When did women's gymnasiums appear? History of gymnasium education in Russia. The formation of gymnasium education

The start of mass female education in Russia was given by Peter I. The Tsar issued a decree according to which it was forbidden to marry "illiterate noble girls who cannot write at least their last name."

From the second quarter of the 18th century, home education for women of the nobility gradually began to come into fashion. And in 1764, the Imperial Educational Society for Noble Maidens, the famous Smolny Institute, began to work in St. Petersburg. Representatives of the most noble families of Russia lived and studied in it on a full board basis. The best graduates often became ladies-in-waiting at court.

Closed educational institutions acted on the principle that has been preserved in our days in English privileged public schools: the student must live permanently where he is studying. However, this form of education, created for the nobles, whose estates were scattered around the country, was inconvenient for the urban population, whose numbers grew steadily throughout the 19th century.

In addition, closed noble pensions cut off the education of the children of the bourgeois and the bourgeois, whose influence in society was growing.

At the same time, the usual gymnasium education for incoming students remained the privilege of the male part of society - the first such institution appeared in 1803.

Home education for girls was not enough, and only a few could afford to hire home teachers. At the same time, in Russian society in the middle of the 19th century, the requirements for the cultural level of women were constantly growing, and the representatives of various classes themselves massively sought enlightenment.

Therefore, a public women's educational institution was an urgent requirement. As a result, on March 28, 1858, Emperor Alexander II issued a decree on the establishment in St. Petersburg of the first women's school without a boarding school. And already on April 19, the Mariinsky Gymnasium opened, where almost any girl could enter, regardless of origin and wealth.

As historian Natalya Ushakova noted in an interview with RT, in the middle of the 19th century, St. Petersburg and Moscow provinces occupied the first places in terms of literacy. They were followed by the provinces with the population working in local factories and seasonal industries - Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Kostroma.

“It is no coincidence that the first private women's gymnasium was established in 1857 in Kostroma. And the very next year, the case of women's education was transferred to reliable hands Mariinsky Society, after which the St. Petersburg School appeared, ”said Ushakova.

First steps

The creation of the gymnasium was initiated by the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria Alexandrovna - the Mariinsky Society, after which the gymnasium was named. It was government agency involved in charity work. In addition to raising orphans and helping the sick, the Mariinsky Society was instructed to female education.

Portrait of Maria Alexandrovna by K. Robertson. 1849-1851 Hermitage

The well-known teacher Nikolay Vyshnegradsky became the organizer and ideologist of women's education. He began his career as a gymnasium teacher, then defended his dissertation, taught philosophy to students of the Pedagogical Institute. In 1857, Vyshnegradsky took up his life's work - the development of women's education in Russia. He set out to make this issue the subject of broad public discussion, to draw up plans for reforming the education system. To realize his ideas, he began to publish the Russian Pedagogical Journal.

The problems raised by Vyshnegradsky interested the society: his magazine was not only popular - the publication formed a social demand for women's education.

Vyshnegradsky himself earned enough authority to turn to Duke Peter of Oldenburg, chairman of the Main Council for the Development of Women's Education. The duke, a well-known champion of education, supported Vyshnegradsky's initiative and, together with Empress Maria Alexandrovna, acted as the head of the project to create the first Mariinsky Women's School and further develop gymnasium education for girls.

Portrait of Prince P.G. Oldenburg work by J. Cour, Hermitage

“It was no coincidence that Vyshnegradsky took up publishing the magazine. The period of the beginning of the reign of Alexander II can be described as a time when issues of education were of most concern to society, because educated people were the initiators and executors of a whole series of reforms that changed Russia, ”Ushakova emphasized.

She added that, in addition to the Russian Pedagogical Journal, the issues of education were dealt with by the Government Bulletin, St. Petersburg Vedomosti, Voice, Vestnik Evropy, Russian Thought, Russian Wealth. According to Ushakova, all directions were represented in the press - from conservative to very liberal.

Educational innovation

Even pre-revolutionary researchers noted that boarding education put excessive pressure on students.

So, the historian of pedagogy Pyotr Kapterev wrote in 1898: “When a boy moves from a soft home life, from a warm family atmosphere to an official state school, arranged in a barracks way, then he is sorry; but when the same transition is made with a girl, then it becomes even more pitiful, harder, sadder to look at her.

Having become director, Vyshnegradsky developed an advanced education system for the gymnasium by the standards of that time. If the most severe discipline was maintained in the women's boarding schools, then in the Vyshnegradsky school it was only necessary to observe decency - there was an almost homely, very relaxed atmosphere. In the boarding schools, the pupils wore a special uniform, this was regulated in the strictest way. In the gymnasium, initially there was no uniform at all, so as not to embarrass the students.

In the educational process, Vyshnegradsky was guided by the principle "not to force, but to develop." The director categorically forbade any punishment. In response, the students showed a much greater interest in learning than the pupils of boarding schools.

162 girls aged nine to 13 entered the first course, three of them were peasants by origin. Tuition fees were very low: Vyshnegradsky advocated the availability of education and insisted that the Mariinsky Society bear the main expenses. The Petersburg experiment was recognized as successful, and from the 1860s Mariinsky gymnasiums began to appear throughout Russia.

Medium to High

In 1871, a large-scale education reform began - according to historians, one of the most relevant for the government of Alexander II. The new charter of gymnasiums and progymnasiums acquired the status of law.

This is how the historian Aleksey Lyubzhin describes this period: “Contrary to the opinion of the majority of the State Council, Emperor Alexander II approved the charter of 1871. In accordance with it, the right to enter universities was granted only to graduates of classical gymnasiums or those who passed exams in their course.”

This further increased the role of women's gymnasiums, because since 1878 a system began to take shape in Russia. higher education for women. However, without a gymnasium education, it was impossible to enter the higher courses for women.

“Since the middle of the 19th century, the Russian public has paid close attention to the quality and content of teaching in secondary schools. Criticism of classical gymnasiums, real schools, and the entire education system was especially intensified in the press of the 1890s. The question of expanding the network of women's educational institutions, including higher ones, since there were more and more people who wanted to study in them, ”said Ushakova.

It soon became clear that the capabilities of the Mariinsky Society were too small to satisfy the country's need for women's educational institutions. And from the 1860s, the Ministry of Public Education began to open its own women's schools, which, after the adoption in 1870 of the Regulations on Women's Gymnasiums and Progymnasiums, finally became equal in rights with men's gymnasiums.

However, the "ministerial" educational institutions differed from the Mariinsky gymnasiums in that they were focused on the training of female teachers: those who completed seven classes were issued a teacher's certificate elementary school, after eight classes - a certificate of a home teacher. In these educational institutions, more attention was paid to foreign languages, since it was believed that every teacher should know them.

Before the revolution of 1917, the number of women's gymnasiums of the Ministry of Public Education reached 958. These educational institutions were opened even in small county towns. In addition, there were 35 women's gymnasiums of the Mariinsky Society in Russia. More than 16 thousand girls studied there. But the October Revolution destroyed the existing system.

The next decade and a half became a time of experiments in the field of education - in particular, the Bolsheviks abolished separate education. However, it was briefly restored in 1943. Women's schools finally went down in history in 1954.

Among the wide variety of educational institutions that existed in the first two decades of the 20th century in the city of Novonikolaevsk, without a doubt, the First Novonikolaevskaya Women's Gymnasium is a bright center for the formation of women's culture and education. History has made a great gift to our contemporaries and future generations by preserving the documents of this institution. The 94 archival files of the First Novonikolaevskaya Women's Gymnasium, carefully preserved by the employees of the Novosibirsk City Archive, allow us to form an idea not only about the activities of this educational institution, but also to see some events in Russian history through the prism of the history of the city of Novonikolaevsk.

According to documents, the predecessor of the First Novonikolaev Women's Gymnasium was a private educational institution with the rights of an educational institution of the 3rd category, founded by Pavel Alekseevna Smirnova in 1902.

Pavla Alekseevna Smirnova was born in 1869 in the family of an Orthodox priest. In 1984 she graduated from the Samara Diocesan Women's School and received the title of home teacher. Upon arrival in Novonikolaevsk, P.A. Smirnova opened a private educational institution, which was a two-year elementary school, in which, in addition, Pavel Alekseevna organized a choral and musical circle.

In 1907, the 5th grade was opened, and at the same time the school was transformed into an educational institution of the 1st category.

In 1908, the 6th grade was opened, and in 1909, the 7th grade. In the same year, a petition was filed with the Trustee of the West Siberian Educational District to grant students the rights that students of women's gymnasiums of the Ministry of Public Education use under the Regulations of May 24, 1870. In accordance with the named Regulations, women's schools were renamed into gymnasiums and progymnasiums. According to the Regulations, women's gymnasiums were intended for the education of girls of all classes and religions, consisted of a preparatory and seven basic classes, the eighth pedagogical. The first three classes (sometimes more) constituted a gymnasium and could exist as an independent educational institution. Gymnasium students who completed the 7th grade were given a certificate of an elementary school teacher, 8th grade - a home teacher. Those who received a medal at the end of the gymnasium received the title of home mentor.

By order of the trustee of the West Siberian educational district dated August 2, 1910 No. 6432, a private women's educational institution of the 1st category, established by P.A. Smirnova, was transformed into a women's gymnasium of the Ministry of Public Education, which granted her the rights of a state gymnasium.

On November 22, 1910, Pavel Alekseevna Smirnova was approved as the head of the gymnasium.

According to the acquired status of a state institution, the management and control of the financial and economic activities of the gymnasium was carried out by the Board of Trustees, elected for a period of 3 years, in agreement with the head of the gymnasium. The powers of the Board of Trustees included:

1. Election of the head of the Board of Trustees and the head of the gymnasium;

2. Raising funds for the needs of the gymnasium;

3. Determination of salaries for employees of the gymnasium;

4. Control over spending money;

5. Determination of tuition fees in upper secondary schools;

6. Creation of conditions for improvement and maintenance of order in the gymnasium.

Mikhail Pavlovich Vostokov, a well-known doctor, a man who devoted much effort to education in the city of Novo-Nikolaevsk, one of the founders of the Society for the Care of Public Education that existed in those years in Novo-Nikolaevsk, was elected the first chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Novonikolaevskaya Women's Gymnasium. On October 11, 1910, 5 people were approved by the Trustee of the West Siberian Educational District as members of the Board of Trustees of the Novonikolaev Women's Gymnasium: Ekaterina Nikolaevna Vstavskaya, Kalisfenia Platonovna Lapshina, Elena Iosifovna Piton, Alexei Grigorievich Besedin, Sergey Vladimirovich Gorokhov. In subsequent years, the Board of Trustees of the gymnasium included such famous people like Andrei Dmitrievich Kryachkov, Alexander Mikhailovich Lukanin, Nikolai Mikhailovich Tikhomirov and others.

The content of the gymnasium was provided from 3 sources: the main one was the income received as tuition fees, 2500 rubles came from the government treasury, the same amount from the Novonikolaev City Duma. The tuition fee in preparatory classes was 50 rubles per year, in basic classes - 100 rubles, in 8 additional classes - 150 rubles per year.

The funds received from the Novo-Nikolaev City Public Administration were spent not only on household needs, but also on paying for the education of schoolgirls - orphans or those whose parents' financial situation did not allow them to pay tuition fees. The decision on exemption from tuition fees was made by the head of the gymnasium, since August 1910 (since the status of the private gymnasium was changed), this issue was decided by the Board of Trustees of the gymnasium. .

On July 21, 1911, at a meeting of the Novo-Nikolaev City Duma, the petition of the Board of Trustees of the Novo-Nikolaev Women's Gymnasium, established by P.A. Smirnova, about the opening at the gymnasium of the 8th grade. During the consideration, a decision was made to allocate a one-time allowance to the women's gymnasium for 1912 to open the 8th grade.

The lack of suitable premises at that time was a big problem for many educational institutions in Novonikolaevsk. In connection with the opening of new classes and an increase in the number of students in the women's gymnasium, the issue of premises is becoming more and more acute.

Since its inception, the Novo-Nikolaev Women's Gymnasium has been located in rented premises. From 1908 to 1912, the gymnasium was located in a house owned by the merchant F. D. Moshtakov on the street. Asinkritovskaya No. 40-42, block 27, section 18-19. The available premises did not meet the needs of the gymnasium, "the occupied rooms are small for the full staff of students." As can be seen from the letter of the Chairman of the Pedagogical Council to the chairman of the Board of Trustees of the gymnasium, the occupancy of the classes before the start of the 1912/1913 academic year was quite high: in the 1st class - 52 people, in the 2nd class. - 50, in the 3rd class. - 44, in 4 cells. - 43, in 5 cells. - 31 people, in 6 cells. - 36 people in 7th grade - 19 people

In order to accommodate such a number of students and ensure a full-fledged educational process, the gymnasium needed: "10 classrooms, a room for the boss's apartment, a physical office, an office, a library, a teacher's room, a dining room, a recreational hall, 2 locker rooms."

Classes in the gymnasium were held in the morning, so sometimes its premises were used by other educational institutions. So, in particular, at a meeting of the Board of Trustees of September 7, 1914, the petition of the inspector of public schools of the 7th district was considered for the possible provision of premises for the Novonikolaev women's gymnasium "from two in the afternoon, in the second turn ..." for training sessions "... Novo- Nikolaev Higher Women's School, a two-class women's school and the 32nd women's primary school due to the fact that the school premises of these schools are reserved for the needs of the military department.

By this time, the gymnasium was located in two houses belonging to the trading house “I. T. Surikov and sons. In 1916, for the needs of the gymnasium, the Board of Trustees rented another 2-storey house, at the address: Kuznetskaya, 8, also owned by Surikov. However, the rented premises did not meet the necessary requirements of the educational institution, and the rent was prohibitively high.

Archival documents of the First Novonikolaev Women's Gymnasium testify that starting from 1908 and throughout the subsequent existence of the institution, the management of the gymnasium, which included the head of the gymnasium P.A. Smirnov, the Board of Trustees and the Pedagogical Council, as well as the city public administration bodies, sought to resolve the issue of building their own building for the gymnasium.

On July 24, 1908, the city public administration decided: “due to the fact that the city, subsidizing the educational institution P.A. Smirnova, which does not accommodate everyone who wants to study, and not being able to expand this school, petitions for the opening of the Government Women's Gymnasium in the city and for the allotment of a plot of land for the construction of its own women's gymnasium building, if the Ministry of Public Education finds it necessary to build this building. In subsequent years from 1909 to 1914, the city head V.I. Zhernakov sends petitions to the Ministry of Public Education, the Trustee of the West Siberian Educational District, in the hope of speeding up the decision on the construction of a building for a women's gymnasium. In this regard, in a letter dated December 13, 1912, addressed to Mrs. P.A. Smirnova, V.I. Zhernakov explains to the head of the gymnasium that in order to “include in the State list the amount for the construction of a building for a women’s gymnasium in the city of Novo-Nikolaevsk ... the gymnasium established by you must be officially considered a city gymnasium managed by the Board of Trustees” In the same letter, the city head asks Pavel Alekseevna to issue a written a statement that she agrees to “sell the inventory of the gymnasium to the city ..., because you cannot continue to support your private gymnasium due to lack of funds. The city, for its part, will ask you to remain the head of the gymnasium for a mutually agreed salary.

In 1913, the Novo-Nikolaev City Public Administration persistently petitioned the Trustee of the West Siberian Educational District and the Ministry of Public Education for a loan from the treasury for the construction of its own gymnasium building. In turn, the Novo-Nikolaev City Council allocated a plot of land in the 47th quarter of the central part of the city on the street. Asinkritovskaya and appointed a one-time allowance for construction in the amount of 10,000 rubles.

In connection with the outbreak of the First World War, the issue of building the building faded into the background, although the problem of premises became even more acute. The increased flow of the wounded coming from the front led to the need to look for premises for infirmaries in the city. On July 19, 1916, a circular letter “G .(gentlemen - author) Comrade of the Ministry of National Education”, who were instructed: “in view of the need to increase infirmaries and the possibility of occupied educational institutions for this purpose ... to assist in meeting this need and, for this purpose, not limited to defending the interests of educational institutions, which (so in the document) may practice after the use of all other suitable premises.

A three-fold increase in rent, the lack of repairs in the occupied premises for several years forced the Chairman of the Board of Trustees to send a letter to the Novo-Nikolaev City Council again on February 1, 1919, in which he asked “to raise the question of building our own building again, if not in the near future , then at least in the future, when the life of the country, and in particular the city, will return to a normal track.

However, as the "future" of the First Novo-Nikolaev Women's Gymnasium showed, it was not destined to find its own building. In May 1919, the three-story building of the gymnasium was requisitioned and simultaneously transferred to units of the Polish army.

Building a system of education and upbringing of gymnasium girls was carried out with the active participation of the Pedagogical Council of the gymnasium. As can be seen from the minutes of the meetings of the Pedagogical Council of the Women's Gymnasium, teachers considered the issues of admitting and transferring students to classes, selecting educational literature and teaching aids for teaching disciplines, encouraging and punishing gymnasium girls, developing curricula in accordance with the sent circulars of the Ministry of Public Education and West Siberian educational district, the organization of extracurricular activities for gymnasium girls.

According to the documents of the gymnasium, it was established that in the period from 1912 to September 1916, the Pedagogical Council of the gymnasium was headed by the priest father Peter Vasilkov, state councilor Stepan Ignatievich Anishchenko. By a letter dated August 12, 1916, from the Trustee of the West Siberian Educational District, the director of the Novonikolaev Teachers' Seminary, State Councilor Pavel Krylov, was appointed chairman of the Pedagogical Council of the Novonikolaevskaya Women's Gymnasium from September 1, 1916. In May-April 1918, the leadership of the Pedagogical Council was carried out by P.A. Smirnova, and from November 1918, Sofya Petrovna Tyzhnova, who from September 1918 acted as the head of the gymnasium.

It should be said that students in the women's gymnasium had to observe strict rules behavior, both in the classroom and in everyday life. The students of the gymnasium stood out from the general mass of city children in that they wore a special, established style uniform. As Z. M. Siryachenko recalls, “both schoolgirls and teachers wore uniforms. Our teachers wore dresses of blue color, and gymnasium girls - a dark green dress with an apron in black or white. A white front apron was worn when going to a symphony concert or a charity evening. They usually wore linen stockings (black or brown, more often black) and boots, and in the warm season - white stockings and shoes. Even in winter in the gymnasium it was impossible to walk in cloth boots, boots, felt boots. From the fifth grade it was allowed to wear shoes with heels. The girls put their hair in braids .... The bows were dark, white ones were woven on holidays. From the fifth grade, it was allowed to do hairstyles. The badge of our gymnasium was yellow color, oval, we usually wore it on a cap or on a dress on the left. On it was written "The first Novo-Nikolaev gymnasium"

Gymnasium students were not allowed to visit the “pleasure summer gardens”, “cinema, so that they would not watch films that ... weren’t supposed to be watched by age”, “visiting public places was allowed only with special permission from the authorities each time, and in all public places, gymnasium students must be in the form assigned to them.

For violation of discipline, they “removed the badge of the gymnasium” or brought the issue to the consideration of the Pedagogical Council. A clear evidence of the requirements for strict compliance with the gymnasium rules is the surviving protocol of the Pedagogical Council dated February 14, 1912 No. 1, which considered the statement of the head of the gymnasium about the misconduct of the student Sofya Mashtakova. For S. Mashtakova’s visit to a costume party at a military meeting, where she was with her parents, the schoolgirl was warned that “attending masquerades is, of course, unacceptable and entails the removal of the guilty student from the educational institution.” The Pedagogical Council decided to the parents of S. Mashtakova “to express deep regret that they did not timely restrain their daughter from such an act inconsistent with the gymnasium rules.”

Another example concerning the gymnasium rules of conduct: at an emergency meeting of the Pedagogical Council (minutes No. 84 dated February 7, 1919), the issue of admitting gymnasium students to public speaking was considered. Due to the fact that Alexandra Ivanovna Shamret officially applied to the gymnasium with a proposal to perform on stage on the day of her benefit performance by the students of the gymnasium, the Pedagogical Council decided “that any public performances of the gymnasium students on public stages, outside the walls of their educational institution are unacceptable."

During extracurricular hours, gymnasium students organized concerts, charity evenings, and cinemas. In order to help those in need, the gymnasium often organized its own charity evenings, to which wealthy people of the city were invited. The proceeds were used to pay for the education of needy students of the gymnasium, people who suffered as a result of disasters and misfortunes, to the front (after the outbreak of the First World War). In this regard, I would like to cite the content of a letter dated February 15, 1916, which is very indicative from the point of view of the norms of etiquette that existed at that time, sent by the chairman of the committee of heads of secondary and lower educational institutions for out-of-school supervision in the city of Novo-Nikolaevsk, the director of the men's gymnasium in the city of Novo-Nikolaevsk. Novo-Nikolaevsk, State Councilor Nikolai Moiseevich Maksin in the name of the head of the gymnasium P.A. Smirnova.

“Testifying my gratitude for the invitation to a paid student evening, arranged on February 19 at the women's gymnasium, I have the honor to bring to your attention, Gracious Empress, that, unfortunately, I cannot attend this evening, because the ticket sent to me in the 2nd row /10th place/, for which I paid five rubles, does not correspond to my position or the price of the ticket.

To this, I humbly ask you to tell me the names and surnames of the students of the 8th grade of the women's gymnasium, who, with an offer of a ticket, entered my office in a coat and headgear. As for the ticket, it is attached to the affairs of the committee.

The terms "Gymnasion" (Greek) and "Gymnasium" (Latin) had several meanings:

A place for exercise and conversations of philosophers and scientists;
General education schools with the following features:
- humanitarian bias of training;
- preparation for university education;
- presence of classical languages (Latin and Greek).

The first gymnasiums were formed in Ancient Greece. In the Middle Ages, the name "gymnasium" was introduced to refer to special secondary schools that prepared students for university entrance. The main subject of teaching was Latin.

The best Latin writers of the Golden Age were studied in the gymnasiums, and much attention was paid to the works of Cicero.

The era of the Reformation is characterized by a decrease in interest in ancient culture, and although the ancient languages remain the most important in the education system, the main tasks of the gymnasiums are preparing for admission to the university, where teaching was conducted in Latin, and training officials and ministers of the church.

IN late XVI century in Germany in gymnasiums began to introduce new languages, natural science, teaching began to be conducted in national language, however, the classical languages remained in large volume.

Many scholars of the time insisted on learning from reality. modern world. This pedagogical direction was called realistic, which later led to the emergence of real gymnasiums and real schools. In a real school, mathematics and science were in the first place.

In the 19th century, there were disputes around gymnasium education, as a result of which in a number of countries the classical gymnasium with two ancient languages (Latin and Greek), the classical gymnasium with one language (Latin) and real schools were equated in rights, where the ancient languages were absent.

A comparison of the curricula of gymnasiums of that time shows that the ancient languages occupied a significant place in the general system of teaching (about 70%).

Since 1870 the matriculation certificate of a real school allowed the student to enter the university on a par with graduates of classical gymnasiums.

History of gymnasium education in Russia. The formation of gymnasium education

Educational institutions of the gymnasium type, i.e. with the study of the Latin language existed in Rus' for a very long time. Moreover, the Latin language was not only the language studied, but also the language of communication. Grammar, dialectics, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music, philosophy and theology, Greek were taught.

The Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy traces its history back to 1685, when the Likhud brothers opened a school in the Annunciation Monastery. Teaching here was conducted in Latin and Greek. There was no class restriction on admission to the academy.

The history of gymnasiums dates back to the German school, opened in 1701, in the German Quarter. It occupied the spacious chambers of the boyar V. Naryshkin and received the official name of the gymnasium, where they taught "languages and philosophy of wisdom." The program included, in addition to ancient and new languages, philosophy, politics, rhetoric, arithmetic and geography. Since 1703 the gymnasium was headed by pastor E. Gluck. As noted in the decree of 1705. in a school open to the general, nationwide benefit, everyone could study.

When the gymnasium was opened, 28 students studied in it, in 1711. - 77. Education was free and consisted of three classes: primary, secondary and upper. Classes lasted 12 hours: from 8 am to 8 pm with a short break for lunch.

Subsequently, in 1715. she was transferred to St. Petersburg and was a course foreign languages with a simple program.

The turning point in the business of gymnasium education in Russia began in the 18th century. In 1726, a gymnasium was opened at the Academy of Sciences, which received the name academic. The main task of the gymnasium was considered to be preparation for military and civil service, as stated in the Charter, written in 1733 by Fischer. The main subjects of the gymnasium were Latin, Greek, German and French, rhetoric, logic, history, and arithmetic. In 1726-1729, 278 students were enrolled in the gymnasium. Since 1747, teaching began to be conducted in Russian, students were exempted from punishment by the whip. In 1758, Razumovsky entrusted the management of the gymnasium to M.V. Lomonosov, who founded a boarding school for 40 people at the gymnasium. In 1765, a department for young students was introduced. In the 1970s, in the upper grades, teaching began to be conducted in Latin and German, and they began to study the basics of mathematics and the natural sciences. But the number of students in the gymnasium was not enough, so in 1805 the gymnasium was closed.

On the initiative of M. Lomonosov, in 1755, a second gymnasium was established at Moscow University, which was called the university gymnasium. The purpose of the gymnasium was to prepare for listening to lectures at the university. It consisted of two departments: a department for noblemen and a department for raznochintsy. However, the training was conducted according to the same scheme. Each branch contained four schools.

The first school - "Russian" had three classes:

grammar
poetry
eloquence, the study of Russian and Church Slavonic languages

The second school - "Latin" had two classes:

grammar
syntax

The third school - "scientific" had three classes:

arithmetic
geometry and geography
philosophy

The fourth school - European and Greek languages.

The time of studying at the gymnasium was counted towards the term of service. In 1812, the gymnasium burned down in a fire in Moscow and has not been restored.

In 1758, the third gymnasium was opened in Kazan, named Kazanskaya. Oriental languages began to be taught in the gymnasium: Tatar and Kalmyk, taking into account local conditions and its location. In 1768 the gymnasium was closed due to lack of funds. In 1798, she resumed her work with the aim of preparing young people for military service.

Gymnasiums in the 19th century

IN early XIX century in Russia, educational districts were introduced and gymnasiums began to open everywhere. In 1803, Alexander I ordered a gymnasium to be opened in every provincial town.

1. Charter of 1804

According to this charter, the purpose of the gymnasium was to prepare for admission to universities, as well as to give young people the information necessary for a well-bred person. In total, 32 gymnasiums were opened, in which 2838 children studied. The training lasted 4 years. Gymnasiums were free and all-class. The teachers were divided into seniors and juniors, the director watched over the teachers and students. Corporal and moral punishments were forbidden.
Studied:

mathematics
story
geography
statistics
philosophy
fine sciences
political economy
natural history
technology
commercial sciences
Latin language
French
German
drawing

The authorities strictly took care of the absence of national restrictions in obtaining education.

In 1805, a committee consisting of Fus, Rumovsky, Ozeretskovsky, organized in 1803 under the main administration of schools, compiled and published learning programs for gymnasiums, compiled lists of books and manuals for students, proposed educational models. In the same year, a boarding school was opened at the gymnasium for noble children whose families lived in the city where the gymnasium was located.

At that time, despite the requirements of the charter, "cramming" reigned in the gymnasiums, it did not give real knowledge, and they were not needed. But M.M. managed to correct the situation. Speransky, introducing examinations for ranks.

2. Reform of 1811

The reform was carried out at the direction of the Minister of Public Education, Count S.S. Uvarov. In the course of the reform, changes were made in the curriculum: the Law of God, the native language (Russian), logic were introduced, political economy, mythology, commercial sciences, aesthetics, and philosophy were excluded. The main purpose of the gymnasium was to prepare for admission to universities.

In 1819, a unified curriculum was introduced for all gymnasiums in Russia, which practically nullified the reform of 1804. Class reception and corporal punishment were established, religion began to play a significant role. The training lasted seven years.

The curriculum contained the following disciplines:

Law of God
Russian language with Church Slavonic and literature
Greek language
Latin language
German
French
geography
story
statistics
logics
rhetoric
mathematics
statics and the beginning of mechanics
physics and natural history
drawing

If the gymnasium management had additional funds, then it was allowed to invite teachers of dance, music and gymnastics.

The extension of the training period and the reduction in the number of subjects made it possible to obtain a more detailed understanding of each subject.

3. Charter of 1828

The next stage in the development of the gymnasium is associated with the reign of Nicholas I. The direction of new reforms was announced by the new Minister of Education A.S. Shishkov. "To teach literacy to the whole people, or a disproportionate number of them to the number of people, would do more harm than good." Already in 1825, with the highest approval, it was ordered:

political sciences exclude
reduce the number of lessons assigned to the study of rhetoric and poetry
the choice of topics for essays is not left to the choice of teachers
provide lists of students in the gymnasium to the police
all subjects taught in Russian

As a result, on December 8, 1828, the "Committee for the Arrangement of Educational Institutions", organized in 1826, drew up a new charter, according to which the gymnasiums had to pursue such goals in their education as preparation for entering universities and a bias towards general education and education. The training lasted seven years. Moreover, for three years at all gymnasiums, training took place according to a general program, and starting from the fourth, gymnasiums were divided into teaching Greek and not teaching it. Education with the Greek language was left only in the gymnasiums at the universities. In the rest of the gymnasiums, he was expelled due to the inability to find good teachers, because. Greek was considered a luxury, while French was considered a necessity.

The lessons were supposed to be one and a half hours long. The main subjects were ancient languages and mathematics. They also taught geography, history, Russian literature, physics, German and French.

For disciplinary action on students, "corporal punishment" - rods - was introduced; increased tuition fees; teachers' salaries were increased by 2.5 times; graduates of gymnasiums could take the places of employees of the highest rank, and those who graduated from the gymnasium with the Greek language were enrolled in positions immediately upon entry into the service.

According to the charter, the positions of the director, who was at the head of the gymnasium, the inspector who supervised the order in the classes and managed the household, the honorary trustee, who supervised the gymnasium together with the director, were introduced. Pedagogical Councils formed from teachers were created to manage educational and educational work.

Under Nicholas I, a uniform was introduced for gymnasium students: "A single-breasted blue frock coat with white copper buttons, a crimson collar, with epaulettes on the shoulders, blue pantaloons over boots, a blue soldier's cap with a crimson band" - for commoners. For noble gymnasium students, a "university uniform with a triangular hat, but without a sword" was relied upon.

In 1837, a system of tests was established during the transition from class to class and at the end of the gymnasium. A certificate was introduced - a document issued at the end of the gymnasium. In 1846, a five-point system was introduced, the successes, behavior, diligence and abilities of students began to be evaluated according to it and entered into the statements. However, when transferring from class to class, the behavior was not taken into account. Those who received 4 or 5 points in the exams were to be awarded books and commendable letters.

The importance of trustees and inspectors in the life of the gymnasium was increased. Graduate from high school without an exam Latin, was authorized in 1843.

Constant changes in the curriculum changed the list of subjects studied: statistics was excluded in 1844, descriptive and analytical geometry were excluded in 1845 and jurisprudence was introduced, and logic was excluded in 1847.

Admission to the gymnasium of children of all classes led to the fact that the percentage of nobles began to decrease. To increase this ratio in favor of children of noble origin, a significant increase in tuition fees was made. All this caused a revision of the subjects taught in the gymnasium: they stopped teaching statistics, logic, they sharply reduced the number of hours for mathematics, ancient languages.

The reduction of ancient languages seemed to the government necessary in connection with harmful influences revolution that broke out in Germany in 1848. Greek was excluded from the curricula.

The Gymnasium Rules of 1828, despite their bright class coloring, created, compared with the past, a much better environment for further prosperity and development.

4. Reform of 1849

During this time, an opinion was formed in society about the need to bring gymnasium education closer to real life.

On March 21, 1849, the following reform was carried out in Russia. The course began to be divided into general and special education. Starting from the fourth grade, all students were divided into law and Latin departments. The first prepared for official service, the second - for admission to the university.

In 1852, the curricula of the gymnasium changed: the Greek language was retained only in 9 out of 69 gymnasiums, logic was excluded, the amount of mathematics taught was reduced, and tuition fees were increased. The awarding of a gold and silver medal was introduced, those awarded with them received the title of "Honorary Citizen".

In the mid-50s of the 19th century, 4 gymnasiums were the most famous in Moscow. Among them, the gymnasium L.I. Polivanova, who set as her task "the upbringing of a new generation of intellectuals who think globally and are able to rise to the proper height in all spheres..."

Polivanov L.I. and his colleagues were convinced that the gymnasium should form a holistic harmonious personality. Therefore, much attention in the gymnasium was paid to languages, Russian and foreign literature. An optional course was given in the history and theory of arts. A feature of teaching various disciplines in the gymnasium was the unity of developmental goals, all subjects were supposed to develop theoretical and figurative thinking among gymnasium students, creative imagination and memory, emotionality of speech, and the ability to improvise.

In the Polivanov gymnasium, for the first time, a program for working with gifted children was developed and operated. Personally-oriented education and upbringing of people - original, talented, inquisitive, active - were cultivated here. “From children,” L.I. Polivanov said, “it is necessary to develop living personalities capable of choosing a business according to their vocation, igniting only by labor, for working for the development of human personalities is a gratifying and lofty business.”

The very style of the gymnasium shaped the students' originality of thinking, independence, initiative, serious language studies, and literary creativity. In the 1970s, a drama circle, widely known in Moscow, operated at the gymnasium. Gymnasium students participated in the organization of the Pushkin celebrations in 1880, attended meetings of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

Gymnasium L.I. Polivanova brought up a generation of new people - intellectuals of the 20th century. Among its graduates are poets V. Bryusov, A. Bely, artist A. Golovnin and many other famous people.

On May 30, 1858, the Regulations on Women's Schools of the Department of the Ministry of Public Education were approved. They began to open largest cities Russia, and by 1874 there were 189 of them. Women's gymnasiums had a seven-year course of study, and upon graduation, the graduates received a certificate of a home teacher. Subsequently, graduates of women's gymnasiums could enter higher women's courses without exams. The most famous in Russia were considered the Moscow Women's Gymnasium Z.D. Perepelkina, Tsarskoye Selo Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium, Moscow Women's Gymnasium A.S. Alferova and L.F. Rzhevskaya.

A commission of the Ministry in 1878 proposed to reduce the course of study in women's gymnasiums, stating in its conclusion that "women's education should be limited to such subjects that do not deviate pupils from the main purpose ... and preserve the feminine qualities that adorn the family hearth."

5. Charter of 1864

Under the influence of the public, since 1861, the system of gymnasium education begins to soften, special commissions begin work on drawing up a new charter that reflects the needs of life and society.

In 1864, a new Charter was introduced and the gymnasiums began to be divided into classical and real ones, the former, in turn, were divided into teaching with one ancient language and with two ancient languages. Those who graduated from the classical gymnasium were admitted to the university without exams, while those who graduated from the real gymnasium could enter higher specialized educational institutions and the university's physics and mathematics faculty.

The unconditional all-estate gymnasium was proclaimed. Corporal punishment was categorically abolished. Teachers have increased the salary with a fixed teaching load. The Pedagogical Council received the right of final decision in the admission of a teacher to the service.

Education at the gymnasium lasted seven years, at the progymnasium - four years. The lesson lasted 75 minutes, and from September 27, 1865 - 60 minutes. Gymnastics and singing were introduced into the number of subjects, the study of jurisprudence ceased.

As a result of the reform, the number of students in gymnasiums increased by 30%. Literary talks and performances are allowed in gymnasiums, and Sunday schools are opened at gymnasiums.

A circular dated November 12, 1866 announced the introduction of uniform programs for all gymnasiums in Russia. The circular dated September 21, 1866 stipulated the toughening of examinations.

6. Charter of 1871

Minister of Education D.A. Tolstoy appointed in 1866 a commission to develop a new charter, the purpose of which was to revive classicism in education. On July 30, 1871, the new charter of gymnasiums and progymnasiums was approved.

The charter recognized only classical gymnasiums with two ancient languages. The training lasted eight years (the seventh grade was two years).

According to the new charter, the main importance was attached to the study of ancient languages; natural history was excluded; cosmography was replaced by mathematical geography; there was a decrease in the number of hours for calligraphy, drawing, drafting, history and the Law of God. The logic was reintroduced. A system of class mentors was introduced; educational functions were assigned to teachers; one teacher was allowed to teach different subjects; the director and the inspector were supposed to conduct subject lessons in the classrooms.

In subsequent years, the charter of 1871 was supplemented with new clauses:

in 1872, new rules were introduced on the examinations of students when entering a gymnasium, when moving from class to class, and at the end of an educational institution;

in 1873, rules were approved that described their rights and obligations;

in 1874 - it was allowed to enter the military service after graduating from the sixth grade of the gymnasium;

in 1887 - increased tuition fees; a restriction on admission to the gymnasium of the lower class was introduced.

On May 15, the "Charter of Real Schools of the Department of the Ministry of Public Education" was approved. According to this charter, real gymnasiums were renamed into real schools. In real schools, training, starting from the fifth grade, was carried out in two directions: basic and commercial. The following departments existed in the seventh additional class:

general
mechanical
chemical

Graduates of a real school could no longer enter universities, but students who graduated from the general department could enter a higher technical school, and those who graduated from the technical department could enter the service.

Since 1875, the gymnasium has become eight-year. Police surveillance was allowed to monitor students, and searches could be made in students' apartments. It became strictly obligatory for students to attend church and observe all church rites (fasts, confessions, etc.).

In 1887, tuition fees were raised again. On June 18, 1887, a special circular from the Minister of Education I.D. Delyanova limited the admission to the gymnasium of children of the lower class, with the exception of "gifted with extraordinary abilities." Jews were restricted.

This reform of secondary education, carried out by the Minister of Education D.A. Tolstoy, met with a sharply negative attitude from society, since the curricula were borrowed from German newspapers and, of course, the Russian language, literature, history, and partly the Law of God were unjustifiably relegated to the background. Foreigners were invited to teach ancient languages, mostly Germans and Czechs, who did not speak Russian. The whole system of relations between the gymnasium and the family was reduced to the opposition of the family and the school. The reform was carried out very harshly, which naturally aroused general hatred of the school in society.

The shortcomings of secondary education were formulated in the circular of the Minister of Public Education N.P. Bogolepov dated July 8, 1899, which spoke of the alienation of the family from the school, inattention to the personal abilities of students, excessive mental work of students, inconsistency in programs, poor teaching of the Russian language, Russian history and literature, incorrect teaching of ancient languages, poor preparation of graduates and their inability to studies at universities and higher schools. By this circular, the Minister set up a commission to prepare the reform of the secondary school.

7. Reform of 1905

Given all these shortcomings and the development of industry in the country, the current system of education was revised in 1901.

Since 1902, the teaching of Latin in the first two classes was abolished, and Greek in the third and fourth, it became an optional language. The gymnasium was open to all classes.

The academic year in secondary educational institutions began on August 16 and lasted until June 1, i.e. 240 days.

Only textbooks approved by the Scientific Committee of the Ministry were allowed for use.

Examinations were held in oral and written form. After the final exam, a matriculation certificate was issued.

In connection with the events of 1905, the Ministry introduced a new curriculum, according to which real schools received a more general educational character.

It was allowed for pedagogical councils to deviate from the current rules of students, to complete libraries with books, deviating from the list of the Academic Committee. The Greek exam was cancelled. Repeated exams were allowed with the issuance of a new certificate.

In 1910, the new minister Schwartz presented a project in which he proposed a single type of school - a gymnasium.

Three types of gymnasium were established:

with two ancient languages
with one ancient language
without ancient languages, but with two new languages

Schwartz's project both strengthened classicism and went towards the bourgeoisie.

New Minister L.A. Kasso got Nicholas II to remove this project from discussion in the Duma. Circular dated March 28, 1911 L.A. Kasso strengthened the requirements for the discipline of students, forbade gatherings and meetings. All this caused strong discontent in society.

With the appointment of Count Ignatiev as Minister on January 9, 1915, work began on collecting materials on education systems in France, the USA and England. A new system of education was considered, it was planned to introduce eleven years of education. All subjects were divided into general education and educational. Children of all classes from the age of 10 were admitted to the gymnasium. On December 28, 1916, Ignatiev was dismissed from service, and with his departure, the reforms were abandoned.

The February Revolution of 1917 drew the line of gymnasium education in Russia.

Modern gymnasium education

Since the 80s of the 20th century, in the development of education, the process of self-reorganization of the mass school into new educational institutions, the search for a new educational philosophy has been going on. appear in Russia Various types secondary educational institutions advanced level- lyceums, gymnasiums, etc., which are faced with the problems of correlation of interrelations of goals, organizational forms, content of education.

Law passed in 1992 Russian Federation on the formation of three groups of educational institutions: lyceums serving for specialized deepening, gymnasiums providing in-depth education and general education schools. Today, students and parents are offered the choice of an educational institution, a profile of education, programs, textbooks, final exams and forms of education.

Supervisor: Mosicheva T. A.
a history teacher
gymnasium No. 1517, Ph.D.

They tried to make public education in Russia even under Catherine the Great: in 1781 she founded an educational institution under St. Isaac's Cathedral, which laid the foundation for a whole network of schools, the development of which was legislatively enshrined in a decree of February 27 of the same year. Even before the development of public schools in the Russian Empire, educational institutions for girls and girls appeared: in 1764, the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens and the Educational Society for Noble Maidens were opened. However, not everyone was admitted to these two institutions, and they were of a "point" character.

The first women's gymnasium appeared in Russia half a century after the public schools were transformed into gymnasiums, and the first women's university - another 20 years later.

In honor of the empress

The decree on the establishment of the first women's school "for coming girls" (that is, not a boarding school) was issued in St. Petersburg on March 28 (15), 1858. The initiator was the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria, which has been responsible since the end of the 18th century for charity in the Russian Empire. The department was born from a network of charitable and educational institutions, which were founded by the wife of the Russian Emperor Paul I, Maria Feodorovna. Actually, hence the name - Mariinsky.

At first, the Mariinsky Gymnasium worked in this building on Nevsky Prospekt. Photo: Archival photo

It began its work a month later in a building on the corner of Nevsky Prospekt and modern Rubinshteina Street. Now this building can no longer be seen in its original form, since it has been rebuilt twice since then. In the early 1870s, the institution moved to the former building of the St. Petersburg Commercial School, which was located at the corner of Zagorodny Prospekt, 13 and Chernyshov Lane, 11, at Five Corners. The house was built in 1857-1858 and at that time was completely new. The current address of the house: the corner of Lomonosov street, 13 and Zagorodny avenue, 13.

The founder of the first school in St. Petersburg was the outstanding teacher Nikolai Vyshnegradsky, a supporter of secondary education for women without estates and the compiler of the first Russian program in pedagogy. The trustee was the Prince of Oldenburg, the head of the Office of Institutions of Empress Maria.

Everything is like at home

The first Mariinsky School was designed for a seven-year educational course. It accepted girls aged 9 to 13 years. The program included the following disciplines: the Law of God, Russian language and literature, mathematics, geography, general and Russian history, natural science, French and German languages(additionally, for a fee - English language), drawing, needlework, as well as singing and dancing. At the end of their studies, the girls received the qualification of "home mentor".

The students did not have a special uniform, they were only asked to dress neatly and without luxury. There were no punishments in the gymnasium, and at the same time everyone admired the girls' high academic performance.

In the Internal Rules of the Mariinsky School it was written: “The class should resemble a family as much as possible.<…>The destruction of the family element in public schools kills the natural liveliness of children, overshadows the gaiety bestowed on them by God, destroys gullibility and love for mentors and mentors, for the school, for teaching itself ... ". The rules drawn up by the Prince of Oldenburg seemed in places innovative for their time. In particular, he wrote: “The concept of order in the class is often understood completely wrong, and therefore requires a precise explanation. The true pedagogical order of the class does not consist in dead silence and not in the monotonous, immobile physical position of the children; both the one and the other, being uncharacteristic of the living nature of children, imposes on them completely unnecessary embarrassment, utterly tires them, and destroys the childish trusting relationship between mentors and pupils.<…>And in prudent families, they never require children to sit motionless and monotonous, so that they do not dare to laugh or turn to their elders about what seems incomprehensible to them ... "

Anna Akhmatova attended the Mariinsky Gymnasium in Tsarskoe Selo. Photo: Archival photo

In 1862, the Mariinsky School was renamed the Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium, which by the end of the 19th century had become one of the largest gymnasiums in the capital (more than 600 students and about 60 teachers), but in the first years of its existence, there was clear discrimination - teachers of women's educational institutions were paid much less than in men. The trustee of the St. Petersburg educational district wrote: "If schools exist, it is because the teachers in them teach for an extremely small fee, and sometimes for nothing." Only in 1865 the teachers of the "Mariinsky" were equalized in terms of "official production and pensions" with the teachers of the men's gymnasiums.

Later, at the Mariinsky Gymnasium, two-year female pedagogical courses were opened with the study of human physiology and anatomy, on the basis of which a pedagogical institute was created.

Gymnasiums march across the country

The opening of a women's gymnasium in St. Petersburg was such a long-awaited event, its need was so obvious that, following the model of the Mariinsky Theater, similar institutions began to be created throughout the country already in the first years of the gymnasium's existence. All new gymnasiums were subordinated to the same Department of Institutions of Empress Maria. In 1870, the first three classes were allocated to the "progymnasium" - their passage was considered completed primary education.

Within a couple of decades, gymnasiums spread throughout the country. Photo: Archival photo In 1866, there were already seven such gymnasiums in the capital. By 1894, there were 30 gymnasiums in the Russian Empire, popularly called "Mariinsky", in which 9945 pupils of all classes and religions over the age of 8 studied, and in 1911, 35 gymnasiums, the number of students reached 16 thousand. The charter, approved in 1862, was valid in all gymnasiums until their closure in 1918, and since 1879 a single and compulsory curriculum was used in all institutions.

Along with these public gymnasiums, private institutions also opened - in the 1870s there were seven of them in St. Petersburg, and four in Moscow. As a rule, education there was expensive, and only wealthy parents could afford to send their daughters there. In some, as in the gymnasium of Princess Obolenskaya, they were accepted at all according to the class principle - only children from aristocratic families.

After the October Revolution, the division into male and female educational institutions was abolished, and only from the mid-1990s did they begin to open again. Of course, they are now called Mariinsky only formally.

First Women's Gymnasium

In early December of 1917, my father transferred me from the First Men's Gymnasium to the Seventh, on Strastnaya Square. My stay there was very short. Classes did not improve in any way, it was very cold in the classrooms, they did not heat at all, and we sat at our desks in gymnasium overcoats. This gymnasium was privileged, and many children of old Russian families studied there. I remember Olsufiev and Bestuzhev.

A decree was issued on joint education with girls, and in the winter of the eighteenth year, the Seventh Gymnasium was connected with the First Women's Gymnasium. Classes will be held in the women's gymnasium.

After the palace of the seventh male, this room seemed to me somehow official and uncomfortable. On four floors, large, spacious classrooms with very high ceilings, relentless light in huge windows, very wide corridors and a large recreational hall.

Very few boys came on the first day. This innovation seemed so strange and dangerous that many parents did not let their sons in, considering all this to be a temporary and empty Bolshevik undertaking - you just need to wait a bit, and everything will return to "full circles".

It was very cold, and my mother sewed a skunk boa to the collar of my overcoat: a whole narrow animal with paws and black claws, a small sharp muzzle, with red lips and small white teeth - and also small orange shiny eyes with black pupils. I did not let the skunk's face be cut off and hid it behind the collar.

There was no heating at school, the hanger was closed, and the frozen porter said that it was not necessary to undress.

In the classroom I was surrounded by a lot of girls, all in uniform. White lace collars and cuffs, white aprons, braided ribbons. They surrounded me in a tight ring, looking at me and my skunk, laughing uncontrollably. I must have been a comical spectacle. One girl, Volkova, as I remember now, said: “Why are you laughing at him, he must be from the poor.” I could not stand all this and, having hidden the skunk in my pocket, I ran home.

Life in the women's gymnasium is slowly getting back into its groove. Every day there are more and more boys.

Started publishing a literary magazine. The editor was a boy a little older than us, the son of the Smenovekhite Bunak. The magazine was called "Aurora". Aurora is the goddess of the dawn. I was assigned to draw the cover.

Turquoise sea, fiery red ball of the rising sun, which barely touches the horizon. On a rock in a white chiton, a goddess in a thoughtful pose. The publication of the magazine ended with this, no one else did anything. Fame came to me with the cover. The girls vying with each other hand me their albums, in which I endlessly multiply the Aurora.

The program includes lessons in plastic arts and needlework. Plastic art is taught by the artist of the Bolshoi Theater Chudinov: long darling old man Don Quixote was dancing in the theater. Plastic should tell us a graceful silhouette, elegance of manners. Girls teach us ballroom dancing.

Exercises with the ball at the end of the lesson, we play football in the hall, we are hardly driven into classes.

On needlework, we learn to sew on buttons, I pricked all my fingers.

French lesson. A young French woman enters the classroom. She doesn't speak a word of Russian, we don't speak a word of French. - "Bonjour, monsieur and mademoiselle, quel er et til a prezan?" And then everything is like that.

Soon, there is dead silence in the classroom to the beautiful reading of a Frenchwoman: “En marchand revenet de la foire ...” Boys and girls are completely at ease, each doing their own thing: they exchange stamps, read, holding books in Russian under their desks. I draw in the albums Aurora, the goddess of the dawn.

ARA's American food aid begins to arrive at the school. A buffet is organized in which we, schoolchildren, are on duty in turn. cutting bread and butter. During the hours of duty, you can eat plenty. On duty, I ate so much American oil for the future that for a long time I felt sick at the mere mention of it. I could no longer be placed on duty by any means.

It was very cold, there was no heating at all in the school, and we skipped classes more and more often.

With the revolution, the long-awaited freedom came to me, no one escorted me to school and no one met me. Every day I had more and more free time, I walked a lot in snowy Moscow, read indiscriminately, drew. At home, they continued to teach us music with desperate persistence.

There were rumors that some of the classes would be transferred to the former Raevskaya gymnasium, in Karetny Ryad, and that our gymnasium would be a hospital.

There was a civil war.

Women's service One young man, a lieutenant in the Soviet army, told me his story of how he ended up in a camp and a prison. During the war we were surrounded and I was captured by the Germans. We were sent to Germany, where, as a specialist, I soon left the camp and lived outside the camp.

Share female Yes, the "prophet" and "saint" of the communist "paradise" brought many new products from abroad, leaving the "God-bearer" in the opposite direction - to revel in someone else's blood and enjoy someone else's grief, and also pleased women: he gave them equality with men .Woman

CHAPTER FIRST. CHILDHOOD Ushkuynik and Cossack. Mother and grandmother. ABC. In dense forests. Vologda in the 60s. political link. Nihilists and Populists. Provincial authorities. aristocratic upbringing. Bear hunting. Sailor Kitaev. Gymnasium. Circus and theater. "Idiot". teachers and

CHAPTER ONE Kyiv years: family, gymnasium and university. War. Medicine. Revolution. Both Bulgakov's father and mother were from the Oryol province. “We were bell nobles,” recalled the writer’s sister Nadezhda Afanasievna Zemskaya, “both grandfathers were priests; one had

THE WOMEN'S HALF The women in the camp lived, generally speaking, incomparably better than the men. Among the fair sex, the mortality rate was not very high. At the beginning of 1943, about 500 women languished in the camp. Soon their number increased to a thousand. But in the summer they were treated cruelly:

Female version I have not been able to really tell about Lark, or rather, about the famous Larisa Bogoraz, ex-wife Yulik Daniel and the widow of Anatoly Marchenko, lovingly nicknamed in a narrow circle "the mother of the Russian revolution." Of course, I mentioned her several times and even tried

Chapter IV Cleopatra of the Neva, her court, her illustrious Italian artist, her conquistador husband and the conquistador's female retinue To be honest, this majestic hook-nosed beauty herself, and her chased lines, did not come to my mind very often until that very October day

Chapter 55 The Female Half When Polina got married and went to live with her husband, I was left alone in the male “kingdom”. And soon the eldest son Arseny (he is 15 years old) built himself a house of larch. While he was not going to live there alone, and all my men really liked the house, and they decided

WOMAN'S BLOOD ON THE KREMLIN COB As Sverdlov promised, Feiga Kaplan was transferred from the Lubyanka to the Kremlin. Why? Yes, because the irresponsible Chekists, who do not understand what political expediency is and demand an open and public trial, could do something

CHAPTER ONE The Merezhkovsky family. - Childhood. - Gymnasium, first literary experiments About his childhood and adolescence, Merezhkovsky tells in sufficient detail in his "Autobiographical Note", placed in the famous collection of S. A. Vengerov "Russian Literature of the XX

Chapter LXXIII. Departure for the Caucasus. Tuapse Iversko-Alekseevskaya Women's Community Long before my transfer to the service in the Office of the Orthodox Confession, I was besieged by all sorts of petitioners who resorted to my help and intercession. No matter how I avoid these

Gymnasium Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky. "I myself": Preparatory, 1st and 2nd. I go first. All in fives. Reading Jules Verne. Generally fantastic. Some bearded man began to discover in me the ability of an artist. Teaches for nothing. Nikolai Nikolaevich Aseev. In Gregory's post

"Female dark power" For the first time, the portrait features of the young poetess are reproduced by Tolstoy in August 1911 in the story "Night in the Steppe", written during Tolstoy's second stay in Paris. The hero dreams of a crazy visit to the debtor - the steppe landowner, scolder and

First Men's Gymnasium At the end of August 1914, my father brought me, an eight-year-old boy, to take the entrance exams to the preparatory class of the First Men's Gymnasium. My grandfather, father and uncle studied at this gymnasium.

WOMAN'S SHARE. YEAR 93 Dedicated to the bright memory of my first teacher, Didkovskaya Alexandra Filaretovna ... Remember, as in N, A, Nekrasov: "You are a Russian share, a woman's share ... It is hardly more difficult to find ...". to the very point, to the very heart ... There were and are