Potapov's perpetual motion machine. Do-it-yourself self-powered free energy generator. Scheme of a free energy generator. Two main types

Yu. S. Potapov's heat generator is very similar to the vortex tube of J. Ranke, invented by this French engineer back in the late 20s of the XX century. While working on the improvement of cyclones for cleaning gases from dust, he noticed that the gas jet emerging from the center of the cyclone has more low temperature than the source gas supplied to the cyclone. Already at the end of 1931, Ranke filed an application for an invented device, which he called a "vortex tube". But he manages to get a patent only in 1934, and then not in his homeland, but in America (US Patent No. 1952281.)

The French scientists then treated this invention with distrust and ridiculed the report of J. Ranke, made in 1933 at a meeting of the French Physical Society. For according to these scientists, the work of the vortex tube, in which the air supplied to it was divided into hot and cold streams as a fantastic "Maxwell's demon", contradicted the laws of thermodynamics. Nevertheless, the vortex tube worked and later found wide application in many areas of technology, mainly for obtaining cold.

We are most interested in the work of Leningrader V. E. Finko, who drew attention to a number of paradoxes of the vortex tube while developing a vortex gas cooler to obtain ultralow temperatures. He explained the process of gas heating in the near-wall region of the vortex tube by the “mechanism of wave expansion and compression of gas” and discovered the infrared radiation of the gas from its axial region, which has a band spectrum, which later helped us understand the operation of the Potapov vortex heat generator.

In the Ranke vortex tube, the diagram of which is shown in Figure 1, the cylindrical tube 1 is connected at one end to the volute 2, which ends with a nozzle inlet of rectangular cross section, which ensures the supply of compressed working gas into the tube tangentially to the circumference of its inner surface. From the other end, the volute is closed by a diaphragm 3 with a hole in the center, the diameter of which is significantly less than the inner diameter of pipe 1. Through this hole, a cold gas flow exits pipe 1, which is divided during its vortex movement in pipe 1 into cold (central) and hot (peripheral) parts. The hot part of the flow, adjacent to the inner surface of the pipe 1, rotates, moves to the far end of the pipe 1 and leaves it through the annular gap between its edge and the adjusting cone 4.

Figure 1. Ranke vortex tube: 1-tube; 2- snail; 3- diaphragm with a hole in the center; 4 - adjusting cone.

A complete and consistent theory of the vortex tube still does not exist, despite the simplicity of this device. “On the fingers” it turns out that when the gas is untwisted in the vortex tube, it is compressed at the walls of the tube under the action of centrifugal forces, as a result of which it heats up here, as it heats up during compression in the pump. And in the axial zone of the pipe, on the contrary, the gas experiences rarefaction, and then it cools, expanding. By removing the gas from the near-wall zone through one hole, and from the axial zone through the other, the initial gas flow is separated into hot and cold flows.

Liquids, unlike gases, are practically incompressible. Therefore, for more than half a century, it never occurred to anyone to supply water into the vortex tube instead of gas or steam. And the author decided on a seemingly hopeless experiment - he fed water from the water supply into the vortex tube instead of gas.

To his surprise, the water in the vortex tube split into two streams with different temperatures. But not hot and cold, but hot and warm. For the temperature of the "cold" flow turned out to be slightly higher than the temperature of the source water supplied by the pump to the vortex tube. Careful calorimetry showed that such a device generates more thermal energy than is consumed by the electric motor of the pump that supplies water to the vortex tube.

So the Potapov heat generator was born.

Heat generator design

It is more correct to speak about the efficiency of the heat generator - the ratio of the amount of thermal energy generated by it to the amount of electrical or mechanical energy consumed by it from the outside. But at first, the researchers could not understand where and how excess heat appears in these devices. It has even been suggested that the law of conservation of energy is violated.

Figure 2. Scheme of a vortex heat generator: 1-injection pipe; 2- snail; 3- vortex tube; 4- bottom; 5- flow straightener; 6- fitting; 7- flow straightener; 8- bypass; 9 - branch pipe.

The vortex heat generator, the scheme of which is shown in Figure 2, is connected with an injection pipe 1 to the flange of a centrifugal pump (not shown in the figure), which supplies water under a pressure of 4-6 atm. Getting into the snail 2, the water flow itself twists in a vortex motion and enters the vortex tube 3, the length of which is 10 times greater than its diameter. The swirling vortex flow in pipe 3 moves along a helical spiral near the pipe walls to its opposite (hot) end, ending in bottom 4 with a hole in its center for the hot flow to exit. In front of bottom 4, a braking device 5 is fixed - a flow straightener made in the form of several flat plates radially welded to a central sleeve coaxial with pipe 3. In the top view, it resembles feathered bombs or mines.

When the vortex flow in pipe 3 moves towards this straightener 5, a counterflow is generated in the axial zone of pipe 3. In it, the water, also rotating, moves to the fitting 6, cut into the flat wall of the volute 2 coaxially with the pipe 3 and designed to release the "cold" flow. In nozzle 6, the inventor installed another flow straightener 7, similar to brake device 5. It serves to partially convert the rotational energy of the "cold" flow into heat. And the warm water leaving it was directed through the bypass 8 to the hot outlet pipe 9, where it mixes with the hot stream leaving the vortex tube through the straightener 5. From the pipe 9, the heated water enters either directly to the consumer or to the heat exchanger (everything about), transferring heat to the consumer circuit. In the latter case, the waste water from the primary circuit (already at a lower temperature) returns to the pump, which again feeds it into the vortex tube through pipe 1.

After careful and comprehensive tests and checks of several copies of the YUSMAR heat generator, they came to the conclusion that there were no errors, the heat is really more than the mechanical energy input from the pump motor that supplies water to the heat generator and is the only external energy consumer in this device.

But it was not clear where the "extra" heat comes from. There were assumptions about the hidden huge internal energy of vibrations of the "elementary oscillators" of water released in the vortex tube, and even about the release of the hypothetical energy of the physical vacuum in its non-equilibrium conditions. But these are only assumptions, not supported by specific calculations confirming the experimentally obtained figures. Only one thing was clear: a new source of energy had been discovered and it looked like it was, in fact, free energy.

In the first modifications of thermal installations, Yu. S. Potapov connected his vortex heater, shown in Figure 2, to the outlet flange of an ordinary frame centrifugal pump for pumping water. At the same time, the entire structure was surrounded by air (If anything about air heating the house with your own hands) and was easily accessible for maintenance.

But the efficiency of the pump, as well as the efficiency of the electric motor, is less than one hundred percent. The product of these efficiencies is 60-70%. The rest is losses that go mainly to heat the ambient air. But the inventor sought to heat water, not air. Therefore, he decided to place the pump and its electric motor in water to be heated by a heat generator. For this, a submersible (borehole) pump was used. Now the heat from heating the motor and pump was no longer given off into the air, but to the water that needed to be heated. This is how the second generation of vortex heating plants appeared.

Potapov's heat generator converts part of its internal energy into heat, or rather part of the internal energy of its working fluid - water.

But let's get back to serial thermal installations of the second generation. In them, the vortex tube was still in the air on the side of the thermally insulated vessel, in which the downhole motor-pump was immersed. From the hot surface of the vortex tube, the surrounding air was heated, taking away part of the heat intended for heating the water. It was necessary to wrap the pipe with glass wool to reduce these losses. And in order not to deal with these losses, the pipe was immersed in the vessel in which the motor and pump are already located. This is how the last serial design of a water heating installation appeared, which received the name YUSMAR.

Figure 3. Scheme of the YUSMAR-M heat plant: 1 - vortex heat generator, 2 - electric pump, 3 - boiler, 4 - circulation pump, 5 - fan, 6 - radiators, 7 - control panel, 8 - temperature sensor.

Installation YUSMAR-M

In the YUSMAR-M unit, a vortex heat generator complete with submersible pump placed in a common vessel-boiler with water (see Figure 3) so that the heat loss from the walls of the heat generator, as well as the heat released during the operation of the pump electric motor, also went to heat the water, and were not lost. Automation periodically turns on and off the heat generator pump, maintaining the water temperature in the system (or the air temperature in the heated room) within the limits specified by the consumer. Outside, the vessel-boiler is covered with a layer of thermal insulation, which simultaneously serves as sound insulation and makes the noise of the heat generator almost inaudible even directly next to the boiler.

YUSMAR units are designed to heat water and supply it to the systems of autonomous, industrial and administrative buildings, as well as to showers, baths, kitchens, laundries, washes, for heating dryers of agricultural products, pipelines of viscous oil products to prevent them from freezing in frost and other industrial and domestic needs.

Figure 4. Photo of the YUSMAR-M thermal installation

YUSMAR-M units are powered by an industrial three-phase 380 V network, fully automated, supplied to customers complete with everything necessary for their operation and assembled by the supplier on a turnkey basis.

All these installations have the same vessel-boiler (see Figure 4), in which vortex tubes and motor pumps are immersed. different power choosing the most suitable for a particular customer. Boiler vessel dimensions: diameter 650 mm, height 2000 mm. For these installations, recommended for use both in industry and in everyday life (for heating residential premises by supplying hot water to water heating batteries), there are specifications TU U 24070270.001 -96 and a certificate of conformity ROSS RU. MHOZ. C00039.

YUSMAR units are used in many enterprises and private households, they have received hundreds of accolades from users. At present already thousands of YUSMAR heating plants are successfully operating in the CIS countries and a number of other countries in Europe and Asia.

Their use is especially beneficial where gas pipelines have not yet reached and where people are forced to use electricity to heat water and space heating, which is becoming more and more expensive every year.

Figure 5. Scheme of connecting the thermal installation "YUSMAR-M" to the water heating system: 1 - heat generator "YUSMAR"; 2 - circular pump; 3-control panel; 4 - thermostat.

YUSMAR heat installations allow saving one third of the electricity that is needed for water heating and space heating traditional methods electric heating.

Two schemes for connecting consumers to the YUSMAR-M heat plant have been worked out: directly to the boiler (see Figure 5) - when the hot water consumption in the consumer's system is not subject to sudden changes (for example, for heating a building), and through a heat exchanger (see Figure 6 ) - when the consumption of water by the consumer fluctuates over time.

YUSMAR heating installations do not have parts that heat up to temperatures above 100°C, which makes these installations especially acceptable in terms of fire safety and safety technology.

Figure 6. Scheme of connecting the YUSMAR-M thermal installation to the shower room: 1-heat generator YUSMAR; 2 - circulation pump; 3- control panel; 4 - temperature sensor, 5 - heat exchanger.

Have you noticed that the price of heating and hot water has increased and do not know what to do about it? The solution to the problem of expensive energy resources is a vortex heat generator. I will talk about how a vortex heat generator is arranged and what is the principle of its operation. You will also learn whether it is possible to assemble such a device with your own hands and how to do it in a home workshop.

A bit of history

The vortex heat generator is considered a promising and innovative development. Meanwhile, the technology is not new, since almost 100 years ago, scientists were thinking about how to apply the phenomenon of cavitation.

The first operating experimental plant, the so-called "vortex tube", was manufactured and patented by the French engineer Joseph Rank in 1934.

Rank was the first to notice that the air temperature at the entrance to the cyclone (air cleaner) differs from the temperature of the same air jet at the exit. However, on early stages bench tests, the vortex tube was tested not for heating efficiency, but, on the contrary, for air jet cooling efficiency.

The technology received a new development in the 60s of the twentieth century, when Soviet scientists guessed to improve the Rank tube by launching liquid into it instead of an air jet.

Due to the greater, in comparison with air, density of the liquid medium, the temperature of the liquid, when passing through the vortex tube, changed more intensively. As a result, it was experimentally established that the liquid medium, passing through the improved Rank pipe, warmed up anomalously quickly with an energy conversion coefficient of 100%!

Unfortunately, there was no need for cheap sources of thermal energy at that time, and the technology did not find practical application. The first operating cavitation installations designed to heat a liquid medium appeared only in the mid-1990s.

A series of energy crises and, as a result, an increasing interest in alternative energy sources caused the resumption of work on efficient converters of the energy of the movement of a water jet into heat. As a result, today you can buy an installation of the required power and use it in most heating systems.

Operating principle

Cavitation allows not to give heat to water, but to extract heat from moving water, while heating it to significant temperatures.

The device of operating samples of vortex heat generators is outwardly simple. We can see a massive engine to which a cylindrical "snail" device is connected.

"Snail" is a modified version of Rank's pipe. Due to the characteristic shape, the intensity of cavitation processes in the cavity of the "snail" is much higher in comparison with the vortex tube.

In the cavity of the "cochlea" there is a disk activator - a disk with a special perforation. When the disc rotates, the liquid medium in the “snail” is activated, due to which cavitation processes occur:

The electric motor turns the disk activator. The disk activator is the most important element in the design of the heat generator, and it, by means of a direct shaft or by means of a belt drive, is connected to the electric motor. When the device is turned on in the operating mode, the engine transmits torque to the activator;
The activator spins the liquid medium. The activator is designed in such a way that the liquid medium, getting into the disk cavity, twists and acquires kinetic energy;
Converting mechanical energy into heat. Leaving the activator, the liquid medium loses its acceleration and, as a result of sharp braking, the cavitation effect occurs. As a result, the kinetic energy heats the liquid medium up to + 95 °C, and the mechanical energy becomes thermal.

Scope of application

Illustration	Description of the scope
	Heating. Equipment that converts the mechanical energy of water movement into heat is successfully used for heating various buildings, from small private buildings to large industrial facilities. By the way, on the territory of Russia today one can count at least ten settlements where centralized heating is provided not by traditional boiler houses, but by gravitational generators.
	Domestic hot water heating. The heat generator, when connected to the network, heats the water very quickly. Therefore, such equipment can be used to heat water in an autonomous water supply system, in swimming pools, baths, laundries, etc.
	Mixing immiscible liquids. Under laboratory conditions, cavitation units can be used for high-quality mixing of liquid media with different densities until a homogeneous consistency is obtained.

Integration into the heating system of a private house

In order to use a heat generator in a heating system, it must be introduced into it. How to do it right? In fact, there is nothing difficult in this.

In front of the generator (in the figure marked with the number 2) a centrifugal pump is installed (in the figure - 1), which will supply water with a pressure of up to 6 atmospheres. After the generator, an expansion tank is installed (in the figure - 6) and shutoff valves.

Advantages of using cavitation heat generators

Advantages of a vortex source of alternative energy
	Economy. Due to the efficient consumption of electricity and high efficiency, the heat generator is more economical in comparison with other types of heating equipment.
	Small dimensions compared to conventional heating equipment of similar power. Stationary generator suitable for heating small house, twice as compact as modern gas boiler. If you install a heat generator in a conventional boiler room instead of a solid fuel boiler, there will be a lot of free space.
	Light installation weight. Due to the low weight, even large high-power plants can be easily placed on the floor of the boiler room without building a special foundation. There are no problems at all with the location of compact modifications. The only thing you need to pay attention to when installing the device in the heating system is high level noise. Therefore, the installation of the generator is possible only in non-residential premises- in the boiler room, basement, etc.
	Simple design. The cavitation-type heat generator is so simple that there is nothing to break in it. The device has a small number of mechanically moving elements, and there is no complex electronics in principle. Therefore, the likelihood of a breakdown of the device, in comparison with gas or even solid fuel boilers, is minimal.
	No need for additional modifications. The heat generator can be integrated into an existing heating system. That is, it will not be necessary to change the diameter of the pipes or their location.
	No need for water treatment. If a running water filter is needed for the normal operation of a gas boiler, then by installing a cavitation heater, you can not be afraid of blockages. Due to specific processes in the working chamber of the generator, blockages and scale do not appear on the walls.
	The operation of the equipment does not require constant monitoring. If for solid fuel boilers you need to look after, then the cavitation heater works offline. The operating instructions for the device are simple - just turn on the engine in the network and, if necessary, turn it off.
	Environmental friendliness. Cavitation installations do not affect the ecosystem in any way, because the only energy-consuming component is the electric motor.

Schemes for the manufacture of a cavitation type heat generator

In order to make an operating device with our own hands, we will consider the drawings and diagrams of operating devices, the effectiveness of which has been established and documented in patent offices.

Illustrations	General description of the designs of cavitation heat generators
	General view of the unit. Figure 1 shows the most common layout of a cavitation heat generator. The number 1 denotes the vortex nozzle on which the swirling chamber is mounted. From the side of the swirling chamber, you can see the inlet pipe (3), which is connected to the centrifugal pump (4). The number 6 in the diagram indicates the inlet pipes for creating a counter disturbing flow. A particularly important element in the diagram is the resonator (7) made in the form of a hollow chamber, the volume of which is changed by means of a piston (9). The numbers 12 and 11 indicate the throttles, which provide control of the intensity of the supply of water flows.
	Device with two series resonators. Figure 2 shows a heat generator in which resonators (15 and 16) are installed in series. One of the resonators (15) is made in the form of a hollow chamber surrounding the nozzle, indicated by the number 5. The second resonator (16) is also made in the form of a hollow chamber and is located at the back end of the device in close proximity to the inlet pipes (10) supplying disturbing flows. Chokes marked with numbers 17 and 18 are responsible for the intensity of the liquid medium supply and for the mode of operation of the entire device.
	Heat generator with counter resonators. On fig. 3 shows a rare, but very efficient scheme device in which two resonators (19, 20) are located opposite each other. In this scheme, the vortex nozzle (1) with a nozzle (5) goes around the outlet of the resonator (21). Opposite the resonator marked 19, you can see the inlet (22) of resonator 20. Please note that the output holes of the two resonators are located coaxially.

Illustrations	Description of the swirl chamber (Snails) in the design of the cavitation heat generator
	"Snail" cavitation heat generator in cross section. In this diagram, you can see the following details: 1 - housing, which is made hollow, and in which all fundamentally important elements are located; 2 - shaft on which the rotor disk is fixed; 3 - rotor ring; 4 - stator; 5 - technological holes made in the stator; 6 - emitters in the form of rods. The main difficulties in the manufacture of these elements may arise in the production of a hollow body, since it is best to make it cast. Since there is no equipment for metal casting in the home workshop, such a structure, albeit with damage to strength, will have to be welded.
	Scheme of combining the rotor ring (3) and the stator (4). The diagram shows the rotor ring and the stator at the moment of alignment when scrolling the rotor disk. That is, with each combination of these elements, we see the formation of an effect similar to the action of the Rank pipe. Such an effect will be possible provided that in the unit assembled according to the proposed scheme, all parts will be perfectly matched to each other.
	Rotary displacement of the rotor ring and stator. This diagram shows the position of the structural elements of the "snail", in which a hydraulic shock occurs (bubble collapse), and the liquid medium is heated. That is, due to the speed of rotation of the rotor disk, it is possible to set the parameters of the intensity of the occurrence of hydraulic shocks that provoke the release of energy. Simply put, the faster the disk spins, the higher the temperature of the water medium at the outlet.

Summing up

Now you know what a popular and sought-after source of alternative energy is. So, it will be easy for you to decide whether such equipment is suitable or not. I also recommend watching the video in this article.

LL.FOMINSKIY, Cherkasy
An article about one invention that causes a lot of controversy.

From the editor. A few days ago a fax came to Cherkassy from Moscow: "The Russian Academy of Natural Sciences elected L.P. Fominsky as a foreign member of the academy." Leonid Pavlovich was awarded this high title for his book "Secrets of the Maltese X, or Toward the Theory of Motion", which tells how you can get inexhaustible free energy from any substance, bringing it into rotation, and turning part of the mass of bodies into energy. According to the theory of L.P. Fominsky, the inventor Yu. Slotapov from Chisinau designed heat generators. They are already being mass-produced for heating houses where there is a "stress" with natural gas and district heating.

Such a heat generator consumes, say, 10 kW from the mains, and produces heat (hot water) by 15 kW. It turns out 5 kW of free energy. Than not" perpetual motion machine"?! The Yusmar company in Chisinau produces for individual consumers heat generators with a capacity of 3 to 65 kW, and for large workshops and even for villages - thermal power plants with a capacity of 100 to 6000 kW. Potapov's heat generators were awarded gold medals at exhibitions in Moscow and Budapest. At present, LL.Fominsky together with Yu.S.Potapov are finishing the book "Vortex Energy".

Potapov's heat generator was invented in the early 90s (Russian patent 2045715, Ukrainian patent 7205). It looks like a vortex tube by J. Ranke, invented by this French engineer back in the late 1920s and patented in the USA (patent 1952281). French scientists then ridiculed the report of J. Ranke, in their opinion, the operation of the vortex tube contradicted the laws of thermodynamics.

A complete and consistent theory of the operation of a vortex tube still does not exist, despite the simplicity of this device. "On the fingers" they explain that when the gas is untwisted in a vortex tube, it is compressed at the walls of the tube under the action of centrifugal forces, as a result of which it heats up, as it heats up when compressed in a pump. And in the axial zone of the pipe, on the contrary, the gas experiences rarefaction, and then it cools, expanding. Removing the gas from the near-wall region through one hole, and from the axial one through the other, and achieve the separation of the initial gas flow into hot and cold flows.

Liquids, unlike gases, are practically incompressible, so for half a century it never occurred to anyone to supply water instead of gas into a vortex tube. For the first time this was done in the late 80s by Yu.S. Potapov in Chisinau. To his surprise, the water in the vortex tube split into two streams with different temperatures. But not hot and cold, but hot and warm. For the temperature of the "cold" flow turned out to be slightly higher than the temperature of the source water supplied by the pump to the vortex tube. Careful calorimetry showed that such a device generates more thermal energy than is consumed by the electric motor of the pump, which supplies water to the vortex tube.

So the Potapov heat generator was born , the scheme of which is shown in the figure. Its injection pipe 1 is connected to the flange of a centrifugal pump (not shown in the figure), which supplies water at a pressure of 4-6 atm. Getting into the snail 2, the water flow itself twists in a vortex motion and enters the vortex tube 3, the length of which is 10 times greater than its diameter. A swirling vortex flow in pipe 3 moves along a helical spiral near the pipe walls to its opposite (hot) end, ending in bottom 4 with a hole in its center for hot flow to exit. In front of the bottom 4, a braking device 5 is fixed - a flow straightener made in the form of several flat plates radially welded to the central sleeve coaxial with the pipe 3. When the vortex flow in the pipe 3 moves towards this straightener 5, a counterflow is generated in the axial zone of the pipe 3. In it, the water, also rotating, moves to the fitting 6, cut into the flat wall of the volute 2 coaxially with the pipe 3 and designed to release the "cold" flow. In nozzle 6, the inventor installed another flow straightener 7, similar to braking device 5. It serves to partially convert the rotational energy of the "cold" flow into heat. And the warm water leaving it was directed through the bypass 8 to the hot outlet pipe 9, where it mixes with the hot stream leaving the vortex tube through the straightener 5. From the pipe 9, the heated water enters either directly to the consumer or to a heat exchanger that transfers heat to the consumer circuit . In the latter case, the waste water of the primary circuit (already at a lower temperature) returns to the pump, which again feeds it into the vortex tube through pipe 1. The table shows the parameters of several modifications of the vortex heat generator put by Yu.S. Potapov (see photo) for serial production and produced by his firm "Yusmar". There are technical conditions for this heat generator TU U 24070270, 001-96. The heat generator is used in many enterprises and in private households, it has received hundreds of accolades from users. But before the appearance of the book, no one imagined what processes were taking place in Potapov's heat generator, which hindered its distribution and use. Even now it is difficult to tell how this seemingly simple device works and what processes take place in it, leading to the appearance of additional heat, seemingly from nothing. In 1870, R. Clausius formulated the famous virial theorem, which states that in any connected equilibrium system of bodies, the time-average potential energy of their connection with each other in its absolute value is twice the time-average total kinetic energy of the movement of these bodies relative to each other :

Epot \u003d - 2 Ekin. (1)

This theorem can be deduced by considering the motion of a planet with mass m around the Sun in an orbit with radius R. The centrifugal force Fc = mV2/R and an equal but oppositely directed force act on the planet gravitational attraction Frp = -GmM/R2. The above formulas for the forces form the first pair of equations, and the second form the expressions for the kinetic energy of the planet Ekin =mV2/2 and its potential energy Еgr = GmM/R in the gravitational field of the Sun, which has mass M. From this system of four equations follows the expression for virial theorems (1). This theorem is also used when considering the planetary model of the atom proposed by E. Rutherford. Only in this case, it is no longer gravitational forces that work, but the forces of electrostatic attraction of the electron to the atomic nucleus. The "-" sign in (1) appeared because the centripetal force vector is opposite to the vector centrifugal force. This sign means the shortage (deficit) in the connected system of bodies of the amount of positive mass-energy in comparison with the sum of the rest energies of all bodies of this system. Consider water in a glass as a system of connected bodies. It consists of H20 molecules bound to each other by so-called hydrogen bonds, the action of which determines the solidity of water, in contrast to water vapor, in which water molecules are no longer bound to each other. In liquid water, some of the hydrogen bonds have already been broken, and the higher the water temperature, the more broken bonds. Only near the ice are almost all of them intact.

When we begin to spin water in a glass with a spoon, the virial theorem requires that additional hydrogen bonds arise between the water molecules (due to the restoration of previously broken ones), as if the temperature of the water were lowered. And the emergence of additional bonds should be accompanied by the emission of bond energy. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds, the energy of each of which is usually 0.2-0.5 eV, correspond to infrared radiation with such photon energy. So it would be interesting to look at the process of spinning water through a night vision device (the simplest experiment, but no one has carried it out!). But you won't get that much heat. And you will not be able to heat the water to a temperature greater than that to which it would be heated due to the friction of its flow against the walls of the glass with the gradual transformation of the kinetic energy of its rotation into heat. Because when the water stops rotating, the hydrogen bonds that have arisen during its unwinding will immediately begin to break, for which the heat of the same water will be spent. It will look as if the water cools spontaneously without exchanging heat with environment. It can be said that as the spinning of water accelerates, its specific heat capacity decreases, and as the rotation slows down, it increases to a normal value. In this case, the water temperature in the first case rises, and in the second case it decreases without changing the heat content in the water.

If only this mechanism worked in Potapov's heat generator, we would not have received a tangible release of additional heat from it. In order for additional energy to appear, not only short-term hydrogen bonds, but also some long-term ones must arise in water. Which? Interatomic bonds that ensure the unification of atoms into molecules can be immediately excluded from consideration, because no new molecules seem to appear in the water of the heat generator. It remains to hope for nuclear bonds between the nucleons of the nuclei of atoms in water. We must assume that cold nuclear fusion reactions take place in the water of the vortex heat generator.

Why are nuclear reactions possible at room temperature? The reason lies in hydrogen bonds. The water molecule H 2 O consists of an oxygen atom bound by covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms. With such a bond, the electron of the hydrogen atom most of the time is between the oxygen atom and the nucleus of the hydrogen atom. Therefore, the latter is not covered from the opposite side by an electron cloud, but partially exposed. Because of this, the water molecule has, as it were, two positively charged bumps on its surface, which determine the enormous polarizability of water molecules. In liquid water, its neighboring molecules are attracted to each other due to the fact that the negatively charged region of one molecule is attracted to the positively charged tubercle of the other. In this case, the nucleus of the hydrogen atom - the proton begins to belong to both molecules at once, which determines the hydrogen bond.
L. Pauling in the 1930s showed that a proton on a hydrogen bond now and then jumps from one position allowed to it to another with a jump frequency of 104 1/s.

In this case, the distance between positions is only 0.7 A. But not all hydrogen bonds in water have only one proton each. When the structure of water is perturbed, a proton can be knocked out of a hydrogen bond and is transferred to a neighboring one. As a result, some bonds (called orientationally defective) have two protons simultaneously, occupying both allowed positions with a distance of 0.7 A between them. . And the density of orientationally defective hydrogen bonds in ordinary water is approximately 1015 cm "3. At such a high density, nuclear reactions between protons on hydrogen bonds should proceed at a fairly high rate. But in a glass of still water, such reactions, as is known, do not go, otherwise the content of deuterium in natural water would be much higher than the amount that is in reality (0.015%).

Astrophysicists believe that the reaction of combining two hydrogen atoms into one deuterium atom is impossible, as it is prohibited by conservation laws. But the reaction of the formation of deuterium from two hydrogen atoms and an electron seems to be not prohibited, but in plasma the probability of a simultaneous collision of such particles is very small. In our case, two protons on the same hydrogen bond sometimes collide (the electrons necessary for such a reaction are always available in the form of electron clouds). But under normal conditions, such reactions do not occur in water, because their implementation requires a parallel orientation of the spins of both protons, because the spin of the resulting deuterium is equal to one. The parallel orientation of the spins of two protons on the same hydrogen bond is forbidden by the Pauli principle. To carry out the reaction of formation of deuterium, it is necessary to flip the spin of one of the protons.

Such a spin flip is carried out with the help of torsion fields (fields of rotation) that appear during the vortex motion of water in the vortex tube of the Potapov heat generator. The phenomenon of changing the direction of spins of elementary particles by torsion fields was predicted by the theory developed by G.I.Shipov and is already widely used in a number of technical applications.

Thus, in Potapov's heat generator a number of nuclear reactions are taking place, stimulated by torsion fields. The question arises whether radiation harmful to people does not appear during the operation of the heat generator. Our experiments, described in, showed that the ionization dose during the operation of the 5-kilowatt Yusmar-2 heat generator at ordinary water is only 12-16 microR/h. This is 1.5-2 times higher than the natural background, but 3 times lower than the maximum allowable dose established by the NRB-87 radiation safety standards for the population not associated with professional activity with ionizing radiation. But even this negligible radiation vertical arrangement the hot end of the vortex tube of the heat generator goes to the bottom to the ground, and not to the sides where people are possible. These measurements also revealed that the radiation comes mainly from the zone of the braking device located at the hot end of the vortex tube. This suggests that nuclear reactions apparently take place in cavitation bubbles and caverns, which are born when water flows around the edges of the braking device. The resonant amplification of the sound vibrations of the water column in the vortex tube leads to periodic compression and expansion of the steam-gas cavity. When compressed, high pressures and temperatures can develop in it, at which nuclear reactions should proceed more intensively than at room temperature and normal pressure. So cold fusion may actually turn out to be not quite cold, but locally hot. But all the same, it does not occur in plasma, but on the hydrogen bonds of water. You can read more about this in .

The intensity of nuclear reactions during the operation of the Potapov heat generator on ordinary water is low, therefore, the ionization created by the ionizing radiation emanating from it is close to the background one. Therefore, these radiations are difficult to detect and identify, which may raise doubts about the correctness of the above ideas. Doubts disappear when approximately 1% of heavy (deuterium) water is added to the water supplied to the vortex tube of the heat generator. Such experiments, described in , showed that the intensity of neutron radiation in the vortex tube increases significantly and exceeds the background by 2-3 times. The appearance of tritium in such a working fluid was also registered, as a result of which the activity of the working fluid increased by 20% compared to that which it had before turning on the heat generator. All this suggests that Potapov's heat generator is a working industrial reactor of cold nuclear fusion, the possibility of which physicists have been arguing to the point of hoarseness for 10 years now. While they were arguing, Yu.S. Potapov created it and put it on industrial production. And such a reactor appeared just in time - when the energy crisis caused by the lack of conventional fuel is aggravated every year, and the ever-increasing scale of burning organic fuels leads to atmospheric pollution and overheating due to the "greenhouse effect", which can lead to ecological disaster. Potapov's heat generator gives hope to humanity to quickly overcome these difficulties.

In conclusion, it should be added that the simplicity of the Potapov heat generator encouraged many to make attempts to put such or a similar heat generator into production without acquiring a license from the patent owner. There were especially many such attempts in Ukraine. But all of them ended in failure, because, firstly, the heat generator has "know-how", without knowing which it is impossible to achieve the desired heat output. Secondly, the design is so well protected by Potapov's patent that it is almost impossible to circumvent it, just as no one managed to circumvent Singer's patent for "a machine that sews with a needle with a thread hole at its tip." It's easier to buy a license, for which Yu.S. Potapov asks for only 15 thousand USD, and use the inventor's advice when setting up the production of his heat generators, which can help Ukraine solve the heat and power problem.

Literature

Potapov Yu.S., Fominsky L.P. Vortex energy and cold nuclear fusion from the standpoint of the theory of motion. - Chisinau-Cherkassy: Oko-Plus, -387 p.
Maeno N. The science of ice. -M.: Mir, 1988, -229 p. Z. Shipov G.I. Theory of physical vacuum. -M.: NT-Center, 1993, -362 p.
Akimov A.E., Finogeev V.P. Experimental manifestations of torsion fields and torsion technologies. -M.: Publishing house of NTC Informtechnika, 1996, -68 p.
Bazhutov Yun. et al. Registration of tritium, neutrons and radiocarbon during the operation of the Yusmar hydraulic unit.//In the book. "3rd Russian Conference on Cold Nuclear Fusion and Transmutation of Nuclei RKKhYaSTYA-G. -M.: SIC FTP Erzion, 1996, -p.72.
Fominsky L.P. Secrets of the Maltese X, or Toward the Theory of Motion.-Cherkassy: Bi "long, 1998, - 112 p.

Far from all industrial facilities, it is possible to heat the premises with classic heat generators powered by the combustion of gas, liquid or solid fuel, and the use of a heater with heating elements is impractical or unsafe. In such situations, a vortex heat generator comes to the rescue, using cavitation processes to heat the working fluid. The basic principles of operation of these devices were discovered back in the 30s of the last century, and have been actively developed since the 50s. But the introduction of liquid heating into the production process due to vortex effects occurred only in the 90s, when the issue of saving energy resources became most acute.

Device and principle of operation

Initially, due to vortex flows, they learned how to heat the air and other gas mixtures. At that moment, it was not possible to heat water in this way due to its lack of compressive properties. The first attempts in this direction were made by Merkulov, who proposed filling the Rank pipe with water instead of air. The release of heat turned out to be side effect vortex motion of a liquid, and for a long time the process did not even have a justification.

Today it is known that when a liquid moves through a special chamber from excess pressure, water molecules push out gas molecules that accumulate in bubbles. Due to the percentage advantage of water, its molecules tend to crush gas inclusions, and their surface pressure increases. With further supply of gas molecules, the temperature inside the inclusions increases, reaching 800 - 1000ºС. And after reaching the zone with lower pressure, the process of cavitation (collapse) of bubbles occurs, in which the accumulated thermal energy is released into the surrounding space.

Depending on the method of formation of cavitation bubbles inside the liquid, all vortex heat generators are divided into three categories:

Passive tangential systems;
Passive axial systems;
active devices.

Now let's look at each of the categories in more detail.

Passive tangential WTGs

These are vortex heat generators in which the thermogenerating chamber has a static design. Structurally, such vortex generators are a chamber with several nozzles through which the coolant is supplied and removed. Excessive pressure in them is created by forcing liquid by a compressor, the shape of the chamber and its content is a straight or twisted pipe. An example of such a device is shown in the figure below.

Picture 1: circuit diagram passive tangential generator

When the fluid moves through the inlet pipe, it slows down at the entrance to the chamber due to the braking device, which causes a rarefied space in the volume expansion zone. Then the bubbles collapse and the water heats up. To obtain vortex energy in passive vortex heat generators, several entrances / exits from the chamber, nozzles, variable geometric shape and other techniques for creating variable pressure are installed.

Passive axial heat generators

Like the previous type, passive axial ones do not have moving elements to create turbulence. Vortex heat generators of this type heat the coolant by installing a diaphragm with cylindrical, spiral or conical holes, a nozzle, a die, a throttle in the chamber, acting as a constriction device. Some models have multiple heating elements With different characteristics through holes to improve their efficiency.

Rice. 2: Schematic diagram of a passive axial heat generator

Look at the figure, here is the principle of operation of the simplest axial heat generator. This thermal installation consists of a heating chamber, an inlet pipe that introduces a cold liquid stream, a flow shaper (not present in all models), a narrowing device, and an outlet pipe with a hot water stream.

Active heat generators

The heating of the liquid in such vortex heat generators is carried out due to the operation of an active moving element that interacts with the coolant. They are equipped with cavitation-type chambers with disk or drum activators. These are rotary heat generators, one of the most famous among them is the Potapov heat generator. The simplest diagram of an active heat generator is shown in the figure below.

Rice. 3: Schematic diagram of an active heat generator

When the activator rotates in this, bubbles form due to holes on the surface of the activator and oppositely directed with them on the opposite wall of the chamber. This design is considered the most effective, but also quite difficult in the selection of the geometric parameters of the elements. Therefore, the vast majority of vortex heat generators have perforation only on the activator.

Purpose

At the dawn of the introduction of the cavitation generator into operation, it was used only for its intended purpose - for the transfer of thermal energy. Today, in connection with the development and improvement of this direction, vortex heat generators are used for:

Heating of premises, both in domestic and industrial areas;
Heating liquid for the implementation of technological operations;
As instantaneous water heaters, but with a higher efficiency than classic boilers;
For pasteurization and homogenization of food and pharmaceutical mixtures with a set temperature (this ensures the removal of viruses and bacteria from the liquid without heat treatment);
Obtaining a cold stream (in such models hot water is a side effect)
Mixing and separation of petroleum products, adding chemical elements to the resulting mixture;
Steam generation.

With further improvement of vortex heat generators, their scope will expand. Especially since this species heating equipment has a number of prerequisites for replacing the still competitive technologies of the past.

Advantages and disadvantages

In comparison with identical technologies intended for space heating or liquid heating, vortex heat generators have a number of significant advantages:

Environmental friendliness- in comparison with gas, solid fuel and diesel heat generators, they do not pollute the environment;
Fire and explosion safety- vortex models, in comparison with gas heat generators and devices on oil products, do not pose such a threat;
variability- the vortex heat generator can be installed in existing systems without the need to install new pipelines;
frugality– in certain situations it is much more profitable than classical heat generators, as they provide the same thermal power in terms of the consumed electrical power;
No need for a cooling system;
Does not require the organization of the removal of combustion products, do not distinguish carbon monoxide and do not pollute the air working area or living quarters;
Provide high enough efficiency- about 91 - 92% with a relatively low power of the electric motor or pump;
Scale does not form when the liquid is heated, which greatly reduces the likelihood of damage due to corrosion and clogging with lime deposits;

But, in addition to the advantages, vortex heat generators also have a number of disadvantages:

Creates a strong noise load at the installation site, which greatly limits their use directly in bedrooms, halls, offices and similar places;
Features large dimensions, in comparison with classical liquid heaters;
Requires fine tuning of the cavitation process, since the bubbles, when colliding with the walls of the pipeline and the working elements of the pump, lead to their rapid wear;
Relatively expensive repairs in case of failure of the elements of the vortex heat generator.

Criterias of choice

When choosing a vortex heat generator, it is important to determine the current parameters of the device, which are most suitable for solving the task. These options include:

Power consumption- determines the amount of electricity consumed from the network required for the operation of the installation.
Conversion factor- determines the ratio of consumed energy in kW and allocated as thermal energy in kW.
Flow rate- determines the speed of the liquid and the possibility of its regulation (allows you to regulate heat transfer in heating systems or pressure in the water heater).
Type of swirl chamber- determines the method of obtaining thermal energy, the efficiency of the process and the costs required for this.
dimensions – important factor, affecting the possibility of installing a heat generator in any place.
Number of circulation circuits- some models, in addition to the heating circuit, have a cold water discharge circuit.

The parameters of some vortex heat generators are shown in the table below:

Table: characteristics of some models of vortex generators

Installed electric motor power, kW
Mains voltage, V		380	380	380	380	380
Heated volume up to, cubic meters.		5180	7063	8450	10200	15200
Maximum coolant temperature, o C
Net weight, kg.		700	920	1295	1350	1715
Dimensions:
	- length mm - width mm. - height mm.
Working mode		machine	machine	machine	machine	machine

Also an important factor is the price of a vortex heat generator, which is set by the manufacturer and may depend both on its design features, as well as on operating parameters.

VTG do-it-yourself

Figure 4: general view

To make a vortex heat generator at home, you will need: an electric motor, a flat sealed chamber with a disk rotating in it, a pump, a grinder, welding (for metal pipes), soldering iron (for plastic pipes) an electric drill, pipes and accessories for them, a frame or a stand for placing equipment. Assembly includes the following steps:

Rice. 6: connect the water supply and power supply

Such a vortex heat generator can be connected as already existing system heat supply, and install separate heating radiators for it.

Operating principle

So what is this mysterious and accessible cavitation? But everything is quite simple. During the passage through the vortex, many bubbles form in the water, which in turn burst, releasing a certain amount of energy. This energy heats the water. The number of bubbles cannot be counted, but the vortex cavitation heat generator can increase the temperature of the water up to 200 degrees. It would be foolish not to take advantage of this.

Two main types

Despite every now and then there are reports that someone somewhere made a unique vortex heat generator with their own hands of such power that it is possible to heat the whole city, in most cases these are ordinary newspaper ducks that have no factual basis. Someday, perhaps, this will happen, but for now, the principle of operation of this device can be used in only two ways.

Rotary heat generator. The housing of the centrifugal pump in this case will act as a stator. Depending on the power, holes of a certain diameter are drilled over the entire surface of the rotor. It is due to them that the very bubbles appear, the destruction of which heats the water. The advantage of such a heat generator is only one. It's much more productive. But there are much more disadvantages.

This setup makes a lot of noise.
The wear of parts is increased.
Requires frequent replacement of seals and seals.
Too expensive service.

Static heat generator. Unlike the previous version, nothing rotates here, and the cavitation process occurs naturally. Only the pump is running. And the list of advantages and disadvantages takes a sharply opposite direction.

The device can operate at low pressure.
The temperature difference between the cold and hot ends is quite large.
Absolutely safe, no matter where it is used.
Fast heating.
Efficiency of 90% or more.
Can be used for both heating and cooling.

The only drawback of a static WTG can be considered the high cost of equipment and the associated rather long payback period.

How to assemble a heat generator

With all these scientific terms, which can scare a person unfamiliar with physics, it is quite possible to make a WTG at home. Of course, you will have to tinker, but if everything is done correctly and efficiently, you can enjoy the warmth at any time.

And to start, as in any other business, you will have to prepare materials and tools. You will need:

Welding machine.
Grinder.
Electric drill.
Set of wrenches.
Set of drills.
Metal corner.
Bolts and nuts.
Thick metal pipe.
Two threaded pipes.
Couplings.
Electric motor.
Centrifugal pump.
Jet.

Now you can get straight to work.

Installing the engine

The electric motor, selected in accordance with the available voltage, is mounted on a frame, welded or assembled with bolts, from a corner. The overall size of the frame is calculated in such a way that it can accommodate not only the engine, but also the pump. It is better to paint the bed to avoid rust. Mark the holes, drill and install the motor.

We connect the pump

The pump should be selected according to two criteria. First, it must be centrifugal. Secondly, the engine power should be enough to spin it. After the pump is installed on the frame, the algorithm of actions is as follows:

In a thick pipe with a diameter of 100 mm and a length of 600 mm, an external groove must be made on both sides by 25 mm and half the thickness. Cut thread.
On two pieces of the same pipe, each 50 mm long, cut the internal thread to half the length.
From the side opposite to the thread, weld metal caps of sufficient thickness.
Make holes in the center of the lids. One is the size of the jet, the second is the size of the nozzle. WITH inside the holes for the jet with a large diameter drill must be chamfered to make it look like a nozzle.
A nozzle with a nozzle is connected to the pump. To the hole from which water is supplied under pressure.
The inlet of the heating system is connected to the second branch pipe.
The outlet from the heating system is connected to the pump inlet.

The cycle is closed. Water will be supplied under pressure to the nozzle and due to the vortex formed there and the cavitation effect that has arisen, it will heat up. The temperature can be adjusted by installing a ball valve behind the pipe through which water enters the heating system back.

By covering it a little, you can increase the temperature and vice versa, by opening it, you can lower it.

Let's improve the heat generator

It may sound strange, but even this rather complex design can be improved by further increasing its performance, which will be a definite plus for heating a large private house. This improvement is based on the fact that the pump itself tends to lose heat. So, you need to make it spend as little as possible.

This can be achieved in two ways. Insulate the pump with any suitable thermal insulation materials. Or surround it with a water jacket. The first option is clear and accessible without any explanation. But the second should dwell in more detail.

To build a water jacket for the pump, you will have to place it in a specially designed hermetic container that can withstand the pressure of the entire system. Water will be supplied to this tank, and the pump will take it from there. The outside water will also heat up, allowing the pump to work much more efficiently.

Swirl damper

But it turns out that's not all. Having well studied and understood the principle of operation of a vortex heat generator, it is possible to equip it with a vortex damper. A stream of water supplied under high pressure hits the opposite wall and swirls. But there may be several of these vortices. One has only to install a structure inside the device that resembles the shank of an aviation bomb. This is done as follows:

From a pipe of a slightly smaller diameter than the generator itself, it is necessary to cut two rings 4-6 cm wide.
Inside the rings, weld six metal plates, selected in such a way that the whole structure is as long as a quarter of the length of the body of the generator itself.
When assembling the device, fix this structure inside against the nozzle.

There is no limit to perfection and there cannot be, and the improvement of the vortex heat generator is being carried out in our time. Not everyone can do it. But it is quite possible to assemble the device according to the scheme given above.

Potapov's perpetual motion machine. Do-it-yourself self-powered free energy generator. Scheme of a free energy generator. Two main types

Heat generator design

Installation YUSMAR-M

A bit of history

Operating principle

Scope of application

Integration into the heating system of a private house

Advantages of using cavitation heat generators

Schemes for the manufacture of a cavitation type heat generator

Summing up

Literature

Device and principle of operation

Passive tangential WTGs

Passive axial heat generators

Active heat generators

Purpose

Advantages and disadvantages

Criterias of choice

VTG do-it-yourself

Related videos

Operating principle

Two main types

How to assemble a heat generator

Installing the engine

We connect the pump

Let's improve the heat generator

Swirl damper