Leaves traces on the limbs of the feet. The oldest human footprint. How Assange made new enemies

The authorities of Ecuador have deprived Julian Assange of asylum in the London embassy. The founder of WikiLeaks is detained by the British police, and this has already been called the biggest betrayal in the history of Ecuador. Why is Assange being avenged and what awaits him?

Julian Assange, a programmer and journalist from Australia, became widely known after the website WikiLeaks, founded by him, published secret documents of the US State Department, as well as materials related to military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan in 2010.

But it was quite difficult to find out who the policemen, supporting by the arms, were taking out of the building. Assange grew a beard and did not look at all like the energetic man that he had so far presented in photographs.

According to Ecuadorian President Lenin Moreno, Assange's asylum was denied because of his repeated violations of international conventions.

He is expected to remain at a police station in central London until he appears before Westminster Magistrates' Court.

Why the President of Ecuador is accused of betrayal

Former President of Ecuador Rafael Correa called the decision of the current government the biggest betrayal in the history of the country. "What he (Moreno. - Approx. ed.) did is a crime that humanity will never forget," Correa said.

London, on the contrary, thanked Moreno. The British Foreign Office believes that justice has prevailed. The representative of the Russian diplomatic department, Maria Zakharova, has a different opinion. "The hand of 'democracy' is squeezing the throat of freedom," she said. The Kremlin expressed the hope that the rights of the arrested person would be respected.

Ecuador harbored Assange because ex-president adhered to the center-left views, criticized US policy and welcomed the publication by WikiLeaks of classified documents on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Even before the Internet activist needed asylum, he managed to get to know Correa personally: he interviewed him for the Russia Today channel.

However, in 2017, the government in Ecuador changed, the country headed for rapprochement with the United States. The new president called Assange "a stone in the shoe" and immediately made it clear that his stay on the territory of the embassy would not be delayed.

According to Correa, the moment of truth came at the end of June last year, when US Vice President Michael Pence arrived in Ecuador on a visit. Then everything was decided. "You can be sure: Lenin is just a hypocrite. He has already agreed with the Americans about the fate of Assange. And now he is trying to make us swallow the pill, saying that Ecuador allegedly continues the dialogue," Correa said in an interview with Russia Today.

How Assange made new enemies

The day before his arrest, WikiLeaks editor-in-chief Kristin Hrafnsson said that Assange was under total surveillance. "WikiLeaks uncovered a massive spy operation against Julian Assange at the Ecuadorian embassy," he said. According to him, cameras and voice recorders were placed around Assange, and the information received was transmitted to the administration of Donald Trump.

Hrafnsson specified that Assange was going to be expelled from the embassy a week earlier. This did not happen only because WikiLeaks made this information public. A high-ranking source told the portal about the plans of the Ecuadorian authorities, but the head of the Ecuadorian Foreign Ministry, Jose Valencia, denied the rumors.

Assange's expulsion was preceded by a corruption scandal involving Moreno. In February, WikiLeaks published the INA Papers package, which traced the operations of the offshore company INA Investment, founded by the brother of the Ecuadorian leader. In Quito, they said that this was a plot by Assange with Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro and former head of Ecuador Rafael Correa to overthrow Moreno.

In early April, Moreno complained about Assange's behavior in Ecuador's London mission. “We have to protect the life of Mr. Assange, but he has already crossed all the lines in terms of violating the agreement that we reached with him,” the president said. “This does not mean that he cannot speak freely, but he cannot lie and hack ". At the same time, back in February last year, it became known that Assange at the embassy was deprived of the opportunity to interact with the outside world, in particular, he was turned off access to the Internet.

Why Sweden stopped persecuting Assange

At the end of last year, Western media, citing sources, reported that Assange would be charged in the United States. This was never officially confirmed, but it was precisely because of Washington's position that Assange had to take refuge in the Ecuadorian embassy six years ago.

Sweden, in May 2017, stopped investigating two cases of rape in which the founder of the portal was accused. Assange demanded compensation from the country's government for legal costs in the amount of 900,000 euros.

Earlier, in 2015, Swedish prosecutors also dropped three charges against him due to the statute of limitations.

Where did the rape investigation lead?

Assange arrived in Sweden in the summer of 2010, hoping to get protection from US authorities. But he was under investigation for rape. In November 2010, a warrant for his arrest was issued in Stockholm, and Assange was put on the international wanted list. He was detained in London, but was soon released on bail of 240 thousand pounds.

In February 2011, a British court ruled to extradite Assange to Sweden, followed by a series of successful appeals for the founder of WikiLeaks.

The British authorities placed him under house arrest before deciding to extradite him to Sweden. Breaking his promise to the authorities, Assange asked for asylum in the Ecuadorian embassy, ​​which was granted to him. Since then, the UK has had its own grievances against the founder of WikiLeaks.

What's next for Assange?

The man was re-arrested following a U.S. extradition request for publishing classified documents, police said. At the same time, Deputy Foreign Minister Alan Duncan said that Assange would not be sent to the United States if he faced the death penalty there.

In the UK, Assange is likely to appear in court on the afternoon of 11 April. This is stated on the WikiLeaks Twitter page. It is likely that the British authorities will seek a maximum sentence of 12 months, the man's mother said, citing his lawyer.

At the same time, the Swedish prosecutor's office is considering reopening the investigation into the rape allegation. Lawyer Elizabeth Massey Fritz, who represented the interests of the victim, will seek this.

largely continental, rocks -white and pink organogenic calcarenites (limestones consisting of more than 50% of redeposited carbonate grains of the sandstone fraction) of the Mugron formation, white freshwater ("tap" facies) marls, gray and green marls with brown coal interlayers, in places polymictic conglomerates.At Saladas and Barranc de l'Escorfer footprints of human feetare found either in massive sandstones, sandy loams, and white marls of the Burdigalian Stage of the Lower Miocene (20.44-15.97 million years ago), or in scaphopod (class of molluscs) sandstones, calcareous sandstones and marls with detrital lenses of the Tortonian stage of the Upper Miocene (11.63-7.246 million years ago), possibly even in light ocher marls with interlayers of sandstones and limestones of the Albian and Cenomanian stages of the Lower and Upper Cretaceous (113.0-93.9 million years ago).The location of all the listed strata in the area where footprints of human feet were found, the absence of the names of settlements and road numbers on the geological map, and the close composition of all deposits does not allow us to determine in which particular strata the footprints were found. Their visible connection with stone ruts and the confinement of a significant part of the ruts to the Tortonian deposits allows while dwelling on the late Miocene, Tortonian, age of traces of people (1 1.63-7.246 million years ago). To clarify their age, specialized geological studies are needed. So far, only one thing is known for certain - human footprints at least 7.25 million years old.

See the photos I took and read my comments on them when needed. The materials presented below complement the recently publisheda selection of photographs (with comments) of human footprints and shoes in the Neogene (Middle Miocene-Early Pleistocene) deposits of Sicily. They are sensational, convincingly proving the existence of highly developed civilizations from 12 to 7, perhaps up to 20 and even 113 million years ago. . Seeing below andpreviously(and , and ) photographs, you will discard the last doubts that the modern history of mankind was preceded by an antediluvian history lasting many millions of years. And also thatand many others did not arise from scratch, but were removed on the basis of the knowledge of the initiates hidden from most people. And, like me, you will feel sorry for those teachers, professors and scientists who, out of ignorance, necessity (in order not to lose their jobs) or wrong belief, teach schoolchildren, students and adults a false, rewritten, false history. And like me, you will condemn those officials who are appointed to ensure that such, carrying LIGHT TRUTH, knowledge and facts in history textbooks, scientific articles, monographs and close access for them to scientific conferences and grants. And, like me, you will think about who is in charge of all this ... moreover, not in a single country, but on the scale of our entire planet

The imprint of the feet of the Buddha is one of the varieties of religious shrines, which is widespread in Southeast Asia. There are more than 3,000 such "fingerprints" in the countries of this region. Most often they are found in Sri Lanka, Thailand and China. Three of the most revered footprints of the Buddha are located in these countries: one at the top of Adam's Peak in Sri Lanka, another at Wat Phra Phutthabat in central Thailand, and a third in Changzhou province, China.

Interestingly, the veneration of the footprints of the Buddha arose earlier than the tradition of installing his figures in temples, so this is a rather ancient form of worship.

The footprints of the Buddha's steps come in two varieties: as a depression in a stone, resembling a foot in shape, or in the form of a brick or concrete pedestal, where the outline of the foot is laid out. Special signs are usually applied to this type of prints, for example, a relief image of the wheel of dharma in the center of the foot, a swastika (in Asia it is still a Buddhist symbol, not a fascist attribute), a lotus flower, and so on. Along the contour of the foot, and sometimes over its entire area, there are 32, 108 or 132 "signs of the Buddha" - this is a list hallmarks possessed by Buddha Gautama. These include, for example, the same length of all toes. That is why the footprint of the Buddha on Koh Samui looks so unnatural.

The footprints of the Buddha are not literally perceived as a trace of his steps. These relics are given a spiritual meaning. There are several interpretations of it, for example, this: the images of the feet remind believers that the Buddha, being a man, was physically present on Earth and showed people the spiritual path they should follow in search of enlightenment. You can hear other explanations of what the footprints of the Buddha mean.

According to Thailand, there are 5 authentic footprints of the Buddha's Foot in the entire Universe, the rest are imitations. One of the prints is on the Golden Mountain northeast of Ayutthaya, near the city of Sarabuti.

At the beginning of the 18th century, Siamese monks went on a pilgrimage to the footprint of the Buddha in Lanka. The Lan monks asked them: “Why do you come here when the sacred books tell that there is a footprint of Buddha in your country on the Golden Mountain?” Upon their return, the monks reported this conversation to the king, who ordered to look for the footprint of the Buddha. Governor Saraburi reported that the hunter Boone had discovered the Footprint on the top of the mountain. The king went to personally see the find and was delighted with it. All the lands around the holy place were transferred to the sanctuary, and at the behest of the king, the construction of the monastery and the laying of roads from the river to the Footprint of the Buddha began. After the opening of the Phra Bat temple, the king organized the ceremonies and the Thais were informed about the ceremonies.

Many of those who were informed took part in the ceremony. From that moment on, the annual pilgrimage to the footprint of the Buddha is one of the Buddhist customs of the Siamese. In February, thousands of people flock here. This is the time of religious sermons, the time when the king, like an ordinary pilgrim in front of a shrine, addresses his people. The holiday lasts 7 days. Pilgrimage. The theme of sacred pilgrimage is one of the favorite themes of poets of the 18th century.
Finding a rock print of a human foot is considered a great success, because according to Buddhist tradition, this is one of the main symbols of the cult, since only the Buddha himself could leave such a sign to those living on Earth.

According to legend, the founder of Buddhism, Shakyamuni, before plunging into nirvana, was in the mountainous area of ​​​​the village of Kushinagara (Kushinara). The teacher stood on the mountain facing south and began to pray. In that place, the imprint of one of his feet was left on the stone. Since then, followers of the Buddha have found such rock symbols all over the world, especially in those countries where Buddhism is developed (most often in Japan and Sri Lanka).
However, not every such imprint, even if it is an amazing phenomenon in itself, is considered the footprint of a great teacher. First, he must look to the south, since Shakyamuni, as we have already mentioned, stood, turning in this direction of the world. Secondly, the sacred signs of the cult are usually inscribed in the outline of such an imprint. But the size of the footprint can be different, the larger the better, as this raises the greatness of the Buddha and shows that he was not common man but the incarnation of a deity.

Sources:

The idea for the Hollywood Walk of Fame came from silent film star Norma Talmadge, who accidentally stepped into the wet concrete in front of Grauman's Theatre. But people were perpetuating themselves in this way long before it became mainstream.

In a recent interview, Stephen Hawking predicted that in the next 100 years people will no longer have enough space on Earth. To survive, you will need to colonize another heavenly body. The next historical imprint, perhaps, will be left on a distant little-studied planet. In the meantime, they are all in the neighborhood - in Africa, Australia, Britain, Italy and on the moon.

1. Chui and females

3.6 million years ago, Australopithecus inherited the area that is today called Laetoli and is part of Tanzania. These footprints in volcanic rock are today considered the oldest footprints of upright hominins.

The tracks helped to more accurately determine the size of Australopithecus. The growth of the tallest of those who inherited - scientists called him Chui - is estimated at 165 centimeters. He weighed about 48 kilograms and with a foot length of 27 centimeters today would wear shoes of 42 sizes. The remaining individuals were a meter and a half tall - possibly females and cubs.

The family of the most progressive primates. Includes human beings.

Traces of Austrolopithecus in Laetoli. Source: elifesciences.org Austrolopithecus tracks at Laetoli. Source: elifesciences.org

2. Dressy Eve

The oldest footprint of our species Homo sapiens found in South Africa, near the city of Langeban. He is 117 thousand years old. The footprint belonged to a woman called Eve.

Most likely, Eva was running across the sand dunes from a powerful downpour. The sand covered wet tracks, and over time they were at a depth of 9 meters. They hardened to the state of cement.

Nearby they found a spear, scrapers, prototype blades and ocher, with which Eve painted her face or clothes. She was about 1.5 meters tall and would wear size 39 shoes today.

A replica of Eve's Footprint at the West Coast National Park in South Africa. Source: Philip Rickerby / Flickr

3. One-legged hunter

About 20,000 years old footprints found in clay near the Willandra Lakes in Australia. These are the oldest human footprints on the continent.

Scientists showed traces to the natives, whose way of life has changed little over thousands of years. According to them, the prints were left by people during the hunt. They hunted meat in a group that included men, women and children. One person was without a leg: instead of the prints of the left one, there were dents of a wooden stick. Despite his disability, the ancient hunter kept up with the others.

Footprints at the Willandra Lakes in Australia. Source: Bond University / epublications.bond.edu.au Footprints at the Willandra Lakes in Australia. Source: Bond University / epublications.bond.edu.au

4. Crippled miners

In the 1950s, people noticed that the sea was periodically washing away the sand from Formby Point beach in northwest England and opening depressions on the shore. They turned out to be fossilized footprints of people and animals.

Seven thousand years ago, these places were a flood lagoon. People came here looking for food. Women looked for shellfish and bird nests, men fished. The progenitors of the British were 1.45 - 1.65 meters tall. Shoes were not worn - this is evidenced by the set aside big toe. Almost all had physical disabilities: some feet were deformed due to injuries and illnesses, others were diagnosed with flat feet.

Deformed footprints at Formby Point beach. Source: formby-footprints.co.uk Men's (right) and women's (left) footprints at Formby Point beach. Source: formby-footprints.co.uk

All degenerative diseases of the skeleton are different main feature– once having arisen, they will only progress over time. This provision also applies to one of the most common diseases - longitudinal flat feet. The roots of this disease usually lie in childhood, but in full force it manifests itself only after ten or more years.

During this period of time, the pathology proceeds quite covertly, often remaining unnoticed by the patients themselves. They turn to doctors already in the later stages of the disease, when irreversible changes in the bones and soft tissues of the arch of the foot develop. Therefore, one of the elements of disease prevention is the diagnosis of flat feet at an early stage of development. In this period, the disease is easily corrected, which prevents the formation of persistent complications.

But how to determine flat feet at home? IN medical practice Since ancient times, there are methods that allow you to quickly check the condition of the arch of the foot. They can be easily reproduced at home using simple improvised means. If with the help of them it is possible to identify signs of pathology, then you should immediately consult a doctor for additional examination.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW! The only remedy for PAIN IN THE JOINTS, arthritis, arthrosis, osteochondrosis and other diseases of the musculoskeletal system, recommended by doctors! …

In addition to the purposeful conduct of special tests, there are several situations in which their conduct is justified. Of course, doing trials with preventive purpose even encouraged to diagnose the disease as early as possible. But the development of the following signs should alert a person, prompting an independent examination:

A sharp or gradual decrease in resistance to long walking - after a whole day “on the legs”, pronounced aching or pulling pains appear in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe legs and feet. Rest and water procedures at the same time bring relief, removing discomfort. Inability to stay in a standing position for a long time - after a while, a feeling of discomfort develops in lower limbs. This forces the person to step over regularly to reduce discomfort. Strong extension of the fingers or raising the foot up becomes limited, and also moderately painful. At the same time, in the area of ​​greatest stiffness, there is often a dense cord, determined by palpation. Finally, a person can objectively notice a change in the shape of the footprint. This situation usually occurs after water procedures- a wet footprint remains on the ground or a smooth floor. Normally, it has a significant notch along the inner edge, which decreases with flat feet.

At the slightest suspicion of a disease, a person should conduct an independent comprehensive examination, consisting of an assessment of external manifestations and the results of special tests.

The diagnosis of flat feet begins with the determination of the signs characteristic of this disease. By characteristic features they were divided into 4 degrees, which roughly correspond to the severity of the pathology. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a competent assessment of your own complaints:

The first stage is considered hidden - its manifestations practically do not differ from the symptoms of ordinary fatigue. Periodically after a long walk (in the evening) there is a feeling of heaviness or discomfort in the area of ​​the sole. If you feel the muscles of the lower leg, you can detect their tension. The second stage of the disease is called intermittent - changes in the arch of the foot are temporary in nature during the day. In the second half of the day, it appears, and the feeling of fatigue in the legs begins to grow. By evening, it takes on the character of aching pain, upon examination, the inner edge of the sole becomes swollen. By morning, these changes completely disappear. The third degree means the formation of persistent flat feet - the mechanisms for compensating the ligaments and muscles at this stage have already been exhausted. Symptoms - pain in the legs and soles, a decrease in the inner edge of the foot - become positive. A person's resistance to stress decreases, which affects his performance. At the final stage, a flat-valgus foot develops - due to deformation of the ligaments, it gradually deviates outward. Permanent severe pain when walking in the area of ​​​​the inner ankle, lameness, deformity of the ankle joints and Achilles tendons.

Often, the intermediate stages of flat feet go unnoticed by patients, so even in the absence of complaints, it is recommended to carry out preventive tests listed below.

This method is the simplest and most understandable, as it includes a creative component. Its essence lies in the evaluation of footprints made on a sheet of clean paper. To do this, you need to do the following:

To start the test, you need to take two blank sheets of A4 paper, as well as water-soluble paint (gouache, watercolor). Using a soft swab, the staining solution is evenly applied to the plantar surface of the foot. Then you should wait a few seconds, then firmly attach your foot to a sheet of paper - it is better to do this in a standing position.

When you get an even print, you can begin to evaluate it. To do this, a straight line is drawn on the sheet from the middle of the rear edge of the heel to the outer edge of the third finger using a ruler. It allows you to divide the sole into two parts - loaded and free. A change in their ratio is a sign of flat feet:

Normally, the loaded part is much smaller than the free part (the ratio is about 1:2) - its inner edge only slightly or does not go beyond the boundaries of the drawn line. The first degree is characterized by an increase in the arch of the foot in the middle part - plantography indicates its expansion beyond the dividing line. The ratio between the elements changes, and is approximately 2:3 due to the flattening of the vault. At the second stage, the loaded part extends far beyond the boundaries of the drawn line, separating from the free edge along the medial axis of the foot. At this stage, a person already necessarily has quite tangible symptoms. Flat feet of the third degree are hard not to notice - the imprint of the sole acquires a completely symmetrical shape. The concave line of the inner edge of the vault is completely absent.

If there is no paint or paper at home, then other methods based on measuring the distances between the individual elements of the foot will help in the diagnosis of flat feet.

This technique involves the evaluation of two main indicators: the height of the arch and its length - they form the submetric index after calculations. Its calculation is carried out as follows:

First you need to find out the length of the foot in millimeters - it is determined using a ruler or a soft measuring tape. This distance is taken as a straight line from the tip of the thumb to the middle of the rear edge of the heel. Then the height of the arch is determined - for this, the ruler is placed close to the inner surface of the foot. The value is also taken in millimeters from the floor to the highest point.

After receiving the data, the calculations are carried out according to the following formula - the height of the arch is multiplied by 100, and divided by the length of the foot. The result of the measurements are two options:

If the figure turned out to be in the range from 29 to 31 (or more), then the person does not have flat feet. When the value is less than 29, then we can talk about a moderate decrease in the arch. If the result was below 27, then this is a reliable sign of the development of flat feet.

This method does not allow to reliably determine the degree of the disease, therefore it is used only in combination with other diagnostic options.

How to determine flat feet if there was no paint or measuring tape at home? In such a case, they will come to the aid of a person original ways diagnostics based on the assessment of physiological lines. They also will not allow you to accurately determine the degree of the disease, but will make it possible to at least suspect it:

The Face Line is drawn from the top of the medial malleolus to the head of the first metatarsal, the protruding bone on the side of the big toe. Normally, it goes approximately through the middle of the arch of the foot. With moderate or pronounced flat feet, its displacement upwards (towards the dorsal surface) is observed, which is associated with the lowering of most of the bones that form the inner edge. Another option involves the construction of a triangle - the points in it are the inner ankle, the head of the first metatarsal bone and the outer edge of the heel. In this case, two angles are evaluated - at the calcaneus and ankle - with flat feet they are less than 60 and more than 95 degrees, respectively.

These methods at home are rarely informative, which is associated with errors in their independent implementation.

The identification of flat feet by a doctor is usually carried out taking into account the methods listed above. But the doctor knows their technique much better, and also compares objective data with a description of the manifestations obtained after questioning. Often, the disease is detected quite by accident - during preventive medical examinations.

Since most often the pathology develops in adolescence, the efforts of doctors are aimed at its timely detection and treatment. For an experienced doctor, a simple examination of the feet in different positions is enough to suspect their flattening. Therefore, he no longer needs to conduct special tests, and the patient is immediately sent to the picture.