The exam in social studies consists of two parts, which in total contain 29 tasks.

First part contains 20 tasks with a short answer.

The answer to the tasks of the first part is given by the corresponding entry in the form of a word or phrase or a sequence of numbers written without spaces and separating characters.

Tasks 1-3 - conceptual tasks of the basic level - are aimed at testing the knowledge and understanding of the biosocial essence of a person, the main stages and factors of the socialization of the individual, the patterns and trends in the development of society, the main social institutions and processes.

Tasks 4–19 of the basic and elevated levels, aimed at testing the formation of skills:

• characterize from scientific positions, the main social objects (facts, phenomena, processes, institutions), their place and significance in the life of society as an integral system
• search social information presented in various sign systems (text, scheme, table, diagram)
• apply socio-economic and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive tasks on topical social problems

The tasks of this group represent the traditional five thematic modules of the social science course:

1. man and society, including knowledge and spiritual culture (tasks 4–6)
2. economics (tasks 7–10)
3. social relations (tasks 11, 12)
4. politics (tasks 13–15)
5. law (tasks 16–19)

Second part contains 9 tasks with a detailed answer.

In the tasks of the second part, the answer is formulated and recorded by the examinee independently in expanded form. The tasks of this part of the work are aimed at identifying graduates with the highest level of social science training.

The tasks of the second part (21-29) together represent the basic social sciences that form the social science course of a secondary school (social philosophy, economics, sociology, political science, social psychology, jurisprudence.

Distribution of tasks by parts of the examination paper

Parts of work	Number of tasks	Maximum primary score	Job type
1 part	20	35	Short answer
part 2	9	27	Detailed response
Total	19	62

Time

Allotted for the examination work 3 hours 55 minutes.
Recommended time to complete various tasks:

• for each of tasks 1–3, 10: 1–4 minutes
• for each of tasks 4-9, 11-28: 2-8 minutes
• for task 29: 45 minutes

Is it difficult to pass the exam in social studies? This question is asked by everyone who decides to choose this subject. At first glance, the subject is not difficult, so it is chosen by the vast majority of those graduates who have not yet decided where they will go. Also, according to statistics, social studies are chosen by all weak students, that is, those who have problems with most other subjects. They do not even suspect that in reality it is very difficult to pass the exam in social studies with high scores. Why? Because there are specific difficulties here, which we will talk about in this article.

Difficulty one. High threshold. Competition.

The threshold for social studies has become very high since 2016. In 2018, he is 41. Therefore, there are a lot of twos. Parents and graduates are shocked. For them, they came as a complete surprise. Moreover, even the guys who studied with a tutor get deuces.

The problem is that the Unified State Exam in social studies is chosen 10 times more than, for example, the Unified State Exam in physics or the Unified State Examination in chemistry. Social studies are needed for admission to most humanitarian universities, and for the most popular legal or economic education (and this is when the labor market is overcrowded with these professions!). Hence the high competition. That is, in order for the delivery to be successful, you must score at least 75-80 points. And this is already a difficult task.

The second difficulty. Huge amount of information.

Social science as a school subject consists of five main sections, each of which includes a whole science. That is, it is necessary to study five sciences at once. Here they are:

• Philosophy
• Sociology
• Political science
• Economy
• Right

And when studying the spiritual sphere, they also partially study

• Culturology
• art history
• religious studies
• Aesthetics

All these disciplines are studied in universities as separate subjects and have been studied for years, and even at various faculties and even at various universities. So economics is studied at the Faculty of Economics, and law at the Faculty of Law. Hence the mountains. And all of them must be mastered in two years, or even in one.

Difficulty three. Traps in the first part.

Out of twenty test tasks, two or three tasks are sure to come across that baffle even experienced teachers and tutors. These are the so-called double-answer questions.

For example. What type of society should parliament be attributed to - pre-industrial, industrial or post-industrial? The correct answer is the second one. But did parliament exist in pre-industrial society as well? After all, in England and France it arose when there was no smell of industry. And in the post-industrial society, it has not disappeared either. Where can you guess the logic of the compilers of the question. It's easy to make a mistake. You just need to know the answer.

Difficulty four. Cases and misspellings.

It is worth changing the case in a word or in a phrase, as the computer will immediately give an error. In addition, he can give an error if he does not understand the letter. And it happens. Scanners are very capricious.

In one case out of five, graduates make mistakes simply from inattention, which is the result of mental and nervous strain.

Fifth difficulty. Subjectivism of the inspector in the second part.

The verifier of the second part is a human. Social science is a humanitarian subject, and therefore variable. There may be an incompatibility between the thinking of the checker and the writer.

The verifier can be given an installation. Can give installation Check very strictly!", can give the installation " Check out very loyal O". Do you think such settings do not give? Also how they give.

Difficulty six. Ignorance of definitions, concepts and meanings.

In the second part, it is very important to know the definitions, understand the terms and concepts, and use them when writing an Essay.

Now we see that it is quite difficult to pass the exam in social studies. And the preparation must be the most thorough. Here you can not neglect all the means of preparation. High-quality work at lessons at school, tutoring.

A natural question arises:

HOW TO FACILITATE THE STUDY OF SOCIETY IN PREPARATION FOR THE USE?

In order to prepare well (especially if the preparation is from scratch, and, as a rule, 80% of high school students have zero knowledge at the beginning of grade 11, believe my twenty years of teaching experience), you first need to master the basic knowledge. But here is another difficulty! What is important and what is secondary in this sea of ​​information and mountains of textbooks? Who will help you sort this out? Who will reveal the most complicated theory and who will give practice?

Secondary general education

Line UMK G. A. Bordovsky. Social Studies (10-11)

Social science

USE in social studies: we analyze tasks with a teacher

My students, graduates of 2017, who successfully passed the Unified State Examination in social studies, argue that the recommendation to read the entire text of the work before starting the tasks gives a good effect when doing the work. When reading the work, emotional stress is relieved, brain activity is sent to the analysis of materials and the graduate is included in productive cognitive activity, leading to high scores for the performance of the work.

As materials for work we use version of the exam in Social Studies 2017 (early period), published by FIPI in the spring of 2017.

Part 1

Task number 1

Write down the missing word in the table.

Factors of production and factor income

When performing task number 1, you need to carefully look at the name of the table. In our case, the table is called Factors of Production and Factor Income. One of the factors of production is indicated: entrepreneurship (entrepreneurial ability) and its factor income is indicated: profit. Knowledge of the main factors of production: land, labor, capital (physical and monetary), entrepreneurial abilities of information is inextricably linked with the knowledge of factor income as income that the owner receives from the use or application of factors of production. Labor - wages, land - rent, capital - interest, entrepreneurial ability, information - profit. The table shows factor income - rent, which means that in the first column we can safely enter such a factor of production as Earth. The correct answer is earth. When preparing, it is important for the student to know the full characteristics of all factors of production.

Task number 2

In the row below, find the concept that is generalizing for all the other concepts presented. write it down word (phrase).

State shape, form of government, unitary state, federation, republic.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task number 2, it is always necessary to clearly define the generic concept (in the question it sounds like a generalizing concept). In our version, the following are presented: the form of the state, as device political organization society (it is important to remember that this is also a certain set of characteristics by which we determine the way the state is organized and structured); form of government, which is determined by the composition of the highest bodies of state power and the order of their formation, as well as by their interaction with the population of the state; a unitary state, which refers to one of the forms of state-territorial structure, like a federation; A republic is a form of government. For my students, I always strongly recommend that, in a draft, as soon as they begin to complete tasks related to the topic "Politics", draw a diagram:

This is important because a typical mistake that graduates make when conducting trial exams is related to mixing concepts. And when the scheme is in front of your eyes, it will be more difficult to make a mistake.

Accordingly, based on the scheme, it becomes clear that the generic (generalizing concept for everyone else here will be the form of the state, i.e. its versatile characteristics presented in the answer options. The remaining concepts reflect these or other elements. For example, the form of government is given as part of forms of the state and the republic, as one of the types of form of government.

Correct Answer: State.

Task number 3

Below is a list of features. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the elite culture.

1. the complexity of the forms used;
2. the desire of authors to embody their own ideas;
3. entertaining character;
4. strong commercial focus;
5. spiritual aristocracy;
6. requirement for special training to understand.

Find two characteristics that “drop out” of the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

When performing task number 3, we pay attention to the concept in question. In this case, it is “elite culture” and we are asked about the characteristics of this concept. Elite culture is considered in the topic "The spiritual sphere of society." The generic concept is "Culture". In our case, the question is in the plane of varieties of culture (material, spiritual; folk, mass, elite). The task presents the features of an elite culture: the complexity of the forms used, the desire of the authors to embody their own ideas, spiritual aristocracy, the requirement for special training for understanding. Well, really, are we all ready for the perception of Schnittke's musical works, the analysis of Kafka's highly intellectual literary works? What can you say about Rodin's sculptures? It is clear that this culture is designed for a narrow circle of consumers prepared for the perception of complex works. Elite culture is not looking for commercial gain, it is important for authors to express themselves and search for new forms in art.

Two characteristics left out of our attention: entertainment and a pronounced commercial orientation are the most important characteristics of mass culture. Therefore, in this case, we will mark them as correct. Because in the task we are asked to remove unnecessary characteristics.

Task number 4

Choose the correct judgments about society and social institutions and write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. Society is a constantly developing dynamic system.
2. Social progress is characterized by degradation, a return to obsolete structures and relationships.
3. In a broad sense, society is understood as a part of the world isolated from nature, but connected with it, including ways of interaction and forms of uniting people.
4. Social institutions perform the function of human socialization.
5. Society is a closed system that does not interact with the external environment.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task number 4, we must find judgments about society and public institutions. Here one cannot do without knowledge of the concepts: “society” in the broad and narrow senses; society as a system; "social institution", as a historically established stable form of organizing joint activities of people, and knowledge of the types of social institutions in the main areas of society.

The first judgment characterizes society as a dynamic developing system - this judgment is correct, since it is an axiom in the course of social science.

The second judgment is incorrect, since progress, which is one of the directions of social development, is characterized by the development of society from the lowest to the highest. And the judgment indicates: degradation, a return to obsolete structures and relationships, which are the qualitative characteristics of another direction of social development - regression.

The third judgment almost completely reproduces the concept of "society" in a broad sense, and therefore is true. It lacks "consisting of individuals with consciousness and will."

The fourth proposition is correct. In the course of socialization, a person learns the experience of previous generations. We know that social institutions set patterns of behavior for people. This is best confirmed by such a social institution as the family, which belongs to the social subsystem of society.

The fifth proposition is not correct. Society is a dynamic, open, self-developing system. It is practically impossible to apply the concepts of a “closed system” that does not interact with the external environment to society. No special evidence is needed here. It suffices to recall the concept of society in the broad sense of "a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it."

Thus, the following statements will be correct: 1, 3, 4.

Thematic planning in social studies

Task number 5

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types (forms) of activity: for each element given in the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

Task number 5 refers to the topic "Activities". Types (forms of activity) are considered: game, teaching, work, communication. To complete this task, it is enough to know the characteristics of each type (form of activity). The imaginary setting is a characteristic of the game (A 4), focus on achieving a practically useful result - to work (a person creates certain objects that satisfy needs) (B 2). Focus on acquiring new knowledge and skills - to learning (AT 3). And none of the types (forms) of activity can do without communication. Therefore, the remaining two characteristics: the process of establishing and developing contacts between people and the focus on the exchange of information reflect the essence of communication. (G 1, D 1). Just remember that in the process of communication people exchange not only information, but also emotions, influencing each other.

With the seeming ease of tasks, it is important not to rush, to conduct an internal dialogue with yourself. Answer the question: why the chosen answer is correct, based on knowledge of concepts.

Task number 6

Students conducted a study of the motives of the educational activities of primary school students. Find in the list below the methods they used that correspond to the empirical level of scientific knowledge. write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. description of observed phenomena
2. promotion and substantiation of hypotheses
3. explanation of existing relationships
4. direct observation of individual facts and phenomena
5. fixing generalizations in the form of laws
6. obtaining quantitative data about the object under study

Answer: ___________________________.

In task number 6, they ask about the empirical level of scientific knowledge and its methods. We immediately mentally turn to the generic concept - "science", recall the structure of scientific knowledge, which includes levels: empirical and theoretical, and spread the methods related to each level. Remember that empirical methods include: observation, description, measurement, classification, systematization, i.e. with their help, it is possible to identify specific properties of the objects under study, in contrast to the theoretical level, aimed at identifying general trends, laws, etc.

So we found the right answers: 1, 4, 6

Task number 7

Choose the correct judgments about economic systems and write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. Private property is the basis of a command (planned) economy.
2. In a traditional economy, the main issues of the economy are decided by central government agencies.
3. The main subjects of market relations are economically independent participants in economic life.
4. The stimulus for the activity of enterprises in a market system is profit.
5. The characteristics of a market economy include free pricing.

Answer: ___________________________.

Task number 7 aims us at the knowledge of the characteristics of economic systems as a way of organizing the economic life of society. Knowledge of the distinctive features of traditional, command (planned) or command-administrative, market and mixed economic systems is the basic knowledge of a graduate who wants to get a high score on the exam.

So let's try. Private property is a prerequisite for the existence of a market model of the economic system. We are told in the judgment that the command economy. This is not true, also because the command economy is dominated by state ownership, as well as the main issues of the economy are decided by the central authorities. So the second statement is also wrong. The third judgment is correct, since in a market economy each owner has the right to freely and independently dispose of his factors of production.

The fourth and fifth judgments are also correct, since in a market economy the freedom of economic activity of individual entities is aimed at making a profit in a competitive environment and market mechanisms determine the price.

Right answers: 3, 4, 5.

Task number 8

Establish a correspondence between examples and types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation (in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation): for each item given in the first column, select the appropriate item from the second column.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

Task No. 8 is related to the financial literacy of the graduate, namely, knowledge of the types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation. The task defines the levels of taxes collected: federal, regional and local. When performing this task, it is important to clearly distinguish between types of taxes by levels:

Thus, in our task, we again apply the empirical ranking method: A 3, B 3, C 1, D 3, D 2.

Authors: Vorontsov A.V., Koroleva G.E., Naumov S.A. The textbook covers the most important topics of the social science course: economics, politics and law. In accordance with modern scientific ideas, the authors reveal the features of the market mechanism and the role of the state in the economy, the foundations of political science, the functioning of the state and the development of democracy, the principles of law, the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

Task number 9

Firm Y - tailoring studio wedding dresses. Find examples of firm Y's short run variable costs in the list below and write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. interest expense on a previously taken loan
2. expenses for the purchase of fabrics, threads, accessories
3. cost of paying piecework wages to employees
4. studio space rent
5. payment for consumed electricity
6. insurance premiums

Answer: ___________________________.

Task number 9 requires knowledge of the topic "Firm" and its key concepts: revenue, costs and profits. The assignment should clearly state the company's variable costs in the short run, as opposed to fixed costs.

To complete the task without error, it is also necessary to remember that variable costs change when the volume of production changes.

A firm's credit history will always be a fixed cost, so the first option is not correct. But the acquisition of fabrics, threads, accessories refers to consumables, which means variable costs, as well as payment of piecework wages to employees, in contrast to salaries, which are fixed costs of the company. Rent, insurance premiums are fixed costs of any company. And here is the payment consumed electricity (depending on the volume of work of the company) - will be a variable cost.

Right answers: 2, 3, 5 .

Social science. Grade 11. A basic level of. Textbook. Authors: Nikitin A.F., Gribanova G.I., Martyanov D.S. The textbook is included in the educational and methodological complex in social science for grade 11 (basic level). Corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard of secondary (complete) general education, included in the Federal List. The textbook deals with the most important issues of economics and law. The methodological apparatus of the textbook includes the headings "Think, compare, draw conclusions", "Check our knowledge", "Research, design, discuss, argue".

The figure shows the change in the supply of chairs in the relevant market: the supply line S moved to a new position S 1 . (P- price; Q- quantity.)

Which of the following factors can cause such a change? write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. an increase in the cost of upholstery materials for chairs
2. increase in the wages of workers in enterprises that produce chairs
3. reducing the cost of materials for the frame of chairs
4. reduction of taxes levied on furniture manufacturers
5. increase in electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers

Answer: ___________________________.

Task number 10 requires a very careful reading of the question. It is necessary to understand what they are asking: about a change in the magnitude of demand or the magnitude of supply? In this case, the supply of chairs in the relevant market has changed. By observing the change in the supply curve, we can say that the supply has decreased. When completing the task, you need to remember that the change in supply is affected by the cost of production factors, technology, government tax policy, government support, price expectations, competition, etc.

Therefore, the first answer is that an increase in the cost of materials for upholstery of chairs will just help to reduce the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. An increase in the wages of workers increases the cost of such a factor of production as labor, but at the same time lowers the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. The third option should lead to an increase in supply, since a decrease in the cost of raw materials leads to an increase in the supply of goods on the market (in our case, a decrease in the cost of material for the frame). The answer is not correct. Tax cuts will also increase supply. The answer is not correct. But the increase in electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers will increase variable costs and reduce supply. So, an increase in the cost of consumables, electricity tariffs, wages of workers will force the company to either reduce production volumes or increase the cost of goods, which will lead to a decrease in supply on the market.

Right answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task number 11

Choose the correct judgments about social stratification and social mobility and write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. Horizontal mobility implies a transition to a social group located at a different level of the social hierarchy.
2. One of the criteria for differentiating social groups is income.
3. The personal qualities of a person act as a criterion for the social stratification of modern society.
4. Sociologists distinguish between individual and collective mobility.
5. One of the criteria for the social stratification of society is the volume of power.

Answer: ___________________________.

Performing task No. 11, we proceed from the knowledge of the concepts of "social stratification" and "social mobility", the criteria for social stratification, and the types of social mobility.

Horizontal mobility involves the transition from one social group to another, located on the same rung of the social ladder. Therefore, the first statement is not correct. Differentiation (separation) of social groups in society occurs according to many criteria, one of which is income. And also the amount of power, education, prestige of the profession. The second and fifth judgments are correct, unlike the third. The personal qualities of a person are not a criterion of social stratification. The fourth proposition is correct because sociologists do distinguish between individual and collective mobility. For example, under the influence of the events of the revolution of 1917, there was a shift in the position of social groups.

Right answers: 2, 4, 5.

In the course of sociological surveys of adult residents of countries Z and Y, they were asked the question: “Which of the directions of the youth policy of the state do you consider the most important?”

The results of the surveys (in % of the number of respondents) are shown in the diagram.

Find in the list of conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram, and write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. The share of those who note the importance of providing access to decision-making in the economy, public life, politics, in country Z is less than in country Y.
2. Equal proportions of respondents in each country consider it necessary to carry out educational work.
3. In country Z, the opinion about the importance of providing access to decision-making in the economy, public life, and politics is less popular than the opinion about the importance of educational work.
4. In country Y, equal proportions of respondents point out the creation of conditions for self-expression, self-realization of young people and educational work with them as the most important areas.
5. The share of those who consider the provision of social support as the most important is larger in country Z than in country Y.

Answer: ___________________________.

Performing task number 12, you need to carefully read the conditions of the sociological survey. In this case, the most important areas of the youth policy of the two countries were clarified. The chart shows the data for these countries. Before reading the presented judgments, you should carefully study the diagram yourself. In each of the countries, the leading position was taken by the answer “provision of social support”. Further, in country Z, the position “carrying out educational work” was in second place, and the minimum position was occupied by the judgment “providing access to decision-making ...”. In country Y, equally minimal positions were occupied by the judgments “providing access to decision-making ...” and “creating conditions for self-expression”. After we have independently tried to analyze statistical materials, we try to analyze judgments.

The first judgment is correct, since the diagram data demonstrate this position. The second judgment is not correct, since there are more people in country Z who consider “carrying out educational work” important compared to country Y.

The third judgment is correct, and we saw this during our own analysis of the diagram.

The fourth judgment is also true, we also determined this during the analysis of the diagram and marked these positions as minimally the same.

The fifth judgment is not true, this is clearly seen in the diagram. The figures show the opposite result.

Right answers: 1, 3, 4.

Task number 13

Choose the correct judgments about the state and its functions and write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. The environmental requirements established by the state form the basis of the country's environmental security.
2. The fundamental feature of a state of any type is the implementation of the principle of separation of powers in it.
3. The state has the monopoly right to legally apply coercion by forces of law enforcement and security agencies.
4. The external functions of the state include determining the general direction of the economic policy of the state in accordance with the achieved level of economic development.
5. The state creates a regulatory and organizational basis for the effective and high-quality activities of state bodies.

Answer: ___________________________.

Performing task number 13, it is important to remember the concept of "state", its main features, external and internal functions. The first judgment directs us to such a sign of the state as the exclusive right for lawmaking. Therefore, the judgment “environmental requirements established by the state ( lawmaking), form the basis of countries' environmental security" is correct. The second judgment is not true, because the principle of separation of powers is implemented in a democratic state, and, therefore, this feature is not fundamental for any type of state.

The third proposition “the state has the monopoly right to lawfully apply coercion by the forces of law enforcement and security” in fact, sends us to the most important feature of the state - the monopoly legal right to coercion. The fourth judgment is erroneous, since it reflects the most important internal function of the state "determining the general direction of the state's economic policy." The fifth judgment brought together two features of the state: law-making and a system of bodies and mechanisms for exercising public authority (we are talking about state authorities). We read: "The state creates normative And institutional framework for efficient and high-quality activities government agencies.

Right answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task number 14

Establish a correspondence between the issues and the subjects of state power of the Russian Federation, to which these issues relate: for each position given in the first column, select the appropriate position from the second column.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

For the correct fulfillment of task No. 14, it is necessary to know the basics of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the functionality of all branches of power in the Russian Federation. To begin with, you need to carefully look at which subjects of state power of the Russian Federation are indicated in the task. In our case, they are not named directly, but the levels are indicated: only the federal center and jointly the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Knowledge of the principles of the federal structure of the Russian Federation will come to the rescue. Remember that in a federation the principle of the integrity of the state, the unity of state power, and the delimitation of powers are implemented, which is what we are asked about. Earlier, we saw the separation of powers when doing the task about taxes. You need to remember what is in the exclusive competence of the federal authorities: all issues of international relations, defense and security, judiciary, federal property, etc.

The first competence - issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources are jointly administered A 2. Those. it is a question on which the center and the subjects share responsibility in solving problems. So, it would be correct to attribute to the same position “implementation of measures to combat disasters” AT 2. Federal funds for regional development implement the fundamentals of federal policy and federal programs, therefore B 1. Positions D and E are within the exclusive competence of the federal authorities, therefore G 1, D 1.

Task number 15

In the democratic state Z, in the course of the reform of the electoral system of parliamentary elections, a transition was made from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one.

Which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Write down the relevant numbers.

1. free and voluntary participation of citizens in elections
2. granting the right to vote to citizens from the age of 18, regardless of nationality, gender, professional affiliation, level of education, income
3. secret ballot procedure
4. single-member district voting
5. dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by the party on the number of votes
6. the possibility of nominating independent non-partisan candidates

Answer: ___________________________.

Question number 15 is related to the electoral process. Despite the fact that at the beginning of the question they explain to us the reform, during which there was a transition from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one. The essence of the question is not so much about the types of electoral systems, their reform, but about elections as a whole(topic "Political participation"). We need to remember the basic principles of elections in a democratic state: direct participation of citizens, universal, equal, direct suffrage, secret ballot, voluntary participation.

Accordingly, the first proposition is correct. The second judgment relates us to the principle of equality in suffrage, therefore it is also true. The third judgment is correct, one of the principles is also presented - secret ballot.

The fourth judgment goes beyond the question: which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Voting in single-mandate districts sends us to the organization of the electoral process under the majoritarian system, as opposed to proportional, where the state acts as a single constituency. This means that this judgment reflects a change in the electoral process. The answer is not correct in our case. The dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by the party on the number of votes also applies to the proportional electoral system, which is not true for our question. The sixth option also reflects the majoritarian electoral model.

Correct answer: 1, 2, 3 .

Task number 16

Which of the following applies to the political rights (freedoms) of a citizen of the Russian Federation? write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. holding meetings and rallies
2. appeal to government agencies
3. payment of legally established taxes and fees
4. defense of the Fatherland
5. participation in the management of state affairs through their representatives

Answer: ___________________________.

Question number 16 again brings us back to the foundations of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation. Rights and freedoms of man and citizen. It is important to know four groups of rights and freedoms: personal (civil), political, socio-economic, cultural. Our task asks about the political rights that ensure citizens' participation in the implementation of political power. Therefore, holding meetings and rallies is correct, appealing to state bodies is correct, participating in the management of state affairs through one's representatives is correct. Payment of taxes and fees, defense of the Fatherland are among the constitutional duties of a citizen, as well as compliance with the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation, concern for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage care for children and disabled parents.

Right answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task number 17

Select the correct judgments about family law in the Russian Federation and write down numbers under which they are listed.

1. Family law regulates property and personal non-property relations between family members.
2. Marriage is suspended due to the announcement by the registry office of one of the spouses as deceased.
3. Marriage is concluded in the civil registry offices (ZAGS).
4. The legal regime of property of the spouses is established only by the marriage contract.
5. Parents are required to provide maintenance for their minor children.

Answer: ___________________________.

Analyzing the materials of assignment No. 17, we single out the basic concepts and norms related to family law. The first judgment will be correct, as it refers us to Article 2 of the Family Code. The key institution of family law is a marriage concluded in the registry office (judgment 3), which gives rise to mutual rights and obligations of spouses. The second judgment confuses us a little, it is known that in connection with the death of one of the spouses, the second spouse needs to come to the registry office to get a certificate about his death, and as a consequence of this, termination of marriage. In our task, it is formulated: the marriage is suspended as a result of the announcement by the registry office of one of the spouses as dead. The answer is not correct. The fourth and fifth options send us to the property rights and obligations of the spouses. The fifth option is correct, since the wording is at the junction of constitutional obligations and family law: parents are obliged to provide maintenance for their minor children. But the fourth option is erroneous because of its wording: the legal regime of property of the spouses is established only marriage contract. This is not true, because Not only marriage contract, but also the norms of family law, i.e. The legal regime of the property of the spouses is regulated by family law and established by the marriage contract.

Right answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task number 18

Establish a correspondence between examples and measures of legal liability in the Russian Federation: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

Task number 18 is related to legal liability. When completing a task, it is important to remember the types of legal liability: criminal, administrative, civil and disciplinary. A reprimand is a disciplinary sanction - A 2. The warning refers to the type of administrative punishment - B 3. Dismissal on relevant grounds (for example, absenteeism, a single gross violation of labor duties, repeated non-fulfillment of labor duties by an employee, etc.) - AT 2. Notice - disciplinary action G 2. Deprivation of liberty - criminal liability for committing a crime - D 1.

Task number 19

Joint-Stock Company "Sweet Charm" manufactures confectionery. Find in the above list the features of the difference between a joint-stock company and other organizational and legal forms of enterprises. write down numbers under which they are listed.

• division of the authorized capital of the company into equal parts, each of which is issued by a security
• obligatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees
• duty of employees to observe labor discipline
• distribution of profit among employees in accordance with their labor participation
• bearing the risk of loss within the value of the securities owned by the participant
• payment of dividends to owners at the end of the year

Answer: ___________________________.

To complete task number 19, it is necessary to distinguish between the organizational and legal forms of enterprises. In our case, highlight the distinctive features of a joint-stock company. We recall that joint-stock companies, like limited liability companies, are business companies. These are commercial organizations, i.e. the purpose of their activities is to make a profit. The authorized capital is divided into a certain number of shares. Members can be citizens legal entities and public law entities. Therefore, answer option 1 - "dividing the authorized capital of the company into equal parts, each of which is framed by a security" will be correct. It is known that the shareholders are not liable for the obligations of the JSC, but they bear the risk of losses on the activities of the company within the value of their shares. Therefore, option 5 - "carrying the risk of loss within the value of securities owned by the participant" (share - security) will be correct, as well as answer 6 - "payment of dividends to owners at the end of the year." 2 and 3 judgments - "mandatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees", "the duty of employees to observe labor discipline" refer to the general places of the Labor Law. But "the distribution of profits among employees in accordance with their labor participation" is a characteristic of such an organizational and legal form of an enterprise as a "production cooperative" (artel).

Right answers: 1, 5, 6 .

Task number 20

Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.

“A person who actively explores and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is _________ (A). This is a person with his socially formed and individually expressed qualities: _________ (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people _________ (C), cognizes and changes the world and himself. The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is at the same time a process of _________ (D).

Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social ties, a person's relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and with himself. It is characterized by _________ (D) to develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all the influences of social life, to any experience. This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, carries _________ (E) for his choice.

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one once.

Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.

List of terms:

1. activity
2. intellectual
3. duty
4. everyday
5. responsibility
6. socialization
7. personality
8. pursuit
9. communication

The table below lists the letters that represent the missing words. Write in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.

When completing task number 20, I recommend that you first try to read the text and substitute the words yourself, in your opinion, suitable in meaning. Thus, a semantic understanding of the content of the text is achieved. And when you read it again, choose the words from the list. You will have a situation of success when your chosen words match those proposed from the list. So, we try to read, inserting words that are close in meaning, then choose from those available in the task.

“A person who actively masters and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is personality (A)(personality is a set of socially significant properties and qualities of a person. Where a person is formed - in society. What a person does - transforms the world and himself). This is a person with his socially formed and individually expressed qualities: intellectual (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. (in this case, socially significant qualities are listed). Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people, activities (B) cognizes and changes the world and himself (one of the definitions of activity is the conscious activity of a person, during which a person changes the world around him and changes himself; the process of human interaction with the outside world). The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is at the same time a process socialization (D).

Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social ties, a person's relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and with himself. It is characterized aspiration (D) develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all the influences of social life, to any experience (again explained through the process of socialization, which lasts throughout a person's life). This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, carries responsibility (E) for your choice (freedom and responsibility in human life).

Part 2

Read the text and do tasks 21-24.

In a broad sense, underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the qualifications and professional training of the individual, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the salary that he could receive by performing that work (and in that amount) which could be claimed...

Cyclical unemployment is associated with fluctuations in the demand for labor. A recession is a cyclical decline in business activity that causes people to lose their jobs for a period until demand picks up again and business activity recovers. Seasonal unemployment occurs due to seasonal fluctuations in the demand for labor. It affects those employed in fishing, construction and agriculture. Those who change jobs, and those who are currently unemployed due to moving from one place to another, are called functional (frictional) unemployed. Functional (frictional) unemployment is considered an inevitable but still acceptable consequence of a healthy economy. It can be assumed that even with full employment, employees will move from place to place.

Structural unemployed people find it difficult to get a job due to insufficient or no longer sufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. Even during periods high level employment among the structural unemployed remains disproportionately high unemployment.

Unemployment is not just a lack of work... Although unemployment can be a creative, will-mobilizing challenge, most survivors say they have experienced despair, powerlessness, and confusion, especially if they have been out of work for more than a few weeks. For most people, employment is the main, and often the only means of providing for material needs in food, clothing, and a roof over their heads. Studies show that those who do not like their work still prefer to keep it even when it is possible to live on other incomes. Although working conditions can cause adverse effects, being out of work leads to no less problems: increased stress, family conflicts, addiction to alcohol and drugs.

(K.H. Brier)

Starting to complete tasks on the text 21-24, you should initially read the text very carefully and highlight the main semantic fragments of the text. Work through the text with a pen for maximum assimilation of the content. I do not recommend that my students immediately read the question and randomly, with a cursory reading, look for answers. As a rule, this practice leads to erroneous answers and lower scores on the exam.

Task number 21

How does the text indicate the impact of the recession on cyclical unemployment? What sectors of the economy, according to the author, are affected by seasonal unemployment? (Indicate all industries mentioned in the text.) How does the author explain the inevitability of functional (frictional) unemployment?

Answer: “A downturn is a cyclical downturn in business that causes people to lose their jobs for a period until demand picks up again and business picks up.” Those. demand for labor fluctuates.

Task number 22

Task number 22 is also best done in parts.

Answer: “underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the qualifications and professional training of the individual, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the salary that he could receive by performing that work (and in that amount) for which I could apply…”

Suggest why some workers settle for part-time employment (make two suggestions). When completing this assignment, I recommend that students write down each assumption on a new line.

In our case, we can model the answer using text. We do not provide examples because it is not specified in the task.

Answer: employees agree to part-time employment, because it is important for a person to feel significant, necessary. Even part-time employment gives a person a sense of stability, relieves social tension, and makes it possible to participate in public life.

Workers agree to part-time employment, because in a crisis, even such work can be the only source of income for their families, protection from social upheavals, and allows them to save their lifestyle.

Task number 23

The author notes that "even during periods of high employment among the structural unemployed, disproportionately high unemployment persists." Using social science knowledge, explain the reason for this level of unemployment among these categories of citizens. Name any two measures to prevent discrimination of the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The author gives us the reasons for high unemployment among the structural unemployed: insufficiently high or insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. But the assignment requires the use of social science knowledge. We recall that from the course of social science we know that structural unemployment is associated with the impossibility of finding employment for people of certain professions and the discrepancy between supply and demand in the labor market.

Answer: A high level of structural unemployment, even during periods of high employment in the country, is usually associated with changes in production technologies and scientific and technological progress. Those. people of certain professions are no longer in demand on the labor market (examples are not required in the assignment, only an explanation of the problem).

Name any two measures to prevent discrimination of the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In this case, we are asked to refer to the norms of the Labor Law of the Russian Federation, since it regulates relations in the field of wage labor.

Answer: The Labor Code of the Russian Federation contains prohibitions on discrimination:

1. citizens of the Russian Federation have equal opportunities for employees to advance at work, taking into account labor productivity, qualifications and length of service in their specialty, as well as for training and additional professional education;
2. restrictions on labor rights or gaining benefits based on gender, race, skin color, nationality, language, origin, property, family, social and official status, age, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership or non-membership of public associations are prohibited or any social groups, as well as from other circumstances not related to the business qualities of the employee.

As a guarantee of non-discrimination, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides for the right of a person who considers himself discriminated in the sphere of work to apply to the court for the restoration of violated rights, compensation for material damage and compensation for moral damage.

Task number 24

Why, according to the author, unemployment causes a state of despair, confusion of a person? Using social science knowledge and the facts of public life, make two assumptions about how the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person is manifested.

Using social science knowledge and the facts of public life, make two assumptions about how the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person manifests itself (in this case, we must give examples, because the question sounds “facts of public life”).

1. Unemployment provides an incentive for retraining if the profession is in little demand on the labor market. Break in employment for retraining and education. Citizen N, after being registered with the Employment Center, was sent for professional training as an electric and gas welder.
2. Unemployment provides an opportunity for organizing self-employment. For example, after being fired from his main job at the closing of an enterprise in Moscow, citizen N moved to the Moscow region, submitted documents to the Moscow City Employment Center, where he received advice on starting a farm, assistance in drawing up a business plan and one-time financial assistance.

Task number 25

What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "art"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of art, and one sentence revealing the essence of the educational function of art.

Task number 25 can be successfully completed only if you know the basic concepts of the course. Art is a form of culture that reflects the surrounding reality in artistic images. The artistic image can be expressed in different types arts: music, painting, architecture, sculpture, literature. Works of art have a great influence on the formation of a person's personality.

Task number 26

Name and illustrate with examples any three main obligations of the employer, enshrined in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

In task No. 26, it is necessary to name and illustrate examples of any three main obligations of the employer, enshrined in the Labor Code:

1. Ensure safety and working conditions in accordance with labor protection standards. At enterprise N, in order to improve the working conditions of employees, training sessions were held on injury prevention,
2. Pay wages in full on time. For delaying the payment of wages, the management of enterprise Y was held liable in the form of forcing employees to pay interest in addition to their salaries.
3. Provide compulsory social insurance for employees. In the employment contract signed by citizen N with the company, a clause on compulsory social insurance of citizen N was included in the section of the employer's obligations.

Task number 27

A new political party has been registered in State Z. It has central governing bodies and regional branches. The party proclaims as its basic principles traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual. The political party during the elections won the required number of votes and received seats in parliament. Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation. Give the fact that allowed you to make such a conclusion. Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe any one of them.

• the party is registered;
• central governments and regional offices (sign, indicates a mass party);
• basic principles: traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual (a sign indicating ideological affiliation is conservative);
• entered the parliament after the elections (participates in power - a sign indicating the ruling party);

Now questions: Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation.

Answer: Conservative Party.

Give the fact that allowed you to make such a conclusion.

Answer: Since it upholds the principles of tradition and stability of development (traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual).

Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe any one of them.

Answer: In terms of ideological orientation, liberal and socialist parties can be distinguished. Signs of the liberal party: inalienability of natural human rights, their priority over the interests of society and the state, political pluralism, free market economy.

Task number 28

You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Types of families”. Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

To write a plan for any of the social science topics, it is necessary to clearly understand the structure of the study of the topic. In fact, this task tests students' understanding of the structure of the topic. Therefore, the writing of the plan also depends on the quality of mastering the material of the topic, understanding its structure. In this case, the topic of the plan is "Types of families."

1. The concept of the family as a small group based on marriage or consanguinity.
2. Family functions (in this version of the plan, you may not specify)
3. Types of families by the nature of the relationship between members:
1. Traditional (patriarchal family), its features:
   A) cohabitation of several generations;
   B) male dominance;
   C) economic dependence of family members on a man;
   D) rigid distribution of responsibilities
2. Partner (democratic) family:
   A) nuclearity;
   B) decision-making by all family members;
   C) the economic independence of women;
   D) fair distribution of household responsibilities
4. Types of families in relation to raising children:
1. authoritarian;
2. Democratic;
3. Liberal (permissive)
4. Current trends in family development

Task 29

Select one from the statements below, reveal its meaning in the form of a mini-essay, indicating, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic touched upon).

When presenting your thoughts on the issue raised (marked topic), when arguing your point of view, use knowledge obtained during the study of the course of social science, corresponding concepts, and data social life and own life experience.

(Give at least two examples from various sources as evidence.)

29.1. Philosophy. “The privilege of fish, rats and wolves is to live by the law of supply and demand; but justice is the law of the life of mankind.” (D. Ruskin)

29.2. Economy. "The types of business are different, but the business as a system remains the same regardless of its scale and structure, products, technologies and markets." (P. Drucker)

29.3. Sociology, social Psychology. “We need schools that not only teach, which is extremely important, this is the most important thing, but also schools that educate the individual.” (V.V. Putin)

29.4. Political science. "The supreme power is worthy of honor only insofar as it is a means of ensuring human rights." (A. Custin)

29.5. Jurisprudence. “Protection of law is a duty to society. He who defends his right defends the right in general. (R. Iering)

Exercise 29. 3. “We need schools that not only teach, which is extremely important, this is the most important thing, but also schools that educate the individual.” (V.V. Putin)

When writing an essay, first of all, it is necessary to clearly represent the sphere of society to which the chosen topic belongs. You should carefully read the proposed topics, analyze your "bag of knowledge", understand which of the topics you have clearer theoretical ideas, for which of the topics you can give the best examples that reveal the content of the topic.

In this case, we have chosen a topic from the section sociology, social psychology. We understand that the problem of the modern school, the education system is immediately raised. The eternal question: the tasks of education are training and education, what is more important? The issue of socialization is also touched upon - “schools that educate the individual”. I note that we cannot go into the concept of the topic of the spiritual sphere of society here, because we are writing an essay from another section. So let's try to write.

What social order should the school fulfill - to give students only a high level of education? Or to fulfill an equally important mission - the education of the individual?

As is known from the course of social science, education is a way of becoming a person by obtaining knowledge, acquiring skills and abilities, developing creative abilities through a system of social institutions, the most important of which is the school.

When we talk about a school as an institution that provides education, we understand that we are talking about a social institution that has a number of elements: these are educational standards and programs, principles of functioning, including a network of educational institutions and governments.

To improve the quality of education, the state is taking a number of measures: lengthening the duration of training, increasing the requirements for the level of qualifications of teachers, using the variability of educational programs, building individual educational trajectories for students, equipping schools with modern equipment, and introducing new forms of final certification.

As a result, we see how high school graduates demonstrate high scores on the Unified State Examination, which make it possible to take state-funded places in the leading universities of the capital. According to the results of international research presented by the HSE, in which 49 countries took part, Russian primary school students occupy a leading position in the world in reading, mathematics and science. As well as 8th grade math. According to the researchers, this result was achieved due to the introduction of new educational standards, a system of unified state certification.

But is it enough only educational results for society and the individual? The author of the quote clearly points out to us the most important component of the educational process: the upbringing of a person's personality.

Based on the functions of education: economic, social and cultural, it becomes clear that it is in the cultural function - the use of previously accumulated culture in order to educate a person, develop his creative abilities that this problem manifests itself.

In addition to lessons, marks, exams, there is also the richest school life in events: class hours, school festivals, trips, joint trips with classmates around Russia and to other countries.

In all this, the student learns to interact with other people, shows his abilities and talents. It is in this atmosphere that the social function of education is realized. Through the socialization of the individual, the assimilation of social norms, statuses and roles.

As an example, one can cite the favorite film from childhood, “The Eccentric of 5 B”, which vividly demonstrates how the school team, the class forms the personality of Bori. How does he learn responsibility when he is appointed counselor in grade 1.

Thus, V.V. Putin in his statement once again emphasized the importance of understanding by society and the school of the inseparability of the two most important processes associated with the socialization of the individual - education and upbringing.

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1 "SOLVING THE MOST DIFFICULT TASKS OF THE OGE IN SOCIAL STUDIES", Teacher of history and social studies of the gymnasium 36 Ivanovo Putkova Natalya Vladimirovna academic year

2 Difficulties should tone up. Bertie Charles Forbes

3 Good afternoon everyone! The spring month of March is standing outside, and we are thinking about the social studies exam for grade 9 in the form of the OGE. And this is no coincidence. Excitement overwhelms everyone: students, teachers, and parents. Let's take a look and solve the most difficult tasks encountered in KIMAs in order to understand what is required of you in the exam. Then you will need to systematically work with OGE assignments, but in order to successfully fulfill them, it is necessary to learn the theory of questions in social science well for grades 8-9. Only knowledge of the theory will allow you to correctly perform any of the most difficult tasks. Let's live by the proverbs: "The eyes are afraid, but the hands are doing", "The devil is not so terrible as he is painted", "Patience and work will grind everything."

4 Variants of KIMs in 2016 consist of 2 parts: 1st: 25 tasks with a short answer; 2nd: 6 tasks with a detailed answer. For each task 1 20 of the work, four possible answers are offered, of which only one is correct. The task is considered completed correctly if the number of the correct answer is recorded. The task is considered failed in the following cases: a) the number of the wrong answer is recorded; b) the numbers of two or more answers are recorded, even if the number of the correct answer is also indicated among them; c) the response number is not recorded. In tasks, the answer is given as a sequence of numbers (for example, 125), written without spaces and separator characters. Answers to the tasks of part 2 are independently formulated and written down by you in expanded form. Verification of their implementation is carried out by experts on the basis of a specially developed system of criteria.

5 Part 1 of the tasks includes all blocks of topics studied in school course: 1. Man and society 2. Sphere of spiritual culture 3. Economy 4. Social sphere 5. Sphere of politics and social management 6. Law

6 Often students are afraid of tasks in part 1, where there are two judgments and you need to determine: A. Only A is true B. Only B is correct C. Both judgments are correct D. Both judgments are incorrect There are 6 such tasks in part 1. (4, 6, 10 , 13,16, 20) The whole complexity of these tasks lies in the fact that someone has already formed a stereotype that "I always do these tasks wrong, they are very difficult." And you just need to carefully read them and, relying on the knowledge of theory (even cry without it!), Mark for yourself the correct answer from the proposed ones. Let's solve these tasks.

7 Are the following judgments about morality correct? A. Moral norms reflect people's ideas about good and evil. B. Only the person himself acts as a judge of his actions in terms of their compliance with moral standards. 1. Only A is true 2. Only B is true 3. Both judgments are correct 4. Both judgments are incorrect Let's reason. We know with you the definition of what MORAL is. It just says that these are people's ideas about good and evil. Hence, A.'s judgment is correct. We look at the 2nd judgment: always be on your guard and be especially careful when the judgment contains the words: only, always Can only a person be a judge of his actions? Of course not! This is his environment of peers, and adults, and parents. So the 2nd proposition is wrong. We give answer 1.

8 Let's decide. Are the following statements about culture correct? A. An important component of culture is artistic creativity. B. The functions of culture include the preservation and transmission of spiritual values ​​to the next generations. 1. Only A is true 2. Only B is true 3. Both judgments are correct 4. Both judgments are incorrect After carefully reading these two judgments, we choose answer 3: both judgments are correct. Why? In the first judgment, we will replace the word component with a more familiar textbook element. And the concept of culture includes different elements: cinema, theater, music, sculpture, architecture, art, etc. So the first proposition is correct. Among the many functions of culture, the function of preserving and transmitting spiritual values ​​is the leading one. Therefore, we accept this judgment. So the answer is 3

9 Task 25 causes difficulties, they are aimed at testing certain skills, namely, to clearly determine where the actual and where the value judgment is. Let's solve these tasks. A. Inflation rates decreased by 2% last year. B. This is a good indicator. Q. However, there are fears that this year's performance will be worse. Determine which provisions of the text 1. Reflect facts 2. Express opinions 3. Write down in the table the numbers indicating the nature of the relevant provisions. A B C A B C

10 We decide. In sentence 1 we ask the question: So is it? Here we are given specific percentages, which means we can answer in the affirmative: Yes. So here is a fact. We put 1 in the table under the letter A. We read sentence 2 and argue: for some, a decrease of 2% is a good indicator, but for someone by 3%, for someone by 5% it will be a good indicator. Therefore, under the letter B, we put 2 - this is an expression of someone's opinion. In sentence 3, we pay attention to the introductory word "however", which also inclines us to accept this sentence as expressing a certain opinion. We also put 2 under the letter B. So our answer looks like this: 122. We put it in the table. A B C 1 2 2

11 We consolidate our skill. A. The current Constitution of our country was adopted in the course of a popular vote. B. The adoption of this document contributed to the development of democracy in our country. C. One of the chapters of the Constitution is devoted to the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. Determine which provisions of the text 1. Reflect facts 2. Express opinions 3. Write down in the table the numbers indicating the nature of the relevant provisions. A B C

12 Here the first and third sentences are facts, because it was so (the adoption of the Constitution at a referendum) and so it is (Chapter II of the current Constitution is called “Rights and freedoms of man and citizen”), but in the second sentence it is worth considering: who Some sincerely believe that the new Constitution of Russia has contributed to the development of democracy in the country, while someone sincerely says: what kind of democracy is this, we don’t “smell” it and will give their arguments. Therefore, the second sentence refers to the expression of a certain opinion. Thus, our answer looks like this:

13 The most responsible and complex part is part 2 of any CIM variant. There are only 6 tasks in it: Of these, 2 tasks of a high level of complexity, 4 tasks of an increased level of complexity. They are all performed based on the author's text, but they require describing, comparing social objects, explaining relationships, giving examples, evaluating people's behavior in terms of social norms, and solving cognitive and practical problems.

14 In task 26, you need to make a plan for this text. To do this, it is necessary to highlight the semantic parts of the text and title each part. Here it is important to understand that you are required to carefully read the text several times, break it into 3-4 semantic parts, highlighting the main thing in the content of each part, title it in your own words. You do not need to use sentences directly from the text, they must be reworked and expressed the same thing, but in your own words. Here is an example of a plan for the text "Market Economy": 1. The role of private property in the formation of market relations. 2. The market as a system for the use of limited resources. 3. Market economy: "for" and "against".

15 In task 27, in this text, they are asked to name 3 signs of a market system indicated in the text. This task is quite simple, in the text itself we find these 3 signs: 1. Competition 2. Balance of supply and demand 3. Freedom of pricing

16 28 the task again requires finding from the author of the text what he sees as the limitation of such a resource as land (indicate 3 manifestations). We find: 1. The limits of the earth's land 2. The limits of the territory of individual states 3. The inevitability of using a particular site at a time only in one capacity , it makes the job very easy.

17 Task 29 is more difficult, here it is already required to list 4 types of resources, the limitations of which are mentioned in the text. But before that, you yourself must remember which of the resources is not mentioned in the text, and on specific example show the limitations of this type of resource. This is not listed here economic resource like labor. What is its limitation? Yes, a person can work for a limited time. If he works at one job, he cannot work at the same time at another.

18 In task 30, the economic situation in Russia after 1917 is given. It is necessary to write out a sentence from the text, which refers to the establishment of a new economic system in Soviet Russia. Discharged. Then, using your social science knowledge, you need to indicate one of the features of the new economic system. This is not difficult to do if you have a good understanding of the types of economic systems: the traditional system, command and control and market. The text refers to the transition to an administrative-command economic system. So you can write such a sign: central planning or price setting by the state. The task was completed, it consisted of 2 parts: 1st in the text, 2nd using your knowledge of the social science course

19 31 The task is the most difficult, because it requires either agreeing with the author's assessment of the market system, or disagreeing. But with any choice, it must be justified. For example, you agree with the author, then you should write like this: I agree with the author, because And then arguments (2-3) should go further, for example, 1. in modern conditions, large transnational corporations are occupying increasingly strong positions, this indicates inefficiency of the market of free competition; 2. the market leads to a sharp social stratification in society If you do not agree with the author, look for other arguments that will convincingly show the opposite.

20 This is the end of our meeting and a serious conversation about the difficulties in the exam in social studies RECOMMENDATIONS FOR YOU: 1. You need constant training in solving these tasks. The more you solve exam tasks from past years, tests from various study guides, tasks invented by your teacher, the more experience you will have, and the less possible unpleasant moments will await you during the exam. Preparing for the OGE is hard work, the result will be directly proportional to the time spent on active preparation for the exam (that is, on such preparation when all distractions are practically eliminated and all attention is paid only to preparation). This truth seems banal. But, believe the experience, in order to successfully prepare for the OGE, you must understand very well the complexity and importance of preparing for this exam.

21 2. Success in the exam depends on your inner mood, I recommend you the following: - calm down and concentrate in order to give the correct answer; - start with a question to which you know the answer for sure; - it is necessary to look for semantic and structural connections; - use associations; - start with simple and move on to more complex tasks; - each task has its own key, usually it is “hidden” in its own wording; - it is necessary to understand the condition of the problem, highlighting key words and compiling a basic scheme for answering the question; - try to give detailed and substantiated answers that will make it possible to present the work as a holistic, logically structured, and meaningfully complete one.

22 Good luck on the exam and high scores!

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Life analyzed guidelines for teachers, prepared by the Federal Institute for Pedagogical Measurements (FIPI) based on typical mistakes of USE participants in 2016, and identified 5 problems for graduates taking exams in social studies.

As it turned out, the results of this USE in 2016 are comparable to 2015: 17.6% of the children could not achieve minimum score, the number of graduates who received more than 80 points decreased by 0.7%, and only 59 people scored 100 points (in 2015 there were more than 100 points - 80 people).

Guys confuse the concepts of "demand" and "supply"

They also do not know the factors that affect the increase and decrease of these categories.

Job example:

The graph shows the change in the supply of fresh vegetables in the consumer market: the supply curve has shifted from position

S into positionS1.

(On the chart: P - price of goods; Q - quantity of goods).

Which of the following factors can cause such a change?

1. Bad harvest.

2. Decreased consumer income.

3. Increasing energy tariffs.

4. Increase in fruit prices.

5. The onset of the heating season.

Correct answer: 1 - poor harvest; 3 - increase in tariffs for energy carriers.

According to experts, sometimes students and teachers deliberately ignore this type of assignment when preparing for the exam.

FIPI specialists proposed an algorithm for performing the following tasks:

The student needs to carefully read the terms of the assignment and understand what it is about (a change in "demand" or "supply"), because sometimes it is inattention that entails the incorrect completion of the assignment.

After that, you need to determine what happened - "increase" or "reduction".

And in the end, before giving your answer, you should analyze all the proposed options, correlating them with changes in a particular category.

Due to ignorance of terminology, students cannot solve the task where you need to choose a word or phrase

Such problems often arise due to inattention and unwillingness to double-check yourself.

One of the key problems with doing this type of assignment incorrectly is that graduates do not read the requirements for the assignment carefully enough. A typical mistake made by participants is writing down a word or phrase that was used in the task condition. The average percentage of completion is 67%.

Job example:

Write down the missing word in the table.

Correct Answer: Specificity.

In order to correctly complete this type of task, the student needs to determine what the answer should be - in one "word" or "phrase". Next, you need to identify the area of ​​knowledge from which you need to find this concept (experts advise paying attention to the name of the table and columns).

After that, analyze the completed line of the table and then try to identify the characteristic of the term in the condition of the problem.

If it was required to write down a "word", but it turned out to be a "phrase", you should remember what the synonyms are.

The problem of choosing a generalizing word or phrase

The main problem is that the participants do not understand the requirements: the answer must contain the word (phrase) proposed in the task

This type of task could not be completed by 53% of participants who did not overcome the minimum score.

Job example:

In the row below, find the concept that is generalizing for all other concepts. Write down this word.

Subsystem, institution, society, group, personality.

Correct answer: society.

Experts ask students to pay attention to the need to write down the required word or phrase exactly in the form in which it is written in the task.

Graduates are poorly versed in the signs of the state

To complete the task, you not only need to know the theory, but also understand what the "generic concept" means.

Only a third of the graduates completed this task correctly.

Job example:

Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the features of a state of any type. Find two terms that do not correspond to the general series of words, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1. Sovereignty.

2. Monopoly on the legal use of force.

3. Establishing prices for goods.

4. Comprehensive control over the lives of citizens.

5. The right to collect taxes and fees from the population.

6. The right to create generally binding legal norms.

Correct answer: 4 - comprehensive control over the lives of citizens; 3 - setting prices for goods.

When performing such a task, it is required to understand the meaning of a generic concept - this is a type of term that fully includes the amount of information of the rest.

Plan for a mini-essay on social studies:

1. At the beginning, you need to explain the statement (at least five sentences).

2. After that, the student should express his agreement with him and write in one sentence how it is justified.

3. After that, the participant gives the first argument and example in defense of his position.

4. Then he writes the second argument, as well as an example in defense of it.

5. Finishes the mini-essay with a conclusion.

What is an argument?

This is the participant's thought that proves him right: the answer to the question of why he agrees with the statement.

What is an example?

As an example, a participant can give a case from life (can be real or invented. - Note. Life), history and literature. The example needs to be detailed. It is best if it is from history, literature, geography or media.