Swamp drainage equipment. Drainage of swamps with the help of drainage systems. Methods for draining a wetland
Soil preparation on the territory consists of several stages, one of which is the draining of the swampy area. Drainage or drainage is carried out in order to regulate the water regime in a place that is flooded with water due to high groundwater.
In order to drain the moistened plot of land, in addition to the drainage system, a well is arranged to collect water.
There are also cases when the site is located in a lowland, then it becomes necessary to drain excess water that has accumulated after floods or heavy rains.
Features of the drainage system
A swamp, as a drained area suitable for further exploitation, is rarely equipped with drainage ditches. This method can be used if the swamp is located in low-lying or straight areas where it is impossible to lay drainage pipes due to lack of bias.
Diagram of the drainage system.
In swampy, flat areas, a canal is dug at the foot of a hill to lower the water level. Drainage can be done independently by digging channels 1-1.5 m deep. To strengthen the walls and prevent them from shedding, they lay cement screed or make them at an angle of 30 °, if the work is to be done on clay buds. Channels require regular cleaning to prevent stagnant water flow.
The solution of underground pipes looks more aesthetically attractive. The modern construction market offers plastic and concrete pipes, which are laid in trenches.
Plastic pipes due to their flexibility are more popular and often used. The joints of the individual elements are not welded, leaving small holes so that water can seep into the ground.
The pipe for removing moisture must have a diameter of at least 8 cm for side outlets, 10 cm for the main one.
Side pipes are laid at a frequency of 1-5 m to the main pipe, if the work is carried out on loamy soil, and 7 m for a sandy area, 10-12 m between the side pipes.
They are connected to the central pipe at an angle of 70°. Such a slope in the area is able to carry out free flow to the central pipe.
The most optimal size for a trench is a width of 0.5 m and a depth of 1 m. When digging a ditch, the upper earth is set aside, since it is a fertile layer that can later be used. After laying the system upper layer fall asleep in place under a slope to ensure the angle of moisture inflow.
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The process of building a drainage system
Scheme of the drainage system.
Drainage is equipped with digging a ditch. The slope of the bottom of the ditch is determined using the building level, beacons and rails. Before proceeding with the laying of pipes, the bottom is shaped into a tray by tamping and smoothing. Crumpled greasy clay does this task best.
After completing this stage of work, the bottom of the ditch in the area is covered with 5-7 cm of broken brick or gravel. The assembly of the structure from pipes, as well as their laying, is carried out from the central pipe. Pottery type pipes are equipped with holes. If you plan to use asbestos-cement pipes, you must independently make cuts about 1/3 of the diameter long and 1 cm wide. The width between the cuts is 10-15 cm. The pipes are laid on the site with cuts up. Experts recommend filling the structure with a layer of gravel from above so that the pipe is in the sleeve. At the final stage, soil is poured from above, having previously covered the joints of the pipes to avoid clogging.
If there is an underground drainage system on the site, pay attention to the depth of tillage during cultivation in order to avoid damage to the system and waterlogging of the site.
If there are places on the site where it is impossible to drain by the method of open ditches or underground drainage with pipes, a brick drainage is constructed. Brick drainage is channels with a section of 12x12 cm. The bottom of such channels is covered with greasy clay. To do this, they dig a trench up to a meter deep along the site with a direction to the well. Up to half of the trench is filled with brick or gravel and covered with soil. As a result of such actions, you get a ditch filled with a porous material that allows water to pass through, moving it towards the well.
Waterlogged soil on the site is always a problem. Unpleasant fumes, hordes of mosquitoes in summer, getting wet garden plants poison the life of lovers of country rest. The swamp needs to dry up. How can I do that?
First of all, you should understand the causes of stagnant water in the soil. Depending on this, develop a strategy to combat this unpleasant phenomenon.
Causes of waterlogging of the soil
It is not so easy for a specialist to figure out what caused the swamp to form. It is useful to inspect neighboring lands, to get acquainted with the surroundings. Here are 2 main reasons for excess soil moisture:
- The site is located in a lowland near a natural reservoir, groundwater comes very close to the surface;
- The natural flow of water after rains is disturbed.
The first reason is less likely to be true - people usually do not take building plots in a swamp. Problems with insufficient water drainage are much more common. The root of the problem could be:
- there is a natural source on the site that feeds the swamp, requiring clearing and drainage of water;
- your garden plot located below the neighboring ones, all the water after the rain flows down to you;
- features of the structure of the layers and relief: a thick layer of clay is located close to the surface, which does not allow rainwater to be absorbed;
How to get rid of the swamp?
The first piece of advice you'll get is to fill the swamp with sand or soil. This is the easiest, cheapest and most wrong way. This method positive results does not bring, sooner or later the swamp returns to its former form. It is an unusually stable ecological system.
It is impossible to displace water by filling. It also won't work to pull it out. There is only one way to completely drain the swamp - to let the water leave this area. To do this, make drainage, through which water will flow. It’s good if she has somewhere to go, but it happens that the site is lower than the neighboring ones or there are obstacles in the way of the running water (building, road). In this case, it is useful to choose a compromise option.
Here are a few good ideas allowing to "dry" the marshy soil. Often these decisions are always the wisest.
Make a pond
Growing up, trees absorb and evaporate more and more water, acting as a constantly working pump. If the soil on the site is heavy, clayey, then the roots of trees, penetrating it in different directions, gradually change its structure.
If the site is large enough, then planting such natural dehumidifiers along its perimeter will be effective, and the efficiency will increase every year.
Make a catchment well and drainage
If the site is small and there is no place for a pond, then you can make a water intake well. It is a construction of concrete rings or plastic container(this option is simpler and more practical). It is protected from clogging and silting with sprinkling and geotextiles. Drainage pipes are brought to the well to collect water from the site.
The water that is collected there can be used for irrigation during dry times or pumped out and discharged through pipes into a natural reservoir.
The water well is considered the best option for a site under which a layer of clay lies, and a layer of fertile soil on top of it is small. Rainwater in such a place does not go deep, so in the spring and during the rains there is a swamp here, in the summer heat the soil dries up. Mosquitoes, silt, the smell of rotting mud - these are the delights of such a site. Growing anything is hard. What does not dry out in the spring will dry up in the summer, but there is no benefit.
You can build a drainage system, including a water intake well and grooves for collecting water, and you can do it yourself. The cost of such a structure is small, and the benefits can be invaluable.
In the event that these measures do not help get rid of the swamp, then only a specialist can help solve the problem. A full-fledged drainage system with all the work is not cheap, but only this way will get rid of the waterlogging of the soil.
On July 10, 1976, a terrible disaster occurred in the small Italian town of Seveso. As a result of an accident at a local chemical plant for the production of trichlorophenol, a huge poisonous cloud containing more than 2 kg escaped into the air. Dioxins are among the most toxic substances on earth. (This amount of dioxins can kill more than 100,000 people). The cause of the accident was a failure in the production process, the pressure and temperature in the reactor rose sharply, the explosion-proof valve worked, and a lethal gas leaked. The leak lasted two or three minutes, the resulting white cloud began to spread with the wind to the southeast and stretched over the city. Then it began to descend and cover the ground in mist. The smallest particles of chemicals fell from the sky like snow, and the air was filled with an acrid chlorine-like smell. Thousands of people were seized by bouts of coughing, nausea, severe pain in the eyes and headache. The plant management considered that there was only a small release of trichlorophenol, which is a million times less toxic than dioxins (no one imagined that they could be contained there).
Plant managers provided a detailed report on the incident only by 12 July. Meanwhile, all this time, unsuspecting people continued to eat vegetables and fruits, as it turned out later, from the area contaminated with dioxins.
The tragic consequences of what happened began to manifest themselves in full measure from July 14. Hundreds of people who received serious poisoning ended up in hospitals. The skin of the victims was covered with eczema, scars and burns, they suffered from vomiting and severe headaches. Pregnant women have experienced an extremely high miscarriage rate. And doctors, relying on information from the company, treated patients for poisoning with trichlorophenol, which is a million times less toxic than dioxins. A mass death of animals began. They received lethal doses of the poison much faster than humans, due to the fact that they drank rainwater and ate grass, which contained high doses of dioxins. On the same day, a meeting of the mayors of the cities of Seveso and nearby Meda was held, at which a plan of priority actions was adopted. The next day, it was decided to burn all the trees, as well as the fruits and vegetables harvested in the contaminated area.
Only 5 days later, a chemical laboratory in Switzerland found that a large amount of dioxins had been released into the atmosphere as a result of a leak. All local doctors were informed about the contamination of the area with dioxins, and a ban was imposed on eating food from the contaminated region.
On July 24, the evacuation of residents from the most contaminated territories began. This area was fenced off with barbed wire and police cordons were set up around it. After that, people in protective overalls entered there to destroy the remaining animals and plants. All vegetation in the most polluted area was burned, in addition to the 25,000 dead animals, another 60,000 were killed. In these areas, a healthy existence of a person is still impossible.
Scientists from the University of Milan conducted a study to study the incidence of cancer in the population of settlements adjacent to the city of Seveso.
More than 36,000 people were under observation and they had a frequency significantly higher than the norm. oncological diseases. From 1976 to 1986, about 500 people died from cancer in the disaster area. In 1977, 39 cases of congenital deformities were recorded there, which is significantly more than before the disaster.
The largest Hungarian industrial and environmental disaster that occurred on October 4, 2010 at an aluminum plant (Ajkai Timfoldgyar Zrt) near the city of Aika (150 km. to Budapest). An explosion occurred at the plant, destroying the platform that held back the toxic waste container. The result was a leak of 1,100,000 cubic meters of highly alkaline red mud. The territories of the regions of Vash, Veszprem and Gyor-Moson-Sopron were flooded. It is known about 10 victims of the accident (another one is considered missing), in total, more than 140 people received chemical burns and injuries due to the accident. Most of the local flora and fauna died. Toxic waste has entered many local rivers, significantly affecting their ecosystems.
Chronology of events:
October 4 at 12.25 - the destruction of the dam. Leakage of 1.1 million cubic meters of pesticide - red mud.
October 7 - the norm of alkali content in the Danube was exceeded (according to the Hungarian Water Resources Control Service). A threat is created to the entire ecosystem of the Danube.
October 9 - the beginning of the evacuation of the population of the affected city of Kolontar due to the threat of a re-spill of sludge.
October 12 - a decision was made to nationalize the company that owns the plant. All victims will receive compensation. According to monitoring data, the amount of toxic substances in the soil is decreasing today, although their level still remains at a dangerous level.
Perhaps the most important environmental problem of the Nile River is the overpopulation of the countries located on the river. The life of the population of these countries is completely dependent on the Nile. Every year the needs of people are growing. The river provides the people with water and electricity. Many wars in the old days were fought over oil, but in today's world, they can be fought over water. It is the Nile great river of the world, having let the history of mankind through its streams, will find itself in the epicenter of the conflict.
Fresh running water has always fueled life on our planet, but now its value is higher than ever. It is estimated that over the next 20 years, the amount of water available to each person will be reduced by a factor of three. It's about Egypt. Since Egypt is downstream, relative to Ethiopia, the question rational use water resources of the Nile, is of a conflict nature. The situation is extremely serious and Egypt has already declared the possibility of war, referring to Ethiopia.
The Nile in Egypt flows almost all the time through the desert, apart from the narrow strips of green irrigated lands bordering on both banks with the river, the entire territory of the country is homeless desert. In the struggle for survival in this desert, the river plays a key role.
Giant dams were built upstream of the Nile in order to meet the needs of electricity, but they also began to delay the flow of the river and ruined the lives of the Egyptian peasants. Previously, this country had one of the most the best soils in the world, but the construction of dams has disrupted the process of silt deposition that naturally enriched this land for many thousands of years. Now the fields bring an extremely meager harvest.
Direct result modern methods the construction of dams - was the decline of agriculture in Egypt, for the first time in history. Peasants are forced to abandon the way of life that has supported the nation for many thousands of years. As the river approaches the southernmost point of the Egyptian border, it becomes hard not to notice that this people is rapidly modernizing and that tourism is replacing agriculture as the mainstay of the Egyptian economy, while the old way of life is gradually becoming a thing of the past.
The construction of a giant dam in Ethiopia can solve many of the problems of the population of this poor country, including providing full electricity. With a positive outcome of this project, it is planned to build several more dams, which in turn will reduce the flow of water resources, located downstream of Egypt, by about half.
Undoubtedly, every country wants to use the priceless wealth of the Nile to the maximum. If a compromise is not found, the further fate of the Nile will be sad. Be that as it may, the river acquired such a specific environmental problem due to population growth, its modernization and increased needs.
In our large country, swamps and wetlands occupy significant areas. On waterlogged soils, ordinary plants cannot grow and develop, which need oxygen all the time to feed their underground parts - roots and rhizomes. Stagnant, still water is quickly deprived of oxygen, and most plants die. Only those who managed to adapt to life in the swamp survive - marsh plants.
Meanwhile, in my own way chemical composition marsh soils are extremely fertile. They can produce high yields of a wide variety of crops. But for this you must first drain the swamp. Then barren, unhealthy lands will turn into the richest fields and pastures. Fat cornfields will grow where only stunted marsh grasses and undersized bushes have recently grown.
In our country, a lot of work is being done to drain and develop swamps. The agriculture of the socialist country has already received millions of hectares of new fertile land.
The draining of swamps is now almost completely mechanized. Soviet scientists and engineers have created many wonderful machines that do all the hard, tedious and monotonous work for people.
How are swamps drained?
First of all, you need to remove excess moisture from the soil, that is, give it a runoff. And the water should, of course, flow into the nearest river. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to deepen and widen the channel of such a river, and in some places even straighten it. Here it is necessary to remove the soil mainly from under the water.
Nowadays, floating and land excavators, as well as suction dredgers, remove soil from the river.
Floating excavators are used in cases where the width of the river allows you to dump the excavated soil on the shore. This soil thrown out by an excavator is leveled by bulldozers.
Floating suction dredgers, depending on their productivity, are used both on large and small rivers. The soil extracted by them from the bottom of the river, mixed with water - the pulp - is pumped through pipes to the shore and spilled over the surface of the soil. You don't need a bulldozer here.
But stagnant swamp water will not flow into the river itself even after its channel has been deepened and widened. For runoff, it is necessary to lay more channels throughout the swamp area. First, they dig the main, i.e., main, channels, then the collector ones. The latter collect water flowing from the swamp through a shallow closed or open drainage network and divert it into the main canal.
An open network of shallow drainage ditches serves to receive and discharge surface water into collector channels, as well as to lower the groundwater level in the area being drained.
Along with an open network of ditches, a closed network - drainages - is used when drying swamps. They are plank, pottery, fascinated or mole. Plank drainage is made from boards, which are hammered together in the form of rectangular pipes. Pottery consists of pottery, i.e. fired, clay pipes. Fashin drainage - from brushwood of various tree species, cleared of leaves and small branches. And, finally, the mole is a system of underground channels resembling mole passages.
The main and collector channels with a depth of 1.5 to 2.5 m are laid by excavators specially adapted for working on swampy soil.
Plow ditchers work on the laying of an open shallow drainage network of ditches. This is a high-performance machine: in an hour it can dig ditches up to 2 km long and up to 80-100 cm deep.
A trench for laying drainage is dug using a bucket-wheel excavator or a plow ditcher, then drainage is lowered into it and covered with earth from above.
For laying mole drainage, mole plows and molehill drainage machines have been created. They are set in motion by a tractor specially equipped for working on marsh soil.
Immediately after laying the channels, their slopes are strengthened with turf or sown with grasses to avoid landslides and landslides.
But time passes, and open channels and ditches are gradually covered with sand or silt, overgrown with swamp grasses, become shallow, collapse and, as a result, they begin to drain water poorly, or even become completely clogged. You have to periodically clean and repair them.
So, the swamp is drained. All of it was covered with a network of large and small channels. Stagnant water, accumulated in the soil for years, flows freely through these channels into the nearest river. But this is only the first part of the work of land reclamators - this is the name of people involved in the radical improvement of the natural conditions of lands with an unfavorable water regime. Now the drained swamp needs to be mastered, prepared for crops of cultivated plants. Special cleaning machines are used to repair and clean ditches and canals: some for cleaning the ditches of a small drainage network, others for cleaning collector and main canals.
The first step is to clear the soil of small shrubs, stumps, bumps and wood residues. You can't do much with an ax and a shovel - this is a very laborious task.
A brush cutter mounted on a tractor easily cuts bushes and small trees, removes bumps.
However, it is beneficial to use brush cutters in cases where the swamp is overgrown not only with shrubs, but also with small forests. If the shrub is without undergrowth, it is simply plowed deep into the ground. This work is performed by a unit for plowing a bush. Such a hydraulically controlled unit, driven by a tractor, consists of two parts: a hollow drum and a ski with a knife are hung in front of the tractor, and a plow body behind. The drum, rotating, tilts the shrub forward and presses it to the surface of the soil; the knife cuts the layer with rhizomes in a vertical plane, and the plow body wraps the layer and plows the shrub to a depth of 20 to 50 cm.
Uprooting stumps and removing wood residues is one of the most difficult jobs in the development of drained marshes. The stumps are uprooted by the direct pull of a tractor with hooks on chains or cables, or by a grubber, or by a powerful bulldozer that turns out huge stumps, or by a grubber-gatherer.
After cleaning the drained area from shrubs, stumps, tussocks and wood residues, its preparation for agricultural use begins. It includes three processes: plowing, cutting the layer and rolling.
The plowing of peat soils of a drained swamp should be deep, with complete incorporation of the surface vegetation cover. For this, special swamp plows with a wide grip are used, which plow the earth to a depth of 50 cm, while wrapping the layer and embedding all vegetation deep into the soil.
The layer of earth wrapped with a plow must then be loosened to the greatest possible depth so that oxygen freely penetrates into the soil. The layer is loosened with disc harrows or special milling machines.
Then the surface of the drained swamp is rolled - leveled with special swamp bulk rollers.
The drainage of swamps leads to a change in the general hydrological regime of the territory and turns them from ecosystems that fix carbon into territories that release carbon dioxide during the mineralization of peat, which occurs when it dries out due to aerobic microbiological processes. Drainage caused great damage to the Non-Chernozem in the European part of Russia, where thousands of rivers and streams disappeared and the general drying up of the territory began, the yield of field crops and meadows decreased. In a number of cases, arable land on drained peatlands turned out to be unproductive.[ ...]
Drainage consists in an artificial decrease in the level of groundwater in swamps, which leads to a change in the ratio of elements of the water balance and the redistribution of runoff. This is achieved by creating artificial drainage. In the practice of reclamation work, the drainage of marshes is carried out using a system of open drainage ditches or closed drains (“molehills”). The waters flowing into the swamp from the outside are intercepted by "upland" ditches. In some cases, in the subtropics, the level can be reduced by planting eucalyptus trees, which have a high transpiration capacity, in combination with calming.[ ...]
Drained swamps are of great value for the national economy. On drained lowland bogs, a highly productive Agriculture: swamps are sown with fodder, grain, vegetable crops etc. The highest yields are obtained when creating double-acting drainage systems: acting as drainage devices during periods of excess moisture and as moisturizing (irrigating) during periods of its lack.[ ...]
Drainage of waterlogged forest lands is an effective way to increase wood growth. However, not all wetland forests are responsive to drainage. Thus, observations in Polissya showed that it is not advisable to drain raised peat bogs with pine forests growing on them. Draining transitional bogs for growing forests gives the greatest silvicultural efficiency.[ ...]
After draining the marshes, the forest floor develops diverse flora cap saprophytic fungi, producing a gradual mineralization of the forest litter and decomposition of the layers of peat underlying it. Ultimately, this leads to the formation of very fertile soils.[ ...]
However, dehumidification should be carried out within reasonable limits. A decrease in the level of groundwater during the drainage of swamps by more than 1.5 m from the soil surface contributes to the rapid oxidation of peat and the removal nutrients into drainage ditches. With a further decrease in their level, the root-inhabited horizon is separated from the capillary border, which leads to the death of forests.[ ...]
Massive drainage of swamps, deforestation, change in the direction of river flow, etc. forms of anthropogenic activity bad influence on various ecological systems in the form of the destruction of the stable links that have developed in them and certain ecological characteristics on a planetary scale (for example, an ecologically stable system, the Earth has a constant mass and a constant average temperature) and caused the threat of global environmental disasters.[ ...]
Protection of raised bogs. Raised bogs play an important role in maintaining ecological balance. environment, established natural complexes. They serve as a source of power for many rivers, regulate spring runoff, making floods less turbulent and destructive; the spring and rain waters accumulated in them maintain the level of groundwater that feeds the surrounding fields and meadows. In addition, swamps are a habitat for game birds, animals and give rich harvests of berries. IN harvest years up to 3 t/ha of cranberries, 2 t/ha of lingonberries and blueberries, a lot of blueberries and other berries are harvested from swamps. In monetary terms, this gives income several times greater than arable land of the same area. For these reasons, the drainage of swamps must be approached with extreme caution, carefully weighing possible consequences.[ ...]
In a number of cases, after the swamps were drained, the resulting damage turned out to be much greater than the expected positive effect, as a result of which the swamps had to be restored again, spending additional funds on this.[ ...]
In the presence of vivianite in drained swamps, the positive effect of phosphate fertilizers is usually insignificant or practically absent.[ ...]
Massive deforestation, drainage of swamps, along with the ever-increasing consumption of previously buried organic compounds, contribute to an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere.[ ...]
The role of swamps in the natural balance is absolutely indispensable. They are important regulators of river flow, accumulating excess moisture during a flood and gradually releasing it with the onset of a dry period. Ill-considered, uncontrolled drainage of swamps often irreversibly upsets this balance, turning water meadows into barren solonchaks, depriving arable lands of moisture.[ ...]
Drainage (from English - drain) - drainage of agricultural land with the help of special hydraulic structures (wells, canals, ditches, etc.). Drainage is used as a mandatory technique for draining swamps, in combating water erosion of soils, protecting land transport communications, from landslides, floods, etc.[ ...]
copper fertilizers. They are used in drained swamps and peat soils under flax, hemp, sugar beet.[ ...]
It is necessary to note the success of the British in draining the swampy soils and coastal lowlands. The second example of this kind (it is the first in time) is Holland, where at the same time the previously carried out drainage of lakes and sea estuaries sharply intensified. For a period of 10-15 years on a drained polder, with the use of fertilizers, alfalfa crops, the soil "more productive than natural" was obtained. True, the labor required was incredible, and the people who farmed here had a proverb: “The first farmer dies, the second suffers, the third lives” (Bondarev, 1979, p. 52).[ ...]
It is most effective when fertilizing drained swamps, on carbonate peat soils, as well as soils containing little copper. Wheat, sugar beet, sunflower, peas respond well to pyrite cinders. The rate of application to the soil is 5-6 kg / ha. As a water-insoluble fertilizer, it is not suitable for seed treatment and foliar feeding. In Bashkiria, waste from copper smelters in the Trans-Urals should be widely tested as copper fertilizers.[ ...]
DRAINAGE [fr. drainage from English. drain - drain] - a method of draining waterlogged lands by diverting surface and groundwater (so-called. drainage water) with the help of special ditches and underground pipes - drains. D. is used in draining swamps, in the fight against water erosion of soils, in the protection of land transport communications from landslides, floods, etc.; in the southern regions - for desalinization of saline soils. DUPLICATION ECOLOGICAL - relative functional interchangeability of populations (coenopopulations) of species of one trophic group in an ecosystem. D.e. - one of the mechanisms for ensuring the reliability (sustainability) of ecosystems, since with D.e. extinct or destroyed species, as a rule, is replaced by a functionally similar one.[ ...]
Despite the fact that the area of peat bogs alone in the world is more than 1 million km, a serious problem has now arisen in the protection of peat bogs. For this purpose, as well as to study the prospects for their rational use, a special international organization was created in 1967, uniting scientists from 18 countries. The rate of drainage of swamps is now so high that in many places it threatens their complete disappearance. However, such an outcome is completely unacceptable. Even purely economic aspects convince of this: for example, according to American data, only leasing hunting grounds in swamps, with huts and huts, gives more profit than turning these swamps into agricultural areas. Usually, hundreds of species of birds and valuable fur-bearing animals (nutrias, muskrats) are found in abundance in swamps. Often, swamps are magnificent berry fields: there, without any use of human labor and fertilizers, 2 quintals of cranberries grow, 7-8 quintals of cloudberries per hectare.[ ...]
Russian foresters have long shown an interest in the issues of draining swampy forest lands and thus increasing the productivity of the forest. Drainage of wetland forests carried out in Leningrad region, the Baltic States, Belarus and the central regions of Russia, indicates the indisputable positive effect of drying on forest growth. In the 80s of the last century, work was carried out on the study and drainage of swamps in the provinces of Novgorod (begun in 1875), Olonetsk and Yaroslavl (begun in 1879), Pskov (1880) and some others. But the experience of draining forest lands is not widespread. This was hindered by socio-economic conditions and low level techniques of that time.[ ...]
Disappears as a result of destruction of habitats (due to drainage of swamps, development of peatlands). It is necessary to organize reserves in the most representative places in various parts of the range.[ ...]
Shreter E. I. News of the work done in the Ryabova manor during the drainage of swamps. - Proceedings of the VEO, part 3, St. Petersburg, 1783, pp. 3-25. .[ ...]
Surface-layered peat extraction is mechanized. After draining the swamp, it is processed with a cutter, tooth or disc harrow, to a depth of 5-10 cm; as soon as this layer dries up, peat is raked into heaps with special large shovels (on horse or tractor traction). Peat dried in them can be taken out to the field in winter. It is better to make it as a pair for winter crops.[ ...]
US water experts were the first to realize that the indiscriminate draining of swamps and shallow lakes to expand agricultural land and industrial sites, and eliminate breeding sites for mosquitoes and other unpleasant insects, was a thing of the past. Drainage damage water systems, which leads to a change in the fertility of soils that have lost the regulation of flow in low water, the death of the animal world and, above all, birds, far exceeds the benefit from the formation of new fields. In the United States, they developed and implemented a revival program, as they call it, "bogs." By 2000, 16 thousand hectares of swamps in the upper reaches of the Mississippi and the state of Alabama have been restored. The work was carried out by dredging and alluvium.[ ...]
solid waste used to be placed in coastal areas, including areas for draining swamps. However, this method turned out to be unsatisfactory: almost catastrophic pollution of spawning areas and habitats of oysters was observed. These and other environmental factors have necessitated the prohibition of such waste disposal practices.[ ...]
Human intervention in nature upsets the existing balance. Deforestation, drainage of swamps, destruction of dams and straightening of channels lead to the fact that spring waters freely roll into rivers and go into the sea. Stormy spring streams wash away the slopes and banks, silt up the channels and close the springs. Soil erosion is facilitated by cutting down coastal shrubs and plowing land to the water's edge.[ ...]
A high effect is obtained from some phosphorus and especially potash fertilizers in the meadows of drained swamps and mineral soils poor in potassium.[ ...]
Habitat disturbance due to deforestation, plowing of steppes and fallow lands, drainage of swamps, flow regulation, creation of reservoirs and other anthropogenic impacts radically changes the conditions for the reproduction of wild animals, their migration routes, which has a very negative impact on their numbers and survival.[ .. .]
Today's reduction of the relict taiga in Russia is mainly due to deforestation and drainage of swamps. But on an increasingly large scale, the influence of the construction of transport routes and industrial zones for the extraction and processing of minerals begins to affect.[ ...]
Habitat disturbance, due to deforestation and burning, plowing of steppes and fallow lands, drainage of swamps, regulation of runoff, creation of reservoirs and other anthropogenic impacts, radically changes the conditions for the reproduction of wild animals, their migration routes, which has a very negative impact on their numbers and survival. . Habitat destruction recognized main reason extinction of species or reduction in their numbers. It has put more than 390 species of vertebrate animals in a threatening state, which, excluding pollution factors, is 50% of all other causes of their extinction (Yablokov et al., 1985).[ ...]
When assessing the impact on flora and fauna, it is necessary to determine the areas of deforestation and drainage of swamps, the impact zone of pollutants discharged by the facility, changes in land use in the construction area, as well as the negative consequences associated with the listed factors. Information about the state of vegetation on certain territory should be linked to the parameters of the relief and soil characteristics. At the same time, it is necessary to group forest, meadow and other parts of the territory according to the main taxonometric features, highlighting common plant associations and indicating the degree of their disturbance (degradation).[ ...]
An increase in the productivity of forests is also achieved by replacing tree plantations with more productive species, and by draining swamps. The main form of forest care is thinning. It is known that natural thinning of the forest occurs with age. Foresters have replaced this process with an artificial one. They cut low-value trees and create favorable conditions for the growth and development of a good-quality forest stand. Carrying out thinning contributes to the formation of forests from trees of valuable tree species and High Quality, accelerate growth and increase forest productivity. In addition, when old and infected trees are removed, the sanitary condition of the forest improves. Thinning and sanitary cuttings are also carried out in the young. In 1999, thinning and sanitary felling amounted to 19.5 million m3. A decrease in the volume of these cuttings can lead to a deterioration in the quality of forests.[ ...]
Mounted swamp cutter FBN-0.9. Working width 0.9 m. Designed to destroy soil layers after plowing in drained swamps and wetlands, as well as to destroy organic or mineral hummocks in meadows and pastures. It is aggregated with tractors DT-54A and DT-55A.[ ...]
Let us also mention that on far north, on the Arkhangelsk experimental field, superphosphate gives large growths of grasses in a drained swamp, and the figures are of the following order: without fertilizer - 70 pounds of hay, with superphosphate - 270 pounds, and the effect of superphosphate lasts for several years (see the reports of I. I. Benevolensky in "Northern economy").[ ...]
Deforestation, an increase in the area of deserts, the replacement of natural cenoses by highly specialized agrocenoses, the drainage of swamps, the creation of artificial reservoirs change the albedo earth's surface and structure of the natural cycle chemical elements. All ego adversely affects the climate and the productivity of the biota.[ ...]
Compared to snow, peat is not only a spatial, but also a temporal indicator of pollution, since peat bogs accumulate information about environmental pollution over a long period of time. Raised bogs provide the most reliable data due to the low geochemical background and slow biological cycle. The informativity of drained swamps significantly decreases when studying the dynamics of pollution (Doncheva, Kazakov et al., 1992). Vegetation is widely used as indicators of geosystem disturbances, in particular, to the optimal indicators early stages violations of the landscapes of the forest zone include epiphytic lichen and moss vegetation. Soil, including soil microflora, is a good indicator in studying the response to catastrophe.[ ...]
Human economic activity in the catchment area of the river and its banks also affects the hydrological regime. Drainage of swamps, withdrawal of water for domestic and industrial needs, discharges Wastewater and so on. lead to a change in the flow of the river. Particular attention should be paid to cases when water is withdrawn for household needs from the catchment area of one river, and the water is used or returned to nature in the catchment area of another. This greatly affects the natural distribution of water and can lead to the drying of some areas and waterlogging of others.[ ...]
In the zone of increased moisture, the main factor influencing the water balance is drainage reclamation. Drainage of swamps leads to drying up and sedimentation of the peat layer. At first, the runoff increases somewhat, but in different landscapes this process occurs in different ways and depends on the subsequent use of these territories. When creating on-site bo-. a lot of highly productive agricultural land, it may be necessary to periodically apply artificial irrigation to ensure transpiration. In general, any measures to intensify agriculture and increase productivity, and hence transpiration, lead to a restructuring of the water balance in the direction of reducing surface runoff.[ ...]
On soil maps or simply on land use plans, plots of newly developed lands are highlighted (from under uprooted forests, drained swamps), as well as floodplains and excessively moist soils, solonetzic soil spots, etc., since special plans for the use of fertilizers are developed for such plots .[ ...]
Often, the quality of soils and their structure deteriorate due to the imperfection of the technologies of agrochemical measures - land irrigation, drainage of swamps, deforestation, digging channels, etc. They are the main reasons for the destruction of humus, water and wind erosion of soils, its leaching (replacement of calcium in it with potassium).[ ...]
Change in animal habitats is the most common phenomenon, which has taken on enormous proportions. Deforestation, plowing the steppes, draining swamps, building reservoirs and canals, building roads, etc. radically changed the face of entire continents. Naturally, these changes turned out to be unfavorable for a number of animals, and either the species died out or their numbers drastically decreased, often they were preserved only in protected areas.[ ...]
Anthropogenic vegetation is a plant community resulting from human activities: crops, tree planting, livestock grazing, swamp drainage, etc. The relationship between atmospheric pollution and the circulation of substances is shown in fig. 8.[ ...]
The protection of the white crane perfectly illustrates the possibilities of saving rare birds. However, such an event requires a lot of effort. This crane was once a common bird in the swamps of North America. Direct persecution and drainage of swamps led to the fact that at the beginning of the 20th century. he disappeared as a nesting bird in the USA. In Canada, only 20-30 birds survived, the nesting sites of which were unknown. In 1937, they found their last wintering place in the Arkansas Reserve in the swampy meadows of Texas, where by 1941 only 15 birds remained. Only in 1954 were their nests discovered in a remote corner of the Canadian Wood Buffalo National Park.[ ...]
In general, it is not difficult to guess that, as the population grows, people will be forced to transform all new mature (climax) ecosystems into simple young productive ones (for example, by destroying tropical forests, draining swamps, etc.). To maintain these systems at a "young" age, the use of fuel and energy resources will increase. In addition, there will be a loss of species (genetic) diversity and natural landscapes (Table 10.1).[ ...]
Large-scale transformations of nature - the plowing of virgin lands, the construction of giant hydroelectric power plants with the construction of large reservoirs and the flooding of floodplain territories, river diversion projects, the construction of large agro-industrial complexes, the drainage of swamps - all these are powerful environmental risk factors for nature and humans.[ ...]
Despite past successes, soil conservation tends to be resting on its laurels and is lagging behind the times. For example, too much effort is currently being made to increase the area of arable land; huge sums of money are spent on regulation, draining of swamps, etc., and at the same time, nothing is done to save the excellent lands from the destruction associated with poorly planned urban development. Land surveyor training programs are largely outdated; they should be expanded, increasing the role of the exact and social sciences in them, introducing courses on the ecology of pollution and human ecology. In other words, the problem of soil protection, in particular, and the science of land use in general, should focus not only on agriculture and forestry, but also deal with the rural-urban landscape complex, where the most pressing problems now exist (see Yu. Odum, 1969a ).[ ...]
In developed countries, plowing of land has stabilized. It is considered economically more profitable to intensify agriculture than to expand arable land. It is believed that the area of arable land can be increased to 20-25% of the land area by irrigating lands in arid conditions, draining marshes and shallow waters, clearing undergrowth, and removing stones. According to the FAO, up to 70% of the world's land resources fall on unproductive lands.[ ...]
In field experiments, in addition to species, forms, doses, time and methods of application, a combination of agrochemistry issues with cultivation methods of a particular crop, varieties of agricultural plants, features of soil and climatic zones (liming acidic soils, gypsuming of solonetzes, drainage of swamps in the northern regions, irrigation in areas of insufficient moisture), organizational and economic conditions, etc. general guidelines on the experimental case and the use of additional literature.[ ...]
Oxygen technogenic barriers arise most often when pumping gley (rarely hydrogen sulfide) water from mines, adits, quarries and wells. These barriers, like the considered alkaline barriers, do not affect the general course of element migration in the biosphere. However, there are also technogenic oxygen barriers that arise over large areas. They are the result of swamp drainage and control the migration of Re, Mn, Co on a scale approaching the biospheric one. Even more dangerous are the consequences of the oxidation of previously buried large masses of undecomposed organic matter (mainly peat) on these barriers. The extent of these effects can be judged from terrible fires in the Moscow region in 2002. Extinguishing these fires with all modern means for several months did not give positive results. Only the beginning of the rainy season led to the elimination of fires. You should think about this before drawing up plans for draining the swamps of Siberia and creating new oxygen barriers.[ ...]
In the practice of water treatment, various technological methods and methods for improving water quality are used. The choice of rational schemes for the treatment of natural and waste water presents significant difficulties. This is due to the complexity of the composition of natural and waste waters and high requirements for the quality of treatment; a change in the composition of the water of the reservoir as a result of the discharge of effluents from new industrial enterprises, the development of water transport, the drainage of swamps (located upstream), the expansion of peat mines, etc. Such violations complicate not only the design of new, but also the improvement of long-operated treatment facilities. The considerations underlying the classification developed by us made it possible, using the example of natural water treatment, to systematize existing methods water treatment.[ ...]
There are about 5,000 small rivers in the Urals economic region, with a total length of over 110,000 km (that is, the vast majority). Small rivers are intensively used for water supply and irrigation and bear the main burden of anthropogenic impact: pollution by industrial and domestic wastewater of various degrees of purification, clogging with wood and wood waste, silting due to natural erosion and discharges from the mining industry, swamping and disturbance by drainage processing, depletion and drying up due to deforestation, drainage of marshes, etc. mode parameters necessary for forecasting the state and planning the use of river resources.
