Components of the system. System element - what is it? Examples of system elements. Elements of the economic system. System-forming and auxiliary elements
The generality of the concept of "system" makes it difficult to formalize it adequately, but in general terms it can be represented as a holistic formation, a complex of interrelated elements that, due to their unity, have qualitatively new characteristics that are relatively indifferent to the external environment, and each system acts as an element of a system of a higher order, and any element of the system is a system of a lower order.
It is very important that the system is “a complex of selectively involved components, in which the interaction and relationship takes on the character of the interaction of components to obtain a focused useful result” (P.K. Anokhin).
Functional system characterized by three fundamental points: firstly, only specially selected components are involved in the totality; secondly, the components do not just interact, but interact co act for something concrete and definite; thirdly, obtaining a useful result is recorded as a system-forming factor.
hallmarks systems are:
1) the presence of interconnected parts in the object;
2) interaction between parts of the object;
3) the orderliness of this interaction to achieve the overall goal of the system.
All systems have indispensable attributes (modifying the position of V. G. Afanasyev):
Integrative qualities;
Components and elements of the system;
structure;
General goal and a set of sub-goals;
Relationships between elements;
Functions of the system and its components;
Inclusion in a more complex system in the status of a component and an element;
Historicity;
Internal and external disturbing influences;
System management structure;
Information.
The basic attribute of the system is the element of the system. Under the element is understood the simplest indivisible part of the system, which, in the opinion of the subject of action (cognition), has a certain integrity, state and functional features which can be measured and described in terms, and which can have relationships with other parts of the population under consideration, as well as with its environment (environment). In addition to the functional characteristics, minimality is defined by the subject of research itself as a sufficient part that satisfies the cognitive and transformative needs.
1. elastic element- resisting external influences, not perceiving them, capable only of unambiguous transmission
In the absence of a change in i, the element is at rest.
2. reflective element- has an internal movement and performs an internal transformation according to some law and algorithm.
A special case of element reflexivity is neutral.
3. Element - consumer- perceives the impact in these conditions without the formation of a directional effect.
4. Element - source- forms under these conditions the directed effect "P" in the absence of a compelling external influence.
5. Polyreceptor element - a reflexive element that forms a directional influence, subject to the perception of several forcing influences.
6. Polyeffector element- a reflexive element that forms influences in several directions when one compelling influence is perceived.
7. Polyelement- a reflexive element that forms influences in several directions, subject to the perception of several external influences.
8. Polysource - a source that, under given conditions, influences in several directions.
9. Polyconsumer- a consumer who perceives the impact of several external links.
The second most important attribute of the system is the relationship between elements or connections. In another way, an interelemental connection can be defined as each of the degrees of freedom of a given element, actually implemented in the form of a certain relationship, interaction with other elements of a given system, as well as with its environment. This concept is included in any definition of a system and ensures the emergence and preservation of the structure and integral properties of the system, characterizes its structure and functioning. It is assumed that links exist between all system elements and subsystems.
Relationships can be:
1. neutral , When:
1 element 2 element
Where A, V- force of influence;
A = V but opposite in direction.
Peculiarities:
Such a relationship is not static.
With any changes, the impact and reaction remain equal in magnitude at each considered moment of their relationship, their geometric sum is always equal to zero at these moments.
Relative immobility (static) of elements - yes special case neutrality, when the magnitudes of the impact and counteraction are unchanged in the considered period of time.
The counteraction is considered complete if it is equal in magnitude to the impact in the considered range of its changes.
2. functional , When:
1)1 element 2 element
2)1 element 2 element
Where A, V- force of influence.
Peculiarities:
The influencing element has a directed effect (the presence of effector properties) in relation to the counteracting one.
The opposing element has a receptor effect (the presence of receptor properties), that is, the ability to perceive external influences.
Note. In real conditions, every element to some extent in various respects has both effector and receptor properties.
A neutral bond can turn into a functional one with incomplete opposition from one of the parties to the interaction.
As a result of such relationships in case 2.1 V= 0, the impact force of the first element is maximum and the second element can change structurally and functionally; in case 2.2 a > b, the impact force of the first element exceeds the reaction force of the second element, which can also lead to structural and functional changes in the second element of the system .
The network of connections is quite extensive (according to the classification of I. V. Blauberg and E. G. Yudin):
Interaction links;
Links of genesis;
Conversion links;
Building connections;
Communications functioning;
Development links;
Control connections.
Relations can be divided according to the nature of their material implementation into:
1) real;
2) energy;
3) information;
according to their place and structure:
1) straight;
2) reverse;
by the nature of their manifestation:
1) deterministic;
2) probabilistic;
3) chaotic;
4) continuous;
5) random;
6) regular;
7) irregular.
Features: these classifications refer to specific implementations of systems and do not characterize them as functional formations. Functionality is revealed in the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships between material formations.
The third attribute of the system is a component (subsystem), consisting of a number of system elements that can be combined according to similar functional manifestations. The system can have a different number of components. It depends on the main functions of the system (internal and external).
The system can be divided into elements not immediately, but by successive division into subsystems. Subsystems themselves are systems and, therefore, everything that is said about the system, including its integrity, applies to them. This subsystem differs from a simple collection of elements that are not united by purpose and the property of integrity.
The fourth attribute of the system is the structure of the system. The structure is understood as a set of connections, relationships between all elements and components of the system, between the system and the external environment. These relationships ensure the existence of the system and its basic properties. Structural properties are relatively independent of the elements and can act as an invariant in the transition from one system to another, transferring the patterns revealed in one of them to another (even if these systems have different physical natures). The structure can be represented by a graphical representation, a set-theoretic relation, in the form of matrices. The type of system representation depends on the purpose of the display.
Features of the definition of the concept of "structure" of the system:
1. The structure of all possible relationships in the considered set differs from the structure of the system being formed, such a structure is called the complete structure of the object.
2. The form of the structure directly depends on the functional section as a specific form of reaction of a given set to a specific external influence.
Systems as functional material formations with a certain global effect are characterized by the following types of structures:
1. The internal structure of an object is a set of relationships between components without taking into account their external relationships.
2. Functional structure - a set of relationships directly related to the functioning of each element in a given system in the direction of the formation of its global effect.
3. Absolute structure - a really possible structure of the external whole, considered by the subject as a concretely cognizable object.
Based on the most important characteristics of functional systems, there are two main classes of system structures:
Normal Structures- structures in which all relations and their directions are preserved, that is:
1) the elements of the system are identified at the structural level that is being considered;
2) these elements are unchanged and are initial structural formations from the point of view of the subject;
3) the complete structure of the object remains unchanged in a given period of time and under given conditions;
4) the norm of the existence of the structure remains unchanged.
Dynamic Structures- structures that change over time, that is:
1) the number and direction of relations between the elements of the system changes;
2) in the system, in the established links between the elements, there is an internal movement;
3) the elementary composition of the system changes.
The dynamics of the structure reflects the dynamics of the system. A functional system can be considered changeable only under the condition of structural rearrangements while maintaining the possible functionality of each connection, including newly formed ones.
The change in the elementary composition of the system is a secondary factor.
The concepts of dynamic structure and dynamic system are not identical. The dynamic system has a larger volume, since the dynamism of the system is associated, in addition to changes in structure, with possible changes norms of the state of its elements and elemental composition. In this way, deeper changes can occur than just in the relationships between the elements.
The concepts of normal and dynamic structures related to the same system are mutually negating concepts, i.e., the same system cannot have both a normal and a dynamic structure in the same time interval.
Destruction of the normal structure does not mean destruction in the sense of withering away, destruction of the system. The main criterion of consistency lies in the global effect of the system, and not in the structure.
Therefore, the dynamic structure, denying the normal one, reflects the essence of the system changing in this respect, but not the cessation of its existence. The formation of a global effect of the system is possible under the conditions of ongoing changes.
Thus, dynamic systems are systems with a variable structure with a relative certainty of their external manifestations, considered as their global effect.
If we consider the totality of all connections within the system, then such a structure will be internal. If we consider the totality of all connections both within the system and the system with the external environment, such a structure is called a complete structure. A qualitative system is a single whole, consisting of many different components, organized at different levels in a special kind of integrity.
The fifth attribute of the system is the functions understood as activity, work, external manifestation of the properties of an object in a given system of relations. Functions are classified according to various criteria depending on the goals of the manager or researcher.
A very important attribute of the system is the properties, understood as the qualities of the parameters of objects, that is, the external manifestations of the method by which knowledge about the object is obtained. Properties make it possible to describe the objects of the system quantitatively, expressing them in units that have a certain dimension. However, they can change as a result of the functioning of the system.
One of the key attributes of the system is the goal that underlies the development of the system and ensures its purposefulness (expediency). The goal can be defined as the desired result of an activity, achievable within a certain time interval. The goal becomes a task facing the system if the deadline for achieving it is specified and the quantitative characteristics of the desired result are specified. The goal is achieved as a result of solving a problem or a series of problems, if the original goal can be divided into a certain set of simpler (private) subtasks.
A system is a unity made up of interrelated elements, each of which brings something specific to the unique characteristics of the whole.
The system has a pronounced systemic property that none of its elements individually possesses.
System - a set of elements that are in certain relationships and connections with each other, forming a single whole to perform certain functions.
The structure of the system includes its elements, the links between them and the attributes of these links.
An element of a system is its simplest indivisible part. In order to isolate an element of the system, you first need to divide the system into subsystems that can perform relatively independent functions.
Communication expresses the relationship between the elements of the system.
Attributes of communication are orientation, strength and character, therefore, the following types of relations are distinguished.
1. By direction:
– directed links (forward and reverse);
- undirected connections.
2. By strength:
- weak;
- strong.
3. By nature:
– connections of subordination (linear and functional);
– connections of generation.
The organization of a system is a set of connections between its elements, characterized by a certain order, internal properties, and a focus on functioning.
There are systems of various kinds (different nature): biological, technical, socio-economic, etc.
During the study various systems common features characteristic of systems of different nature were identified. In particular, these include:
1) the integrity of the system (all its parts serve to achieve a single goal and have some common properties, features and behavior);
2) the size (scale) of the system (determined by the variety and number of its constituent elements);
3) the complexity of the system (the presence of a large number and variety of connections between elements both vertically and horizontally.
In this connection, a change in any one component entails a change in others);
4) the behavior of the system at any moment of time has a probabilistic character;
5) the presence of elements of a competitive situation (characteristic primarily for the most complex systems and assumes that there are necessarily elements that tend to reduce the efficiency of the system);
6) divisibility (the possibility of dividing the system into its constituent components);
7) isolation (a set of elements that form a system; connections between them can be protected from the external environment and considered in isolation, but this isolation is relative (absolute for closed systems);
8) the multiplicity of the state of parts of the whole (each element of the system has its own behavior and state, different from others and the system as a whole);
9) structural (any system has a structure, i.e., a set of connections between parts of the whole);
10) hierarchy (any system can be sequentially divided into its constituent components from top to bottom - from more complex and large systems to subsystems, components, etc.);
11) adaptability (the system has the ability to take adequate actions in response to the diverse actions of external and internal factors).
There are many classifications of systems depending on the objectives of the study, they are widely represented in the literature (see, for example,).
A generalized classification of system types is shown in fig. 4.1.
Rice. 4.1. Classification of types of systems
Any control system in its simplest form can be represented as a set of two interacting subsystems: the control subject (control subsystem) and the control object (controlled subsystem).
All organizations are systems open type closely related to the external environment. On the basis of a systematic approach, the management process is built and the achievement of the goals set for the organization is ensured.
Features of the organization as an economic system are as follows:
– variability of certain system parameters;
- the uniqueness and unpredictability of the system and at the same time the presence of limiting opportunities due to the available resources;
- the ability to resist tendencies that destroy the system;
– ability to adapt to changing conditions;
- the ability to change the structure and form behavior options;
- the ability and desire to form goals within the system.
In an organization as a system, the following elements are distinguished:
1) functional areas of the organization;
2) elements of the production process;
3) controls.
A systematic approach to studying an organization requires studying the entire set of relationships that exist between the individual units of an organization as a system. This system of connections is a form of existence of organizational relations and reflects the existence of the organization.
As part of the system of organizational relations (connections), groups of homogeneous connections are distinguished according to some attribute (classification), namely:
1) classification, which reflects a different status:
– vertical connections (connections between departments of different levels);
– horizontal connections (connections between structural divisions one level)
2) classification according to the directions of connections:
- direct connections;
- feedback.
Forward and reverse links can be vertical and horizontal;
3) classification according to the content of links:
- impact (one-way communication; the initiator of this communication can be divisions of different levels (they can be vertically and horizontally, there can be both a subject and an object));
– counteraction (negative feedback);
– interaction (positive feedback).
The significance of studying the system of relations of relations of this classification is determined by the fact that the activity of any organization is the organization of the activities of all these relations, the improvement of these relations, i.e., the creation of conditions for the most complete manifestation of these relations.
The feedback principle is the principle of any system.
The listed groups of relations (connections) form a system of internal communication within the organization.
External relations are of great importance for the organization. They have a great influence on the effectiveness of the functioning of the organization. According to the nature of influence, 2 groups of external relations are distinguished:
1) communications that have a direct impact (suppliers, consumers, competitors, legislation, the legislative framework and etc.):
2) connections that have an indirect impact (the state of the world economy, the political situation in the country, scientific and technological progress, etc.).
The concept of a system element
By definition, an element is component complex whole. In our concept, a complex whole is a system that is an integral complex of interrelated elements.
An element is an indivisible part of a system. An element is a part of a system that is independent in relation to the entire system and is indivisible when this method separation of parts. The indivisibility of an element is perceived as the inexpediency of taking into account its internal structure within the model of a given system.
The element itself is characterized only by its external manifestations in the form of connections and relationships with other elements and the external environment.
The set A of system elements can be described as:
A = {a i}, i = 1, ..., n, (1.1)
where a i ― i-th element of the system;
n is the number of elements in the system.
Each a i the element is characterized m specific properties Z i 1 , ..., Zim(weight, temperature, etc.), which uniquely determine it in a given system.
The totality of all m properties of element a i will be called the state of the element Z i:
Z i = (Z i 1 , Z i 2 , Z i 3 , ..., Z i k , ..., Zim) (1.2)
The state of an element, based on various factors (time, space, environment, etc.), may change.
Successive changes in the state of an element will be called element movement.
Communication concept
Connection is a set of dependencies of the properties of one element on the properties of other elements of the system. To establish a relationship between two elements means to identify the presence of dependencies of their properties.
A bunch of Q links between elements a i and a j can be represented as:
Q = {q ij}, i, j = 1 ... n. (1.3)
The dependence of the properties of elements can be one-sided and two-sided.
Relationships is a set of bilateral dependences of the properties of one element on the properties of other elements of the system.
Interaction— a set of relationships and relationships between the properties of elements when they acquire the character cooperation each other.
The concept of system structure
System Structure is a set of elements of the system and links between them in the form of a set .
D = {A, Q}. (1.4)
The structure is a static model of the system and characterizes only the structure of the system and does not take into account the set of properties (states) of its elements.
The concept of the external environment
The system exists among other material objects that are not included in the system and which are united by the concept of ʼʼenvironmentʼʼ - objects of the external environment.
The input characterizes the impact of the environment on the system, the output characterizes the impact of the system on the environment.
In fact, the delineation or identification of a system is the division of a certain area of the material world into two parts, one of which is perceived as a system - an object of analysis (synthesis), and the other - as an external environment.
The external environment is a set of natural and artificial systems for which this system is not a functional subsystem.
The lecture was developed by:
Professor V.I. Mukhin
The concept of an element of the system - the concept and types. Classification and features of the category "The concept of an element of the system" 2017, 2018.
The functional environment of the system is a set of laws, algorithms and parameters characteristic of the system, according to which the interaction (exchange) between the elements of the system and the functioning (development) of the system as a whole is carried out.
An element of the system is a conditionally indivisible, independently functioning part of the system.
However, the answer to the question of what is such a part can be ambiguous. For example, as elements of the table, one can name “legs, boxes, a lid, etc.,” or “atoms, molecules,” depending on what task the researcher faces.
Therefore, we will accept the following definition: an element is the limit of the division of the system from the point of view of the aspect of consideration, the solution of a specific problem, the goal set.
Components and subsystems.
The concept of a subsystem implies that a relatively independent part of the system is singled out, which has the properties of the system, and in particular, has a subgoal, the achievement of which the subsystem is oriented to, as well as other properties - integrity, communication, etc., determined by the laws of systems.
If parts of the system do not have such properties, but are simply collections of homogeneous elements, then such parts are usually called components.
Connection. The concept of connection is included in any definition of a system and ensures the emergence and preservation of its integral properties. This concept simultaneously characterizes both the structure (statics) and the functioning (dynamics) of the system.
Communication is defined as a limitation of the degree of freedom of elements. Indeed, the elements, entering into interaction (connection) with each other, lose some of their properties, which they potentially possessed in a free state.
Connections can be characterized by direction, strength, character (or type).
On the basis of the first feature, the connections are divided into directed and non-directed.
On the second - on strong and weak.
According to the nature (kind), there are connections of subordination, generation (or genetic), equal (or indifferent), management.
System Structure- a set of links that provide energy, mass and information exchange between the elements of the system, which determines the functioning of the system as a whole and the ways of its interaction with the external environment.
Often the structure of the system is drawn up in the form of a graph. In this case, the elements are the vertices of the graph, and the edges denote connections.
If the directions of connections are distinguished, then the graph is oriented. Otherwise, the graph is undirected.
Target- a preconceived result of conscious human activity.
Symbolically, this definition of the system is represented as follows:
S ≡< A, R, Z >,
where A are elements;
R is the relationship between
elements;
Concepts characterizing the functioning and development of the system
The processes occurring in complex systems, as a rule, cannot be immediately represented in the form of mathematical relationships or even algorithms.
Therefore, in order to somehow characterize a stable situation or its changes, they use special terms borrowed by systems theory from automatic control theory, biology, and philosophy.
State. The concept of "state" usually characterizes an instant photo, a "slice" of a system, a stop in its development.
It is determined either through input actions and output signals (results), or through macro parameters, macro properties of the system (pressure, speed, acceleration).
Behavior. If a system is capable of transitioning from one state to another, then it is said to have behavior.
This concept is used when the patterns (rules) of the transition from one state to another are unknown. Then they say that the system has some kind of behavior and find out its nature, the algorithm.
Equilibrium. The concept of equilibrium is defined as the ability of a system in the absence of external disturbances (or under constant influences) to maintain its state for an arbitrarily long time.
Sustainability. Stability is understood as the ability of a system to return to a state of equilibrium after it has been brought out of this state under the influence of external (or in systems with active elements - internal) perturbing influences.
The state of equilibrium to which the system is able to return is called sustainable a state of balance.
The return to this state may be accompanied by an oscillatory process. Accordingly, unstable equilibrium states are possible in complex systems.
System classification
| sign | Types of systems |
| 1. Nature of the object | Natural Artificial - Real - Abstract |
| 2. The nature of the relationship with the environment | Open (continuous exchange) Closed (weak connection) |
| 3. Causation | Deterministic Probabilistic |
| 4. The nature of the elements | economic, social, technical, political, biological |
| 5. Degree of organization | Well organized Poorly organized Self-organized |
| 6. Relative to time | Static Dynamic |
| 7. By degree of difficulty | Small and Large Simple and Complex |
| 8. By the uniformity of the elements | Homogeneous Heterogeneous |
Large and complex systems
Large systems are those whose modeling is difficult due to their dimension, and complex systems are those for which there is not enough information to model.
Sometimes they allocate Very complex systems”, for the modeling of which humanity does not have the necessary information. This is the brain, the universe, society.
When modeling large systems, the decomposition method is used, in which the dimensionality is reduced by splitting into subsystems.
When modeling complex systems, special methods for reducing uncertainty are used.
