Black branches on the plum. Plum protection from pests and diseases (photo and description). Calendar of preventive measures

Visible signs of fungal or insect damage on the plant indicate an active stage of infection. In such a situation, it is necessary to start the fight as quickly and efficiently as possible. The section that discusses the main plum diseases and their treatment in pictures will help determine the cause of the plant's wilting, find methods of control and save the crop.

Plum leaf diseases: the best remedies for protection and treatment

Diseases of stone fruit leaves gradually spread to the branches of the tree, affecting the entire plant. Considering plum diseases and their treatment with a photo, special attention should be paid to fungal infections, since they are more common and thanks to timely diagnosis and the use of the necessary means, affected plants can be quickly cured and healthy ones can be protected from the spread of spores.

Clasterosporium - perforated spotting (lat. Clasterosporium )

The disease is fungal. Clasterosporiasis is caused by the fungus Clasterosporium carpophilum.

The first signs of damage include brown spots on the leaves, framed by a dark border. Gradually, the infected tissues die off and fall out, and a through hole forms in their place. The disease further affects the covers of the tree, spots of a reddish hue lead to the appearance of cracks in the bark and the release of gum.

In order to prevent perforated plum disease, it is necessary to remove plant debris in time and burn them, treat gum wounds with copper sulphate, and remove near-trunk shoots. Treatment of plants with 1% Bordeaux liquid will help to overcome the fungus:

during the appearance of buds;
immediately after flowering;
2 weeks after flowering.

In case of severe damage, plums are treated with Hom systemic fungicide. It is recommended to carry out another spraying 20 days before harvest. The rate of use of the substance: 30 g per 10 liters of water. Effective against: Kurpoksat, Skor, Horus.

The following varieties are highly resistant to perforated spotting: Renklod purple and green, Anna Shpet, Vengerka, Kirk.

Polystigmosis - red spotting (lat. Polystigma)

Polystigmosis refers to common fungal infections, the spores of which, with high humidity at the end of spring, affect the plum - diseases and treatment with a photo, as well as detailed description external signs will help to recognize what exactly the tree is infected with and begin processing.

Small red spots appear on the leaves of trees, which gradually dry out and die. The main preventive measure is the cleaning of plant debris and the burning of fallen leaves in the fall, since it is on them that the pathogenic fungus hibernates.

If symptoms are detected, it is necessary to carry out an uprooting treatment of plants and soil in the near-stem circles with 1% copper sulphate before bud development begins. Further control methods are the use of fungicides Oksikhom, Skor, Topaz. Spraying is carried out before flowering, at the end, and after harvesting.

Most resistant varieties: Renklod Altana and green, Ochakovskaya, Hungarian.

Plum coccomycosis (lat. Coccomyces)

Very often, the tree dies due to improper treatment of coccomycosis. Thanks to our material, you will be able to determine in a timely manner what the plum is affected by, the diseases - the photos of which we have provided, will help to recognize the infection and apply the necessary remedies.

The causative agent is the fungus Coccomyces hiemalis. It affects all types of stone fruit crops. The main symptoms: in early summer, the upper side of the leaves is covered with small brownish spots, and the lower side is powdery pink.

Coccomycosis lends itself effective treatment with the help of Horus and Abiga-peak preparations strictly according to the instructions. No less effective is lime treatment (0.1 kg per 10 liters of water). Spraying is carried out at the beginning of bud break.

For prevention purposes, it is necessary to carefully remove and destroy all plant debris on the site, since the fungus is easily carried by the wind. Plum varieties resistant to coccomycosis: Bogatyrskaya, Dashenka, Alyonushka.

Plum fruit diseases: photo, description, treatment and prevention

Stone fruit crops need additional protection during the pouring and ripening of the crop. Fungal plum diseases that affect fruits are dangerous for the crop, and their treatment consists in creating the necessary conditions, observing care, and also preventive treatments. If such measures are not taken, the number of fruits can be reduced by up to 60%.

Stone fruit moniliosis (lat. Monilia cinerea Bonord)

Stone fruit plants are often affected by the fungus Monilia cinerea. In the people, this disease is called fruit or gray rot.

Plum fruits begin to rot and become covered with gray growths (the body of the fungus). Tree branches wither and look burnt.

For preventive purposes, carrion should be collected regularly throughout the season, cut off the affected parts of plants, and burned. It is necessary to actively fight insects that are carriers of the disease.

To combat moniliosis, plums use the drug Skor, treating plants according to the instructions. In autumn, during the period of leaf fall, it is recommended to treat trees with a 3% Bordeaux mixture.

Plum varieties resistant to moniliosis: Award, Edinburgh, Venus.

Plum pockets (lat. Taphina pruni)

The marsupial fungus Taphina pruni infects the fruits of plums and cherry plums. Growing fruits do not form a stone, their flesh grows and deteriorates, acquiring a brown color. The fruits lose their shape, quickly deteriorate and fall off.

Similar plum diseases, photos and descriptions of which you will find in our article, hibernate in the bark and scales of the kidneys. A favorable condition for active development is high humidity during the flowering period.

As a preventive measure, it is necessary to remove plant debris and infected parts of plants in a timely manner. Fallen fruits should be collected and burned until a wax coating appears on them (before the spores begin to disperse). For protection, it is recommended to spray the trees with a mixture of Bordeaux, 1% copper sulfate or 3% iron sulfate during the formation of buds, and at the end of flowering.

Late plum varieties with a long flowering period are prone to damage: Memory of Temiryazev, Valor, Golden Drop.

Plum pests and their control, photos and signs of appearance

Fruit mite (lat. Panonychus ulmi)

The small insect has a brown body 0.5 mm long. The fruit mite feeds on the juice of leaves and buds, as a result of which they turn brown and fall off early. Red shiny eggs hibernate on the surface of the bark.

Among folk methods control often use strong-smelling infusions (for example, garlic), which repel pests. A simple recipe based on mustard: 10 g of powder must be infused for 2 days in 1 liter of water. The resulting liquid is diluted in a ratio of 1:5, and the plants are treated in early spring during kidney development.

Yellow plum sawfly (lat. Hoplocampa flava L.)

The larvae damage the fruits at the ovary stage. They feed on plum pits and pulp. An adult insect belongs to Hymenoptera, and has a brown body up to 5 mm long. Damaged fruits do not develop and quickly deteriorate, have an unpleasant smell of excrement of the larva.

Trees are treated before flowering with Karbofos, Cyanox, Gordon preparations. For prevention, it is necessary to observe the agricultural technology of stone fruits. Since the larvae in the soil remain viable for several years, you should regularly dig up the ground in the circumferential circles.

Among folk recipes, wormwood infusion and spruce needles. The strong fragrance repels unwanted insects. Just 2 tablespoons of infusion in a bucket of water is enough.

Outcome

When choosing a plum variety, it is recommended to give preference to those that are resistant to common diseases. This will avoid a lot of hassle in the future. Proper Care and prevention will completely avoid the use of aggressive chemicals, and folk recipes help fight infection in the early stages.

We propose to consider this plum disease and its treatment in detail, since it is very common.

The causative agent of black nodularity is a fungus Plowrightia morbosa (Schw.) Sacc. Young and older shoots thicken, spindle-shaped soft greenish swellings appear, which gradually harden and crack. The developing mycelium gives them a velvety black color. The growths increase, which causes deformation of the affected branches, and the development of the mycelium leads to the death of the wood and the drying of the branches. The infection persists in the wood of affected branches. The disease is often found on apricots.

Look at the typical signs of this plum disease in the photo, where they are illustrated:

Control measures. Timely pruning and burning of branches with black knots, disinfection of cuts with 1% copper sulphate and smearing oil paint. Preventive spraying of trees in spring at bud break with Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

The causative agent of this plum tree disease is a fungus Phellinus igniarius (L.: Fr.) Quel. Plum trunk disease called false tinder fungus causes white core rot of wood. Distributed on the trunks of plums, cherries, sweet cherries, pears, on deciduous forest species trees. A typical sign of plum bark disease is streaks and black lines in the tissues of the affected wood. Fruiting bodies are perennial, hoof-shaped, cushion-shaped, occasionally nodular, prostrate.

The surface is greyish-black or black-brown, with concentric grooves and usually deep fissures. Edge obtuse, rarely pointed. The fabric is woody, very hard, dark brown or rusty brown. The hymenophore is rusty-brown, sometimes with a grayish bloom, usually located at a right angle to the trunk.

Look at the characteristic signs of plum disease in the photo, which shows the differences between healthy and damaged bark and wood:

Effective protection of plums from diseases caused by other tinder fungi must be timely.

Look at these plum diseases and the fight against them in the photo, which shows both signs of damage and agrotechnical measures for treatment:

Trutovik red plum.

The causative agent is a fungus Phellinus tuberculosus (Baumg.) Niem. (syn. Ph. poraaceus (Pers.) Maire). Plum red tinder fungus causes rot of the core of trunks and branches, sometimes sapwood (in cherries) is also affected. In the affected tissue, there is a strong yellowing with brown stripes along the edges, the rot spreads up and down the trunk, often the roots are affected. Infection occurs through frost holes, cuts and mechanical damage. All stone fruits, bird cherry, hawthorn, sometimes apple and pear are affected.

Fruit bodies are small, in the form of thick woody caps or hoof-shaped, with a prostrate base, nodular or terrace-like fused. The surface is initially velvety, later glabrous, smooth or fissured, sometimes indistinctly furrowed, with a dull, barren reddish margin, brownish-gray to black or yellowish-brown. The fabric is brownish-rusty. The hymenophore is reddish, becoming brownish-tobacco in color with a grayish bloom with age.

The fungus is flat.

The causative agent is a fungus Ganoderma lipsiense (Batsch.) G. F. Atk. (syn. Ganoderma applanatum (Pers. ex Wallr.) Pat.). The flat tinder fungus causes white or yellowish-white rot of the wood, as a result of which the trees break easily. It affects weakened, drying hardwoods, plums, cherries, pears, apple trees, etc. Infection occurs on the roots, at the base of the bole, from where the mycelium spreads upward along the core. Fruiting bodies in the form of lateral, usually single flat caps, often very large, 20-50 cm wide. There is a thin hard crust. The fabric is cork-felt, dark brown, often with white efflorescence. Hymenophore white at first, later brownish.

The causative agent is a fungus Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.: Fr.) Murr. The sulphurous yellow tinder fungus causes brown core rot, which spreads quickly through the wood. The affected tissue cracks and fills with whitish films of mycelium. The tinder fungus is found on cherries, less often on cherries, pears, hardwoods. Fruit bodies are large (up to 40 cm), in the form of thick fan-shaped or spatulate wavy caps located in the bed. The surface is bare, light orange or orange-pink, turning pale when dry. The fabric is white or creamy soft, watery-fleshy, hardens when dried, brittle. The hymenophore is lemon yellow or gray in color.

Control measures. Cutting and burning of fruiting bodies, disinfection of all saw cuts, cuts, frost holes, mechanical damage with 1% copper sulphate, smearing with oil paint on natural drying oil. Timely removal and burning of dried trees along with their roots. Preventive annual spring spraying of gardens before leafing out with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

The description of this plum disease must begin with the fact that its causative agent is a fungus Ovularia circumscissa Sorok . The spots on the leaves are large, concentric, oval or rounded, merging, Brown and without edging. Over time, a gray coating of sporulation of the fungus develops on the surface of the necrotic tissue, the affected tissues crack and fall out. Leaves turn brown and fall prematurely. The infection persists in the affected plant debris.

Having studied the proposed description of the plum disease with photographs, you can begin to study the methods of treating ovular spotting:

Control measures. Collection and composting of fallen affected leaves. Preventive spraying of trees in the spring before flowering and immediately after it with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak). With the mass spread of spotting, repeated sprayings are carried out in the summer, taking into account the waiting time for preparations, and after harvesting the fruits.

Black plum leaves.

The causative agent of plum leaf disease is a saprotrophic fungus Fumago vagans Pers. The disease manifests itself in early summer, when the young leaves and petioles of the plum are covered with a sooty coating in the form of an easily washable black film. The fungus develops on the sweet secretions of aphids, which are always abundant at the beginning of summer. The formation of a dense film has a bad effect on the growth and development of young leaves and shoots, as the efficiency of the photosynthesis process decreases. And this leads to a decrease in productivity and decorativeness of trees.

Control measures. Preventive spraying before flowering or immediately after it against a complex of pests, including aphids, with one of the preparations: fufanon, kemifos, fitoverm, actellik, spark, Inta-Vir. Soot deposits are washed off with water and trees are sprayed with 1% -1 Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes. It is very effective in this case to use a tank mixture of drugs: Fufanon (10 ml) + HOM (or Abiga-Peak) (40 g / 10 l | water). Spraying is carried out before flowering, immediately after flowering and, if necessary, after picking berries. This processing effective against a complex of pests and diseases on all berry, fruit and ornamental plants in the garden.

Plum rust.

The causative agent is a heterogeneous fungus Riscinia prunispinosae Pers. syn. Tranzchelia prunispinosae /Pers./Diet./. The ecidial stage develops on the ranunculus anemone, uredinio- and teliosporation - on stone fruit leaves.

Rust affects plums and sloes, and to a lesser extent apricots, almonds and peaches. The fungus overwinters on fallen diseased leaves, infects anemone in spring, and in summer spores infect plum or apricot leaves.

Small yellowish spots form on the leaves, on the underside of which brown convex sporulation pads develop. Affected leaves dry out prematurely and fall off. The infection persists in the affected plant debris and in anemone rhizomes.

Control measures. Collection and removal of plant residues and weeds, especially anemones. Preventive spraying of trees immediately after flowering with a 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

Milky sheen can be non-infectious and infectious. The first is caused by adverse environmental factors, primarily the freezing of fruit trees. The leaves of most of the crown acquire a gray color with a metallic sheen, become rigid, the wood of the branches does not change. Affected leaves fall prematurely, which weakens the trees and reduces their winter hardiness.

Infectious milky sheen causes fungus Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Fr . , which is a secondary infection when trees freeze in winter time. Stem rot develops, affecting first individual branches, and gradually the whole tree. The affected wood on the cross section has brown spots of various sizes, and the leaves acquire a silvery hue due to the formation of air cavities under the skin.

In mid-June, the affected leaves are deformed, covered with brown spots and, starting from the tip, dry out. On dying branches, leathery fruiting bodies are formed in the form of thin plates 2-3 cm wide, and the trees gradually dry out. The infection persists in the affected wood. Milky sheen affects all fruit trees and many hardwoods.

Control measures. Compliance with all the requirements of agricultural technology for growing fruit crops, pruning dry branches, removing dried trees. Disinfection of all saw cuts and mechanical damage with 1% copper sulphate, smearing with oil paint. Annual preventive spraying of gardens before flowering and immediately after it with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

The causative agent of this disease of plum fruits is a fungus Cladosporium car pophilum (Thume) Oud . Affects plum, apricot, peach.

This plum disease and its treatment with a photo are presented further on the page: all signs and methods of struggle are considered.

The disease manifests itself on fruits, less often on leaves and shoots.

At the time when the fruits reach half their size, small, greenish-olive fuzzy spots appear on the skin. Scab spots increase, become darker and velvety and acquire clear boundaries. With a strong development of the scab, the spots merge, and a crust forms on the surface of the fruit, which often cracks. In some years, there is a strong shedding of fruits. By the end of summer, the leaves and young shoots are re-infected, on which the appearance of blurry pale green spots is noticeable, usually on the underside of the leaf. The infection persists in the bark of the affected shoots, in the affected fallen leaves and fruits.

Control measures. Preventive spraying in the spring, before the leaves bloom and immediately after flowering, with a 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak). At strong manifestation diseases after harvesting the fruits are sprayed with one of the preparations: soon, rayok, chorus. Timely collection and burning of fallen affected leaves and fruits.

Penicillium rot.

The causative agent is a fungus Penicillium glaucum Lk. (syn. P. expansum (Lk.) Thom.). The disease develops on mechanically damaged or overripe, cracked fruits of plums, apples and many other fruit and vegetable crops. Affected tissues turn brown, rot, covered with a dense greenish coating of sporulation of the fungus. The fruits become unfit for human consumption.

Penicillium rot often manifests itself during long-term storage of harvested fruits, when they are massively re-infected and rot. The infection persists in the soil on plant debris.

Control measures. Removal of plant residues, collection of carrion. Preventive spraying of gardens in the spring before flowering or immediately after it with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes (HOM, Abiga-Peak).

Plum is one of the most early-growing and high-yielding among stone fruit crops. It can be successfully grown in regions that are characterized by severe weather in winter period. In terms of winter hardiness, it is second only to cherries. Depending on the variety and growing area, the yield of plums can be very high - more than 200 kg of fruit per tree. But for this you need to observe high agricultural technology.

PLUM FRUIT AND LEAF EATERS

Many factors affect the quality and quantity of the crop, but one of the main ones is the physiological state of plants, their resistance to pests and diseases. It is also important how trees are additionally protected from attacks by harmful organisms. Every year, significant damage to the plum culture is caused by the black plum sawfly, eurythoma, or plum pachyderm - pests from the order of Hymenoptera, as well as plum and eastern codling moths from the order of Lepidoptera. It is possible to limit the number of phytophages by controlling their vital activity during critical periods of development for them. To do this, you need to know how pests reproduce. are born, grow and eat. and when they are most vulnerable.

with sucking mouthparts (mites, aphids) and leaf-eating phytophages (moths, leafworms, moths, silkworms, hawthorn, goldtail, American white butterfly, or ABB). Rosana develops in one generation during the growing season. variegated golden and fight-ryshnikova leaflet. Two or three generations per vegetation give crooked currant, crooked willow, net, omnivorous and other types of leafworms. Among the moths, the plum is harmed by the winter moth, the fruit moth. fluffy, lunate and other species of this family.

Pests of the second group include codling moths - plum, oriental (in addition, it also damages shoots), sawflies, and plum pachyderm. goose and may beetles(adult insects supplement their "menu" with leaves). The most common phytophage from the second group is the black plum sawfly. In plum plantations, massively populated by the sawfly, up to 95% of the ovary is shed. Under the infected trees in the trunk circles lies a large number of fallen fruits with black exit holes on each. They were made by the larvae, leaving for cocooning in the soil after the completion of their development cycle.

The plum codling moth and the plum pachyderm, multiplying uncontrollably in plum plantations, take the “honorable” second place after the sawfly in terms of harmfulness. If the development of the larval stage of the pachypod takes place in the stone, then the larvae of the plum codling moth feed on the pulp of the fruit. During this period, they make a course around the stone to the stalk, while gnawing through vascular system in plant tissues and disturbing the circulation nutrients. Fruits damaged by pachyderm and codling moth stain prematurely in purple and fall off.

The range of the eastern codling moth has been formed, the species is massively distributed in all areas of peach and plum cultivation. In the fight against the eastern codling moth. in addition to spraying with chemicals, mechanical methods are effective - if you cut and burn damaged, withered shoots of all fruit crops (especially peach) on the site in time, this will limit the number of the pest.

Scale insects and false scale insects are included in the third group of phytophages. They suck the juices from the leaves and bark of the branches, which leads to the drying and death of young trees. As a result of the toxic effect of the saliva of the California scale insect, longitudinal and transverse cracks appear on the trunk and branches. Feeding, the acacia false shield emits a large amount of honeydew, on which soot fungi then develop, polluting the leaves and branches.

The California scale insect and the American white butterfly are quarantine pests - if they appear in fruit plantations, protective measures must be taken regardless of the number of individuals.

WHEN TO START SPRAYING THE PLUM OR EVERYONE COUNTS!

In order to carry out all the necessary protective spraying on time, it is necessary to rely on the indicators of the economic harmfulness of pests (Table 1). The number of pests is determined visually by shaking them off the trees, as well as by installing and periodically cleaning pheromone traps. Before each spraying, which is carried out during the growing season, the degree of damage to the trees by harmful organisms is first examined and it is decided whether it is advisable now to treat the plants with chemical preparations.

The number of fruit sawfly is determined in the white bud phenophase, until the air temperature does not exceed 10 ° C. To do this, in the mornings, when adult insects are inactive, they shake the branches of trees and count the fallen individuals. More effective method controlling the development of this pest - white glue traps. If the number of adults in the trap exceeds the threshold (Table 1), then processing is necessary. After plum treatments with Aktara 25% c. g. or Confidor Maxi (table 2). which is carried out against sawfly adults before plum blossom, re-treatment (against larvae after flowering) is no longer needed, since these preparations have a long duration of action (21 days).

It is sometimes difficult for owners of summer cottages and personal plots to decide on the appropriateness of treatments against plum codling moth - they simply do not have enough data for this. Firstly, in order to predict the number of pests in the current season, you need to know how many insects were in the previous one. Secondly, the number of codling moth butterflies during the growing season is determined using pheromone traps. They allow you to control the population density of a species and signal the need for protective measures if the quantitative composition of butterflies exceeds the economic threshold of harmfulness (EWL).

If pheromone traps are not freely available, you can rely on the first indicator - the degree of harmfulness of the species in the previous year. If 2% of the crop was damaged, then in current year treatments against codling moth are necessary. For spraying to be effective. It is important to correctly set the processing time. The basis for their determination are the phenophases of fruit trees, meteorological indicators and direct observations of pests.

The period of spraying against plum codling moth is determined by the sum of effective temperatures of 200 °C (threshold 10 °C), at which the first generation caterpillars begin to hatch. Against this pest, in addition to Matcha, Lufox and biological products (Table 2], pyrethroids are also effective - Decis Profi, Karate Zeon, Arrivo, Fastak, approved for sale to the public. There is a limiting factor when using them - the air temperature should not rise above values of 20 ° C. At higher temperatures, ultraviolet rays destroy the active substance of the preparations and their effectiveness decreases.Insecticides from the pyrethroid group should be used during the hatching period of codling moth caterpillars, in the morning or evening.

According to the experiments of scientists from the Institute of Horticulture, drugs of a new group - insect growth and development regulators (Match. Lufox) are very effective against Lepidoptera, and their action does not depend on weather conditions. The duration of the toxic effect of Matcha and other insecticides of this group is 28-35 days after their application. The match is effective against codling moth caterpillars, leafworms, moths, mites. The effect of the drug is manifested in the inhibition of chitin synthesis in caterpillars during the transition from one age to another; as a result, the treated individuals cannot complete this process and die.

The spectrum of action of the drug is expanded due to the ovicidal effect - when females lay eggs on a previously treated surface of leaves or tree bark, caterpillars do not hatch from them. Match, 5% a.e. and Lufox 105 EC, k.e. should be used on plum varieties different terms maturation at the end of May - the first decade of June, during the peak of the summer of butterflies, mass oviposition and hatching of caterpillars. Plum plants of varieties of medium and late ripening are sprayed a second time (with one of the above insecticides) 28-35 days after the first treatment. Late varieties plums against plum codling moth are sprayed three times during the growing season.

Among the diseases that affect the plum, clasterosporiasis (perforated spotting), fruit rot, red spotting (polystigmosis), cytosporosis, rust, gommosis (gum disease), pockets of plums, sharka or pox plums (viral disease) are common. In all regions of plum cultivation, clasterosporium “dominates”. Polystigmosis affects trees mainly in the southern regions. The remaining causative agents of plum diseases are found everywhere, to one degree or another.

To obtain stable and high-quality fruits, scientists recommend an integrated protection system (ISZ) for plums, developed at the Institute of Horticulture. It is aimed at combating both pests and diseases, and takes into account the peculiarities of their development and distribution. According to the ISS, highly effective preparations are used to protect the garden.

ECO-METHODS OF PLUM PEST CONTROL

For connoisseurs of organic products, there is a simple method for protecting fruits using microbiological insecticides. Bitoxibacillin (BTB), lepidocid, gaupsin are effective against plum codling moth and other species of lepidoptera. The production of these environmentally friendly and highly effective drugs are seriously engaged in the Odessa Engineering and Technology Institute "Biotekhnika", at the Institute of Plant Protection (Kiev), as well as in some regional plant protection stations. The preparations are available in liquid form, with a consumption rate of 100 ml per 10 liters of water. Against each generation, two treatments are carried out, with an interval of 8-10 days.

If possible, it is necessary to abandon the use of chemicals against the plum codling moth or reduce their quantity and consumption rate (the so-called economically feasible reduction), since insecticides used in the summer destroy beneficial insects, which can keep populations of ticks, aphids, mining moths at a sub-threshold level.

Goldentail

To reduce the consumption of chemical insecticides, herbal preparations with insecticidal properties are used. Against aphids, the codling moth is effective hot pepper. (1 kg of fresh or 0.5 kg of dry pods is poured into 10 liters of water, kept for two days, boiled for 1 hour, cooled and insisted for two hours). The prepared broth is stored in a dark place in well-corked containers. Before flowering use 0.2

l of concentrate, after flowering - 0.1 l per 10 l of water. A decoction of wormwood is also used as an insecticide. To do this, during the flowering period, the leaves and upper parts of the plant are collected, then half a bucket of fresh or 700-800 g of dried mass is poured into 10 liters of water, insisted for a day, boiled for 30 minutes, cooled and 10 liters of water are added.

ADDITIONAL MEASURES FOR PLUM PEST CONTROL

When carrying out protective measures on fruit-bearing plums or other crops, it is advisable to use pesticides and mineral fertilizers together. Tank mixtures of insecticides, fungicides and fertilizers are simultaneously effective against insects, pathogens, have a wide range of protective effects, prevent the emergence of resistant populations harmful organisms, create favorable conditions for the development of plants.

Highly effective combined compounds of insectofungicides with mineral fertilizers(nitroammophoska, urea or ammonium nitrate). When using mineral fertilizers with a consumption rate of 30-50 g per 10 liters of water, the technological quality of the working solution improves - suspensions and emulsions are more stable, better wet the leaf surface and adhere well to it. By adding fertilizer to the working solution, you can reduce the consumption rate of insecticides by 20-30%.

In addition to protective measures, it is important to maintain agricultural technology at high level. Fruit tree care includes watering and fertilizing. Plants need an additional portion of moisture in the summer, in the heat, in late autumn they also need water-charging watering. Top dressing with fertilizers (root and non-root) improves the physiological state of trees and increases their resistance to adverse environmental conditions.

In addition to biological, chemical, mechanical and agrotechnical methods of protection important place in IZS occupies also immunological. By cultivating plum varieties that are resistant or tolerant to one or more pests, it is possible to reduce the number of protective sprays and still obtain good harvests quality fruits.

Plum pachyderm massively damages the fruits of varieties Vengerka Azhanskaya, Stakhanovka, Vengerka Kozievskaya, Katerina, Velyka son, Pombrion, Perdrigon swarthy, less green Renklod, Vengerka opishnyanskaya. Victoria, weakly - Peach, Early, Edinburgh, Hungarian Italian, Prince, Anna Shpet.

Plum cultivars Renklod Kyiv, Ugorka Azhanskaya, Anna Shpet are relatively resistant to clasterosporiasis.

The most vulnerable to sharka plum varieties are Hungarian ordinary, Empres, Hungarian Italian, Greenklod collective farm. Chachanskaya Rodna, Hungarian Wangenheim are relatively stable. Kirke, Valor, Oneida, Airlie Blue, Herman, Renklod Ulena, Anna Shpet, Hungarian Azhanskaya. Tolerant varieties Rutgersteter, Renklod Altana. Renklod Kiev, Opal, Stanley, Sanctus gubertus, Chachanskaya naiboliya, Chachanskaya lepotika, Chachanskaya early, Ganita, Top, Voloshka, Oda, Titmouse.

- stone fruit plant, which rightfully takes pride of place in the gardens. A huge variety of varieties allows you to choose fruit tree corresponding to the climatic features of the region. In this case, and with proper care of the plant, high yields can be achieved. Especially carefully and regularly you need to inspect the trees. After all, the timely detection of plum diseases and the fight against them is necessary condition to maintain the health and longevity of the garden.

Diseases

All plum diseases are divided into two groups - infectious and fungal. Any disease can lead to the death of a plant if its manifestations are not recognized in time and the cause is not eliminated.

tree diseases

1. Root cancer of leaves.
Plum tree disease is caused by bacteria that live in the soil. Microorganisms easily penetrate the root system through the affected areas and cracks, as a result, growths are formed, the growth of the tree stops, young seedlings, as a rule, die.

Note: most often, root cancer appears in dry weather, on neutral and slightly alkaline soils.

How to deal with the disease:

Do not plant new seedlings of not only plums, but also other fruit crops on the infected area.
Dig up a tree, inspect the root system, cut off all growths.
Disinfect healthy roots with a solution of vitriol - per bucket of water (10 liters) 100 grams blue vitriol.
If the root system is severely affected, it is better to destroy the seedling.
Upon completion of work, all garden tools treat with a solution of chloramine or formalin.

2. Milky shine.
The disease manifests itself after winter frosts on the leaves - they become silvery-white, dry out over time. The trunk and shoots stop growing, darken and die.

How to deal with the disease:

Whiten trunks and lower branches in autumn.
Fertilize in the spring.
Timely remove affected and weak shoots.

trunk

1. Plum tinder fungus.
A fungal disease caused by spores that penetrate wood through cracks and damage. The mushroom picker destroys the trunk, hollows and growths of dark gray or black color resembling a hoof are formed on it. The wood takes on a yellow tint.

How to eliminate the disease of the plum stem:

Inspect trees regularly for injuries and damage.
Treat wounds promptly.
Destroy infected trees.
Cut off fungal growths in the first half of summer, before the spread of spores.
After cutting off the growths, treat the wounds with a solution of copper sulfate, cover with garden pitch.
Thoroughly clean the hollows from rot, cover with crushed stone of fine fraction and fill cement mortar Mix one part of cement with four parts of sand.

2. Gommosis or gum disease.
The disease manifests itself after severe frosts or is a consequence of the vital activity of fungal organisms. Excessive humidity and excess fertilizer provokes the development of the disease. Transparent drops of gum form on the trunk different shapes. As a result, the plant dies.

How to fight:

Careful tree care.
Increasing the resistance of plums to negative external factors and pests.
Immediately treat all wounds with a solution of copper sulfate or garden pitch.
Affected shoots cut and burn.

Leaves

1. Klyasterosporiosis or perforated spotting.
Distributed by fungal disease on plum leaves, buds, young shoots and inflorescences. The first signs of the disease are noticeable precisely on the leaf plates - spots appear predominantly round in shape, no more than 6 mm in diameter. The color of the spots is brown with a red border. Over time, holes form in place of the spots.

With a strong infection of the tree, the fungus appears on the fruits - depressed spots of a contrasting purple color are formed. As they grow, they change color, become brown, convex, gum follows from them. The pulp on the affected areas dries up to the very bone. Brown round spots form on the branches, from which transparent gum also oozes, the buds turn black and naturally fall off, like inflorescences.

The spores of the fungus are concentrated on the leaves and in the wounds of the tree, they come to life in the spring, when the air temperature warms up to + 4- + 6 degrees. As a result, the plant stops growing and ceases to bear fruit.

Disease control measures:

Timely cut and destroy the affected branches and leaves.
Thin out the plant regularly.
At the end of the flowering period, spray with a choice of one of the preparations: Bordeaux liquid, copper oxychloride.
Repeat the process two weeks later.

2. Rust.
The peak of the disease occurs in mid-summer, at which time rusty round spots appear on the upper side of the leaf plate, over time, the affected areas increase in diameter and fall off. An infected tree loses frost resistance.

How to deal with the disease:

Fallen leaves must be collected and burned in a timely manner.
A few weeks before and after flowering, spray the plants with copper chloride.
Immediately after harvesting, spray the trees with Bordeaux mixture.

Plodov

1. Coccomycosis.
A fungal disease that affects the leaves and subsequently spreads to the fruit. Small red spots appear on the leaf plates, over time they increase, capturing a large area of the leaf, fungal spores live on the underside, their colonies look like pink pads. The leaves dry up and fall off. The fruits do not have time to ripen, dry out ahead of time and fall off.

Fungal spores overwinter in the affected parts of the trunk and branches, as well as in fallen leaves. As soon as buds appear on the plant, the spores spread to the leaves. An infected plum loses its resistance to frost and may die.

Disease control measures:

Burn fallen leaves in a timely manner.
Twice a year - in spring and autumn - dig up the soil around the tree.
Spray the plum regularly: the first time when buds with leaves appear, the second time after flowering is over, the third time after harvesting. For spraying, use copper oxychloride or Bordeaux mixture.

2. Moniliosis or gray fruit rot.
The disease affects plum fruits, flowers, young branches. The rot spreads to damaged fruits as well as to healthy fruits that come into contact with infected ones. The disease manifests itself in the form of soft spots gray color.

Fungal spores hibernate in cracks in branches and trunks, as well as in dry fruits. Spores enter the tree through the inflorescences, and the leaves and branches adjacent to them soon dry out. Outwardly, an infected tree looks like a burnt one.

The rate of spread of the disease increases in conditions of excessive humidity.

Protecting plums from disease:

In autumn and a few weeks after flowering, pruning of branches should be carried out, weak and affected shoots should be removed.
After flowering, it is necessary to spray the trees with copper chloride or Bordeaux liquid.
In autumn, you need to dig up the ground around the plant.

Pests

1. Hawthorn.
The caterpillar reaches a length of 4.5 cm, the body is covered with hairs, there are black and yellowish stripes on the back, and gray on the sides. The pupa is no more than 2 cm long, yellowish-gray with a black dot. Butterfly large white color with a wingspan of up to 7 cm. In the spring, caterpillars destroy the kidneys. Pupae appear a few weeks after flowering. In the second half of summer, butterflies appear and begin to lay their eggs on the upper side of the leaf plate. The hatched caterpillars feed on the leaves and after a month they prepare nests for wintering in dry leaves.

How to fight:

Collect plum pests by hand, this also applies to egg laying.
Spray trees regularly with insecticides in mid-spring and in the second half of summer.

2. Goldentail.
Caterpillar 3-3.5 cm long, dark in color with red and white spots, covered with brown hairs, hibernates in nests in dry leaves. During the period of bud swelling, insects crawl out of the nests, pupate in the second half of May, and after a few weeks butterflies appear - large, white with a wingspan of up to 5 cm. Soon, butterflies lay their eggs on leaves and branches. After two weeks, caterpillars appear, feeding on the pulp of the leaves.

Control measures:

A few weeks before flowering, spray the tree with karbofos.

3. Shoot moth.
Caterpillars hibernate in the testicular phase, in cracks in branches and bark. In spring, green insects 8 mm long eat swollen buds, buds and young leaves. At the end of flowering, the caterpillars crawl into the soil, pupate there, and brown butterflies with a wingspan of up to 12 cm appear in the middle of summer. Butterflies lay eggs that remain in the soil until next spring.

How to deal with insects:

Dig up and loosen the soil around the tree regularly.
In early spring, before the first leaves appear, spray the plant with nitrafen, after a few weeks - with karbofos.

4. Plum codling moth.

Caterpillars up to 1.5 cm long, dark red overwinter in the bark that has lagged behind the trunk, and in top layer soil. At the end of May, pupae appear, and after another three weeks - brown butterflies with gray spots with a wingspan of up to 1.7 cm. Insects lay eggs in unripe fruits, small caterpillars are born in a week and begin to feed on the pulp of plums. The crop does not have time to ripen and falls off.

How to deal with pests:

From the second half of summer, manually collect caterpillars.
Loosen the soil every ten days.
In early spring and two weeks later, spray the trees with an insecticide or karbofos.

Insect control methods:

Collect nests by hand.
Destroy the eggs.
Spray trees in early spring with tobacco or chamomile decoction, you can use insecticides.

Remember that only timely and effective fight with diseases and pests will allow you to keep a wonderful, healthy, fruitful garden.

Foreword

The plum crop is at risk when it comes to diseases. We will learn how to take the right steps for treatment and prevention, as well as identify dangerous viruses and neutralize them in time.

It happens that oval gray-brown spots with a raspberry edge 4–5 mm in size appear on the leaf plates, which dry out and fall out after a couple of weeks, and in their place are formed through holes. These signs indicate the development of a fungal disease called clasterosporiasis or perforated spotting. With a large scale of damage, the leaves dry out ahead of time and fall off.

Fruit gum

Often the disease also affects the fetus. On them you can see small depressed spots, where growths form over time, from which gum protrudes. With the further development of the disease, the plum is affected to the very bone, is significantly deformed, stops growing and dries up.

In advanced cases, entire branches are affected. Elongated spots form on the bark, they burst, and gum oozes from the cracks. Neglect of treatment leads to the death of entire groups of shoots and bacterial cancer. The spores of this fungus overwinter in the leaves, so remove fallen leaves regularly and don't leave them to decompose until next year. In time, remove the affected shoots in early spring and autumn after harvesting, do not allow the plantings to thicken, in case of gum formation, clean the wounds and treat them with garden pitch.

To combat perforated spotting, use a 1% solution of Bordeaux mixture or copper oxychloride. We carry out the first spraying in early spring before bud break and after the appearance of the first buds. Then we repeat the procedure immediately after flowering and again after 2-2 weeks. The last spraying should be no later than three weeks before harvest. If klesterosporiosis has affected the stone fruit culture too much, additionally spray the tree with a more concentrated 3% solution of Bordeaux mixture after the final collection of all fruits.

Gum therapy - how to avoid the "bitter tears" of a tree?

Gum disease is a common problem in stone fruits, including plums. It appears as a thick mass, the color of which varies from light yellow to brown. In appearance, the gum resembles a hardened resin. It is formed in the most vulnerable parts of the cortex. Mechanical damage, inaccurate pruning of branches, lack of sealing with garden pitch, sunburn and adverse weather conditions all lead to cracking of the bark and the formation of wounds that eventually fill with gum.

Gum treatment

Excessive watering and oversaturation of the crop with mineral fertilizers, especially nitrogen, can provoke the development of gum. Damp and cold weather, numerous damage to the bark by pests are another faithful companions of gum treatment. Gum is good platform for the development of bacteria, cancer of the trunk and the death of the tree as a whole.

In order to prevent gum bleeding, regularly monitor the condition of the bark, do not allow cracks and wounds to form on it. In case of gum formation, remove it with a sterile one, clean the place to living tissue, disinfect with a 1% solution of copper sulfate and carefully seal it with petrolatum or garden pitch. Remove severely affected branches.

Brown spots that are localized near the veins of the leaf plates indicate infection of the plum with a fungal disease - rust. The main peak of the disease occurs in July. If the tree is left untreated, then small brown swellings will appear on the outside of the leaf, which over time can occupy the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe leaves. Trees affected by rust are weakened due to premature fall of leaves and a decrease in immunity. Rust is caused by a fungus. Therefore, in order to avoid infection, remove fallen leaves in time, and also treat trees with fungicides. Before flowering, spray the horticultural crop with copper chloride and 1% solution of Bordeaux liquid after harvest. Attention, three weeks before harvesting the fruits, we stop all spraying.

sooty fungus

A dangerous and very common plum disease is coccomycosis. The main focus of its defeat is the deciduous part of the tree, although the fungus can also affect young shoots and fruits. The activity of coccomycosis occurs in the first half of July. The first signs of damage – the formation of multi-colored spots on the leaves, from purple-violet to red-brown. With a prolonged course of the disease, small spots grow and cover almost the entire surface of the leaf plates, and a pink-whitish bloom appears from the inside of the leaf. These are fungal spores. These leaves dry up and fall off.

If the fungus infects the fruits, they become covered with watery spots, stop growing and dry out. Favorable conditions for coccomycosis are warm, humid weather. However, the spores of the fungus perfectly tolerate cold and frost, settling in fallen leaves, so it must be removed and burned for the winter. We fight coccomycosis using standard familiar methods: we spray the trees before flowering and after harvesting with a 1% solution of Bordeaux mixture or copper oxychloride, using 30–40 g of the substance per 10 liters of water to prepare a solution.

An unpleasant black coating has formed on the leaves and shoots? This is a clear sign of soot fungus. It prevents the penetration of oxygen and sunlight into the tissues of the plant, thereby slowing down growth and disrupting the normal vital activity of the culture. Whatever the cause of the soot fungus, reduce watering and reduce planting density. As the main control measure, use spraying with a copper-soap solution, at the rate of 5 g of copper sulfate and 150 g of laundry or green soap per 10 liters of water.

If the branches of plum trees dry, become covered with brown spots, this is a sign of a fungal disease - moniliosis. This disease appears in cold and wet weather in the spring, when the flowering of trees begins. The flowers are the first to fall into the lesion, then the leaves and branches dry. Over time, spores form on them, from which the bark becomes covered with gray growths. Affects monoliosis and fruits. Wet weather is ideal conditions for the development of the fungus in fruits.

Moniliosis

Plums with mechanical damage and cracks are the first to be affected. Penetrating into them, the fungus forms brown spots, they increase in size and merge. At the final stages of the lesion, the spores of the fungus form small gray-brown growths on the drain. This is one of the most dangerous fungal diseases. If measures are not taken to treat it, infected trees can completely die.

We begin the fight against moniliosis by collecting the affected fruits located on and under the tree. All collected specimens must be burned, they are not suitable for compost. After harvesting, we spray the trees with a 1% solution of copper, iron sulfate or Bordeaux mixture.

Deformed plums are not uncommon in the garden. However, if the fruits on your trees form elongated and do not have a distinct shape, these are clear signs of plum pockets or marsupial disease. In such infected specimens, there are no bones, taste qualities fruit. Other hallmark fungal infection is the formation of a sticky powdery coating with spores. You can track the infection of stone fruit crops with marsupial disease immediately after the start of flowering. As with many fungal diseases, ideal conditions serves for the development of plum pockets heat and high humidity. The fungus overwinters in the scales of the buds and forms mycelium on the shoots.

plum pockets

If you do not start the fight against marsupial disease, you can lose up to 60% of the crop. To prevent this from happening, remove the branches that are dry and damaged by the fungus, and burn the affected fruits. In early spring, before bud break, treat the trees with a 3% solution of Bordeaux liquid, and immediately after flowering begins with a 1% solution of the same preparation. In order for the chemical preparation to linger in the tissues of the plant, and not to be washed off during the first precipitation, use systemic fungicides, such as Horus, before and after flowering.

If fungal diseases are quite easily treatable, then the same cannot be said about viruses. One of the dangerous viruses is plum dwarfism. Its initial signs can be seen in small leaves, they have an elongated shape and uneven edges. Over time, the compaction of the sheet plate and its fragility are added to the non-standard form. A large number of such leaves are located at the top of the shoots. The flowers of stone fruit crops are tied poorly, have a painful and pale appearance. As a result, the dwarfism virus leads to slow growth and death.

Fighting the virus is useless. Dig up the infected tree and burn it. As a preventive measure against dwarfism, we recommend using only sterile gardening Tools, apply all methods for the destruction of pests on the site and choose seedlings that are resistant to the virus.

Smallpox occurs not only in humans, but also in stone fruit crops. Smallpox, also known as Sharkey's virus, primarily infects leaves, forming chlorotic ring spots on them, which can be clearly seen when sunshine. The fruits are also susceptible to infection. They become dense, significantly deformed. Inside, the pulp acquires a brown-red hue, and ring depressed spots form on the skin, gum is visible in the cracks. Such fruits lose their taste, they fall off and are absolutely not suitable for human consumption.

Plum viral infections

To prevent the development of Sharkey virus, choose resistant varieties such as Renklod, avoid planting Mirabelle Wangangheim, Nancy and Zimmer. The disease can manifest itself on stone fruits throughout Russia, it is especially common in the southern regions, where all favorable conditions are created for its development. Aphids are frequent carriers of Sharka, so be especially attentive to this pest and take appropriate measures to destroy it in time. You should not plant near plums, as well as those crops that may be potential carriers of the virus - clover, sweet clover, nightshade, etc. Infected specimens are not subject to treatment, they are uprooted and burned.

Chlorotic ring spot is another dangerous virus plum culture. It is characterized by the formation of a blurry pattern on the leaf plates. Over time, the annular spots fall out, and in their place there is a thin mosaic border and through holes. The virus also affects the leaves. They become smaller, become narrow and rigid, have a wrinkled texture. Infection can occur through non-sterile equipment, poor quality planting material and also be carried by pests. Affected trees must be dug up and burned.

Witch's broom is a fungal disease that affects stone fruits, especially plums. Affected branches become thin, close to each other, there are no flowers on them, and leaves are rarely found, which are significantly deformed and small. Outwardly, the overall picture really resembles a panicle, from which the disease probably got its name. Over time, a whitish coating (spores) can be seen on the underside of the leaf plates, from which they become even more fragile and wrinkled. The pale shade of the leaves often changes to red.

Witch's broom

A proven method of spraying trees with a 3% solution of Bordeaux liquid in early spring, as well as a less concentrated 1% solution of the drug after flowering has begun, helps prevent the development of the disease. Among other fungicides, Ridomil Gold has a good effect against the fungus, which should be applied a few days before flowering, as well as Thiovit Jet after flowering.