Chart the variety of leaves. Variety of plant parts. Simple and complex

Textile

Where is located

Features of the structure of cells

Meaning

educational

stem tops
root tips
Cambium
Wound

Small dividing cells without vacuoles

plant growth

Integumentary

epidermis (skin)
Cork
Bark

Living and dead cells with thick and strong membranes, tightly adjoining each other

Protection against adverse effects

Mechanical

Lub
Wood

Thick lignified shells

Support for plant organs

Conductive

Vessels of wood
Bast sieve tubes

sieve tubes

The distribution of substances entering the roots and formed in the leaves throughout the body

Main

leaf pulp
stem core
Root

Chloroplasts in cells

Formation and accumulation of nutrients

excretory

Nectaries
glands

Selection essential oils, water, nectar

Cell - the basic structural and functional unit of the living, the smallest living system.
Textile - a group of cells that are similar in structure and perform the same functions.

Conductive tissues provide the movement of water and nutrients dissolved in it throughout the plant. There are two types of conductive tissue - xylem (wood) and phloem (bast).

Xylem - this is the main water-conducting tissue of higher vascular plants, which ensures the movement of water with minerals dissolved in it from the roots to the leaves and other parts of the plant (upward current). It also performs a supporting function. The composition of the xylem includes tracheids and tracheae (vessels) (Fig. 8.3), wood parenchyma and mechanical tissue.

tracheids are narrow, strongly elongated dead cells with pointed ends and lignified shells. The penetration of solutions from one tracheid to another occurs by filtration through pores - depressions covered by a membrane. Fluid flows slowly through the tracheids, as the pore membrane prevents the movement of water. Tracheids are found in all higher plants, and in most horsetails, club mosses, ferns and gymnosperms, they serve as the only conductive element of the xylem. At angiosperms along with tracheids there are vessels.

Figure 8.3. Elements of xylem (a) and phloem (6): 1-5 - annular, spiral, scalariform and porous (4, 5) tracheas, respectively; 6 - coli and porous tracheids; 7 - sieve tube with companion cell.

Trachea (vessels) are hollow tubes consisting of individual segments located one above the other. In the segments on the transverse walls are formed through holes- perforations, or these walls are completely destroyed, due to which the rate of flow of solutions through the vessels increases many times. The shells of the vessels are impregnated with lignin and give the stem additional strength. Depending on the nature of the thickening of the membranes, tracheas are annular, spiral, ladder, etc. (see Fig. 8.3).

Phloem conducts organic substances synthesized in leaves to all plant organs (downward current). Like xylem, it is a complex tissue composed of sieve tubes with companion cells (see Figure 8.3), parenchyma, and mechanical tissue. Sieve tubes are formed by living cells located one above the other. Their transverse walls are pierced with small holes, forming, as it were, a sieve. Sieve tube cells lack nuclei, but contain cytoplasm in the central part, the strands of which pass through the through holes in the transverse septa into neighboring cells. Sieve tubes, like vessels, stretch along the entire length of the plant. Companion cells are connected to sieve tube segments by numerous plasmodesmata and, apparently, perform some of the functions lost by sieve tubes (enzyme synthesis, ATP formation).

Xylem and phloem are in close interaction with each other and form special complex groups- conductive bundles.

mechanical fabrics provide the strength of plant organs. They make up a frame that supports all plant organs, counteracting their fracture, compression, and rupture. The main characteristics of the structure of mechanical tissues, which ensure their strength and elasticity, are a powerful thickening and lignification of their membranes, close closure between cells, and the absence of perforations in cell walls.

Mechanical tissues are most developed in the stem, where they are represented by bast and wood fibers. In the roots, mechanical tissue is concentrated in the center of the organ.

Depending on the shape of the cells, their structure, physiological state and the method of thickening of the cell membranes, two types of mechanical tissue are distinguished: collenchyma and sclerenchyma, (Fig. 8.4).

Rice. 8.4. Mechanical fabrics: a - corner collenchyma; 6 - sclerenchyma; V -- sclereids from cherry plum fruits: 1 - cytoplasm, 2 - thickened cell wall, 3 - pore tubules.

Collenchyma It is represented by living parenchymal cells with unevenly thickened membranes, making them especially well suited for strengthening young growing organs. Being primary, collenchyma cells are easily stretched and practically do not interfere with the elongation of the part of the plant in which they are located. Usually, collenchyma is located in separate strands or a continuous cylinder under the epidermis of the young stem and leaf petioles, and also borders the veins in dicotyledonous leaves. Sometimes collenchyma contains chloroplasts.

Sclerenchyma consists of elongated cells with evenly thickened, often lignified shells, the contents of which die off on early stages. Shells of sclerenchyma cells have high strength, close to the strength of steel. This tissue is widely represented in the vegetative organs of land plants and constitutes their axial support.

There are two types of sclerenchymal cells: fibers and sclereids.fibers - these are long thin cells, usually collected in strands or bundles (for example, bast or wood fibers).Sclereids - these are rounded dead cells with very thick lignified shells. They form the seed coat, nut shells, pits of cherries, plums, apricots; they give the pulp of pears a characteristic grainy character.

main fabric, or parenchyma , consists of living, usually thin-walled cells that form the basis of organs (hence the name tissue). It contains mechanical, conductive and other permanent tissues. The main tissue performs a number of functions, in connection with which there are assimilation (chlorenchyma), storage, air-bearing (aerenchyma) and aquifer parenchyma (Fig. 8.5).

Figure 8.5. Parenchymal tissues: 1-3 - chlorophyll-bearing (columnar, spongy and folded, respectively); 4-storage (cells with grains of starch); 5 - air, or aerenchyma.

Cellsassimilation T Cani contain chloroplasts and perform the function of photosynthesis. The bulk of this tissue is concentrated in the leaves, a smaller part - in young green stems.

In cagesreservingly th parenchyma deposits proteins, carbohydrates and other substances. It is well developed in the stems of woody plants, in roots, tubers, bulbs, fruits and seeds. In plants of desert habitats (cacti) and salt marshes, stems and leaves haveaquifer parenchyma, which serves to accumulate water (for example, in large specimens of cacti from the genus Carnegia, tissues contain up to 2-3 thousand liters of water). Aquatic and marsh plants develop a special type of basic tissue -air-bearing parenchyma, oraerenchyma. Aerenchyma cells form large air-bearing intercellular spaces, through which air is delivered to those parts of the plant, the connection of which with the atmosphere is difficult.

PLANT ORGANS

AUTHORITY - This is a part of a plant that has a certain location, as well as a characteristic shape and structure, and performs a specific function.

ROOT - axial underground vegetative organ.

Absorption and transport of water and dissolved mineral salts

Vegetative propagation

Release of metabolic products into the soil

Storage of nutrients

Synthesis of biologically active substances

Anchoring in the soil

ROOT FUNCTIONS

ROOT ZONES

ROOT ZONES AND VALUE

Protects the top of the root from mechanical damage and ensures the advancement of the root in the soil.

Cells are actively dividing, root meristem. All root tissues are formed from this zone.

The presence of root hairs, Ensures the absorption of water and minerals dissolved in it..

The mediator between the root suction zone and the aerial part of the plant is located above the root hairs. Conductive vessels and lateral roots form in this zone.

TYPES OF ROOTS

TYPES OF ROOT SYSTEMS

1- Main root

corn

adventitious roots

Lateral roots

All orchids

ROOT MODIFICATIONS

Swamp cypress, all swamp

Carrot beet

Dahlia, clean

The escape - This is the above-ground part of the plant, consisting of a stem and leaves and buds located on it.

Stem – axial aboveground vegetative organ of a plant. The shoot often performs the function of storing nutrients, vegetative propagation of plants and protecting them from being eaten. In such cases, it is modified.

STRUCTURE OF THE ESCAPE

SHOOTS MODIFICATIONS

Reminds me of a root. It has underdeveloped scaly leaves and buds, adventitious roots grow from the nodes. Nutrients are stored in the rhizome as a reserve. Most often, the rhizome is found in perennial grasses.

Examples: wheatgrass, valerian, lily of the valley, streptocarpus.

Rhizome

Underground shoot, on which the kidneys are located in the eyes. Tubers are underground aboveground. The tubers are used for plant propagation nutrients and endure unfavorable periods of the year. Under favorable conditions, the tubers germinate easily and, thanks to the stored substances, give the beginning of young independent plants.

Example: potatoes, kohlrabi, gloxinia.

Tuber

Calla tubers

Dahlia tubers

potato tubers

It has a shortened stem, surrounded by succulent leaves, in the axils of which there are buds. Nutrients are found in the leaves. Bulbs help plants survive under adverse conditions and are organs of vegetative propagation.

Example: onion, tulip, narcissus, hyacinth, hypeastrum, amaryllis.

Bulb of Narcissus

3 . Bulb

spines

They are found in the axils of the leaves and protect the plant from being eaten by animals.

Example: hawthorn, rose, blackthorn, wild apple tree, cactus.

Mustache

Thin, creeping stems with elongated internodes. They take root at the nodes and give rise to new plants.

Example: strawberries, strawberries.

tendrils

Curly shoots that, twisting around various supports, support the stem in a certain position.

STEM

Stem (for trees - the trunk, branches and shoots) serves as a link between the roots, through which water and minerals enter the plant, and the leaves, in which nutrients are synthesized.

FUNCTIONS:

Connects all parts of the plant

Supply of nutrients

Vegetative propagation

Provides water transport of mineral and organic substances

Forms and bears buds and leaves

STEM TYPES BY THE PRESENCE OF WOOD

herbaceous

Woody

TYPES OF STEMS BY PLACEMENT IN SPACE

Climbing plants: field birch, bindweed

Upright plants: all plants with upright stems: dandelion, clover, chamomile, etc.

Clinging plants China, grapes, cucumber, pumpkin, zucchini, melon.

Creeping: strawberries, strawberries.

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE STEM

SHEET

Sheet - the lateral organ of the plant.
Functions- photosynthesis, gas exchange, transpiration.

LEAVES

Complex- consisting of several leaf plates: strawberries - trifoliate, mountain ash - unpaired pinnate, yellow acacia - paired pinnate.

Simple- consisting of one sheet plate: Linden, cherry, apricot, cereals.

Rice. 3.simple leaves : 1 - needle; 2 - linear; 3 - oblong; 4 - lanceolate; 5 - oval; 6 - rounded; 7 - ovoid; 8 - obovate; 9 - rhombic; 10 - spatulate; 11 - heart-shaped-ovoid; 12 - kidney-shaped; 13 - swept; 14 - spear-shaped : 1 - pinnately complex; 2, 3 - trifoliate; 4 - finger-complex.

VENTING -

Leaf fall - this is the dropping of leaves in perennial trees of shrubs; natural physiological phenomenon.

Fall value

Healthy for the plant and protection from excessive evaporation in autumn and winter

Fallen leaves are an excellent mineral and organic fertilizer

Prevention of freezing roots and crumbling seeds

KIDNEY TYPES

KIDNEY - a rudimentary shoot capable of maintaining the viability of meristems for a long time and protecting them from adverse conditions.

A - vegetative - stem growth to the top

B - vegetative-generative (vegetative reproduction reserve)

B - Generative (flowering) - contains the embryos of flowers and inflorescences

1 - rudimentary stem; 2- rudimentary scales; 3 - Rudimentary flowers; 4 - Rudimentary leaves; 5 - rudimentary kidneys.

Rice. 16 . Escape structure: A - with leaves, B - after leaf fall

A. 1 - stem; 2 - sheet; 3 - node; 4 - internode; 5 - leaf axil; 6 - axillary kidney; 7 - apical kidney.

B. 1 - apical kidney; 2 - renal rings; 3 - leaf scars; 4 - lateral kidneys.

Rice. . Above-ground modifications of shoots:

1 - stem succulent; 2 - thorn; 3 - phyllocladium of butcher's broom; 4 - asparagus cladody; 5 - cabbage bud; 6 - strawberry stolons; 7 - mustache of grapes; 8 - a shortened cherry shoot; 9 - dandelion flower arrow.

Escape structure: LEAF:

Students know: What is a kidney; The structure of the kidneys; What is an escape; Development of shoots from the kidneys; The location of the buds on the stem. Students are able to: Independently work with tables, diagrams, with additional literature; Find the relationship between the structure and functions of organs; Formulate tasks, highlight the main thing, answer questions; Conduct observations, analyze and draw conclusions; Work in groups and individually.

I. Organizational moment. II.Verification homework. Test 4 “Escape. Its structure and functions” (p.). III. Learning new material. The teacher's story with elements of a multimedia lecture. (Theme, tasks, objectives of the lesson).

1 Leaf blade - an expanded part of the leaf. 2 Petiole - a narrow stem-like part of the leaf, which connects the leaf blade to the stem. The base of the leaf is the part where the petiole is attached to the stem. 4 Stipules - located at the base of the leaf. 5 Veins - conductive vessels of the leaf (on the leaf plate)

The main vein runs in the middle, lateral, thinner ones (Lilac, nettle, linden, maple) depart from it. Large veins run parallel to each other (Grasses, reeds, sedges). Each vein, except for the central one, is curved like an arc (Plantain, lily of the valley). Dicot plants Monocot plants

OBJECTIVES: To learn to distinguish between simple and complex leaves, to give a complete description of the leaves. EQUIPMENT: Herbariums of simple leaves with a whole leaf blade and dissected leaves; various complex leaves (for each table). Key tables - memos.

PROCEDURE OF WORK: 1. Describe the herbarium leaf samples lying on your tables according to the plan: What is the method of attaching this leaf to the stem? What is leaf venation? Is it a simple sheet or a complex one? Which plant - monocot or dicot - does this leaf belong to? 2. Draw the external structure of the sheet in a notebook and sign the drawing. Indicate the main parts of the sheet.

Name of plants LEAVES Dicotyledonous Petiolate Sedentary Simple Compound Arcuate Parallel 1. Dogrose 2. Rowan 3. Oak 4. Tradescantia 5. Chestnut 6. Lupine 7. Birch 8. Lily of the valley 9. Strawberry 10 Reed 11. Aspen 12. Cuff 13. Sedge 14. Plantain Reticulated Monocots

People used to call a wide green plate a leaf. However, the external structure of the leaf is more complex. Consider the variety of forms, location on the stem, leaf venation.

Leaf parts

The leaf is a lateral organ of the shoot that emerges from the bud and is attached to the stem with the help of a petiole. In the table "Characteristic external structure leaves” describes each part in more detail.

*Leaf parts*	*Definition*	*Characteristic*
leaf blade	The main, widest part of the sheet	Has limited growth; Has bilateral symmetry; Lives one growing season; In conifers, it lives up to 5-15 years; In tropical plants, it grows up to 15 m in length (the usual size is up to 10 cm)
	The narrow part of the leaf that connects the leaf blade to the stem	Turning, orients the leaf towards the light; Softens impacts (raindrops, planting insects)
Base	Place of attachment of the sheet	Holds the leaf on the stem
Stipules	Outgrowths at the base in the form of scales, small leaves, spines	Form a bud and protect the future leaf; Fall off after the opening of the kidney; In some cases, they are saved and play the role of a sheet

Leaves with petioles are called petiolate. In the absence of a petiole, the leaf blade grows from the stem. Such leaves are called sessile. An example is flax, wheat, dandelion.

Simple and complex

All leaves are divided into two types:

simple - the leaf has one leaf blade;
complex - consist of several leaflets attached to a common petiole.

In autumn, simple leaves fall completely along with the petiole. Example - birch, elm, aspen. Compound leaves break up into leaflets, and the common petiole is separated from the shoot. Examples are mountain ash, clover, wild rose.

By location on a common petiole, compound leaves are divided into three types:

pinnate - leaflets lie on the sides of the petiole; subdivided into paripinnate - an even number, each leaf has a pair, and odd-pinnate - an odd number, ending with one leaf;
palmately complex - leaflets depart from the top of the petiole in different directions;
trifoliate - consists of three leaves.

The most complex leaves are twice or thrice pinnate or palmate. In these cases, the common petiole has branches.

Variety of forms

The leaves differ in the shape of the leaf blade. Leaves are:

rounded;
oval;
needle;
lanceolate;
heart-shaped;
ovoid;
linear;
sickle-shaped;
fan-shaped;
etc.

Rice. 1. different forms leaves.

The edges of the leaves are also varied. Allocate:

entire (smooth);
jagged;
double-toothed;
serrated;
crenate;
wavy;
prickly;
notched.

Depending on the depth of the excavation, the leaves are divided into three types:

whole - depth less than a quarter 1/2 sheet (birch);
dismembered - the recess does not reach the axis (oak);
dissected - the recess reaches the center (potatoes).

Leaves can be arranged differently on the petiole. There are four types of location:

next - one leaf per node one after another (apple tree);
opposite - two sheets per node in both directions (mint);
whorled - three or more leaves from one node (oleander);
socket - in a circle at the same height (agave).

Rice. 2. Leaf arrangement.

Venation

Any plate, regardless of the shape and complexity of the structure, has an internal network of veins that conduct nutrients to the leaf cells. Also, the veins serve as a kind of skeleton - they keep their shape and give the sheet strength. Venation is of three types.

Mesh . The main veins branch into smaller ones. The structure resembles a network. Reticulate venation is divided into three types - pinnatiform (apple), radial (ceanothus), palmate (maple). Typical of dicot plants.
Parallel . The veins run parallel from the base to the top of the leaf. Found in monocots.
Arc . It resembles parallel, but the veins repeat the rounded shape of the leaf, starting from the base and connecting at the top. An example is plantain, lily of the valley. Typical for monocotyledonous plants.

Rice. 3. Types of venation.

What have we learned?

From the 6th grade biology article, we learned about constituent parts, diversity and forms of plant leaves. Leaves are simple and complex, rounded and elongated with different edges, location on the shoot and type of venation.

Topic quiz

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In the proposed lesson “The external structure of the leaf. Diversity of Leaves”, built in an interactive mode, demonstrates ways of forming educational and informational skills that ensure the discovery, processing and use various kinds information and educational and logical skills, providing a clear structure of the content of the process of setting and solving educational problems (analysis and synthesis, comparison, generalization and classification, etc.) .

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MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL № 1 st. OLGINSKAYA

biology lesson

The external structure of the leaf.

Variety of leaves.

Biology teacher

MOU secondary school No. 1 st. Olginskaya

Sushchenkova I.A.

ID - 233-231-924

2011

Methodological guide to the lesson

Item: Biology, 6th grade

Lesson topic: The external structure of the leaf. Variety of leaves.

Didactic goals:
Formation of information competence: in the field of independent cognitive activity; critical thinking, skills of independent work with information;develop the ability to analyze, highlight the main thing, classify, generalize, prove; establish analogies and causal relationships; to promote the formation of divergent thinking and reflective skills of students.

Methodological goals:

To acquaint students with the variety of leaves, the features of their external structure;
To teach to recognize leaves by types of venation, the shape of the leaf blade, the shape of the edge, the location on the stem, to distinguish between simple and complex leaves;
To test the ability to apply the acquired theoretical knowledge in practice, to draw conclusions and generalizations.

Educational tasks

Formation of communicative and cooperative competencies

Form of organization learning activities . Work in small groups. Laboratory work"External leaf structure"

Equipment: indoor plants, herbarium plants with various types leaf blades, drawings and photographs of leaves.

Keywords and concepts: leaf, leaf structure: leaf blade, petiole, leaf base, stipules.Leaf attachment methods: petiolate leaf, sessile leaf, vaginal leaf.Simple and compound leaves.Dissected leaves: palmately lobed, palmately dissected, palmately divided, pinnately lobed, trichately lobed.Leaf edge shape:entire, serrated, serrate, prickly (prickly-toothed), crenate, notched, sinuous.Forms of leaf blades: oval, ovoid, spear-shaped, sagittate, pinnately lobed, pinnately dissected, paired pinnate, unpaired pinnate.Leaf venation: parallel, arcuate, reticulate, palmate, pinnate.

During the classes

Organizing time.

The class is divided into 3 groups of students sitting at separate "round tables".

I stage. Updating knowledge about the studied organs of a flowering plant

Work technology: independent work students for 3-4 minutes and subsequent brainstorming

1 group.

Insert missing words. Title the text. Continue the story by illustrating it with diagrams.

... - the main above-ground organ of the plant. It consists of…. with located on it …….and ……. . The section of the stem on which the leaf develops is called ... .., and the distance between two nodes ... ... The angle between the leaf and the internode located above is called ... ... The arrangement of leaves on a stem is called leaf arrangement. Leaf arrangement happens……..

Tasks contribute to the formation of skills to work with information presented in the form of an incomplete text, analyze it, supplement, highlight the main thing; make diagrams and illustrations.

2 group

Make a system of concepts from the proposed terms.

generative organs; stem, flowers, shoot, root, vegetative organs, organs, fruits, leaves, seeds, buds.

Tasks contribute to the formation of skills: analyze the proposed objects and establish their spatial relationships, making up a system of concepts, expand and collapse information

3 group

Compare diving and pinching plants. What do these procedures have in common? The value of procedures.

Tasks contribute to the formation of skills to analyze and compare (aboutdetermine the aspect of comparison and conduct an incomplete one-line comparison), prove a point of view.

II stage. Exploring a new topic

Black box.

Teacher. The subject of our study is in a black box. You are invited to determine what it is, for this I will consistently pronounce the statements, and you will explain whether this information is enough to accurately determine the object(acceptance of work with insufficient information).

The plant organ is located in the box.
This is a vegetative organ.
It occupies a lateral position in the shoot, is located at the nodes of the stem and usually has a flat shape.

The topic of the lesson sheet.

What do we already know about this body?

Let's make up the syncwine of the concept of "leaf" in groups and try to put into it the knowledge we already have about this vegetative organ.

(the rules for compiling syncwine are written on the board)

There are 5 lines in the syncwine:

1 - concept (word);

2 - adjectives (two words);

3 - verbs (three words);

4 - sentence (of four words);

5 - noun (one word).

Adjectives and verbs should reveal concepts, and the sentence should have a semantic character.

Listening to syncwines and their discussion. This task contributes to the formation of skills to highlight the main thing, to generalize and establish analogies.

Consider the external structure of the leaf.

Let's sketch it in a notebook and sign its main parts (work with an illustration in a book)

The shape, size, structure of the leaves can vary greatly. In order to understand such a variety of leaves, they must be classified.

Do you remember what classification is?

But the external variety of leaves is so great that it is impossible to create a unified system for classifying leaves according to one or more characteristics. Therefore, there are several different classifications of leaves based on various features.

Compare Suggested Leaves(the pictures are attached to the board) and name the signs in which they differ. Based on these features, we will make various classifications of leaves.Student responses are written on the board.

(Development of skills to analyze, compare)

– Number of leaf blades

- Presence or absence of a petiole

– Types of venation

- The shape of the leaf blades

– Sheet edge shape

Groups receive tasks - a sign for classification, herbarium specimens, images of plants. They work with the text of the textbook, transform it into a diagram, illustrate with examples (analysis and synthesis of information).

1 group

simple and compound leaves

Sign - the number of leaf blades

2 group

Sign - way of occurrence of veins

Leaf venation

3 group

Attachment of leaves to the stem.

Sign - ways of attaching leaves to the stem

Group presentations, filling out diagrams in workbooks

III. Consolidation of knowledge

Lab 8

Topic: The external structure of the leaf.

Purpose: To study the external structure of simple and complex leaves.

Equipment

Indoor plants: pelargonium, tradescantia.
Herbarium of wild rose, mountain ash, oak, lilac leaves.

Progress

Consider green leaves indoor plants- pelargonium and tradescantia. Find the parts of the leaf. Draw in your notebook and write them down.
Examine the veins on a pelargonium leaf blade. Compare them with the veins of a tradescantia leaf. Note what their differences are. Draw and label the type of venation. Which plants - monocots or dicots - have leaves?
Note how the leaf is attached to the stem.
Examine the leaves in the herbarium different plants. Find simple and compound leaves among them.
Record the results in a table:

Individual work(may be given as homework)

Using the words therefore, because, therefore, since, add the beginning or end of each sentence.Independent work of students.Then - a collective discussion of the results.The attention of students should be drawn to the fact that there are no unambiguously correct answers here, since almost all of these sentences can have different variants start or end.

………… leaf vegetative organ ……..
…………leaf occupies a lateral position in the shoot ………………..
………… chloroplasts are contained in leaf cells ……………………..
…………leaf capable of movement……………………
This task contributes to the formation of the ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

My mental activity at the lesson was ……….
Most of all I liked ……………………….
I still can't quite get it…………………….
Today's lesson showed me ………………………

The task is aimed at developing the reflective skills of students and contributes to the formation of adequate self-esteem.

Homework

This is a task with freedom of choice and freedom of action. Each student has the right to choose from a number of proposed tasks:

draw a picture for the topic;
create a blueprint outline;
write a cheat sheet for the lesson;