Presentation on the topic of the concept of architectural styles. styles of architecture. Styles in architecture

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CONTENTS ROCOCO EMPIRE ARCHITECTURE BAROQUE RENAISSANCE (RENAISSANCE) GOTHIC ROMAN STYLE TO CHAPTER II ROCOCO PHOTO EMPIRE PHOTO BAROQUE STYLE PHOTO RENAISSANCE PHOTO GOTHIC STYLE PHOTO ROMANSKY STYLE" EXIT

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ROCOCO Rococo is a style of art and architecture that originated in France in the early 18th century and spread throughout Europe. He was distinguished by grace, lightness, intimate-flirtatious character. Having replaced the ponderous Baroque, Rococo was both the logical result of its development and its artistic antipode. With the Baroque style, Rococo is united by the desire for completeness of forms, but if the Baroque tends to monumental solemnity, then Rococo prefers elegance and lightness. More dark colors and lush, heavy gilding of the baroque decor are replaced by light colors - pink, blue, green, with big amount white details. Rococo is mainly ornamental; the name itself comes from a combination of two words: "baroque" and "rocaille" (the motif of the ornament, intricate decorative trim pebbles and shells of grottoes and fountains). Painting, sculpture and graphics are characterized by erotic, erotic-mythological and pastoral (pastoral) subjects. The first significant master of painting in the Rococo style was Watteau, and he received further development in the work of such artists as Boucher and Fragonard. The most striking representative of this style in French sculpture is, perhaps, Falcone, although his work was dominated by reliefs and statues designed to decorate interiors, busts, including those made of terracotta. By the way, Falcone himself was the manager of the famous Sevres porcelain manufactory. (The factories in Chelsea and Meissen were also famous for their wonderful porcelain products). In architecture, this style found its most striking expression in decorative ornament interiors. The most complex asymmetrical carved and stucco patterns, intricate curls of interior decoration contrasted with the relatively austere appearance of buildings, such as the Petit Trianon, built in Versailles by the architect Gabriel (1763-1769). Born in France, the Rococo style quickly spread to other countries thanks to French artists working abroad, as well as the publication of designs by French architects. Outside of France, Rococo flourished in Germany and Austria, where it absorbed the traditional elements of the Baroque. In the architecture of churches, such as the church in Vierzenheiligen (1743-1772) (architect Neumann), spatial structures, the solemnity of the Baroque are perfectly combined with the exquisite sculptural and picturesque characteristic of Rococo interior decoration, creating an impression of lightness and fabulous abundance. A supporter of Rococo in Italy - the architect Tiepolo - contributed to its spread in Spain. As for England, here Rococo influenced mainly the applied arts, for example, inlaid furniture and the production of silverware, and partly on the work of such masters as Hogarth or Gainsborough, whose refinement of images and artistic manner of writing is fully consistent with the spirit of Rococo. The Rococo style was very popular in Central Europe until the end of the 18th century, while in France and other Western countries, interest in it weakened already in the 1860s. By this time, it was perceived as a symbol of lightness and was supplanted by neoclassicism. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I PHOTO OF THE "ROCOCO" STYLE

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Empire architecture The name comes from the French empire - imperial. The style that arose in France at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. It is an organic completion of the long development of European classicism. The main feature of this style is the combination of massive simple geometric shapes with military emblems. Its source is Roman sculpture, from which A. inherited the solemn severity and clarity of the composition. Ampir. originally developed in France at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. in the era of the Great French Revolution and was distinguished by a pronounced civic pathos. During the period of the Napoleonic Empire, art was supposed to glorify the military successes and dignity of the ruler. Hence the passion for the construction of various kinds of triumphal arches, commemorative columns, obelisks. Porticos become important elements of the decorative decoration of buildings. Bronze casting, painting of plafonds, alcoves are often used in interior decoration. Ampir. sought to approach antiquity more than classicism. In the XVIII century. The architect B. Vignon built the La Madeleine church on the model of a Roman peripter, using the Corinthian order. The interpretation of forms was distinguished by dryness and emphasized rationalism. The same features characterize the Arc de Triomphe (Arch of the Star) on the Place des Stars in Paris (architect Chalgrin). Erected by Leper and Gonduin, the Vendôme memorial column (column of the "Great Army") is covered with sheets of bronze cast from Austrian guns. The spiraling bas-relief depicts the events of a victorious war. Empire style. developed for a short time, it is being replaced by the time of eclecticism. TABLE OF CONTENTS PHOTO OF AMPERA ARCHITECTURE

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CLASSICISM A style in European art of the 17th-beginning of the 19th centuries, which turned to the ancient heritage as a norm and an ideal model. The name of the style comes from the Latin classicus - exemplary. Usually, two periods are distinguished in the development of K. It took shape in the 17th century. in France, reflecting the rise of absolutism. The 18th century is considered a new stage in its development, since at that time it reflected other civic ideals based on the ideas of the philosophical rationalism of the Enlightenment. Both periods are united by the idea of the rational laws of the world, of the beautiful, ennobled nature, the desire to express great social content, lofty heroic and moral ideals. The architecture of K. is characterized by the rigor of form, the clarity of spatial solutions, the geometrism of interiors, the softness of colors, and the laconicism of the external and interior decoration structures. Unlike Baroque buildings, the masters of K. never created spatial illusions that distorted the proportions of the building. And in the park architecture, the so-called regular style where all lawns and flower beds have the correct shape, and green spaces are placed strictly in a straight line and carefully trimmed. (The garden and park ensemble of Versailles.) TABLE OF CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I PHOTO OF THE "CLASSICISM" STYLE

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BAROQUE A style in art that developed in European countries in the 16th-17th centuries (in some countries - until the middle of the 18th century). The name comes from the Italian barocco - bizarre, strange. There is another explanation of the origin of this term: the Dutch sailors called the defective pearls so. Long time tin "baroque" carried a negative assessment. In the 19th century the attitude towards the Baroque has changed, which was served by the work of the German scientist Wölfflin. If in the Renaissance art glorified the power and beauty of man, then at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries these ideas gave way to reflections on the complexity and imperfection of social relations, thoughts about the disunity of people. Therefore, the main task of art was to reflect the inner world of a person, to reveal his feelings and experiences. Thus, the main features of B. were determined - dramatic pathos, a tendency to pointed contrasts, dynamism, expression, a tendency to pomp and decorativeness. All these features are also characteristic of the architecture of B. Buildings were necessarily decorated with bizarre facades, the shape of which was hidden behind decorations. Ceremonial interiors also acquired a variety of forms, the quirkiness of which was emphasized by sculpture, molding, and various ornaments. Rooms often lost their usual rectangular shape. Mirrors and murals expanded the true dimensions of the premises, and colorful plafonds created the illusion of the absence of a roof. B. architects turned their attention to the street, which began to be regarded as an integral architectural organism, as one of the forms of the ensemble. The beginning and end of the street were marked by squares or spectacular architectural or sculptural accents. The curved line becomes the dominant feature in the composition of the building, volutes return, elliptical surfaces appear. PHOTO OF THE "BAROQUE" STYLE CONTENT OF CHAPTER I

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REVIVAL (RENAISSANCE) At the beginning of the fifteenth century. in Florence, a new architectural style was created - the Renaissance (from the French Renaissance) based on the rationalism and extreme individualism characteristic of its ideologies. In the epoch of R., the personality of the architect in the modern sense of the word was formed for the first time, in contrast to the dependence of the medieval architect on the masons' workshop. There are early R. and high; the first developed in Florence, the center of the second was Rome. Italian architects creatively rethought the ancient order system, which brought proportionality, clarity of composition and convenience to the appearance of the building. R.'s first architect was Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446). His work most clearly reflected the main achievements of this era. He was the first to create a palace (palazzo), which formed the basis of all subsequent architecture, including ours. The main achievement of the Renaissance palace is the final design of the floor as a horizontal spatial layer intended for human life and activity. The wall is interpreted for the first time in the modern sense of the word, i.e. how geometrically correct septum of constant thickness between the internal architectural space and the space outside the building. Windows are treated as the eyes of the building, facade - as the face of the building; those. outside expresses the internal architectural space. High R. is associated in architecture with the name Bramante (1444-1514). Of all the buildings of R., his Tempietto stands closer to ancient architecture in terms of the organic fullness of forms and harmonious completeness, based on the golden section of proportions. The main achievement of R. architecture in the humanization of the proportions of buildings. PHOTO OF THE REVIVAL STYLE TABLE OF CONTENTS

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GOTHIC From the Italian gotico - Gothic, barbarian. The style in Western European art of the 12th-15th centuries, which completed its development in the medieval period. The term was introduced by Renaissance humanists who wanted to emphasize the "barbarian" character of all medieval art; in reality, the Gothic style had nothing to do with the Goths and was a natural development and modification of the principles of Romanesque art. Like Romanesque art, Gothic art was under the strongest influence of the church and was called upon to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images. But the art of Gothic developed in new conditions, the main of which was the strengthening of cities. Therefore, the leading type of Gothic architecture was the city's cathedral, looking up, with lancet arches, with walls turned into stone lace /which became possible thanks to the system of flying buttresses that transfer the pressure of the vault to the external pillars - buttresses/. The Gothic cathedral symbolized the rush to heaven; its richest decorative decoration - statues, reliefs, stained-glass windows - should have served the same purpose. PHOTO OF THE GOTHIC STYLE TABLE OF CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I

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ROMAN STYLE The word comes from the Latin romanus - Roman. The English call this style "Norman". R.S. developed in Western European art of the 10th-11th centuries. He expressed himself most fully in architecture. Romanesque buildings are characterized by a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and concise exterior decoration. The building has always carefully blended into the surrounding nature and therefore looked especially solid and solid. This was facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-deep portals. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the choice, monastery or castle is the tower - donjon. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. The main distinguishing element of the R. of the building is a semicircular arch. PHOTO OF "ROMANSKY STYLE" TABLE OF CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I

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CONTENTS STYLE "ECLECTICA" STYLE "HIGH-TECH" STYLE "FUNCTIONALISM" STYLE "ORGANICS" STYLE "NEOCLASSICISM" STYLE "MODERN" TO CHAPTER I PHOTO OF STYLE "EKLEKTIKA" PHOTO OF STYLE "HIGH-TECH" PHOTO OF STYLE "FUNCTIONALISM" PHOTO STYLE LA "ORGANICS" PHOTO OF THE STYLE "NEOCLASSICISM" PHOTO OF THE STYLE "MODERN" AUTHOR'S EXIT

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Eclecticism Eclecticism is not a separate architectural style. This is a combination of several, earlier styles of architecture, from which only some elements are taken, with their subsequent harmonization due to texture and color. Eclecticism has become quite a natural phenomenon in some countries. After all, the Empire style, so beloved by some monarchs and in which entire cities were built, caused quite understandable protest, which is not surprising. After all, Empire is a solemn style. Cities built in this style were faceless, without their own unique architectural monuments. N.V. Gogol, who, by the way, was quite well versed in architecture, severely criticized the Empire style. All houses built in this style resembled, in his words, sheds, or barracks, and were so similar to each other that they merged into one solid wall. In eclecticism, the style and shape of buildings were almost directly determined by its practical function. For example, the style of K.A. Tona was recognized as official for the construction of temples, but was almost never used in the design of private mansions. In addition, the main difference from the Empire, which dictated the conditions for the construction of a building of any type, eclecticism offered a choice. That is, the final appearance of the building was dictated by the chosen styles, its functional purpose, as well as the desire of the customer. TABLE OF CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO OF THE "ECLECTIQUE" STYLE

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Hi-Tech in architecture Technological progress in the 70s of the XX century began to have a fairly significant impact on architecture. He was the personification of the entry into the age of high technology. Although high-tech developed into a separate architectural style, it differed from them only in the ways of architectural design and the materials used. Constructivism was distinguished by the use of structures based on glass and reinforced concrete. And high-tech uses various combinations of metal and glass, suggesting the use of engineering and technical structures of the building for decorative purposes. The use of different colors for painting pipelines, ventilation shafts allows them to look like structural and decorative elements of the building, which complement it functionally and aesthetically. By the 90s of the XX century, one of the directions becomes dominant. It is a very noticeable departure from the complex compositions characteristic of the high-tech style of the 70s. One of the most clear examples High-tech composition is the building that now houses the European Court of Human Rights (Strasbourg). TABLE OF CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO OF THE "HIGH-TECH" STYLE

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Functionalism At the beginning of the 20th century, the architectural style of functionalism began to develop rapidly. Architects who designed in this genre used the thesis "the form must correspond to the purpose." It was considered tasteless to install any decorations if they did not carry practical benefits. A significant contribution to the development of functionalism was made by Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, also known as Le Corbusier. He formed five basic principles for the design of buildings in the style of functionalism. In addition, he found various functional and aesthetic solutions that were widely used in building design for several decades. And some of his solutions are still used today, when designing buildings in the style of functionalism. In addition, some of the principles of functionalism could be used in almost any country, fitting them to national characteristics. So, for example, in England, the city center was built with multi-storey buildings, while cottages were preserved on the outskirts, while in Berlin and Paris they preferred to build multi-storey buildings on the outskirts of these cities. In parallel with functionalism, several other architectural trends developed, but they did not have any significant impact on the development of architecture as a whole. TABLE OF CONTENTS II CHAPTER PHOTO STYLE "FUNCTIONALISM"

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Organics The use of organics in architecture, at first, is bewildering. What does this science have to do with the construction of buildings? The most direct. Whereas a building normally consists of finished blocks, an organic architecture-designed building consists of many different blocks that are only finished as part of the building. In addition, organic architecture implies the rejection of strict geometric shapes. When designing each building, the type of surrounding area and its purpose are taken into account. In addition, in such a building everything is subordinated to harmony. The bedroom here will be the bedroom and the living room will be the living room. Each room has its own purpose, which is guessed at a glance. If you want to understand what is the difference between organic architecture and any other, just compare the usual high-rise building and, let's say, the hobbit hut in the film "The Lord of the Rings", although only external design is used there. The ideas of organic architecture have found extraordinary popularity in recent times. Partly due to the availability of new structural materials that allow you to create the most bizarre architectural forms. Another reason that gave impetus to the development of organic architecture was the feeling of unity with nature, which gives such a building. TABLE OF CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO OF "ORGANIC" STYLE

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Neoclassicism This architectural style was popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It clearly shows an attempt to return to some "eternal" values, opposing them to a disturbing reality. As a starting point in the architecture of neoclassicism, ancient Greek buildings were chosen, which until then had not been studied by anyone. Despite the fact that different architects studied the same buildings, they drew quite different conclusions, which led to the different development of neoclassicism in different countries. So, in France, the neoclassical style was used mainly in the construction of public buildings. Such a building, for example, was the Petit Trianon in Versailles, which was considered the most perfect creation of Jacques Ange Gabriel. The British, on the contrary, saw in neoclassicism a return to light, openwork forms. In accordance with these ideas, houses and private estates were built. For public buildings, neoclassicism was practically not used. The most famous English neoclassical architects were William Chambers and Robert Adam, who played very important roles in the development of English neoclassicism. The ideas of neoclassicism for a long time influenced various countries, such as Russia (and later the Soviet Union), Scandinavia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and others.

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Art Nouveau The desire to create equally aesthetic beautiful and functional buildings at the beginning of the 19th century led to the emergence of the Art Nouveau architectural style. It contrasts strongly with other architectural styles. The most prominent representatives of this style were Victor Horta, a Belgian by nationality and Frenchman Hector Guimard. But Antonia Gaudí stands out the most. The buildings erected according to his designs are so perfect and so organically fit into the surrounding landscape that it seems as if nature has created such a masterpiece. hallmarks Art Nouveau style is the patterned cladding of the facades of buildings, the use of stained-glass windows, as well as various decorative details made of wrought iron. for windows and doorways complex geometric shapes are characteristic, contributing to the creation of a holistic style, functional and beautiful at the same time. In the Art Nouveau style, dachas, country villas, expensive high-rise buildings and city mansions are built and decorated. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO OF THE "ROCOCO" STYLE

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THE WORK IS COMPILED BY: STUDENT OF THE MOU-Gymnasium No. 2 Kirill Orekhov Slideshow on the topic - “styles of architecture” EXIT TO THE VERY BEGINNING TO CHAPTER I TO CHAPTER II

Development of the lesson "Styles of Architecture" for the 8th grade of the MHC.

The purpose of the lesson: to systematize and clarify students' knowledge about styles in architecture.

The material contains a complete outline of the lesson, which allows you to consolidate knowledge about architectural styles in the context of cultural and historical periods. The presentation for the lesson is quite complete, it has the text content of the topic. The presentation is divided into 4 parts. After downloading, the parts must be connected. This is done in order not to compress the drawings, as this degrades their quality.

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Subject : Styles of architecture.

The purpose of the lesson: to systematize and clarify students' knowledge of styles in architecture.

Tasks:

To consolidate knowledge about architectural styles in the context of cultural and historical periods.
Develop an interest in architecture as the basis of all arts.
Develop the ability to work with information.

Equipment: multimedia projector, screen, computer.

DER: presentations "Architectural styles".

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architectural styles

Content 1. Unity of functional content and artistic image 2. The birth of architectural styles and their successive change in the history of mankind 2.1 Canonical style ancient egypt 2.2 Classic style architecture of Ancient Greece and Rome 2.3 Romanesque style of Western European architecture of the Middle Ages 2.4 Gothic style of architecture 2.5 Architectural style of the Renaissance 2.6 Baroque style 2.7 Rococo style 2.7 Classicism style in architecture 2.8 Empire style as the style of Napoleon's empire 2.9 Eclecticism 2.10 Art Nouveau style is a qualitatively new stage in the development of architecture 2.11 Architectural constructivism

Construction is one of the most ancient types of human activity, which means that already many millennia ago the foundations of all further development of architecture were laid.

Arriving in any city, we see palaces, town halls, private cottages built in a variety of architectural styles. And it is by these styles that we determine the era of their construction, the socio-economic level of the country, the mores, traditions and customs of a particular people, its culture, history, national and spiritual heredity, even the temperaments and characters of the people of this country.

Architectural style is the unity of content and artistic image Architecture is an art inseparable from Everyday life person. It serves our domestic needs, various social needs. And at the same time it gives us joy, creates a mood, affects the feelings of people.

Architecture is one of the most comprehensive areas of human activity, dealing with the organization of space and solving any spatial problems.

According to the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius, architecture is based on three principles: lat. firmitas - strength lat. utilitas - the use of lat. venustas - beauty - and lies in a certain harmonic relation to the proportions of the human body.

Ancient Egypt The history of Ancient Egypt covers several millennia - from the end of the 5th millennium BC. e. until the 4th c. n. e. For such a significant time in ancient Egypt, a huge number of magnificent buildings, sculptures, paintings, arts and crafts were created.

The main building material in Egypt is stone. The Egyptians carved tall slender stone blocks in the form of obelisks from stone, which were symbols of the sun - the great Ra, as well as huge pillars and columns. Separate carefully hewn stone blocks were fitted to each other perfectly, dry, without mortar.

The weight of the heavy floor beams was carried by the walls, pylons and columns. The Egyptians did not use arches, although they knew this design. Laid on beams stone slabs overlap. The supports were the most diverse; sometimes these are monolithic stone pillars of a simple square section, in other cases they are columns consisting of a base, a trunk and a capital. Simple trunks had a square section, more complex ones were polyhedra and often depicted bundles of papyrus stems, sometimes had flutes (vertical grooves).

Egyptian architecture was characterized by a peculiar form of capitals depicting a flower of papyrus, lotus or palm leaves.

In some cases, the head of the fertility goddess Hathor was carved on the capitals.

Ancient Egyptian temple. Section

Ancient art Masterpieces created by talented masters of the ancient world inspired poets, composers, playwrights and artists of all European countries for several centuries, and today they continue to give us artistic pleasure and serve as a norm and an unattainable model. Artistic heritage Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome - architecture, sculpture, painting, arts and crafts and jewelry - strikes with its richness and diversity. It vividly expressed the aesthetic ideas, moral ideals and tastes characteristic of ancient civilization, which completed a long history. ancient world. The creators of ancient culture were the ancient Greeks.

Archaic period - before V AD On the ruins of the Mycenaean cities, destroyed by the conquering Doric tribes, a new culture arose. .The palaces and fortresses were replaced by numerous temple buildings. The beautiful statues of the Olympian gods have more majestic and luxurious dwellings than the old primitive idols. Secular construction receded into the background. During this period, a planning scheme was formed, which formed the basis for the subsequent architecture of Greek temples, which is characterized by the surrounding of the main volume of the temple with a colonnade.

The Doric order is associated with a masculine, heavy style (“masculine”). A strict and powerful Doric column, standing directly on the platform, without any lining, can be compared with the torso of an athlete holding a great weight on his head. From top to bottom, the column is hewn with vertical grooves - flutes. In the light of the sun, they give rise to a play of light and shadows, thus enlivening the stone trunk. To emphasize the aspiration of the column itself and the entire building upwards, the top of the trunk is narrower than the base. It is, as it were, pulled together at the very top by horizontal grooves. Olympia, ruins of the Temple of Hera

Ionic order - associated with a soft and pampered style (“feminine”) The Ionic column was born in the Greek cities of the Asia Minor coast mediterranean sea. The splendor and luxury of the East had an impact on her. The column itself became slimmer, the flutes were deeper, it had a round base - the base, and the echin (flattened pillow at the top of the column) received spiral curls at the edges. temple of Nike Apteros (443-420, architect Kallikrates)

Corinthian order - appeared in the 5th century BC. the proportions were likened to a girlish body (“girlish”). It represents a variant of the Ionic order, more saturated with decor. It features a bell-shaped capital covered with stylized acanthus leaves. Ruins of the Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens. Started in 175-164 BC. e., completed in 129-132 AD. e.

Orders: 1 - Doric 2 - Ionic 3 - Corythian

Middle Ages The Romanesque style (from Latin romanus - Roman) developed in Western European art of the 10th-12th centuries. This artistic style is one of the most important stages in the development of medieval European art. bamberg cathedral

The Romanesque style is characterized by the desire for complete integrity, rigor and simplicity, the absence of decorations and ornaments. Its characteristic element is the arched shape of the door and window openings. The outlines are dominated by vertical and horizontal lines. The complex structure looks sharp and clear on the outside. Stone temples are created with simple volumes and shapes. Chapel of Penitents, France

Thus, Romanesque buildings are characterized by: a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration - the building has always carefully fit into the surrounding nature massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-recessed portals the presence of a stone vault thick walls cut through by small windows, the predominance of horizontal divisions over vertical ones circular and semicircular arches.

Gothic Gothic is a period in the development of medieval art from the 12th to the 15th centuries, which replaced the Romanesque style, gradually replacing it. Gothic originated in the 12th century in northern France. Gothic cathedral in Coutances, France

Gothic is characterized by: arches with a pointed top, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details and multi-colored stained-glass lancet windows - all elements of the style emphasize the vertical. Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris, Paris, France

The architects of the Renaissance, in accordance with the humanistic worldview of their era, created a new style- Renaissance, which used the heritage of ancient art, Greek architectural orders. they were used more freely, with a departure from ancient canons, in other proportions and sizes, in combination with other architectural elements. Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence

Emphasis is placed on symmetry, proportion, geometry and order. constituent parts, which is clearly evidenced by the surviving examples of Roman architecture. The complex proportion of medieval buildings is replaced by an orderly arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels, asymmetrical outlines are replaced by a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, a niche. Saint Paul's Cathedral. Rome

Baroque Baroque (Italian barocco - “strange”) is a style of European art and architecture of the 17th-18th centuries. It is born in Italy and is distributed in most European countries, acquiring in each its own special national features. Church of Saint Susanna in Rome

If the buildings in the Renaissance style were strict in form, with clear straight lines, then the buildings in the Baroque style, which replaced the Renaissance, are distinguished by an abundance of curvilinear forms. Zwinger Peppelmann, Permoser, beg. XVIII century Germany, Dresden

Straight lines are almost non-existent. architectural forms curved, piled one on top of the other and intertwined with the sculpture. This creates the impression of constant mobility of forms.

Rococo (1715 - XVIII century) Rococo style (French rococo, rocaille - shell, since the most noticeable external manifestation of this style was decorative motifs in the form of a shell) - replete with bizarre decorations, curvilinear lines, curls, like a powdered wig of a noble lady or her cavalier / Rinaldi Pavilion "Skater Hill" 1762-1774 Oranienbaum

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Empire Empire (from French empire - empire) - a style in architecture and art (mainly decorative) of the first three decades of the 19th century, completing the evolution of classicism. Kazan Cathedral

The Empire style was formed in the bowels of classicism, in which the search for elegant simplicity of forms and decor is gradually replaced by the desire for their ultimate lapidarity and monumental expressiveness.

Eclecticism Eclecticism (eclecticism, historicism) in architecture is a trend in architecture that dominated Europe and Russia in the 1830s-1890s. Eclecticism is inherent in the features of European architecture of the XV-XVIII centuries. Eclecticism retains the architectural order, but in it he has lost his exclusivity. Private house-palace of the Beloselsky-Belozersky in St. Petersburg

Diverse architecture of historical stylizations, common from the middle. XIX to the end of the XX century, known as the architecture of the "period of historicism". Styling at the customer's choice for classic, renaissance, baroque, rococo, gothic, etc., as well as for national styles

Modern Modern (from French moderne - modern) is one of the architectural styles, more popular in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. His distinctive features are: the rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, "natural" lines, an interest in new technologies in the construction of buildings.

Art Nouveau architecture is also distinguished by the desire to create both aesthetically beautiful and functional buildings. Much attention was paid not only appearance buildings, but also the interior, which was carefully designed. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies - were artistically processed.

Constructivism Constructivism is a Soviet avant-garde style, a direction that was developed in 1920 - early. 1930s.

The functional method is a theoretical concept of constructivism, based on a scientific analysis of the features of the functioning of buildings, structures, urban complexes. Each function corresponds to the most rational space-planning structure (the form corresponds to the function)

Conclusion: Architectural style is a set of main features and signs of architecture of a certain time and place, manifested in the features of its functional, constructive and artistic aspects (techniques for constructing plans and volumes of building compositions, Construction Materials and structures, forms and decoration of facades, decoration interiors; is included in the general concept of style as an artistic worldview, covering all aspects of the art and culture of society in certain conditions of its social and economic development; the totality of the main ideological and artistic features of the master's work.

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Architecture - the stone chronicle of the world

1. Classic style

Classicism (exemplary) artistic style and aesthetic trend in European art of the 17th-19th century.

Parthenon

Triumphal Arch of Constantine

The main feature of classicism architecture Appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor.

Classicism architecture - Clarity of three-dimensional form - Symmetrical-axial compositions. restraint of decoration

2. Romanesque style

Romanesque (Roman) artistic style that dominated Western Europe in the 9th to 12th centuries. It became one of the most important stages in the development of medieval European art.

Cathedral of Notre Dame la Grande, Poitiers

Notre Dame la Grande. West Wing

Royal Palace Alcazar

"Classic" of all, this style will spread in the art of Germany and France. This medieval architecture was created for the needs of the church and chivalry, and churches, monasteries, castles become the leading types of buildings.

Norman fortress, X-XI centuries. France

The combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration - the building has always blended harmoniously into the surrounding nature. This was facilitated by massive walls with narrow window openings and stepped-in-depth portals. Such walls carried a defensive purpose. - the main buildings in this period are the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the monastery or castle is the tower. Around it were the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. Romanesque buildings are characterized

3. Gothic style

Gothic is the only style that has created a completely original system of forms and a new understanding of the organization of space and volumetric composition. 12-15th century

Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris

characteristic features gothic style are characteristic features of the gothic style are the vertical composition, lancet bright, complex frame support system and ribbed vault.

View of Notre Dame from the Ile Saint Louis

Gothic cathedral in Coutances, France

4. Baroque

Contrast, tension, dynamism of images, the desire for grandeur and pomp, for the combination of reality and illusion - for the fusion of arts (urban and palace and park ensembles of the Baroque are characteristic

The baroque style appeared in XVI-XVII centuries in Italian cities: Rome, Venice, Florence. Baroque is characterized by contrast, tension, dynamism of images, the desire for grandeur and pomp, for combining reality and illusion, for the fusion of arts (urban and palace and park ensembles of the Baroque (“prone to excesses”)

Catherine Palace

Tsarskoye Selo

active use of sculptural and architectural and decorative motifs; - creating a rich play of chiaroscuro, color contrasts

Church building of the Grand Palace

Rococo (crushed stone, decorative shell, shell) 18th century.

Interiors of the Winter Palace

Malachite Hall

jordan stairs

Rococo is characterized by a decorative shell, fragments of stones, a shell - an ornament, decoration in the form of a combination of natural stones with shells and leaves of plants. - smooth curved stems, whimsical lines of the ornament fit into all the details of the interior, forming a single decorative background.

Field Marshal's Hall

Georgievsky Hall

Empire style ("imperial style") The Empire style is the final stage of classicism that arose in the second half of the 19th century.

Arch of the General Staff

The Empire style is characterized by the presence of columns, pilasters, stucco cornices and other classical elements, as well as motifs that reproduce antique sculptures almost unchanged, like griffins, sphinxes, lion paws. These elements are arranged in the Empire style in an orderly manner, with balance and symmetry.

Palace Square

The main decorative motifs of the Empire style were precisely the attributes of Roman military history: massive porticos decorated with bas-reliefs, legionary badges with eagles, lions, bundles of spears and shields.

Modern (modern) Artistic direction in art in the 2nd half of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century.

Ryabushinsky's mansion

Distinctive features -Rejection of straight lines and angles -Interest in new technologies -Great attention was paid not only to the appearance of buildings, but also to the interior, which was carefully designed. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies - were artistically processed.

Casa Batlló (1906, architect Antoni Gaudí)

8. Hi-tech

Guggenheim Museum

Hi-tech (high technology) style in architecture and design, which originated in the 1970s and was widely used in the 1980s.

Main features - Use of high technologies in the design, construction and engineering of buildings and structures. -Using straight lines and shapes.

Wide use of silver metallic color. - Wide application of glass, plastic, metal. -Use of functional elements: elevators, stairs, ventilation systems.

Guggenheim Museum (project)

As you know, architecture, along with the quality and manufacture of tools, painting and plastic arts, is the oldest of human skills. It is assumed that the beginnings of architecture as an art arose during the period of primitive society. It was during the Neolithic era that man began to build the first dwellings using natural materials. As a field of art, architecture takes shape in the cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt, and as an author's art, it takes shape by the 5th century BC. BC. in ancient Greece.

Until the middle of the 12th century, being in synthesis with painting, sculpture, decorative art and occupying a dominant position among them, architecture determined the style, and its development proceeded from the "style of the era", common for all types of art and for all its time, aesthetically subordinating science, worldview, philosophy, everyday life and much more, to great styles and finally - individual author's styles. The "style of the epoch" (Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance) arises mainly in those historical periods when the perception of works of art is relatively inflexible, when it still easily adapts to changes in style.

The great styles - Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism, Empire / a variation of late classicism / - are usually recognized as equal and equivalent. In fact, great styles cover either a larger or a smaller area of culture, then they are limited to individual arts, then they subjugate all the arts or even all the main aspects of culture - they affect science, theology, everyday life. They can be determined either by a broader or less broad social environment, or by a more significant, or less significant ideology. At the same time, none of the great styles fully determined the cultural face of the era and the country.

The development of styles is asymmetrical, which is externally expressed in the fact that each style gradually changes from simple to complex, but from complex to simple it returns only as a result of a certain jump. Therefore, style changes occur in different ways: slowly - from simple to complex and abruptly - from complex to simple. Romanesque style is replaced by Gothic for more than a hundred years - from the middle of the XII century. until the middle of the thirteenth century. The simple forms of Romanesque architecture are gradually moving into a sophisticated Gothic style. Romanesque and Gothic styles are closely related in their development, and the most creative period in the development of these styles is the first. It is in the Romanesque period that technical inventions are created and the connection with philosophy and theology is clear, i.e. ideological basis of style. Gothic is much less definite ideologically. Its upward aspiration can express the religiosity of Catholicism and heresies. Romanesque Gothic style

Within the Gothic, then the Renaissance matures. Elements of the liberation of the individual, while within the limits of religion, are already evident in Gothic, especially later. And yet, gothic and revival, sharply various styles. What matured in the Gothic then demanded a sharp change in the entire system of style. The new content blew up the old form and brought to life a new style - the renaissance (or revival). renaissance With the advent of the renaissance, a period of ideological quests begins again, the emergence of an integral system of worldview. And at the same time, the process of gradual complication and disintegration of the simple begins again. The Renaissance becomes more complex, and behind it comes the Baroque. Baroque, in turn, becoming more complex, turns into rococo in some types of art (architecture, painting, applied art, literature). Then again there is a return to the simple and as a result of a jump, the baroque is replaced by classicism, the development of which in some countries was completed by the empire. BaroqueCococoClassicismEmpire

ROCOCO The name of the style, which developed mainly in France in the 18th century, is taken from German language. The French name comes from the word rocaille - shell, since the most noticeable external manifestation of this style was decorative motifs in the form of a shell. R. arose mainly as a decorative style associated with court festivities and entertainment of the aristocracy. R.'s sphere of distribution was narrow; it had no folk roots and could not become a truly national style. Playfulness, light entertainment, whimsical elegance are features characteristic of R. and especially reflected in the ornamental and decorative interpretation of architecture and applied arts. Ornamentation consisted of intricately intertwining garlands of shells, flowers, curls. Artfully curved lines camouflage the construction of knowledge. Basically, R. manifested itself in the design of the interiors of buildings, rather than their exteriors. R. is characterized by a tendency towards asymmetry of compositions, as well as fine detailing of the form, a rich and at the same time balanced decor structure in the interiors, a combination of bright and pure color tones with white and gold, a contrast between the severity of the external appearance of buildings and the delicacy of their interior decoration. Graceful, whimsical, ornamental rhythm dominates the art of R.. Widespread at the court of Louis XV (the work of architects J. M. Oppenor, J. O Meissonier, G. J. Boffrand) R. style up to the middle. XIX. called "Louis XV style".

CLASSICISM A style in European art of the 17th-beginning of the 19th centuries, which turned to the ancient heritage as a norm and an ideal model. The name of the style comes from the Latin classicus - exemplary. Usually, two periods are distinguished in the development of K. It took shape in the 17th century. in France, reflecting the rise of absolutism. The 18th century is considered a new stage in its development, since at that time it reflected other civic ideals based on the ideas of the philosophical rationalism of the Enlightenment. Both periods are united by the idea of the rational laws of the world, of the beautiful, ennobled nature, the desire to express great social content, lofty heroic and moral ideals. The architecture of K. is characterized by strictness of form, clarity of spatial solutions, geometrism of interiors, softness of colors, and laconicism of the external and internal decoration of buildings. Unlike Baroque buildings, the masters of K. never created spatial illusions that distorted the proportions of the building. And in park architecture, the so-called regular style is taking shape, where all lawns and flower beds have the correct shape, and green spaces are placed strictly in a straight line and carefully trimmed. (Gardening and park ensemble of Versailles.)

EMPIRE The name comes from the French empire - imperial. The style that arose in France at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. It is an organic completion of the long development of European classicism. The main feature of this style is the combination of massive simple geometric shapes with military emblems. Its source is Roman sculpture, from which A. inherited the solemn severity and clarity of the composition. A. originally developed in France at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. in the era of the French Revolution and was distinguished by a pronounced civic pathos. During the period of the Napoleonic Empire, art was supposed to glorify the military successes and dignity of the ruler. Hence the passion for the construction of various kinds of triumphal arches, commemorative columns, obelisks. Porticos become important elements of the decorative decoration of buildings. Bronze casting, painting of plafonds, alcoves are often used in interior decoration. A. sought to approach antiquity more than classicism. In the XVIII century. The architect B. Vignon built the La Madeleine church on the model of a Roman peripter, using the Corinthian order. The interpretation of forms was distinguished by dryness and emphasized rationalism. The same features characterize the Arc de Triomphe (Arch of the Star) on the Place des Stars in Paris (architect Chalgrin). Erected by Leper and Gonduin, the Vendôme memorial column (column of the "Great Army") is covered with sheets of bronze cast from Austrian guns. The spiraling bas-relief depicts the events of a victorious war. A.'s style did not develop for long, it was replaced by the time of eclecticism.