Types of blockages. Search and rescue operations in rubble conditions Degree of destruction of buildings
Also beware of rotten food in the refrigerator and greasy stains on the stove.
Sometime, as an exercise, decide to really thoroughly clean out what you usually just brush off the dust. A good object for this is a TV, computer or tape recorder. All this equipment has "unpleasant" places where fluff and dust accumulate.
Arm yourself with an old toothbrush, a dusting cloth, and some suitable cleaning agent (you can buy it at a computer hardware store) and get to work.
Do it like meditation. Do it with love. Do it not out of obligation, but because this item is part of your life and you want to honor yourself. You will be surprised how pleasant it is.
Before the birth of a child, many women feel a great need to clean their homes, prepare and clear the space for the unborn child. This is a natural, instinctive reaction.
Traditionally, people in the West energize themselves by spending once a year general cleaning in their homes. Imagine what your life force would be like if you kept your house like this all the time!
If you don't have the time or inclination to do it, you don't have to do it yourself. There are people in this world who love to clean! Arrange a mutual favor with a friend, or pay someone to come and do it for you.
You will get amazing results if you do a general cleaning in your house before the Space Cleansing and then keep it in such a state.
What to do with unwanted gifts
Get rid of them. The very thought of it seems dreadful to some people. “What if Aunt Jane comes and that expensive figurine she gave us is not on the mantelpiece?”
So whose is this fireplace? And whose life is this? If you like this figurine, fine, but if you keep it in the house out of fear or duty, then you yourself deprive yourself of power.
Every time you enter a room and see this object, some of your energy disappears. Surround yourself with things that you enjoy, that inspire you and make you feel better. And do not think that "out of sight - out of mind."
You will not be able to keep this item in the closet and take it out into the light of day before the arrival of Aunt Jane. After all, your subconscious mind knows about his presence in the house. If you are surrounded by a lot of "extra" gifts, your energy network looks like a sieve with life force flowing through holes.
Try adopting a different philosophy regarding gifts. When you give something to someone, give it with love and joy. And don't forget to "let go" of the situation. Give the recipient free rein with regard to this gift.
If he finds it so useful that he sends it straight to the bin, well, fine.
If it's given to someone else, that's fine too (you don't want people to fill up their space with extra gifts, do you?). Give freedom to others, and then you will begin to experience a sense of greater freedom in your own life as well.
Blockage zones in your home
Where do blockages tend to form in your home? A cluttered basement corresponds to the subconscious, clogged with unconscious problems. Blockage in the attic can limit your higher aspirations. There is no such place in the house, the blockage in which would not have an impact on you.
Even if you drag all the junk to the garden shed or somewhere else, know that it is still with you and continues to influence the course of your life. The only thing that can be done with the rubble is to take responsibility for them and clear them.
So, for example, one zone is responsible for relationships, another for career, a third for well-being, and so on. If your house has a cluttered room, it means that some aspect of your life is under the influence.
One of my clients has a greenhouse in the Gift of Fortune area of her house. Previously, she took down all unnecessary things there.
This lady was an excellent doctor, but she could not earn enough money to support herself. By cleaning the greenhouse and planting flowers in it, she made sure that her income increased significantly.
Another woman has accumulated a lot of rubbish in the area of Relationships. All the men she attracted in her life were saddled with problems. After clearing this area of debris, she finally found a man with whom she could establish a strong relationship.
If your life has weak sides, check if the corresponding area in your house is not littered with any rubbish!
Your front door
Keep this place completely clean. The front entrance to your home symbolizes your approach to the world as you look outward and your approach to your own life as you look inward.
When the first thing you see when you enter your house is a pile of rubbish, your energy level drops before you have time to cross the threshold. Some people like to hang all their outerwear and shoes in a tiny space behind front door. Definitely not very good idea.
Others like to put things near the entrance so as not to forget to take it out of the house, and this ends with the fact that they are forced to step over the resulting blockage all the time. This is how you create tension for yourself.
An astonishing number of environmentally conscious people use the front area of their home as a place to store old newspapers, magazines, cans and plastic bottles which are then sent for recycling.
By keeping all of this in plain sight, you are thereby making a statement (however unconscious it may be) that your approach to life is to constantly repeat situations of the past.
It can refer to ideas, problems, illnesses, relationships with people, and so on. This means that you never learn a lesson the first time. Repetition itself is a good thing. However, why admire this rubbish before you cross the threshold of your house?
Behind the doors
Doors that don't open fully restrict the flow of energy in your life. I have been in houses where there was so much rubbish behind the doors that people had to squeeze through narrow cracks. Remove everything that prevents the doors from opening completely, this also applies to clothes hanging behind them.
corridors
These are the arteries of your home. Rubbish in the hallway and corridors interferes with the flow of vital energy and erects obstacles in your path. As a result, you are more likely to trudge through life like an old horse than to walk with pleasure. Keep all passageways clear.
If you can't get rid of debris, at least clear the floor of debris. Many people who suffer from depression keep stuff on the floor that constantly "grounds" their energy.
Under the beds
Piles of trash under your bed affect the quality of your sleep. If you sleep on a bed with drawers, then it is best to keep only clean bedding in them. To sleep well, remove everything from your bedroom except the bed itself!
On cabinets
The blockages hidden from view on cabinets are like problems hanging over you, waiting for a solution. They reduce your ability to think clearly and distinctly. If you stack things on your bedroom wardrobe, it will affect your sleep.
It will be difficult for you to wake up if the first thing that catches your eye in the morning is the warehouse on the closet. When your house has a lot of rubble hidden somewhere upstairs, they will have an overall overwhelming effect on you. In addition, you will suffer from headaches.
Get rid of unwanted clothes
Do you have clothes that you no longer wear, but keep "just in case"?
One woman said in my seminar that when her husband got paid, they decided to boo and buy her two really nice suits "in case" they never had enough money to buy something like that again.
Two years have passed since then, and she has never worn any of these costumes. She believes that the money was thrown away.
Some people keep things they haven't worn for 20 years. They say that if you keep them long enough, they will come back into fashion again. My advice to you: if you have never worn a thing for Last year not to mention, if you haven't worn it for two or three years in a row, part with it, sell it, trade it, burn it, or just throw it away.
All seasons change throughout the year. If during all this time you have never felt the impulse to put it on, then the time for this thing has passed. If two or three seasonal cycles have passed, and it has remained unclaimed, then it is time to finally part with it.
You may find it helpful to know why you no longer want to wear certain clothes. Just as you choose the colors for the walls of your house, you unconsciously look for clothes of a certain color and cut, so that they match the characteristics of your energy vibrations.
For example, people go through different color phases. A few years ago, my entire wardrobe was purple with rare splashes of green, blue and turquoise hues.
Someone from my acquaintances came to Bali and recognized my house by the amount of purple clothes hung out to dry! At that time, I was accumulating a lot of violet energy in my aura, which should have restored my strength and success. Now I have already absorbed this color, so I almost never wear it.
Many people have items in their wardrobes that they bought, wore once, and haven't worn since.
It just so happened that you weren't in the mood to shop that day, but your eyes caught on something, let's say an orange dress with purple polka dots. You tried on this thing and looked "just fantastic" (in your opinion). You bought it.
In a word, on that very day you were slightly emotionally unbalanced, and the colors of your aura changed to orange with purple spots ... So the new clothes looked great on you.
But the next day, this special emotional mood passed, your aura found its own regular colors, and the clothes have lost their appeal to you. You wait for the return of that state, but it (fortunately) repeats very rarely or not at all.
The trick is to never shop when you're even a little "out of your mind." The feeling of comfort that comes with shopping is a guarantee that you will stop buying things that you will never wear.
Some people become attached to clothes that are too small for them because they plan to lose weight. But this rarely happens. If you are one of those people, do yourself a favor and heed Denise Lynn's advice, which in many cases produces amazing results.
Throw all those things away, and then go out and buy yourself something that makes you look and feel good while being who you are. And guess what usually happens in this case?
You are losing weight. Believe it or not, but this law works, and the reason for this is that you have stopped resisting the fact that you are fat.
You chose to love yourself for who you are instead of waiting until you lose weight. What you resist persists, and when you stop resisting, it gives in!
The burden of old shoes
We talked about clothes, but shoes also deserve a mention. Shoes are part of your appearance. A pair of shoes can literally make or break a good ensemble.
Piles of old shoes littering your house are very unsightly and take energy rather than give it. Keep the shoes you wear clean and in good condition, and dump all the rest.
Bags and packages
How can your life flow freely if you carry around a bag full of all sorts of receipts, used tissues, candy wrappers, and more? If you feel embarrassed at the thought of someone dumping the contents of your bag in public, empty it yourself right now and clean it up properly.
The same advice applies to your pockets!
Inspection of unstable structures in the rubble is an extremely dangerous operation for rescuers. Therefore, inspection of voids should not be undertaken until a sufficient number of qualified personnel and the necessary equipment have arrived at the site.
Rescuers should have a basic knowledge of the types of debris. The following types of blockages are distinguished (the most typical for panel buildings):
- flat blockage,
- one-sided obstruction with a support,
- one-sided blockage without support,
- V-shaped blockage,
- A-shaped blockage.
A flat blockage (Fig. 1) is the result of the fall of a load-bearing wall. The walls and roof in this case literally “fold”. Large objects that are inside the building break the walls, and voids can be created around them. Rescuers should try to find the existing entrances to the buildings - entrances, flights of stairs, in order to start searching for victims.
Fig.1. flat blockage
One-sided blockages (Figure 2) occur when a load-bearing wall supporting a roof or floor slabs collapses on one side. Supported one-sided blockages are the result of a wall or roof falling, which, in the process of falling, rests on existing objects in the building, for example, on the opposite wall.
Rice. 2. One-sided blockage
One-sided blockages without support (Fig. 3) are a very unstable type of blockages. The fallen wall hangs in the air without support. Additional weight on it, movement, shifting nearby debris can lead to further collapse.
Rice. 3. One-sided blockages without support
Therefore, it is possible to inspect voids only after the blockage has been stabilized with the help of appropriate equipment, which is usually not at the disposal of rescuers. Rescuers in this case should focus on collecting information about the exact location of the victims and protecting them, but in such a way as not to provoke a further collapse.
A V-shaped blockage (Fig. 4) is usually the result of a collapse of an internal load-bearing wall, column, roof, etc. In this case, the wall or roof, when falling, breaks in the middle, resting at this point on the ceilings of the lower floor. Voids can appear on both sides of the fault.
Rice. 4. V-shaped blockage
With an A-shaped blockage (Fig. 5), the floors between floors collapse, but when they fall, they rest on the internal load-bearing walls.
Rice. 5. A-shaped blockage
One of the most likely dangers for rescuers when working in rubble is the possibility of further collapse of structures above the resulting voids. Therefore, these structures must be stabilized. Various equipment can be used for stabilization. For example, wooden towns, screw jack, air bags, hydraulic tools, telescopic stands.
Wooden camps (Fig. 6) are the most practical way to stabilize the blockage. It should be borne in mind that they should not shift the blockage components, and should only be used for support and pores.
Blockage is called a chaotic heap building materials and structures, debris technological equipment, sanitary technical devices, furniture, household utensils, stones.
The sudden collapse of buildings and structures can be caused by design errors, deviations from the project during construction works, violations of the rules for the installation of structures.
There is a poor quality of construction work and the use of substandard building materials. Significant influence is exerted by underground karst voids formed underground under the influence of water flows. Inconsistent housing redevelopments can have disastrous consequences for a building.
In some cases, the cause of the collapse may be the lack of reliable ventilation in the room where gas is used. The collapse is facilitated by explosions due to gas leakage, improper operation of household gas appliances, careless handling of fire, storage of flammable liquids and explosives indoors.
In addition, the collapse of the structure is possible due to man-made emergencies, as well as during natural disasters, and, first of all, during an earthquake. Destruction can be the result of not only the forces of the elements, but also the poor quality of buildings or their technical wear and tear.
It is also impossible to exclude a terrorist act and local military operations using various kinds weapons.
The degree of damage to buildings depends on the strength of the destructive factor, the duration of its impact, the seismic resistance of structures, the quality of construction, and the degree of wear (aging) of buildings.
According to the degree of destruction of buildings, the blockages are divided into five types.
1. Light damage: thin cracks appear on the walls of buildings, plaster is sprinkled, small pieces break off, glass in windows is damaged.
2. Weak destruction: small cracks in the walls, rather large pieces of plaster break off, cracks appear in chimneys Oh, some of them are destroyed, the roof is partially damaged, the glass in the windows is completely broken.
3. Medium destruction: large cracks in the walls of buildings, collapse of chimneys, partial fall of the roof.
4. Strong destruction: collapse of internal partitions and walls, gaps in the walls, collapse of parts of buildings, destruction of connections between parts of buildings, collapse of the roof.
5. Complete destruction.
Blockages are continuous and separate (local).
Blockages are conditionally divided into reinforced concrete and brick.
Reinforced concrete blockages consist of fragments of reinforced concrete, concrete, metal and wooden structures, fragments of brickwork, elements of technological equipment. They are characterized by the presence of a large number of large elements, often interconnected, voids and unstable elements.
Brick blockages consist of brick blocks, broken bricks, plaster, fragments of reinforced concrete, metal, and wooden structures. They are characterized by high density, the absence of large, as a rule, elements and voids.
The formation of blockages is accompanied by damage to electrical, thermal, gas, plumbing and other systems. This poses a risk of fires, explosions, floods, electric shock. Particularly dangerous are the blockages of industrial buildings in which hazardous substances are produced or stored.
The destruction of buildings and the formation of blockages are usually accompanied by death, blocking, and injury to people. Of all the victims in the rubble, approximately 40% receive minor injuries, 20% receive moderate injuries, the same percentage receive severe and extremely severe injuries and injuries.
Practically in all the blockages there are people, some of them die immediately, some are injured. On the first day after the emergency, in the absence of first aid, approximately 40% of the victims die in the rubble. After 3-4 days after the formation of the blockage, the living people in it begin to die from thirst, cold, and injuries. After 7-10 days, there are practically no living people left in the rubble.
More on the topic Causes of blockages:
- N 4. Techniques and rules of forensically similar investigative actions
- Law and morality are very close concepts Interview with the Chairman of the Association of Russian Lawyers Yakovlev Veniamin Fedorovich
Blockage is a chaotic heap of materials, structures, equipment, furniture, stones, technical devices, etc. How to protect people in case of blockages and how to organize? This will be discussed in this article.
The content of search and rescue operations in the conditions of blockages
Causes of blockages
The main reasons for the formation of blockages are natural, such as floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, storms, landslides, the impact of natural factors on the aging and corrosion of materials, errors in construction or during the operation of the facility, military operations. The degree of destruction is influenced by the strength of the destructive factor, exposure time, duration, seismic resistance of structures, quality of construction, construction time of the structure.
The main types of blockages
Blockages are divided into two types: continuous and separate (local). Blockages in the ratio of the total construction volume are up to 50% (residential buildings - 35-50%, industrial -15-20%). Blockages can be reinforced concrete and brick. The former consist of fragments of concrete, reinforced concrete, wood and metal structures, equipment wreckage. Their feature is the presence of connected large elements, voids, unstable parts. Brick blockages mainly consist of large blocks and broken bricks, fragments of structures, and plaster. Often, during such collapses, there are no large elements and voids, they have a high density.
Blockages damage electrical, thermal, gas, plumbing and other systems, which can lead to fire, explosion or flooding. The most dangerous blockages are in industrial buildings where hazardous substances are produced or stored.
During the destruction of buildings and blockages, people are blocked, injured and killed. The victims fall into the upper or lower part of the blockage, find themselves in the basements or on the first floors.
Search and rescue operations in the rubble
How to start search and rescue work? First, you need to conduct reconnaissance, which includes:
- setting the zone and nature of the emergency;
- determination of the location of the victims and their condition;
- assessment of the state of objects located in the emergency zone;
- determination of the presence of fires, chemically hazardous and explosive substances;
- laying of access roads and installation of equipment to ensure the evacuation of people from the rubble.
Assistance to victims, evacuation of people
To help the victims, you need to dismantle the blockage from above or arrange a hole in the blockage.
Debris demolition
The blockage is dismantled from above, so that it is possible to get the victims located in the upper part of the blockage and provide access to them. Small elements are lifted manually, and lifting equipment is used to move large and heavy elements: winches, jacks, cranes. It will take. After the release of the victims, they must be given first aid and transported to a safer place.
Manhole devicein the rubble
Often, during a blockage, the victims are in depth. To extract them from there, rescuers make a special hole - a narrow passage. The hole is not made near large boulders, so that they do not settle and hinder the work of rescuers. The manhole can be made in three directions: horizontal, vertical and inclined. Optimal dimensions: width - 0.8-0.9 m, height - 0.9-1.0 m.
For the device of the manhole, several groups of rescuers of 3-4 people are involved. They dismantle the blockage, free the passage, install fasteners, remove the debris, take out the victims, transport them to the place of assistance.
Rescuers move along the aisle on all fours or lying down. If large reinforced concrete, wooden, metal, brick elements come across on the way, they must be bypassed or destroyed. When making a manhole, it is necessary to pay the main attention to its reliable fastening in order to prevent the collapse of the walls. For this, a special tool is used: spacers, racks, beams, boards, shields, crossbars, struts.
Before removing the victim from the blockage, it is necessary to assess his condition and the degree of injury. If necessary, tourniquets and compression bandages are applied to the pressed or pinched parts. The method of extracting and transporting the victim depends on his physical condition. If the victim is crushed by large elements, you need to release him using spreaders, jacks or lifting equipment.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
East Siberian State University of Technology and Management
Department of Industrial Ecology and Protection in Emergency Situations
EXERCISE
FOR COURSE WORK
Student_____
1. Topic of work________________________________________________________________
__________________________
2. Deadlines term paper"_____" ______________ 20___
3. Initial data ______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Date of issue of the task "_____" __________________ 20___.
Head of work ___________________________________________________________
The task was accepted for execution by _________________________________________________
(date and student's signature)
Introduction
1. Classification and characteristics of blockages
1.2. Building characteristics
1.3. Blockage design scheme
2. Reconnaissance blockage and location of people
3.Technology of the manhole device in the rubble of the destroyed building
4. Safety in the conduct of ACP in the conditions of the destruction of the building
Conclusion
List of sources used
Application
INTRODUCTION
More than 50 people die every year in Russia when buildings are destroyed.
After the destruction of the building, a blockage is formed.
Buildings are destroyed in various cities of Russia - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kirov, Magnitogorsk, Yekaterinburg, Rostov-on-Don, Kazan, Chelyabinsk.
In most cases, due to the destruction of the building, blockages of various types and structures are formed.
The problem of self-rescue and rescue of people in these conditions is that collapses in most cases occur suddenly and very rapidly.
As a result, people fall under the rubble and to save them, rescuers arrange a hole in the rubble.
In connection with the above, the term paper on the topic: "Technology of the manhole device in the conditions of the destruction of the building" is relevant.
The purpose of this course work is: the development of a manhole device technology in the conditions of building destruction. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: - Give a classification and description of the blockages;
Conduct reconnaissance of the blockage and determine the location of people;
Develop a technology for arranging a manhole in the rubble of a destroyed building;
To disclose the issues of ensuring safety in the conduct of emergency rescue operations in the condition of the destruction of the building
Classification and characteristics of blockages
For 5 years in Russia there were more than 70 destructions of buildings with the subsequent formation of a blockage, 27 of them occurred during an earthquake.
The reason for the destruction of buildings can be natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, storms, landslides, landslides, mudflows), the effects of natural factors leading to aging and corrosion of materials (atmospheric moisture, groundwater, subsiding soils, sudden changes in temperature air), errors at the design and construction stage, violations of the rules for the operation of the facility, military operations. The degree of damage to buildings depends on the strength of the destructive factor, the duration of its impact, the seismic resistance of structures, the quality of construction, and the degree of wear (aging) of buildings.
It is believed that a blockage is formed if the building receives a severe or complete degree of destruction. In case of severe destruction, up to half of the construction volume of the building turns into a blockage.
Types of blockages formed during severe destruction of buildings:
A) unilateral; b) bilateral; c) V-shaped; d) flat
As a result of the complete destruction of the building, a continuous blockage is formed.
The structure, configuration and dimensions of the blockage depend on:
building type;
Building dimensions;
Directions of destructive influence.
The main indicators of blockages are:
Also taken as indicators of blockages:
Debris spread range (L);
The size of the upper and lower faces of the blockage (length, width);
blockage height;
All blockages are heterogeneous in their volume. As a rule, blockages have a higher density near the surface. The main mass of small fragments, fragments of the roof, construction debris will also be concentrated here. In the center of the blockage, at its base, there are mainly large and medium-sized fragments, voids are more common, the dimensions of the voids are relatively large. This distribution of fragments is explained by the nature of the blockage formation. When a building is destroyed, the structures of its upper floors travel a longer path, receive greater acceleration and are subjected to higher dynamic loads. This leads to the fact that these structures for the most part turn into small debris and debris. The structures of the lower floors of the building are less destroyed when falling and, piling up, form secondary vaults in which a large number of voids are formed. High probability of formation of voids in the surviving corners of the building and in areas of location staircases(lift shafts).
In some cases, when a building is destroyed, secondary vaults are not formed. This can happen during earthquakes and collapses, characterized by the vertical collapse of buildings with insufficiently strong walls. In this case, a blockage is formed in which the interfloor ceilings of the building are destroyed relatively weakly and practically lie on top of each other. The voids in such a blockage are relatively small. Similar blockages took place in Neftegorsk during the destruction of panel buildings from an earthquake and were called "layer cake". These blockages are considered the most difficult for rescue and other work to be carried out in them.
Building characteristics
The residential building on Dvinskaya Street in St. Petersburg was a 9-storey brick residential building, composed of 4 sections in the lintels between which stairs and vestibules were arranged. outdoor and internal walls were made of ceramic bricks. The thickness of the outer walls was 540 mm. The ceilings were designed from round-hollow panels and flat reinforced concrete slabs. The foundations of the building are made of concrete blocks installed on reinforced concrete pads. The depth of foundations is 2.0 ... 2.1 m from the surface (absolute elevation +1.6 ... 1.7 m B.S.), the width of the sole is 2.8 ... 3.2 m , the average pressure on the sole of the foundation is 1.5 kg / cm 2. The project provided for a 100 mm thick sand bed under the sole. A reinforced belt 50 mm high is designed on top of the foundation pads. based on blocks brickwork, which according to the project was supposed to be reinforced with welded meshes. Thickness bearing walls exceeded the thickness of the foundation blocks by 140 mm.
The height of the building was 30 meters.
The length of the building was 14 meters
The width of the building was 12 meters
Geomorphologically, the site, the territory on which the building was built, is within the coastal zone of the Primorskaya Plain, raised by bulk dump soils from absolute marks ~ 0.0 m to the current 3.5 ... 4.2 m B.S. The southwestern part of the building adjoined the slope of the Seldyany Canal, which was filled in at the end of the 1960s. The soils were dumped on peaty deposits. The thickness of the bulk and peaty soils is 3.5...4.2 m. within the bulk soils. Peaty soils are characterized by low building properties.
Under the bulk soils lie marine and lake deposits, represented by sands of medium density of variable thickness (1.3 ... 2.0 m on the eastern side of the building; 0.5 ... 1.5 m - on the western side). The minimum thickness of sands was noted in the area of the destroyed section. With absolute marks minus 1.5 ... minus 1.7 m, they are underlain by soft-plastic loams of lacustrine-glacial deposits with a thickness of 0.5 ... 1.4 m, below which, with absolute marks minus 2.0 ... minus 3.1 m B.S. glacial deposits. Lying in the upper part of the moraine strata, the Luga sandy loam of soft-plastic consistency, according to static sounding data, is characterized by frontal resistances of 5...10 kg/cm 2 ; they were found almost along the entire perimeter of the building, with the exception of the northeast corner. The thickness of sandy loam reaches 5.0...5.5 m. marks minus 9.3 ... minus 11.9 m B.S. – interglacial sandy loams of semi-solid consistency. The roof of the semi-solid sandy loams of the Moscow moraine is located at abs. marks minus 15.3 ... minus 15.8 m B.S.
Level ground water during surveys in 1969 (May) was fixed at abs. elev. +0.7 m B.S., in 2002 (June) - at abs. +2.0...+1.8 m B.S. During the accident, the fluctuation of the water level in the Neva River was insignificant (no more than +30 cm above the standard).
In general, engineering and geological conditions are unfavorable for the construction of shallow foundations. The presence of bulk and peaty soils requires, even for low-rise buildings, work on peat removal and the installation of a sand cushion.
On the night of June 3, 2002, the southern section of the dormitory collapsed due to an earthquake, the magnitude of the earthquake was 9 points on the Richter scale, and a fire started. The collapse was preceded heat and intensive development of the roll of the building in a southerly direction with the formation of a split between adjacent sections. As a result, 8 people fell under the rubble. Temperature environment was 21 o C.
Design scheme obstruction
It is known that the length of the building (A) was 14 meters, the width (B) 12 meters, and the height (h) 30 meters.
The blockage parameters will be calculated using special mathematical formulas.
