially during times of emotional stress or when extra support is needed (some people are low on dopamine due to genetic reasons). L-tyrosine tablets are recommended to take 500 mg 1 to 3 times a day in the morning, before lunch and in the middle of the day after consulting a doctor.

vitex

Prutnyak, or vitex, is one of the best natural remedies for lowering prolactin and increasing dopamine production. The active substances in this herb can also affect opiate receptors, relieve the pain and symptoms of PMS, and stimulate the pituitary gland, which regulates progesterone and estrogen.

Vitamin B6

Pyridoxine acts as a precursor to neurotransmitters, including dopamine. It can also reduce lactation and reduce prolactin.

Mucuna

This plant has a high concentration - up to about 5% - of the substance L-Dopa (dopa, L-dopa), which is a precursor of dopamine. Theoretically, taking herbs or foods containing DOPA should increase the release of dopamine in the body. Mucuna can also increase serotonin and norepinephrine. It is recommended to take a standardized extract (15% L-DOPA) at 300 mg 2 times a day in the absence of contraindications.

Berberine

A plant alkaloid sold in supplement form also has the potential to increase dopamine levels, but the exact mechanism of its action has not yet been studied.

beta alanine

The amino acid beta-alanine (which is sold as a supplement under sports nutrition) can potentially increase dopamine slightly.

Phosphatedylserine

In one experiment, phosphatedylserine increased dopamine and serotonin in Alzheimer's patients. Phospholipids also improve memory, concentration, cognitive function, ADHD symptoms.

Red clover and spirulina

Red clover extract (like spirulina) protects dopamine neurons from destruction, which is the prevention of Parkinson's disease.

You can also increase dopamine levels with the help of drugs and nootropics such as Citicoline (Citicoline), which increase the number of dopamine receptors, overall mental performance, increase energy, improve memory and brain function.

Dopamine Addictions

Addiction research shows that spikes in dopamine and activation of neural circuits associated with reward and approval cause the brain to become less responsive to pleasure. Excessive accumulation of dopamine in the brain leads to the fact that the process of dopamine action is disrupted, the brain adapts over time, new receptors are formed, and dopamine ceases to act.

This reduces the feeling of pleasure caused by chemical or type of behavior. A dopamine trap sets in, causing addicts to act over and over again to find the source of pleasure. Another surge of dopamine helps to improve the condition for a short time, while simultaneously reducing the sensitivity of dopamine receptors.

The emergence of addiction can be suggested based on the following symptoms: addiction, overprioritization, loss of control, abuse, ignoring negative consequences. Hyperstimulation of dopamine receptors gradually reduces the sensitivity to dopamine. A low level of receptor sensitivity increases the risk of developing alcoholism, drug addiction or other painful addictions.

Psychostimulants increase the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic space by blocking the physiological mechanisms of dopamine reuptake, and amphetamine acts directly on the dopamine transport mechanism, stimulating its release. Alcohol blocks the action of dopamine antagonists.

It has been established that the consumption of foods with a high content can also lead to a rapid increase in dopamine levels glycemic index and especially sugar. There are also so-called psychological drugs: behavior that causes a significant rush of dopamine, obsession with thoughts that bring pleasure.

Sweet tooth is one of the dopamine addictions.

Drugs increase the production of dopamine in the brain by 5-10 times, while they irreversibly change dopamine neurons. It has been proven that drugs have a stronger stimulating effect on the reward system than any natural factors.

Repeated exposure to an addictive factor causes associations between pleasure and this factor, addicted people need to constantly increase the dose. This is called addiction or tolerance. The appearance of chemical tolerance leads to the development of metabolic disorders that can cause serious damage to the functioning of the brain.

Physical activity

Regular physical activity helps to eliminate the hormone deficiency. morning exercises not only brings the body into tone, accelerates metabolism, but also promotes the active secretion of dopamine, as well as endorphin and serotonin. The release of these hormones into the blood helps to gain a positive attitude and emotional stability, cheer up and increase stress resistance. Walking, cycling, morning jogging have the same effect.

ethnoscience

IN traditional medicine Herbs have long been used to help fight irritability and depression. most popular medicinal plants to stabilize the emotional state are:

Ginseng helps to improve metabolic processes, has a beneficial effect on memory and vision. Drinking tea stabilizes the emotional background and has a general strengthening effect.
ginkgo biloba absolutely unique plant in its own way chemical composition, which is rich in amino acids, phosphorus, calcium.
Dandelion calms the nervous system and enhances the secretion of the hormone in the brain.
Nettle stimulates tissue repair and increases the concentration of the active substance.

Where does dopamine come from? 10 Ways to Raise Your Joy Hormone Levels

An excellent way to increase the concentration of a substance is sexual contact. During intimacy, a powerful release of pleasure hormones into the blood occurs. This amount is enough to keep good mood and good spirits.

This does not mean that you have to be promiscuous. Psycho-emotional connection of two loving people after sexual intimacy only strengthens. The release of dopamine creates a feeling of euphoria, satisfaction, it is replaced by serotonin, a feeling of joy and happiness appears. Further hormonal background changes, oxytocin becomes the leading substance, a feeling of attachment and trust arises.

An important way to stabilize hormone levels is to sleep for 7-8 hours a night. After a sleepless night, the level of dopamine rises to critical levels, goes off scale, only by general condition the human body is extremely negative.

You can learn to achieve the release of dopamine artificially. To do this, set small goals for yourself and achieve them - for example, get up one stop earlier and walk, instead of an evening on social networks, clean up your closet shelf. These simple actions activate the pleasure centers and stimulate the secretion of dopamine.

The concept of happiness for each person is different, respectively, the definition of what the hormone of happiness is called varies, as does the neurotransmitter itself: the appropriate emotions in some are caused by victory, in others - hugs with loved ones. For this reason, positive emotions are formed not only by the four hormones listed, but also by other neurotransmitters:

Adrenaline.
Prolactin.
Norepinephrine.
Phenylethylamine.
Vasopressin.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid.

The listed list is replenished with estradiol and luteinizing hormone in women. Their maximum number is fixed during ovulation, which affects appearance women. For men, an important hormone is testosterone and its derivatives, which give a feeling of brutality, strength and masculinity.

Medicines

At critically low levels of the hormone, medication is used, which is prescribed by a doctor. Medications, dietary supplements either directly contain dopamine, or catalysts for the synthesis of this hormone are included in their composition. The main medicines include:

Phenylalanine is an amino acid that provides the process of creating tyrosine, which is involved in the formation of a neurotransmitter.
Tyrosine.
Dopamine.
Antidepressants.

In case of serious indications, the doctor prescribes intravenous injections. medicinal product"Dopamine", they are carried out only in a hospital. The tool has a high concentration and has a specific effect on the internal organs, so self-medication is contraindicated.

Treatment with antidepressants is carried out under strict medical supervision and only in case of emergency, as it affects the balance of "serotonin and dopamine". These hormones interact and are antagonists.

dopamine and alcohol

Alcoholic beverages contribute to a significant increase in dopamine levels. The person is in high spirits, he is euphoric. When the action of alcohol ends, the level of the hormone drops. IN emotional state dominated by depression or aggression. In an effort to get rid of an uncomfortable feeling, a person uses a new dose of alcohol. Drugs have a similar effect on the body.

Dopamine is designed to motivate a person to achieve goals, helps to resist stress, maintains a stable psycho-emotional state. A low level of the hormone has a negative effect on the body. When solving the problem with the help of antidepressants, it is necessary to take into account the relationship of this hormone with serotonin.

How to normalize the amount of dopamine

The normal content of dopamine is much lower than that of serotonin, and is 10-100 pg / ml.

An increase in the level of the hormone, as an adaptive response to adverse factors, occurs under the following conditions:

This can also contribute to kidney disease, in which their blood supply worsens.

how to boost hormone

To prevent diseases associated with a deficiency or excess of dopamine, a person can naturally normalize its concentration in the body.

How to increase the number of mediator? If in the body low level dopamine, eat foods that contain a large amount of tyrosine (tyrosine is an amino acid that is a precursor to dopamine). To increase the concentration of dopamine, you should introduce into the diet: meat (especially turkey and rabbit), legumes (soy, lentils, beans), nuts (peanuts), cheese, cottage cheese;
Full sleep: with a lack of sleep, a sharp jump in dopamine occurs, up to the development of delirium and hallucinations. Too much dopamine is just as bad as too little;
Regular physical activity;
Love, since dopamine is the hormone of love;
Try to change your psychological attitudes: set goals and achieve them; reinforce unpleasant actions by receiving a reward; learn to separate the feeling of happiness caused by serotonin and the feeling of anticipation caused by dopamine;
Completely give up drugs, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine.

What is dangerous lack of dopamine

Dopamine is often referred to as the happy hormone. In the human body, it is responsible for the following functions:

regulates muscle contractions;
controls periods of wakefulness and sleep;
forms sexual attraction;
participates in thought processes;
creates a chemical dependency.

Dopamine, along with serotonin and oxytocin, are responsible for feelings of happiness and joy. In addition, it is dopamine that makes a person achieve their goals and makes it possible to concentrate as necessary for productive activity. Because of this, it is called the hormone of motivation.

Dopamine, along with serotonin, is called the hormone of joy.

Experiments conducted on laboratory mice indicate that when the level of the hormone dropped to a critical level, the animals became so passive that they did not even try to look for food, but died of hunger. Dopamine is what keeps you interested in life.

It was not possible to establish the exact cause of the decrease in the level of the hormone. But the factors influencing this process include:

Bad habits.
Eating large amounts of food that contains saturated fats.
The use of antidepressants that affect the suppression of monoamine receptors.

The following signs indicate that the body lacks dopamine:

loss of taste for life, apathy and lack of motivation;
chronic fatigue that is not preceded by physical or mental activity;
depression resulting in suicidal thoughts;
memory problems and mental disorders;
irritability and irritability, often turning into aggression;
sleep disturbances in the form of insomnia or increased drowsiness;
cravings for sweets and caffeine, alcohol, drugs;
problems with concentration;
weak sexual desire, in which interest in the opposite sex is lost and a lack of interest in sex in general;
chronic stress;
metabolic disorder, as a result of which a person develops excess weight which is very difficult to get rid of.

Increased irritability and trouble concentrating may indicate a lack of dopamine.

In turn, many disorders and diseases are associated precisely with changes in the level of dopamine. These include:

Parkinson's disease;
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder;
chronic fatigue syndrome;
depression;
schizophrenia;
the presence of bad habits;
chronic musculoskeletal pain;
involuntary contractions of body parts and muscle tremors.

In short, our brain is characterized by several features.

1. He cares for the survival of our genes with the same care he takes for the survival of the body.

2. It sets up neural connections as early as childhood a person, although for adult life these paths are often not enough.

This is why it can be so difficult to understand the nature of our neurochemical ups and downs.

How do neurochemicals make us happy?

The feeling we describe as “happiness” is provided by the presence of four special neurochemicals in the brain: dopamine, endorphin, oxytocin And serotonin.

These “hormones of happiness” are actively synthesized at those moments when the brain identifies positive phenomena for our survival. Then their level in the body drops sharply until the next pleasant occasion.

Each of these neurochemicals “turns on” a specific positive sensation in a person.

Dopamine creates a feeling of joy from the fact that a person finds something necessary. It's that feeling when people say, "Eureka! I found!"

endorphin forms a feeling of lightness and forgetfulness, which helps to alleviate pain. Often this state is called euphoria.

Oxytocin gives a person a sense of security in a circle of his own kind. Now it's called "social connections".

Serotonin creates a feeling of recognition and respect from others.

You might say, "I don't define happiness in these terms." This is because neurochemical connections work without words. But you can easily observe similar motivations in other people. And studies indicate that they affect the behavior of animals. As for you personally, until you study the neurochemistry of the mammal that sits inside you, you can consider that your inner voice gives you clues.

Dopamine creates a feeling of joy from the fact that a person finds something necessary.

endorphin forms a feeling of lightness and forgetfulness, which helps to alleviate pain.

Oxytocin gives a person a sense of comfort in society.

Serotonin creates a sense of social significance in a person.

How do the "happiness hormones" work?

The production of “hormones of happiness” is carried out in several small-sized parts of the brain: the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and some others, which together are combined into the human limbic system. Surrounds the limbic system large bark brain. The limbic system and both hemispheres of the cortex are constantly interacting in maintaining the vital activity of the human body and in preserving its DNA. Each of these parts of the human brain performs its own specific tasks.

Cortex analyzes the surrounding reality and looks for those of its manifestations that you have already met in the past, comparing them with each other.

limbic system produces active biological substances - neurotransmitters (the very ones that plain language are called "hormones of happiness"). These neurochemicals tell you “this is good for you” or “this is dangerous for you, avoid this.” Your body does not always follow the instructions of the neurotransmitters exactly, because the cerebral cortex can override them. But if this happens, then the cerebral cortex gives the limbic system alternative signals to which the latter responds. Thus, at some point, the human cerebral cortex may stand above its limbic system, but our "ancient brain", inherited from our mammalian ancestors, largely determines who we are. The cerebral cortex directs attention and carefully analyzes information, but it is the limbic system that spurs us to action.

Each active biological substance in the brain does a specific job.

The “ancient brain” located in the brain rewards you with a sense of satisfaction when you do something necessary for survival. Each neurotransmitter forms a specific type of behavior, ultimately aimed at solving this problem:

Dopamine motivates to get something you need, even if it involves a lot of effort.

endorphin motivates to ignore pain, thus giving the opportunity to hide from danger in case of injury or injury.

Oxytocin motivates to show trust in relation to others and to the fact that personal safety is easier to ensure in a group.

Serotonin motivates you to earn the respect of your peers. This, in turn, expands marriage opportunities and the ability to protect their offspring.

In the left hemisphere of the brain, responsible for verbal activity, you can formulate the results of various neurotransmitters acting on you in any way, but it is the “ancient brain” that decides what is good and what is not.

"Hormons of happiness" in terms of survival

Dopamine - looking for a reward

Endorphin - ignores physical pain

Oxytocin - builds social bonds

Serotonin - earns respect

Our "ancient brain" inherited from mammals instructs the body to seek out what gives us a rush of "happiness hormones" and reject what brings us discomfort. You can try to keep yourself from doing something that is dictated by an impulse under the influence of neurochemical compounds, but at that moment the brain will give another impulse in order to either achieve what it originally wanted, or somehow get around the obstacle you set up. You are not a slave to your animal instincts, but at the same time you never act purely rationally, even if you are convinced otherwise. You are always looking for opportunities to be comfortable, and then again looking for better ways to enjoy life.

How the brain of various living beings responds to neurochemical impulses

Animals perceive neurochemical impulses without reasoning and rational deliberation. That is why they can help us understand the action of neurotransmitters. This is not about glorifying the role of animals in science, but about studying what exactly “turns on” the generation of “happiness hormones” in our body.

For example, a hungry lion experiences joy at the sight of the prey that he can catch. This is joy not in the philosophical sense of the word, but a state of physical excitement that provides the predator with a surge of energy for hunting. Lions often fail in their hunting attempts, so instinctively they choose their targets carefully, trying not to waste energy in vain. When a lion or lioness sees a gazelle that they think they can "get", their dopamine levels spike, causing their hearts to beat faster and supply energy to their muscles.

A thirsty elephant feels excited when it finds water. The feeling of satisfaction from quenching thirst leads to the release of a large amount of dopamine into the blood, which helps create permanent neural connections in the animal's brain. This will make it easier for him to find water in the future.

The elephant does not need to "try" to remember the signs of the area where there is water. Dopamine automatically creates a neural pathway in his brain. The next time the elephant sees something that looks like a spring or other source of water, electrical impulses will go through the neural circuit and cause a surge of the “happiness hormone”. The excitement experienced by the elephant will tell you: "Here is what you need." When he is thirsty again, the expectation of reward will drive him forward towards the goal. Thus, the "hormones of happiness" ensure the survival of representatives of the animal world without special efforts on their part.