Boytsov M., Shukurov R. History of the Middle Ages. Textbook for class VII. Control work in the form of a test on the history of the Middle Ages according to the textbook M.A. Boytsov, R.M. Shukurov Entrance examination on the history of the Middle Ages
Boytsov M., Shukurov R.
History of the Middle Ages.
Boytsov M., Shukurov R. History of the Middle Ages: A textbook for the 7th grade of secondary educational institutions. - M .: MIROS, 1995 - 416 p.: ill.
An experimental textbook on the history of medieval Europe differs
from traditional not only structure educational material, but also by the fact that it contains a large
attention is paid to the culture of that time.
CONTENT
Foreword
Introduction. Faces of the Middle Ages
Chapter 1
Chapter 2. East of the West (Byzantium in the IV-VI centuries. The emergence of Islam)
Chapter 3. Two empires (Frankish state and Byzantium in the 7th-9th centuries)
Chapter 4. Sails of the Vikings (Northern Europe in the VIII-XI centuries)
Chapter 5. On the way to Canossa and Jerusalem. (The struggle of the empire with the papacy and the Crusades)
Chapter 6. Plow and sword (Peasants and seniors in the X-XII centuries)
Chapter 7. In the ring of walls and towers. (Medieval city in Western Europe)
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Louis IX)
Chapter 10. At the turning point (Europe in the XIV-XV centuries)
Conclusion
Chronological table
CARDS
Barbarian peoples of Europe
Barbarian invasions of the lands of the Roman Empire
Byzantium and the barbarian kingdoms in the 5th century
Power of the Merovingians
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
Byzantium in the middle of the VI century.
Arab caliphate by the 8th century.
Power of Charlemagne and its division in 843
Byzantium at the beginning of the XI century.
Campaigns of the Normans
The realm of Canute the Mighty
Holy Roman Empire and its neighbors in the XII century.
Religions and main churches in Europe to beginning of XII V.
First Crusade
Crusader dominions in the Middle East
Power of the Plantagenets in the XII century. and own possessions (domain) of the French kings
Stages of the reconquista
The oldest universities in Europe and the years of their foundation (XII - XV centuries)
The spread of the plague epidemic in Europe in the middle of the XIV century.
Area of German colonization in the Eastern Baltic
England and France during the Hundred Years War
The possessions of the Duke of Burgundy Charles the Bold
The rise and rise of Switzerland
Foreword
There are a number of features in our textbook that teachers should pay attention to.
The wide use of almost unadapted material from historical sources, monuments of law and literary works of the era under study, placed "on equal rights” with an educational text, should help, according to the authors, to create a “stereoscopic” image of the past, to develop the independent thinking of a young reader. In addition, the level of difficulty for different classes and individual students can be set by varying degrees of elaboration of these additional texts.
The questions proposed after paragraphs and texts are rather additional than mandatory (which the teacher can easily formulate himself); they are, as a rule, quite complex, far from all of them have clear and unambiguous answers both in the textbook and, sometimes, beyond its scope. We hope that they will force the student to think about what they have read, to consider from a new perspective already seemingly mastered and understood material.
In preparing this book, the authors got acquainted with old and modern textbooks as different European countries, and Russian - pre-revolutionary and Soviet.
Naturally, the experience of the well-deserved textbook by E.V.
Agibalova and G. M. Donskoy, according to which the authors themselves once studied. However, none of the existing books became a direct prototype of this edition.
The task that the authors set themselves was not to give a set historical examples confirming the truth of a predetermined sociological scheme. , of course, is present, but she is given a rather modest place. Within the framework of our textbook, we offer, first of all, an image of Europe in a certain historical era. The book was conceived as a key to medieval culture, or rather, to that part of it that entered into modern civilization. All the names and events mentioned in the book are not "an antique museum collection" - they still live in books and films, in philosophical reflections and on art canvases ... This is the actual Middle Ages. Therefore, no less than a strict fact, we are also interested in all kinds of legends included in the mosaic of modern world culture. A well-known myth sometimes turns out to be more significant than a specific circumstance, which only connoisseurs remember.
The chapters of the textbook devoted to the history of Byzantium, the Islamic world, and the paragraph on the early Slavs are written by R. Shukurov. Both authors worked together on §5. The remaining sections were written by M. Boytsov.
Introduction. Faces of the Middle Ages
What's in the past?
Primitive societies, Egypt of the pharaohs, powers of Asia Minor, early states
India and China, ancient Greece and Rome - all this is the Ancient World. In ancient times, people learned how to make fire and melt metals, build temples and build ships, write in hieroglyphs, cuneiform and letters. In ancient times, Macedonian phalanxes and Roman legions went into battle, Assyrian war chariots and the cavalry of Chinese emperors rushed into battle. In ancient times, the Egyptian pyramids, the Great Wall of China, the Athenian acropolis and the Roman Colosseum were built. In ancient times, the Tower of Babel collapsed and Troy burned down, the Argonauts were looking for the golden fleece. In ancient times, the Olympic Games and human sacrifices were held. Confucius and Buddha, Moses and Jesus Christ lived in ancient times. How much this era contained in itself - the longest in the history of mankind. But in the 5th century with the fall
The Roman Empire is coming to an end.
One and a half thousand years ago, with the collapse of Rome, a new era began world history. It is commonly called the Middle Ages, or the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages lasted for a thousand years, until about the 15th century. it was not replaced by the New Age.
Dark Middle Ages?
The word "Middle Ages" was invented only when this era was drawing to its end. And they understood this word something like this: there were bright times Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, when education, culture, reason reigned. In our time, we are again becoming cultured and educated, no worse than in antiquity. What's in the middle? In the middle lie the gloomy centuries of general savagery, the general decline of Europe, the triumph of incredible prejudices.
Wasted time.
And now you can often find in newspapers and books, hear in radio and television broadcasts words about "the horrors of the Middle Ages", about "medieval torture" and even about "the night of the Middle Ages, illuminated only by bonfires on which freethinkers were burned." About something hopelessly outdated or simply terrible, they say: “Well, it’s like in the Middle Ages!” This means that in the ideas of our contemporaries there is a gloomy image of the Middle Ages. It arose long ago, when the Middle Ages themselves were still quite fresh in memory. People are often very dissatisfied with everything that happened quite recently, and they praise some distant times. Then supposedly life was easier and more fun, and even breathing easier...
Bright Middle Ages?
The further the Middle Ages went into the past, the clearer it became that they had their own merits in comparison with the times that had come. It even began to seem to some that the Middle Ages were the best era in history. After all, then money did not yet rule the world, fuming factory chimneys did not stick out everywhere, people did not own such deadly weapons as they do today. The Middle Ages were supposedly a time when they knew how to especially appreciate nobility, courage, and dignity. It was the time of the knights, as it is described in the novels of V. Scott or the ballads of V. A. Zhukovsky.
But there were also wise kings and princes who defended their peoples from the invasions of cruel enemies, there were learned monks who comprehended the secrets of the universe and enlightened people, there were powerful and kind peasants who grew bread and saved the fatherland in difficult times!
As for the bonfires on which someone was burned, the number of victims of "medieval barbarism" cannot even remotely compare with the number of innocent people killed in our times, which are so proud of their enlightenment. So said those who "justified" the Middle Ages.
This is another image of the Middle Ages - light, or romantic. And each of us also has it, wonderfully adjacent to the gloomy.
So where is the truth?
And not there, and not here. Both there and here. Neither the "gloomy" nor the "light" appearances of the Middle Ages fully correspond to what actually happened. Of course, brave knights in shining armor crossed spears in duels, poets composed wonderful poems, scientists wrote wise books, and monks showed miracles of service to God. Of course, bonfires blazed, wars and epidemics raged, terrible famine times came. All this was, but it was together - both good and evil, and bad and good, and light and gloomy. A thousand-year epoch cannot be only "bad" or only "good". It may seem to us either "bad" or
“good” only if we are not familiar with it.
Where does our knowledge of the Middle Ages come from?
The Middle Ages are not so far from our time. And therefore, far more historical sources remain from the Middle Ages than from the ancient Eastern powers or, say, from
Roman Empire. Cathedrals and churches, walls and towers of cities and castles have been preserved. Even the street names are sometimes the same as half a thousand years ago.
Almost every museum has medieval things - from a simple pot shard or an arrowhead - to magnificent works of art: jewelry, paintings and icons, statues, household items. Some of these things were carefully passed down from generation to generation and have come down to us, while others were found by archaeologists during excavations of medieval cities and castles.
Much more written sources from the Middle Ages have been preserved than from previous centuries. Tens and hundreds of thousands of medieval letters are stored in special document storages - archives. Many manuscripts perished from fires, floods and wars, they often perish today. Therefore, historians try to publish as much as possible old documents to save them from all sorts of troubles and make them available to all scientists.
Many historians, poets and writers lived in the Middle Ages. They left us very important works: stories, which, as a rule, described the past of one of some people, chronicles (or, as they were called in Rus', chronicles), where year after year all major events, as well as biographies of remarkable people. Poems, novels and stories open to us the world of feelings of the people of the Middle Ages. For historians of the economy and trade, even short and dry reports on trade operations, accounts, receipts, protocols of court proceedings are invaluable.
Many wonderful tales and legends about gods, heroes, the first rulers were transmitted orally - they were first recorded centuries after they were composed. These stories are called epic. People's memory has also preserved thousands of riddles, proverbs, conspiracies, which also often come from the depths of centuries.
Ethnographers (they are engaged in the study of folk customs, rituals and everyday life) will confirm that peasant weddings and other rituals, children's games, holidays, clothes,
The utensils of the peasants of the past and the beginning of this century very often repeated old samples and can also tell us a lot about the Middle Ages.
Many generations of historians collected bit by bit knowledge about the Middle Ages. They wrote thousands of books about this era, and every year more and more new articles and books appear.
So, everything is already known?
Historians constantly argue among themselves and not only because of trifles. Sometimes there is no agreement on the biggest problems, up to what the Middle Ages is in general. Dozens different opinions can be found in the writings of modern historians, and to choose from them
"the only correct" is very difficult, if not impossible. The same events can be told in completely different ways, depending on the chosen angle of view.
Our tutorial is just one of the versions...
Chapter 1
(The Great Migration of Nations and the fall
Roman Empire)
Waves of barbarian invasions swept over Europe. The great Roman Empire could not resist them and perished. On the site of the former power, several kingdoms of the conquerors of the Germans arose. History ends with the fall of the Roman Empire ancient world and the history of the Middle Ages begins.
§ 1. Barbarians and others
Proud and mighty were the great powers of antiquity. But even the largest empires
Darius and Alexander the Great, Rome and China, even taken together, occupied only a small part of the inhabited land. Beyond their borders, another - boundless and colorful world began. The world of primitive tribes - we will say now. A world of barbarians - a Roman, a Chinese or a Greek would say.
Non-barbarians understood all the intricacies of arable farming, viticulture, gardening, they knew how to build luxurious palaces, majestic temples, big cities. They reached heights in all forms of art and used writing.
Among the barbarians, agriculture was worse, they could only know by hearsay about cities and writing, but they usually understood better about hunting and cattle breeding.
Among non-barbarians there were very rich people. They could afford the most incredible pleasures. But their number was negligible. All the rest are people of moderate prosperity, or even simply poor people. A noticeable layer at the very bottom of society consisted of slaves.
In the life of the barbarians, wealth did not play a big role. All were equally poor, but free and equal among themselves. Only chieftains, elders, and priests enjoyed minor benefits.
Non-barbarians developed states. There were officials, taxes and armies.
The barbarians of the state did not yet know.
Non-barbarians despised the barbarians for their savagery, rudeness of morals and feared their cruel attacks.
The barbarians despised non-barbarians for luxury and effeminacy, for their passion for money and obedience to their authorities, but they feared their well-trained armies and all sorts of insidious inventions.
For many millennia of ancient and medieval history, these two very different worlds stood face to face: the world of primitive tribes and the world of civilizations. They were separated by mutual enmity and bound by mutual interest in each other. Bloody wars gave way to centuries of peaceful neighborhood. Sometimes hordes of nomads erased flourishing cities from the face of the earth, and from human memory
their names. Sometimes a foreign army appeared in the lands of the barbarians, forcing them to pay tribute to their sovereign, to fulfill his orders, to serve him.
No matter how destructive the invasions of the barbarians were, civilization over the centuries conquered more and more space on the planet from the “other world”. Yesterday's barbarians were turning into non-barbarians. They could not isolate themselves from the influence of civilizations: merchants and warriors, preachers and fugitive criminals came to them from there. Barbarians could be hired to fight against other barbarians; barbarians could be taken prisoner, turned into slaves, and decades later released to their homeland. The border between civilization and barbarians was always "transparent", and the influence of civilizations on barbarians was strong. The "radiation" of civilizations is felt far beyond their borders.
But from time to time the barbarian world becomes especially dangerous. Tribes emerge from the Asian steppes or European forests, destroying vast empires. These explosions occur when important changes begin among the barbarians themselves.
From equality to inequality
The primitive equality that existed among the barbarians could not last forever. In any tribe, sooner or later it is replaced by inequality. Society begins to divide into powerful and weak, rich and poor. Appears to know. At first, tribal elders are increasingly chosen from the same families, revered for their services to the tribe. And then, as if by itself, it turned out that the elders could be elected only from these families.
Even more influential than the elders were the military leaders, who won fame for their outstanding courage and luck. The victory testified to the special chosenness of the leader, that he was pleasing to the gods. If the campaign was successful, the leader received the lion's share of the booty. Hot young people were drawn to the successful leaders from everywhere, longing for wealth and military exploits. In addition to the usual part of the spoils of war, the leader gave them generous gifts from his share. For this, the leader could count on the loyalty of his warriors, on the fact that in a moment of danger they would not regret giving their lives for him. This is how the leader's squad appeared, personally devoted to him. The warriors did not really like doing housework, but preferred to either get rich in the war, or die with honor in battle. They missed the war and demanded that the leader lead them on new and new campaigns. They remembered the glorious battles for a long time, they told their children and grandchildren about them, so that they tried to be like the best of the leaders and their warriors. War becomes a matter of honor, the occupation of a real man.
And where to get hold of worthy booty, if not from rich neighbors, especially when they have internal strife or other troubles? Therefore, almost every weakening of the states of antiquity or the Middle Ages was followed by barbarian invasions. Barbarians have always been around...
Victory or defeat?
Sometimes clashes with barbarians turned out to be fatal for civilizations and ended in complete destruction for them. Deserts appeared in place of fields, cities and gardens. But there was another outcome: the country conquered by the barbarians took the conquerors prisoner. She took prisoner not by force of arms, but by language, culture, traditions. The victors dissolved among the vanquished, and over time, a new one was born on the ruins of a defeated civilization. Two mortally warring worlds merged in it together...
Barbarian tribes lived near the borders of European civilization throughout the Middle Ages: these are Slavs and Balts, Hungarians and Turks, Scandinavians and Mongols. The first place in this series, both in time and in significance for European history, is occupied, of course, by the Germans.
Questions
1. On the basis of what is stated in the paragraph, give your own definition of civilization.
2. What examples of clashes between barbarians and civilizations in antiquity do you know?
History of the Middle Ages. M. Boytsov, R. Shukurov
Textbook for the VII class of secondary educational institutions.
M.: 1995 - 416 p.: ill.
Experimental history textbook medieval Europe, differs from the traditional ones not only in the structure of the educational material, but also in the fact that it pays great attention to the culture of that time.
(Tutorial with drawings and maps, so the file size is large.)
Format: doc/zip
Size: 8.8 MB
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