Cultural and spiritual life in the late XIX - early XX century. Spiritual Life 20
SPIRITUAL LIFE OF THE USSR IN THE 1920s.
- 1. The fight against illiteracy.
- 2. Power and intelligentsia.
- 3. Party control.
- 4. "Smenovehovstvo".
- 5. Bolsheviks and the Church.
- Pavlova Anelya Vasilievna
- A history teacher
- MOU secondary school No. 12 Vyshny Volochok
- the task was to overcome cultural inequality, to make the treasures of culture accessible to the working people.
- elimination of illiteracy: in 1919, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years old was obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language.
- In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of M.I. Kalinin.
- In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of M.I. Kalinin. Howled opened thousands of points for the elimination of illiteracy educational program.
- On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on the unified labor school of the RSFSR."
- It is based on the principle of free education.
- By the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the preferential right to enter universities
- The next important milestone was the adoption in 1930 of the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On universal compulsory primary education."
- By the end of the 1930s, mass illiteracy in our country had largely been overcome.
- S. V. Rakhmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A. N. Tolstoy, M. I. Tsvetaeva, E. I. Zamyatin, F. I. Chaliapin, A. P. Pavlova, I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kuprin and others.
- 500 prominent scientists who headed departments and entire scientific areas: P.A. Sorokin, K.N. Davydov, V.K. Agafonov, S.N. Vinogradsky and others
- Abroad were:
- Lowering the spiritual and intellectual level
- Can the intelligentsia work with the Bolsheviks? - Maybe I should. (A.A. Blok)
- V.I.Vernadsky
- K.E. Tsiolkovsky
- N.E. Zhukovsky
- I.P. Pavlov
- N.I. Vavilov
- V.M. Bekhterev
- K.A. Timiryazev
- N.D.Zelinsky
- M. Voloshin
- A. Akhmatova
- N. Gumilyov
- V. Mayakovsky
- M. Bulgakov
- W. Meyerhold
- and etc.
- ideological, political and social movement that arose in the early 1920s. among the Russian foreign liberal-minded intelligentsia. It got its name from the collection "Change of milestones", published in Prague in July 1921.
- The Smenovekhovites set themselves the task of reconsidering the position of the intelligentsia in relation to post-revolutionary Russia.
- The essence of this revision was the rejection of armed struggle with the new government, the recognition of the need to cooperate with it in the name of the well-being of the Fatherland.
- A.N. Tolstoy
- S.S. Prokofiev
- M. Gorky
- M. Tsvetaeva
- A.I. Kuprin
- The movement suited the leaders of the Bolsheviks, because it made it possible to split the emigration and achieve recognition of the new government.
- Returned to their homeland:
- The attitude of the Bolsheviks:
- The party and the state have established complete control over the spiritual life of society.
- 1921 - trial of the Petrograd military organization (famous scientists and cultural figures).
- 1922 - expulsion from the country of 160 prominent scientists and philosophers.
- 1922 - Establishment of Glavlit, and then Glavrepertkom (censorship).
- Thus, just as the class struggle does not stop in our country in general, so it does not stop on the literary front either. In a class society there is not and cannot be a neutral art.
- The Party must emphasize the necessity of creating fiction designed for a truly mass reader, both worker and peasant; it is necessary to break bolder and more decisively with the prejudices of the nobility in literature
- On December 11 (24), 1917, a decree appeared on the transfer of all church schools to the Commissariat of Education.
- On December 18 (31), the effectiveness of church marriage is annulled in the eyes of the state and civil marriage is introduced.
- January 21, 1918 - Decree on complete separation church from the state and on the confiscation of all church property.
- The decree provided for specific measures to ensure that religious organizations carry out their functions.
- Guaranteed free performance of rituals that do not violate public order and not accompanied by encroachments on the rights of citizens, religious societies were granted the right to free use of buildings and objects for worship.
- Widespread closure of temples;
- Confiscation of church property for revolutionary needs;
- Arrests of clerics;
- Depriving them voting rights;
- Children from families of the clergy were deprived of the opportunity to receive special or higher education.
- http://www.pugoviza.ru/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1220371796
- http://alkir.narod.ru/rh-book/l-kap9/l-09-03-3.html
- http://www.uralligaculture.ru/index.php?main=library&id=100007
- http://www.xumuk.ru/bse/993.html
- http://literra.ru/2006/10/
- http://mp3slovo.com/list2_13_5.html
- http://russianway.rhga.ru/catalogue-books/index.php?SECTION_ID=326&ELEMENT_ID=23253
- http://dugward.ru/library/blok/blok_mojet_li.html
- Sources: A.A. Danilov, History of Russia in the 20th - early 21st century
- M., "Enlightenment", 2008.
- Internet resources:
The main tasks of the cultural revolution: the task was to overcome cultural inequality, to make the treasures of culture accessible to the working people. elimination of illiteracy: in 1919, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years old was obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language. In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of M. I. Kalinin.
"Down with illiteracy!" In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of M. I. Kalinin. Howled opened thousands of points for the elimination of illiteracy educational program.
Public education. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the Regulations on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR. It is based on the principle of free education. By the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the preferential right to enter universities. By the end of the 1930s, mass illiteracy in our country had largely been overcome.
Power and intelligentsia: the question of the attitude to the revolution. Abroad were: S. V. Rachmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A. N. Tolstoy, M. I. Tsvetaeva, E. I. Zamyatin, F. I. Chaliapin, A. P. Pavlova, I. A. Bunin, A.I. Kuprin and others. The lowering of the spiritual and intellectual level of 500 prominent scientists who headed the departments and entire scientific areas: P. A. Sorokin, K. N. Davydov, V. K. Agafonov, S. N. Vinogradsky and others
“INTELLIGENCE HAS ALWAYS BEEN REVOLUTIONARY. BOLSHEVIK DECRETS ARE SYMBOLS OF THE INTELLIGENCE. ABANDONED SLOGANS REQUIRING DEVELOPMENT. THE EARTH OF GOD. . . IS IT NOT A SYMBOL OF THE ADVANCED INTELLIGENCE? TRUTH, THE BOLSHEVIKS DON'T SAY THE WORDS "GOD", THEY ARE MORE CURSING, BUT YOU CAN'T GET A WORD FROM A SONG. EVITATION OF THE INTELLIGENTIAL AGAINST THE BOLSHEVIKS ON THE SURFACE. IT LOOKS ALREADY PASSING. A PERSON THINKS DIFFERENTLY THAN HE SAYS. RECONCILIATION COMES, MUSICAL RECONCILIATION. . . » Can the intelligentsia work with the Bolsheviks? - Maybe I should. (A. A. Blok)
Remained at home V. M. Bekhterev N. D. Zelinsky N. I. Vavilov K. A. Timiryazev N. E. Zhukovsky V. I. Vernadsky I. P. Pavlov K. E. Tsiolkovsky
Remained at home M. Voloshin A. Akhmatova N. Gumilyov V. Mayakovsky M. Bulgakov V. Meyerhold and others.
"Smenovekhovstvo" is an ideological, political and social movement that arose in the early 1920s. among the Russian foreign liberal-minded intelligentsia. It got its name from the collection "Change of milestones", published in Prague in July 1921. The Smenovekhites set themselves the task of revising the position of the intelligentsia in relation to post-revolutionary Russia. The essence of this revision was the rejection of armed struggle with the new government, the recognition of the need to cooperate with it in the name of the well-being of the Fatherland.
“Smenovekhovism” (results) Returned to their homeland: A. N. Tolstoy S. S. Prokofiev M. Gorky M. Tsvetaeva A. I. Kuprin authorities.
Class approach to culture The party and the state have established complete control over the spiritual life of society. 1921 - trial of the Petrograd military organization (famous scientists and cultural figures). 1922 - 160 prominent scientists and philosophers were expelled from the country. 1922 - establishment of Glavlit, and then Glavrepertkom (censorship).
From the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) "On the policy of the party in the field of fiction" June 18, 1925 Thus, just as the class struggle does not stop in our country in general, it does not stop on the literary front either. In a class society there is not and cannot be a neutral art. The Party must emphasize the necessity of creating fiction designed for a truly mass reader, both worker and peasant; it is necessary to break bolder and more decisively with the prejudices of the nobility in literature
Bolsheviks and the Church. On December 11 (24), 1917, a decree appeared on the transfer of all church schools to the Commissariat of Education. On December 18 (31), the effectiveness of church marriage is annulled in the eyes of the state and civil marriage is introduced. January 21, 1918 - a decree was published on the complete separation of church and state and on the confiscation of all church property.
The decree provided for specific measures to ensure that religious organizations carry out their functions. The free performance of rituals that did not violate public order and was not accompanied by infringement on the rights of citizens was guaranteed, religious societies were granted the right to free use of buildings and objects for worship.
More and more bans fell upon the Church. Widespread closure of churches; Confiscation of church property for revolutionary needs; Arrests of clerics; Deprivation of their voting rights; Children from families of the clergy were deprived of the opportunity to receive a special or higher education.
If we go back to the first years after the revolution, then it should be noted that almost immediately a new central agency was formed on the basis of the Ministry of Public Education - the People's Commissariat of Education, headed by A.V. Lunacharsky. Its terms of reference were much broader than the previous ministry. The People's Commissariat kept in its field of attention all spheres of the spiritual life of society, all cultural institutions.
This department concentrated the management of preschool education and school (primary, secondary and higher), political "enlightenment" of the population and publishing, vocational training of workers and scientific institutions, theaters and museums, libraries and clubs. Narkompros boldly and categorically invaded even such a subtle area of human creative activity as literature and art.
Simultaneously with the creation of a new intelligentsia loyal to the ideas of communism, the Bolshevik government made desperate attempts to establish a dialogue with representatives of the old intelligentsia - a small (about 2.2% of the population), but a particularly significant social group, the main bearer of knowledge and national cultural traditions.
At first, the policy towards the old intelligentsia was ambivalent. On the one hand, conditions were created for the creativity of scientists, the improvement of their life, on the other hand, executions and arrests were used against representatives of the old bourgeois school. In the early 20s. this policy has become more consistent. The authorities supported those representatives of science and art who accepted the revolution. There has been some revival public life creative and scientific intelligentsia, various associations of writers, artists, and scientists began to operate again.
Repressions unfolded against the intelligentsia, which openly took anti-Soviet positions. Many prominent philosophers (the "philosophical steamboat" of 1922), artists and writers were exiled. Some were forced to emigrate. After 1924, the deportations stopped, but arrests and imprisonment in camps began again. A partial or complete ban was introduced on the publication of the work of some authors (N.S. Gumilyov).
Less brutal was the fight against "fellow travelers" - representatives of the creative intelligentsia, who accepted the revolution, but declared their apolitical nature, the independence of artistic creativity from ideological convictions.
Since October 1917, the new government also sought to subjugate the authoritative among the people of the Russian Orthodox Church(as, indeed, other religious denominations) and consistently, in spite of everything, moved towards the goal.
On the basis of the decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the separation of the church from the state and the school from the church (January 20, 1918), freedom of conscience, church and religious organizations, the right to conduct religious and anti-religious propaganda were introduced. Also in 1918, the patriarchate was restored, and Metropolitan Tikhon of Moscow became patriarch. However, on the direct instructions of V.I. Lenin, confiscations were carried out (1922) under the pretext of fighting the famine of the values of the church, as well as the subsequent mass terror against its ministers. Beginning in the 1920s, various literary publications and various organizations and unions began to appear. The largest of these organizations was the union of "militant atheists", which by 1930 consisted of 3.5 million people. Many church holidays were replaced by Soviet ones, and religious intelligentsia were arrested.
As a result, in 1927, the Soviet government liquidated the patriarchate, which could be restored only in 1943, after which another massive attack on all religions began. And if we run a little ahead, to the beginning of the 30s, it should be noted that in 1932 the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On the Godless Five-Year Plan" was adopted, which set the task of forgetting the "name of God" by May 1, 1937 "On the entire territory THE USSR".
Mass illiteracy was a heavy legacy pre-revolutionary Russia and was exacerbated by the Civil War. But since 1919, when the Decree “On the Elimination of Illiteracy Among the Population of the RSFSR” was adopted, an attack on this “age-old evil” began. This Decree obligated all children and adults from 8 to 50 years old to learn to read and write. A network of educational institutions began to be created: literacy schools, reading rooms, circles. In 1920, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for the Elimination of Illiteracy was established, and in 1923 a mass voluntary society "Down with illiteracy!"
Thus, by the end of the 1920s about 50% of the population could read and write (against 30% in 1917). At the same time, the USSR continued to remain only 19th in Europe in terms of literacy.
The new government set the task of radically transforming the entire system of public education in order to create unified labor school, the main principles of which were:
- - Communication of training with production;
- - Continuity in upbringing and education;
- - Cooperative learning.
The Decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the separation of the church from the state and the school from the church" became the first step towards transformation. The teaching of the "Law of God" in schools was abolished. The Constitution of the RSFSR secured the right to "complete, comprehensive and free education." A special decree of the People's Commissariat of Education "On Schools of National Minorities" established equal rights for all non-Russian schools in the education system.
On the basis of the position of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee "On a unified labor school", a two-stage school was created (stage I - 5-year education; schools of the second stage were created on the basis of grades 4-7 of gymnasiums and commercial schools). At the end of 1920, curricula and programs appeared that included the compulsory study of the Russian language, physics, chemistry, mathematics and literature. In 1925, a decree was adopted on the introduction into the RSFSR universal primary education, calculated for 10 years.
The goal of the reforms in higher education was to form a new worker-peasant intelligentsia. The Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of August 2, 1918 "On the rules for admission to higher educational institutions of the RSFSR" granted every person over the age of 16 (regardless of citizenship, gender, religion) the right to enter universities without exams. Tuition has been cancelled. All academic degrees and titles of the teaching staff were abolished. During admission, the class principle was respected, providing an advantage to people from the working people.
Later, in 1919. Were created workers' faculties- faculties of working youth to prepare for entering the university. In 1921 Regulations "On higher educational institutions RSFSR" eliminated the autonomy of higher education. They were placed under the vigilant supervision of party and state bodies. Professors and teachers who did not share communist beliefs were fired. The faculties of law, history and philology were also abolished, and faculties of social sciences (FONs) were created instead. In addition, since 1921 Compulsory study of Marxism-Leninism was introduced.
The leaders of the Soviet government were faced with the task of restoring the scientific potential of the country and putting it at the service of socialist construction.
After the revolution, a network of scientific institutions was preserved - the Russian Academy of Sciences (since 1925 - the Academy of Sciences of the USSR), university departments, new research institutes and societies were simultaneously established.
The membership of the Russian Academy of Sciences in international organizations was renewed. Domestic scientists participated in international conferences, in foreign scientific expeditions. The first official speech of scientists of Soviet Russia abroad was the report of N.I. Vavilov and A.A. Yachevsky at the International Congress on the Control of Cereal Diseases in 1921 in the USA.
In 1920 About 200 scientists took part in the development of the GOELRO plan (State Plan for the Electrification of Russia). In connection with the needs of production, oil exploration began in different parts of the country.
In the post-revolutionary years, the situation in the field of Russian literature and art has seriously changed. Many representatives of artistic culture emigrated or were subjected to repression, some of those who remained continued to work in the old way, but a significant part of writers and artists accepted the tasks of the cultural revolution. In this direction, the creativity of the pre-revolutionary avant-garde developed, whose representatives were impressed by the idea of creating a new reality by means of art. In the 20s. a new generation of creative intelligentsia appeared, "returned by the revolution." In conditions of revolutionary enthusiasm, the first successes of the NEP and a certain creative freedom. Among the old and new creative intelligentsia, a struggle began for the ways and methods of building a new literature and art.
In accordance with the concept of revolutionary art, literature was called upon to "serve the working people." The main hero of literature and art was the "man of labor" with new moral foundations.
As for literary associations and organizations, such organizations as Proletkult, RAPP participated in the struggle for the proletarianization of art. Also in the first years of the NEP, such literary and artistic groups as "October" (1922), "Left Front of the Arts" (LEF, 1922) in 1923 were created. The Moscow Association of Proletarian Writers (MAPP) was created.
However, not all organizations were in favor of the formation of a new proletarian culture. The literary societies "Serapion Brothers" (1921), "Pass" and others also looked for ways to new art, but took a position that caused sharp criticism from the Rappovites and Lefovites as "fellow travelers"
During this period, there are significant changes in the visual arts. Despite the fact that in the 1920s the Association of Traveling Exhibitions and the Union of Russian Artists continued to exist, new associations appeared in the spirit of the times - the Association of Artists of Proletarian Russia, the Association of Proletarian Artists. Avant-garde artists supported the idea of art serving the state and the revolution, government controlled art and ideological control over it. They substantiated the concept of mass art as a tool for "constructing the psyche"
The classics of socialist realism in the visual arts were the works of B.V. Ioganson, and in particular the painting "Interrogation of a Communist". Ceremonial portraits of the leaders of the people were widely spread.
In the first half of the 20s. plans were drawn up for the orderly development of large cities - Moscow, Leningrad, Baku, Yerevan, etc. The architects who worked on these plans were representatives of the pre-revolutionary architectural school.
The leading stylistic direction of Soviet architecture was constructivism. Architects, continuing the traditions of Russian Art Nouveau, saw their task in the development art forms based on the functional purpose of things, buildings, materials used, technical structures. The constructivists put forward the slogan industrial socially useful art. Striving for simplicity, geometric forms, a combination of imagery and functionality of aesthetic forms, they were looking for creative expressiveness in new designs and materials.
By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars in 1919, all theaters in the country were declared national property. The theater was an important site of the "struggle for folk art" and the most decisive changes took place here. The revolution contributed to the development of a new director's theater.
Numerous theatrical groups sprang up. The Bolshoi Drama Theater in Leningrad, the first artistic director of which was A. Blok, played an important role in the development of theatrical art. V. Meyerhold, the theater. E. Vakhtangov, Moscow Theater. Moscow City Council. soviet intelligentsia art literary
By the mid-20s, the emergence of Soviet dramaturgy, which had a huge impact on the development of theatrical art, dates back. The major events of the theatrical seasons of 1925-1927. steel "Storm" V. Bill-Belotserkovsky in the theater. MGSPS, “Love Yarovaya” by K. Trenev at the Maly Theater, “The Rupture” by B. Lavrenev at the Theater. E. Vakhtangov and at the Bolshoi Drama Theatre, “Armored Train 14-69” by V. Ivanov at the Moscow Art Theater. The classics occupied a strong place in the theater repertoire. Attempts to read it again were made both by academic theaters (A. Ostrovsky's Hot Heart at the Moscow Art Theater) and by the "leftists" ("The Forest" by A. Ostrovsky and N. Gogol's "Inspector General" at the V. Meyerhold Theater).
In August 1919 the film industry was nationalized, which played a big role in the development of Soviet propaganda. “Cinema is the most important form of art for us until illiteracy is eliminated,” Lenin emphasized. CM. Eisenstein (the author of the films "Battleship Potemkin", "October") laid the foundation for the development of revolutionary themes in feature cinema.
In the early years of Soviet power, the development of music was closely connected with songwriting. The Internationale became the party and state anthem of the USSR.
The musical life of the country in those years is associated with the names of S. Prokofiev, D. Shostakovich, A. Khachaturian, T. Khrennikov, D. Kabalevsky, I. Dunaevsky and others. Young conductors E. Mravinsky, B. Khaikin came to the fore. Musical ensembles were created, which later glorified the domestic musical culture: the Quartet. Beethoven, the Big State Symphony Orchestra, the State Philharmonic Orchestra, etc.
The 1920s went down in the history of our country as a period of the "cultural revolution", which meant not only a significant increase, compared with the pre-revolutionary period, in the educational level of the people and the degree of their familiarization with the achievements of culture, but also the undivided triumph of the Marxist-Leninist doctrine , the transformation of literature and art into an institution of influence on the masses.
The cultural development of this period is very ambiguous, which leaves questions for reflection to this day:
On the one hand, the revolution made all the treasures of culture and art the property of the working people. The doors of palaces, museums, theaters and concert halls opened wide for the people. Unusual spectators and listeners came here: - workers and peasants, Red Guards and sailors. Some progress has also been made in raising the general intellectual level.
On the other hand, one of the main features of this period is the all-encompassing party-state control over the spiritual life of society in order to form a communist-type person, to introduce into the mass consciousness the only unified ideology that justifies and justifies all the actions of the regime.
Although the party established complete control over the spiritual life of society, its goal was to raise the spirit of culture among the masses, to awaken a craving for art, while at the same time not letting go of control. V.I. Lenin said: "It should awaken artists in them and develop them."
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Text content of presentation slides: SPIRITUAL LIFE OF THE USSR IN THE 1920s. Somenkova Ekaterina Vladimirovteacher of history MBOU secondary school No. 1O Arzamas Determine the goals of the "cultural revolution" A.V. Lunacharsky - People's Commissar of Education: The goal of the cultural revolution is to form a comprehensively developed harmonious personality. In the transformation of each person into a conscious creator of history. Determine the goals of the "cultural revolution" L.D. Trotsky, member of the Politburo elimination of illiteracy. Where in a backward country, which is in a capitalist encirclement, to appear " new person". Decree of the Council of People's Commissars. December 26, 1919 In order to provide the entire population of the Republic with the opportunity to consciously participate in political life of the country, the Council of People's Commissars decided: 1. The entire population of the Republic aged 8-50 years old, who cannot read and write, is obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language at will ... the entire literate population of the country who was not drafted into the army ... 5. For those studying to read and write, employed, with the exception of those employed in militarized enterprises, the working day is reduced by two hours for the entire duration of training while maintaining wages . Public education. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on the unified labor school of the RSFSR." It is based on the principle of free education. By decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the preferential right to enter universities 1921-1922 subbotniks were held to help schools (voluntary fundraising) 1923 the All-Russian Voluntary Society “Down with illiteracy” was organized, headed by M.I. the elimination of illiteracy, the introduction of universal education from 8-50 years old, workers' faculties (workers' faculties) were created at universities and institutes, schools were opened, and illiteracy was eliminated. Statement by N.I. Bukharin in 1924 “We need the cadres of the intelligentsia to be trained ideologically in a certain manner. Yes, we will churn out intellectuals, we will work them out like in a factory.” Comment on this document. Start by clarifying the meaning of such phrases as "cadres of intelligentsia", "trained ideologically", "in a certain manner", "stamp intellectuals", "produce intellectuals, like in a factory." Power and intelligentsia: the question of the attitude to the revolution. S. V. Rakhmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A. N. Tolstoy, M. I. Tsvetaeva, E. I. Zamyatin, F. I. Chaliapin, A. P. Pavlova, I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kuprin and others. Emigration (from lat. emigro - “I am moving out”) relocation from one country to another due to economic, political, personal circumstances Spiritual opposition M. VoloshinA. AkhmatovaN. GumilevV. Mayakovsky M. BulgakovV. Meyerholdy et al. among the Russian foreign liberal-minded intelligentsia. It got its name from the collection "Change of milestones", published in Prague in July 1921. “Smenovekhovism” (results) A.N. Tolstoy, S.S. Prokofiev, M. Gorky, M. Tsvetaeva, A.I. Returned to their homeland: Attitude of the Bolsheviks: Remained in their homeland V.I. Vernadsky K.E. Tsiolkovsky N.E. Zhukovsky I.P. Pavlov N.I. Vavilov V.M. 1921 - the trial of the Petrograd military organization (well-known scientists and cultural figures). August 1922-1922. –1922 - establishment of Glavlit. 1925. Decrees of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On the policy of the party in the field of fiction" 1918 decree on the separation of church and state Workers of culture and science were shot The expulsion of 160 prominent scientists and philosophers from the country. Control over all printed matter Exercises of artistic diversity Arbitrariness on the ground in relation to the church and its ministers Class approach to culture The Bolsheviks and the church. From a note by V. I. Lenin. March 19, 1922 Precisely now and only now, when people are being eaten in hungry areas and hundreds, if not thousands of corpses are lying on the roads, we can (and therefore must!) confiscate church valuables with the most frenzied and merciless energy and without stopping before suppression of any resistance ... Than more the representatives of the reactionary clergy and the reactionary bourgeoisie can be shot on this occasion, so much the better. It is necessary now to teach this public a lesson in such a way that for several decades they will not even dare to think about any kind of resistance. - For what purposes did Lenin propose to confiscate church valuables? More and more bans fell upon the Church: Widespread closure of churches; Confiscation of church property for revolutionary needs; Arrests of clergy; Deprivation of their voting rights; Children from families of the clergy were deprived of the opportunity to receive a special or higher education. The main directions of the spiritual life of Soviet society, new cadres of the Soviet intelligentsia appeared, the fight against illiteracy, a “new art” arose, party control was established over the spiritual life of the country, and the fight against religion. Homework paragraph 22, heading "Expanding vocabulary", answer the question in writing: Determine the achievements and losses of the spiritual life of the country.
Construction of the Soviet school
On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on the unified labor school of the RSFSR." Despite the obvious costs - the abolition of lessons, homework, textbooks, grades and exams, the provision was significant because it affirmed the principle of free education.
By the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, the workers and poor peasants received the preferential right to enter universities. Working faculties (workers' faculties) were created at the universities.
Ideology and culture
The creative intelligentsia at first enthusiastically accepted the revolution, but soon they realized how tight the state control over any manifestations of creative search would become.
Many representatives of the creative intelligentsia went abroad. (I.A. Bunin, A.I. Kuprin, A.K. Glazunov, S.S. Prokofiev, F.I. Chaliapin, I.E. Repin and others)
A. A. Akhmatova, M. A. Voloshin, M. M. Prishvin, M. A. Bulgakov, having remained in their homeland, went into deep spiritual opposition.
A number of creative intelligentsia collaborated with the new government, believing that the revolution would awaken the creative forces in the country. VV Mayakovsky sang about the revolution in his poems. ("Ode to the Revolution", "Left March"). A.A. Blok (poem "The Twelve"). Artists K.S. Petrov-Vodkin who painted the painting “1918 in Petrograd” and V.M. Kustodiev - the painting “Bolshevik”. V. E. Meyerhold staged the first Soviet performance "Mystery-buff" based on Mayakovsky's play. The performance was designed by the artist K.S.Malevich.
Many famous scientists considered it their duty to work for the good of the Motherland, although not everyone shared the ideological views of the Bolsheviks. The founder of aircraft construction N.E. Zhukovsky, the creator of biochemistry and geochemistry V.I. Vernadsky, the chemist N.D. Zelinsky, the father of cosmonautics K.E. Tsiolkovsky, the physiologist I.P. Pavlov, the agronomist I.V. A. Timiryazev.
With the end civil war Bolsheviks sharply increased control over the spiritual life of the country. In August 1921, repressions began. The chemist M.I. Tikhvinsky and the poet N.S. Gumilyov were shot.
At the end of August 1922, about 160 prominent scientists and philosophers were expelled from the country. Among them are the philosophers N.A. Berdyaev, S.N. Bulgakov, E.N. Trubetskoy. The greatest scientist - sociologist P.A. Sorokin and others.
Until 1925, culture developed in relative spiritual freedom. In 1925, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution “On the policy of the party in the field of fiction". Party diktat began to assert itself in the spiritual life of the creative intelligentsia.
Smenovekhovism
After October revolution about a million of its citizens were forced to leave the country. Most of them were extremely hostile to the Soviet regime. However, a number of emigrants saw deep roots in the "senseless and merciless rebellion". The Bolsheviks managed to drive anarchy into the mainstream of the state. In the NEP, they saw confirmation of their correctness. In July 1921, a collection of articles entitled "Change of milestones" was published in Paris, reflecting these views. A number of emigrants began to return to their homeland. In 1923 A.N. Tolstoy returned. In the 1930s S.S. Prokofiev, M.I. Tsvetaeva, M. Gorky, A.I. Kuprin returned.
"Smenovekhovstvo" suited the Bolsheviks as well, since it made it possible to split the emigration.
The ideology of the "new art"
As part of an atheistic upbringing, the Bolsheviks tried to eliminate their main competitor in the spiritual life of the country. The adoption on January 23, 1918 of the decree on the separation of the state from the church opened up a policy of arbitrariness in relation to the church. Temples and monasteries began to close, and their property was confiscated by the authorities. Elected in 1918, Patriarch Tikhon, anathematized by the Bolsheviks. In 1922, Patriarch Tikhon was arrested. After his death in 1925, the election of a new patriarch was banned. Metropolitan Peter, who assumed the duties of patriarch, was exiled to Solovki. Until 1943, Sergius, locum tenens of the patriarchal throne, led the church. (Patriarch in 1943-1944).
By creating a literary, artistic and cultural-educational organization - Proletkult, the Bolsheviks tried to introduce the creative intelligentsia into an organized channel, preaching "pure proletarian culture" and demanding that the cultural traditions of the past be thrown into a landfill.
In 1925, the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP) took shape. A new generation of writers entered literature. I.E.Babel - "Cavalry", A.S. Serafimovich with the novel "Iron Stream", K.A. Trenev "Love Yarovaya", M.A. Sholokhov - "Don Stories", D.A. Furmanov - " Chapaev.
During the years of the NEP, satire flourished. The "Twelve Chairs" by I. Ilf and E. Petrov, Mayakovsky's satirical plays "Bug" and "Bath" were published. Amazing stories by M. Zoshchenko.
Poster art flourished. Revolutionary romance fanned the work of the sculptor I.D. Shadr - “Cobblestone is a tool of the proletariat. 1905". Giant construction plans in the spirit of constructivism are presented by the architects. "Tower of the III International", designed in 1919 by V.E. Tatlin.
The history of world cinema includes the films of S. Eisenstein - "Battleship Potemkin", "October".
The spiritual life of Soviet society in the first years of Soviet power was still distinguished by relative freedom, but gradually, more and more, spiritual life began to be squeezed by the ideological party attack on culture.
Spiritual life of the USSR in the 30s of the XX century
The 30s are the years "cultural revolution" proclaimed by the Bolsheviks. The main tasks of the "cultural revolution" were considered to be the elimination of illiteracy and significant raising the educational level people. The most important, fundamental aspect of the "cultural revolution" was approval and undivided dominance in the spiritual life of society of the Marxist - Leninist teachings.
Education
In the 1930s began the transition to universal 4 classroom teaching. IN 1937 became mandatory 7 years of study. reworked school programs created new textbooks. Lessons, subjects, schedule, grades, strict discipline and penalties, up to and including exclusion, have been returned to the school. In 1934, the teaching of geography and history was restored on the basis of Marxist-Leninist principles. In 1933-1937, more than 20,000 new schools were opened. According to the 1939 census, literacy in the USSR was over 80%. The Soviet Union came out on top in the world in terms of the number of pupils and students
The science
Stalin's statement that all sciences, including natural and mathematical ones, are political in nature, led to the persecution of scientists who disagree with this statement.
A group of biologists and philosophers, headed by T.D. Lysenko, opposed geneticists, declaring it a "bourgeois science." The correct "class" approach was appreciated. Leading geneticists of the country, headed by N.I. Vavilov, N.K. Koltsov, were repressed. As a result, Soviet genetics hopelessly lagged behind advanced world science in its development.
Stalin paid special attention to history, which became the most important ideological discipline. In 1938 would be published "A short course in the history of the CPSU (b)", personally edited by Stalin and became a new concept of the country's history. Ideological dogmas and party control had an extremely negative impact on the state of the humanities.
Despite everything, Soviet science continued to develop. Leading Soviet scientists have made a significant contribution to world science.
Physics: S.I. Vavilov (problems of optics). A.F.Ioffe (physics of crystals and semiconductors). B.V. and I.V. Kurchatov (study of the atomic nucleus. I. Kurchatov became the creator of the Soviet atomic bomb.)
Chemistry: N.D.Zelinsky, S.V.Lebedev. The production of synthetic rubber, plastics, etc. has been established.
socialist realism
Soviet art developed in the grip of party censorship, and was obliged to follow within the framework of a single artistic direction - socialist realism. Marxist-Leninist ideology was driven into society by any means. The decisions of the party bodies regarding the state and further development of culture were the ultimate truth and were not subject to discussion. Reflecting the life of Soviet society not through the realities of the present day, but only through the myths planted in society about a beautiful tomorrow is the political basis of the method of socialist realism. All creative workers had to follow this rigid party setting. Dissenters had no place in the life of society.
At first, the majority of Soviet people perceived the implanted myths in an atmosphere of faith in a beautiful tomorrow. These moods of the people were skillfully used by the authorities, generating labor enthusiasm and anger towards the "enemies of the people", absolute devotion to the leader and readiness for exploits.
The development of Soviet culture in the 1930s was controversial. Despite the strictest control and ideological pressure, Soviet culture has achieved significant success.
Soviet cinema
Documentary film
Cinematography has become the most popular form of art. The whole country watched the documentary chronicle. Through the screen it was possible to show surrounding people life within the party guidelines. The “great illusion” of a communist tomorrow, shown through the heroism of myths, influenced the consciousness of people who built new life as part of a grand communist experiment ..
D. Vetrov, E.K. Tisse, E.I. Shub worked in documentary films, leaving wonderful shots of the country's past.
Art cinema
Feature cinematography also worked within the framework of socialist realism.
In 1931, the first Soviet sound film "Start in Life" (directed by N.V. Ekk) was released. The problem of the new Soviet generation is devoted to the films of S.A. Gerasimov "Seven Courageous", "Komsomolsk", "Teacher".
In 1936, the first color film "Grunya Kornakov" directed by N.V. Ekka was released.
In the 1930s, a significant number of Soviet films were made on a wide variety of topics.
