Onion diseases and treatment - how to quickly and effectively fight? Onion diseases - we save the crop from viruses and fungi Processing onions during the appearance of pests

Onions are popular not only among gardeners, summer residents, farmers, but also among a large horde of pests who are not at all averse to eating this vegetable.

We will try to introduce you to the main pests of onions, methods of dealing with them, treatment and photos of signs of damage caused by them.

Symptoms

It happens that when harvesting the grown crop, soft bulbs come across. This is a symptom of a root mite infection that infects many bulbous plants, including onions and garlic.

The tick lives in soil rich in organic matter, loves rotting vegetation residues and last year's leaves. Survives well in any conditions, loves humid places. He and the larvae of the onion mite infect the roots of the bulbs and penetrate through the bottom. The bulb gets sick, becomes soft and eventually becomes covered with unsightly loose dust dark color. If during storage of onions you notice such an onion, you must immediately sort out the entire crop and warm up, dry the surviving onion at a temperature of about 40 ° C.

Treatment and prevention

To avoid such occurrences, one should simple rules:

• Observe crop rotation, a condition important for all crops. Experienced gardeners never ignore this rule. The best predecessors for onions are: radish, cabbage, tomatoes.
• Inspection of the bow before planting.
• Disinfection planting material in colloidal sulfur solution.

It is easy to prepare the solution: add 80 g of sulfur to 10 liters of water at 37–40 ° C, stir and pour onion sets into the solution for 20 minutes. And drop him immediately.

• During the growth of onions, for prevention, water with a decoction of chamomile.

Advice! To make a decoction of chamomile, you can simply pour boiling water over it in the proportion of 200 g of dry grass per 10 liters of water. Let it brew for 12 hours and water the plantings. Chamomile grows in large quantities in the fields, collect and dry, it repels many pests and is safe for humans and bees.

• After harvesting and drying the onion, it is recommended to trim the shrunken leaves.
• To keep the onion better, it is heated (fried) for a day at a temperature of 35 ° C.
• Chalk helps with storage. If they are sprinkled with bulbs during storage, the root mite dies, it is afraid of dryness.

Conclusion! Onions need a completely dry place to store.

onion hoverfly

Symptoms

The hoverfly is very similar to the onion fly, only it is slightly darker and larger in size. The hoverfly begins to fly a little later than the onion fly, somewhere in late June, early July, laying eggs between dry onion scales near the ground, 6–10 at a time. They can lay their eggs directly into the ground next to the onion head. During the season, two generations of this pest appear. Usually, they choose already affected and diseased bulbs.

The larvae actively develop inside, which is why the bulbs rot very quickly, the feather withers and turns yellow, and the bulb dies.

Treatment and prevention

Prevention is the main weapon in gardening.

• Pickle onion sets in a solution of potassium permanganate from diseases and viruses, the onion will be strong and healthy.
• Crop rotation must be observed!
• Autumn cleaning of beds from garbage, the remains of any root crops.
• Plant carrots next to the onion, which repels flies well.
• Loosening the land next to the plantings, which will prevent the development of larvae from laid eggs.
• Sprinkle onion plantings with dry ash, tobacco, hot pepper or mothballs once a week.
• Harvested onions must be properly dried before storage.

Advice! The ideal weather for drying onions is dry, sunny and windy weather. Spread the onion in the air in a thin layer and constantly stir it so that the onions dry out evenly on all sides.

You can't leave it overnight! Remove under a canopy until the evening. Repeat drying for a week.

After harvesting the onion, if diseased and damaged plants were noticed, shed the soil with copper sulphate.

If you cannot do without chemicals, then it is permissible to use the drug "bazudin", but do not forget that this is a poison! It is better not to use a pen from such a bed later.

onion fly

Symptoms

If you suddenly notice yellowed tips of feathers, drooping arrows or their twisting on the onion planting, it means that the onion fly has settled on the beds - the most common pest.

The onion fly is similar to the common fly, only it is gray in color and 1 cm long. When the lilac blossoms, the fly begins to actively fly and look for a place to lay eggs. The best place for this is dry onion scales at the very base. The larvae bite into the bulbs and “overeat” the juicy pulp for three weeks, eating through extensive passages.

The leaves of the plant wither, turn yellow and then completely dry out, and the bulb emits an unpleasant odor. The larvae go into the ground, where by July they turn into flies, fly out and from new force damage all crops. In the southern regions, where onions are grown in large volumes, three generations of flies grow per season.

Treatment and prevention

If you have already observed onion infection with a fly, then most likely the soil is already infected with pupae of this pest. Therefore, digging in early spring soil will give a good result: the pupae will fall into the cold air and most of them will disappear.

What other means are there?

A good proven drug "Zemlin", which fights many soil pests. It is simply scattered on the surface of the soil. It has long been known that the onion fly avoids laying eggs in carrot plantings, so this fact must be used.

Advice! Plant two crops close to each other, at the optimal distance, not forgetting that growing, carrots become spreading. Good experience: line method, alternating onions and carrots.

When planting, you can reduce the likelihood of a fly laying eggs in onion scales by deepening the set during planting by 3 cm, hiding the neck in the ground.

Folk methods of struggle:

1. From the moment the feather grows by 3–5 cm, watering with saline is used: 200 g of salt per 10 liters of water, watering once every 10 days.
2. Ammonia solution: 3 tablespoons per 10 liters of water.

Water so that the solutions do not fall on the leaves! If you find damaged bulbs, remove them ruthlessly!

onion moth

Symptoms

Onion moth is ubiquitous, loves warm, dry weather. It was at this time that her activity increased. Moth larvae are about 11 mm long, very voracious, they eat away the feather from the inside, leaving the outside untouched.

The leaves begin to turn yellow quickly from the end, and then completely dry out. You can see the damaged feather right away: it will have longitudinal uneven light stripes.

The moth begins to fly quite early, back in April and May, at night, laying 50-75 eggs! And after a week, caterpillars appear, which live for about two weeks, then turning into pupae right on the leaves of onions or on weeds. In two or three weeks, a new generation appears. The horror is that for the season in middle lane three generations!

Treatment and prevention

Treatment and prevention is proper care behind the beds, and then behind the plantings.

• Mandatory deep digging of the earth in autumn and early spring.
• Cleaning of all residues from the beds, burning of diseased and pest-damaged plants.
• Crop rotation helps to eliminate many pest and disease problems, and this gives a significant increase in yield.

Advice! Crop rotation is a whole science. Once you figure it out, then it will be easy to understand what to plant behind the previous crop. Garlic will feel great after potatoes, cucumbers, squash, zucchini, pumpkin, peas or beans. The soil can improve after sowing green manure, which include: oats, barley, rye, vetch, mustard, amaranth, buckwheat and beans.

• Fight weeds throughout the season.
• Preventive watering folk remedies from pests. A solution of ammonia has proven itself well: 3 tbsp. spoons per 10 liters of water, as well as infusions of herbs such as tansy, wormwood, red pepper and tomato tops.
• If you find more than two caterpillars on one bow, then immediately apply some kind of insecticide. But after such processing, the feather should not be eaten!

onion weevil

Onion weevil or secretive trunk is the enemy of all bulbous plants. He did not bypass the onion, which belongs to the onion family.

Symptoms

The weevil can eat the whole plant, but more often it manages the green part, so it can be found on the surface. And if you see this pest, then immediately start fighting it.

The beetle lays eggs invisible to the eye, from which larvae appear, eating the green mass so that you can be left without a feather. And if there is no feather, the bulb will not ripen, it will be poorly stored.

In addition, the larvae eat flower stalks, preventing seeds from forming. During the season, the beetle produces two offspring. Leaves damaged by larvae become striped, turn yellow and die.

The beetle lives in the upper layers of the soil, rises outside in the spring. Maybe you have seen how chickens are released into the garden in early spring on farms? This The best way pest control: chickens eat both beetles and larvae that are in the ground.

Advice! In winter, feed birds on your site: sparrows, titmouse, and in spring they will help you with pests.

Treatment and prevention

• Crop rotation. Its observance will relieve you of the majority of problems. Diseases and pests of onions can disappear or be reduced several times.
• Land preparation: digging to a depth of at least 20–25 cm in autumn and early spring so that the larvae and beetles living in it die from frost.
• From the beetle set traps. Affordable, but time-consuming: cut the packaging cardboard into strips, wrap the strip around each plant, fasten it so that it does not straighten.
• Frequent loosening of the soil around the plants, this action destroys the "pupa".
• Treat with dry ash and tobacco.
• If there is an urgent need, treat with "karbofos" or "azadirachtin" once.

Important! After treatment with poisons, in no case should you use a pen!

thrips

Thrips include several types of insects of the smallest size. These pests breed very quickly: they give several generations in open field and in greenhouses - up to eight generations, laying more than a hundred eggs per season.

Symptoms

These small invaders feed on plant sap, causing suffering to young shoots. As a result, plants lag behind in growth, deform and cease to develop.

For onions, onion and tobacco thrips, which are difficult to remove, are dangerous.

Bulbs affected by thrips look wrinkled under the scales, and from above they acquire a dark brown color with a silvery sheen.

Treatment and prevention

It is believed that thrips can be dealt with by observing preventive measures.

Advice! Celandine in the summer can be found in large numbers. They collect the aerial part, fill half the container with the chopped plant, fill it with water, let it brew for two days and spray the plants, repeating every 5 days or after rain.

Frequent spraying is a double benefit, as thrips do not like moisture. They can even be knocked down with a jet of water. Monitor the cleanliness of the beds, destroying all weeds.

stem nematode

The stem onion nematode is the most dangerous enemy. She is amazingly alive. These small worms are able to hide in the ground at a depth of up to 1.5 meters, in order to then crawl out to the objects of attack, they are not afraid of frost, they can live at a constant temperature of + 2 ° C in a vegetable store, continuing to hit the bulbs. Without food, nematodes can withstand 18 months or fall into suspended animation, and can last up to 20 years, and then continue their activities. The female is able to lay 400 eggs in her life for 30-40 days.

Symptoms

In the affected plants, at the beginning of the growing season, the first leaf appears - the feather is slightly thickened and crooked. In the future, the leaves sag and turn yellow. Inside the bulb, the scales soften and rot. The bulb is soft to the touch.

Advice! Such bulbs are unsuitable for consumption and storage! Even if you decide to cut off the darkened scales and use the white ones in cooking, don't do it!

In one such bulb can be up to several thousand individuals of the worm! You can see them only through a strong magnifying glass, if the onion is cut into pieces of 3 mm and filled with water so that the level is no more than 5 mm per hour, considering the water.

Treatment and prevention

Until now, there is no such tool that would destroy the stem nematode. Yes, and the means are all poisonous, but you need to process it repeatedly. So it's all about prevention.

It is very important in the fight against this infection - healthy planting material!

1. Proper storage onion and onion sets.
2. Crop rotation. Not earlier than four years, plant onions and garlic in their original place.
3. Before planting in the ground, add carbamide or spill ammonia(3 tablespoons per 10 liters of water).
4. Landing time also plays an important role. Onion seeds should be planted or sown as early as possible so that the temperature is lower.
5. Cultivate the earth. Under planting, add sand and peat so that the earth becomes as light as possible, which the worm does not like. And it’s good to add dolomite flour or lime for digging, deoxidizing the soil.
6. Process planting material. Onion sets must be carefully sorted out, dry scales cut off with scissors, peeled off shirts.

Advice! You can deoxidize the soil with soda. To do this, dissolve 10 g of soda in a bucket of water and spill the beds, or pour 100 ml into each well.

How to treat onions from pests before planting?

Take a container with hot water 45–47 ° C, pour the whole set into it. While it warms up, and this temperature is harmful to many pests, dilute 1 tablespoon of birch tar in 1 liter of water. Pour warm water for this too. Pour this mixture over the sevok. Leave for 4 hours.

This wonderful product with a vigorous smell will scare away many pests, plus the prevention of fungal diseases. After such a bath, the onion is ready for planting!

Aphid

Many will be surprised that we list aphids as an onion pest, because onion peels are often used for pests. But the fact is that there is an onion aphid. It affects onions in greenhouses grown for feathers.

Aphid loves warm weather, with its onset, it settles in large colonies on plants, drinking juice from them. During the season, the aphid breeds offspring 50 times!

Symptoms

Aphids not only drink juices, but also secrete a specific poison, infect plants with viruses, staining and spoiling the decorative look with their vital activity.

The leaves are twisted and twisted, young shoots are sprinkled with small gray to gray pests. Green colour.

Treatment and prevention

Fighting aphids is difficult, but possible.

• Destruction of weeds.
• Aphids are afraid of garlic, white mustard, marigolds, which can be planted nearby.
• Powder with dry ash.
• Watering with infusion of fermented grass. To do this, insist different herbs for a week, then filter and water.
• Spray plants with Coca-Cola. Aphids do not like her and die from the acid contained in the drink.

All these methods allow you not to harm the greens in order to eat it, but they are precisely preventive.

Important! Do not use poison! If necessary, use the preparation "Verticillin", which is safe for the feather, is made on the basis of fungi that, when sprayed, fall on aphids, germinate in it, and the aphids die. Treat with this drug once a week.

We examined the main pests of onions. Now that you have received tips for protecting such a necessary vegetable as onions, its crops should only please you.

Video: Onion fly, a simple way to fight

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Victoria Lopatina 07/27/2015 | 11063

Onions are a crop that should be present in the garden every day. The methods of its cultivation are simple, but big list diseases and pests complicates care.

At home growing onions to protect against diseases and pests, it is necessary to use technologies that do not harm human health. In the article we will talk about diseases and their treatment.

Fungal diseases of onions

Fungal diseases affect the bulbs during the growing season and during storage.

Most often during storage onion can hit:

• neck rot, it affects mainly the upper part of the bulb (the tissues resemble a baked onion);
• black mold, usually spreads during storage at elevated temperatures of poorly ripened fruits and is manifested by drying of the upper juicy scales of large Luke and complete drying of the sevka. Sometimes the bulb is mummified, a black dust-like mass is visible between the shrunken scales;
• green moldy rot first appears on the outer scales and the bottom of the onion in the form of brownish spots, slightly watery. Later, a bluish-green or greenish coating with a moldy smell spreads on spots and shrunken scales. Mostly sick frostbitten onion or stored at high humidity.

During the growing season, the following are common fungal diseases:

• peronosporosis, or false mealy dew, affects the above-ground mass of onion plantings. The disease develops in warm, humid weather and is expressed by yellowing of the tips of the pen and the spread of pale green spots along them, turning into a grayish-violet coating;
• onion rust also attacks the leaves. Light yellow or rusty yellow streaks are visible on the leaves. The leaves dry out completely;
• fusarium begins with damage to the root system. The bottom softens, the roots turn pink and gradually die off. Over time, brownish spots appear on the leaves. The plant dries out completely and dies.

Measures to combat fungal diseases

At home, the main measures that resist diseases are preventive ones. No pesticides onion, especially when cultivated on a feather, processing is not recommended. When cultivating onion on turnip necessary:

• observe the cultural rotation with the return of onion plantings to their original place in 5-6 years;
• to sow in optimal timing zoned varieties resistant to rot;
• in the spring, before planting, it is advisable to disinfect the re-dug area with a solution copper vitriol 25-30 g / 10 l of water. The site should be kept free of weeds, the rows of onions during the growing season should be well ventilated;
• in the phase of mass shoots, you can spray the plants with a solution Bordeaux liquids and in the phase of feather growth (10-12 cm) once with a 0.04% solution of Zineb or a 0.5% solution of copper oxychloride. It is best to protect plants from diseases with biopreparations Glyokladin, Fitosporin-M, Alirin, Gamair, with which plants can be sprayed 3-4 times during the growing season, keeping the plantings healthy. The dosage and method of application are indicated on the package;
• sowing should be carried out with processed planting material. onion sets treated with hot air at a temperature of 30-35°C for 8 hours. Black onion soaked in a solution of the biological product Trichodermin. But it is best to purchase seed in a store where it is sold in processed form;
• during the growing season, it is necessary to carefully monitor the condition of the crops and, if symptoms of the disease appear, immediately remove and destroy diseased plants.

Onion pests

To onion pests relate root mite, stem nematode, onion secretive proboscis, onion(tobacco) thrips, onion mole, onion fly and others. All of them belong to the gnawing and sucking types of pests. Penetrating into the bulb itself, they gnaw out its pulp or, settling on the leaves, suck the juice from the aerial mass of the culture.

Pest Control Measures

Unlike diseases, most pests have the ability to move quickly ( onion fly, onion mole), but they need tissue and plant juices to feed. This is the basis for the technology of combating the above pests.

All preventive work in the preparation of the soil and planting material is the same as in the protection against diseases. In addition, during the growing season, if necessary, you can use drugs to kill pests. But not chemical, but systemic biological products, such as Fitoverm, Agrovertin. They accumulate in plants and act selectively, do not harm human health. When treated with these preparations, onions can be eaten after two days.

Timely detection of a disease or pest infestation can prevent crop loss.

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The main condition for obtaining a healthy crop of onions and garlic is crop rotation. It is impossible to return lily crops (onions, garlic) to the previous garden bed earlier than after 4-5 years.

Before storing onions and garlic for storage, it is necessary to disinfect the storage for 2 months with a solution of bleach (400 g per 10 liters of water). Before planting the seeds, it is recommended to warm them up with warm air (40°-42°) for 10 hours.

: On different types of plants, signs of the disease can manifest themselves in different ways. It can be rotting of the head, spider web raids on the underside of the leaves, white coating on root crops, rotting of the bottom of the onion ... Often the disease is common in storage facilities. The disease is especially pronounced on lettuce, parsley, cucumber, carrots, horseradish, cabbage, peppers, beans, onions, sunflowers.

: harmful centipede - an insect pest similar to a long-legged mosquito, body length up to 2.5 cm. The larvae of the pachypod overwinter in the soil. In the spring, they begin to feed on humus on the roots of plants, damaging them in the garden and greenhouses, causing great harm to young plants. The harmful pachyderm damages cabbage, celery, leek and other vegetable plants in the garden.

Diseases and pests of onions and garlic

To grow healthy onions and garlic, you need to know what diseases, onion and garlic pests can be so necessary for health and delicious vegetables threaten. In this article, we have collected information on how to deal with the main pests and how to save the crop. It must be said that these plants, so useful and tasty, often suffer from stem nematodes. The nematode is a small worm that likes to lay its eggs in the roots of plants. This leads to the fact that the onion heads begin to crack, and the garlic begins to disintegrate into teeth. Plant leaves are deformed. Onion processing before planting. To disinfect the onion sets from the nematode, before planting, the planting material must be soaked for two days in an aqueous salt solution at the rate of 3 tbsp. spoons in a bucket of water. Onion disease control In the photo, the onion fly strikes the onion so. An onion fly is considered an equally dangerous pest of garlic and onions. The larvae of this insect penetrate the bulb itself through the bottom or at the very base of the leaves, which usually leads to the death of the bulbs. Usually, the raid of onion flies begins in the spring, and it coincides with the cherry blossoms. 20 days after the eggs are laid, the larvae hatch from them, which go deep into the ground and pupate there. Young flies fly out to replace them, and everything repeats from the beginning. how to grow good harvest onions To grow a healthy vegetable, you must correctly take into account the timing of the appearance of onion flies. You can save the onion by timely scaring off the pests with tobacco dust mixed with ash, taken in equal proportions. This powder (tobacco dust with ash) must be pollinated (treated) between the rows of plants. In addition, it is advisable to sow carrots next to the onions, since the phytoncides that are secreted by carrots can scare away the onion fly. In turn, onion phytoncides prevent the appearance of a carrot fly. If possible, plant marigolds side by side. An attentive gardener and gardener can avoid the next misfortune in the struggle for the harvest. Downy mildew on onions and garlic This disease of vegetables is especially relevant in the rainy season. Blurry spots begin to appear on the leaves of plants, which begin to gradually increase in size, forming a gray coating, which is fungal spores. These spores are able to scatter with gusts of wind in different directions, infecting other plants. Methods for processing, protecting onions and garlic from downy mildew. In order to prevent diseases, it is necessary to warm up the seed stock before sowing at high temperatures. So onion sets are heated in the spring at 45 degrees Celsius for half a day. In the villages, I warm up the onions on the stove (meaning the upper chambers of the village stove). You can spray the plants with whey diluted in water (how to do it below). Enhanced feeding of plants with super phosphate fertilizers. How to treat onions from pests: folk methods for downy mildew Not bad helps the use of Bordeaux liquid. True, in this case, it is necessary to spray the plants at least 3 weeks before harvesting. Can be sprayed with serum Everyone in the house has dairy products, do not pour out sour milk, fermented milk whey from kefir. Lactic acid bacteria have a negative effect on the powdery mildew pathogen and at the same time do not harm plants. Recipe for onion diseases - powdery mildew: spraying agent is made from sour-milk whey separated from dairy products. We take cold water and dilute its serum in a ratio of 1:8 -1 to 10. Stir until a homogeneous state is obtained. Pour the prepared solution into spray containers. Now in the morning or in the evening you can process the plants. Harvest and storage of onions and garlic To prevent onion cervical rot, you must try to remove the vegetable immediately after it ripens, without delaying this matter. After the neck begins to dry out and the feathers fade, you have a signal - you need to start harvesting. After the onions and garlic are dug out, they are dried in the wind and sun for 3-4 days, usually leaving them right on the ridges. Of course, it is better to choose a sunny day in August for harvesting. Gently remove the earth from the garlic, shaking it off with your hands, you must try not to damage the scales (the quality of storage and disease resistance depend on them). It is necessary to dry these medicinal vegetable crops in the sun, you can move them closer to the house and spread the onions and garlic on an oilcloth. The remaining leaves should be cut off. Cut the onion so that the tail of the vegetable remains about 3 cm. Store harvested onions and garlic< надо в картонных коробках или корзинах в прохладном, но сухом помещении. Также сплетают их в " косы" и подвешивают в кладовых, при этом уберегая от холода и влаги. Learn more about the growing popularity, very useful daikon vegetable Marigolds - protection of plants from pests Now, coupons for discounts, for various entertainment and recreational activities and goods are of great interest among Internet users. To navigate where what discount promotion is held, there are specialized discount sites. Perm discount coupons can be obtained by any resident or guest of Perm and other regions on the Couponator discount website. ©foto-flora.ru

Onions from year to year suffer from onion fly damage. The first flight of the fly is celebrated when the dandelions bloom. At this time, a repellent is used - they are watered with ammonia (1 tablespoon per bucket of water).

This event is held every week. A bed for onions must be moved to a different place every year, the best predecessor is carrots.

The pre-planting seed treatment helps the onion grow healthy - warming up in the sun a few hours before planting, soaking in hot strong potassium permanganate, and then dusting with ash. You can powder the onions with bazudin, but in no case should you use such an onion on a feather - the drug is poisonous.

As soon as the bow emerges from the ground, the stealth bounty attacks. The feather becomes pale, inside it the larvae of the secretive proboscis settle. For prevention, it is necessary to constantly sprinkle onions with ashes, cut off and destroy the affected feather.

Onion fly (Delia antiqua Mg.) and hoverfly (Eumerus strigatus Fall.) are dangerous pests of onion plants that damage the underground parts of onion, batun, leek, shallot, garlic. Pests are common in all areas of cultivation of onion plants and are especially harmful on sandy and loamy soils, as well as on household plots with their permanent cultivation. The puparium (pupa in a reddish-brown, shiny cocoon, about 7 mm long) winters in the onion fly in the soil at a depth of 10 to 20 cm.

The flight of the first generation of flies begins in early May at a sum of effective temperatures of 103-141°C (this coincides with the flowering of lilacs) and lasts 30-40 days. The flies are ash-gray, with a distinct brownish longitudinal line on the abdomen.

Flies hatched after overwintering feed on nectar. flowering plants. 5-10 days after emergence, the females lay eggs (5-12 each) near plants, in cracks in the soil, between the bulb and the soil, openly on the soil, leaves, in the axils of the leaves and between the dry scales of the bulb.

After 4-6 days at an air temperature of 18.5-21.5°C and a relative air humidity of 65-75%, larvae hatch. The adult larva is white, legless, narrowed in front and expanded at the posterior end, up to 10 mm long.

On the oblique segment there are two spiracles, and along the edges there are 16 small outgrowths (tubercles), of which 4 lower middle outgrowths are most noticeable. Of all types of onions, female onion flies prefer onions.

Moreover, the plants of the first generation are the most populated. On crops of Nigella for sets, oviposition is already noted, starting from the phase of 2-3 true leaves. The larvae hatching from the eggs penetrate into the underground part of the bulb, damaging the conducting bundles of the plant.

If there is not enough food for the further development of the larva, it moves to a neighboring plant. In damaged plants, the bulbs rot, the leaves turn yellow, wither and dry. Plants are easily pulled out of the soil.

On onions of the second year of development (sevok on a turnip) at the beginning of the growing season, the fly lays eggs mainly on the soil and the bulb, as the plants develop, in the axils of the leaves and openly on the leaves. Hatching larvae migrate to the plant and actively penetrate into it either through the bottom or through the neck.

At the same time, the former feed on the tissues of the bottom (false stem), the latter - on the tissues of fleshy scales and leaves. Regardless of the type of damage, onion sets die when only 1-2 larvae are introduced into the plant.

The same is observed on turnip plants (especially in the first half of the growing season), if their growth point is damaged. Larvae of the first generation damage onions in May - June. Their development lasts about 20 days.

Then, having finished feeding, they emerge from the bulb into the soil and pupate in it. In the end of June - in the first half of July, the years of flies of the second generation begin. There are few of them, since a significant part of the individuals (up to 35%) of the first generation go into diapause.

The onion fly develops in two generations. Onion fly larvae cause the greatest damage to plants. early stages development.

As a result of the research, it was found that all types and varieties of onion during the growing season are to some extent populated and damaged by the phytophage. But the main type of onion, which is largely damaged by two-winged pests, is onion.

Severely damaged (up to 44.5%) sweet onion varieties (Yalta local, Orange), which have a minimum dry matter content (6-9.7%) and essential oil(0.018-0.025%). On the crops of these varieties, the maximum number of eggs laid is noted - 14.8-18.2 eggs/plant.

On sharp varieties (Strigunovsky, Skvirsky, Zolotisty) with a high content of solids (up to 18%) and essential oil (up to 0.05%), the number of eggs laid per plant and damage by the onion fly is 3-4 times lower compared to sweet varieties of onions. The peninsular varieties Lugansky and Karatalsky with an average content of secondary substances occupy a middle position, the damage of which is about 26%.

Studies have shown that, depending on the number of nests in the bulb, onion varieties with 1-2 nests were less populated and damaged by the onion fly. So, crops of multi-nested shallots with 6-7 nests were almost half populated by pests, and their damage was at the level of 40.5%.

At a time when the population of small and medium nested onion varieties was at the level of 20.5-28.0%, and damage was 10-21.6%. This indicates that onion fly larvae can leave damaged plants and crawl onto others only when the plants are very close to each other.

Onion hoverfly. The fly is 7-10 cm long, shiny, greenish-bronze, there are three semi-lunar spots on the top of the abdomen. The male differs from the female in larger eyes, almost contiguous at the base of the antennae.

The pest overwinters in the pupal stage (in puparia) in the soil at a depth of 10-25 cm and in the larval stage (middle and older ages) in the plant remains of uterine bulbs, as well as in the planting material laid down for storage, in which they form puparia by the middle of winter. and pupate. Thanks to this intraspecific flexibility, the population of the onion hoverfly is constantly maintained at a high level.

The onion hoverfly takes off at the end of May. The fly is active throughout the daylight hours, and high temperatures are not a deterrent.

After additional feeding on nectar, the female chooses well-lit open areas and lays white eggs, somewhat concave in the middle part, on the soil surface near the plant, on the outer covering scales and in the neck of the bulb. After 4-7 days, larvae hatch, the distinctive morphological feature of which is the presence of spiracles that are clearly visible to the naked eye, protruding at the posterior end of the body, as well as their high plasticity.

In the bulb, the larvae feed on the succulent internal tissues of the plant for 17-25 days, mainly in the lower, basal part. They molt three times, after which they form a false, light yellow cocoon with a brownish tint.

In July, second-generation flies fly out, the larvae of which damage onions and garlic. late dates planting. Onion secretive trunk (weevil) (Cruthorrhynchus jakovlevi Schultze.) - a small beetle 2-2.7 mm long. His body is black, covered with white scales, oval in shape, with a long, slightly curved rostrum, clavate-articulated antennae.

The end of the head is extended into a "proboscis", usually bent down. The abdomen is not covered with elytra. It damages turnips, batun, most often shallots, less often garlic and leeks.

Beetles hibernate under plant remains, dried grass and lumps of soil on the sod slopes of ditches, ravines, along roadsides, forest belts. They wake up early in spring, in the second half of April (according to observations, their years coincide with the flowering of dandelion).

At first, the beetles feed mainly on sprouted bulbs left in the field, then they move to early onion crops. They gnaw small holes in the leaves and, plunging their proboscis into them, eat out small cavities in the pulp of the leaf, under the skin.

Damage looks like round whitish spots located along the edge of the leaf. Seedling onion seedlings are especially affected. Often they dry up and die.

It should be noted that in last years the number and harmfulness of the onion secretive proboscis has greatly increased, which is primarily due to high temperatures and the absence of precipitation during its development (end of April - May). Females lay small, whitish, round-oval eggs through a hole they made in the feather on inside leaves.

The larvae that hatched after 5-16 days are yellowish, legless, C-shaped bent, with a brown head, up to 6.5 mm long, gnaw passages in the pulp of the leaves, while whitish longitudinal stripes form on the outside. The leaves turn yellow, starting from the top, badly damaged - they dry out.

If there are 3-5 larvae on one leaf, especially in dry, hot weather, the seedlings die. The larvae stop harming by early June, and new leaves grow on the affected plants. However, the yield as a result of the "activity" of the secretive hobo is significantly reduced.

The larvae develop for 15-20 days, then gnaw holes in the leaves, go into the soil and pupate at a depth of 3-6 cm. The pupa is in the soil, in a loose earthen cradle.

The second generation of beetles appears in late June - early July and feeds on leaf tissues and inflorescences of onion plants in summer. With complete gnawing of succulent pedicels, the flowers die, and with partial gnawing, feeble seeds are obtained. Onion moth (Acrolepia assectella Zell.) Damages onions, leeks and partially garlic during the growing season.

Butterflies overwinter in plant debris. Butterfly up to 12-14 mm in wingspan, the front ones are brown with large stripes and spots, and the rear ones are gray with a long fringe. The flight of onion moth butterflies begins in mid-May.

They fly at night, soon after additional feeding on nectar, they mate and lay yellowish, rounded, up to 0.4 mm long eggs on the underside of the leaf, on the neck of the bulb, onion and garlic flower arrows. After 5-7 days, yellowish-green caterpillars with brown warts hatch, which penetrate the leaf, arrows and inflorescences, eat out the rudiments of flowers, and during the flowering of plants they gnaw the pedicels.

Caterpillars pupate on leaves, on the soil surface near the bulbs. The development of the pupa lasts 9-12 days. In July, butterflies of a new generation fly out, the caterpillars of which usually harm in the second half of July and in August.

Tobacco (onion) thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.) is most common in the southern regions of Ukraine (and today almost throughout Ukraine) and harms not only onions, but also cucumbers, watermelons, cabbage. With warm storage of onion sets and garlic (+18°C), thrips feed and multiply throughout the winter, significantly reducing their planting qualities.

Thrips hibernates in top layer soil, in plant debris under dry scales of onion and garlic. Appears on crops in late April - early May. The female lays up to 100 small whitish eggs, placing them one by one in the fleshy scales of the bulbs.

The root mite penetrates into mature bulbs through the bottom, which cracks and turns into a rotten mass. Thrips and their larvae feed by sucking the juice from the leaves. Whitish spots form on the leaves, which merge when severely damaged.

Damaged leaves turn yellow and dry out. On them you can see small black dots - pest excrement. The bulb of the affected plants is formed small. By the time the onions are harvested, if the weather is warm, thrips fly over to cabbage, cucumbers, and various weeds.

Onion crops are harmed by root (onion) mites (Rhizoglyphus echinopus R. et F.) and four-legged garlic mites (Aceria tulipae Keif.). Ticks are small arthropod insects, 0.5 to 1.1 mm long.

Moisture-loving and heat-loving organisms, weakly reproduce at temperatures above +13°C and relative humidity above 70%. They differ in fertility: one female lays up to 800 eggs. Each generation develops within 10-30 days.

When conditions worsen or there is a lack of food, a very persistent form of the pest (hypopus) appears. In this form, mites can exist for a long time without feeding. The root mite penetrates into mature bulbs through the bottom.

With a strong defeat, the outer scales lag behind the bottom - it becomes bare, becomes rotten, the bulb rots. With a weak lesion, the mites remain between the fleshy scales and damage the onion in storage.

The root mite can also feed on bulbs of hyacinths, daffodils, and even potato tubers and rotting root crops of carrots and beets. The garlic mite, unlike the root mite, damages the leaves and juicy scales on the outside of the bulb, and the onion sets are especially harmful.

Overwinters in bulbs, soil and seeds. In onion waste, on dry scales, being at rest, it can last more than two years, and in dried garlic - up to five.

When it enters a humid environment, the nematode leaves its dormant state and becomes active. After sowing or planting onions and garlic in infected soil, the stem nematode penetrates plant tissues and lays eggs in them. The emerging larvae and adult nematodes feed on the sap of plants, which at the same time lag behind in growth, their first cotyledon leaf swells and bends.

Severely damaged seedlings die. In plants, the leaves (feather) become deformed, wrinkled with yellowish veins, twist, and thicken in the lower part. The internal tissues of the bulbs on the cut have a loose granular structure.

Between the juicy scales of the diseased bulb, cavities often form (therefore, it is soft to the touch), its bottom cracks. Affected bulbs continue to break down during storage. The sevok dries up.

When garlic is infected with a nematode, it lags behind in growth, its false stem thickens, and longitudinal cracks form on it. The bulb becomes loose and wet, and it completely collapses. Onion leaf beetle (Lilioceris merdigera) is found everywhere, but harms in foci.

The beetle overwinters in plant debris. Before germination, it feeds on unharvested queen cells and seedlings discarded during planting, on shoots of overwintered last year's bulbs.

With the advent of seedlings, it passes to young arrows and inflorescences - it gnaws holes in the arrows, gnaws pedicels and flowers. Larvae damage leaves and arrows; pupate in the soil. Leaf beetle larvae are large and are harvested by hand.

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Onion fly, or onion flower girl

Basic information. The onion fly is a dangerous pest of onions. It slightly damages onions, leeks, shallots, very weakly damages garlic and. It also damages bulbous flower crops, especially. Causes significant damage to the salad.

Significant harmfulness is noted during the years of mass flight of flies during the period of growth and the beginning of onion development. Onions sown with seeds to obtain sets are especially affected by damage. larvae with dense stems crawl from dead plants to healthy ones, often overcoming a distance of more than 0.5 m. When thinning is not necessary and the risk of infection is minimized, the harmfulness is lower.

Onion plants affected by neck rot or stem nematode are especially severely damaged by the larvae of the onion fly Delia antiqua and the sprout fly Delia platura.

In the middle lane it gives 2 generations, in the northwestern regions - usually only one, but with a warm autumn and the second. In the southern regions, the development of the third generation is possible.

Signs of damage. Seedlings in the cotyledon or first leaf phase wither in groups; inside the bulbs, the passages of the larvae - at the base of the cotyledons and leaves, the larvae themselves. In older plants, the leaves in the neck of the bulb are damaged; outside from the side of the bottom or neck is a small hole. In the growth phase, the leaves in the neck of the bulb are damaged from the inside or the bulb is damaged, as a result of which the leaves wither. The leaves turn yellow, the bulb rots; the plant gradually dies.

Regardless of the type of damage, onion sets die when only one or two onion fly larvae are introduced into the plant. The same is observed on turnip plants if their growth point is damaged.

Description of the pest. Adults are ash grey; body length 6-8 mm. Legs black wings slightly yellowish. The male has a dark stripe along the abdomen; hind tibiae with row of short thick setae.

The eggs are white, elongated, about 1.2 mm. Larvae are worm-like, off-white; rounded on the ventral and dorsal sides, narrowed towards the anterior end; body length up to 10 mm; jaws hooked. On the posterior segment there are two round dark-colored plates with breathing holes. The pupae are in a yellowish-brown pseudococoon.

The spring flight of onion flies coincides with the flowering time of dandelion or lilac. Reproductive maturation occurs with additional nectar feeding during the week.

On crops of black onion, oviposition is already noted from the phase of 2-3 true leaves. Females place eggs on onion shoots, between leaves or under soil lumps near plants in groups of 5-20 eggs. The laying period lasts up to 1.5 months.

Egg development normally occurs at 25-80% soil moisture. Embryogenesis lasts about 6 days at a temperature of 13...14°C, about 4.5 days at 17...22°C, or from 6 to 3 days in the range of 23...29°C.

The larvae penetrate into the flesh of the bulbs, gnawing through the base of the leaves in the neck, less often from the side of the bottom. Individuals hatched from the same clutch stick together, eating away the common cavity. They can migrate to neighboring plants. Duration of development of larvae is 2-3 weeks. Larvae pupate near damaged plants in the soil.

The second generation of onion flies appears in July. Pupae overwinter in areas where onions were grown at a depth of 10-20 cm. Often, immature larvae can be brought on bulbs to storage facilities where they pupate.

Fighting onion fly. The drugs are used:

• Fly-eater at the rate of 50 g/10 m2 by applying to the soil surface when planting bulbs;
• Medvetoks at a rate of 30 g / 10 m2 by applying to the soil surface when planting bulbs with simultaneous loosening;
• Ant at a rate of 30 g / 10 m2 by applying to the beds immediately after sowing,
• Zemlin at a rate of 30 g / 10 m2 by applying to the soil surface when planting bulbs with simultaneous loosening.
• Tobacco dust or Tabazol is also used by dusting during the growing season at a rate of 3 g per 1 sq.m.

Onion hoverfly, or onion root beetle

Basic information. Appears occasionally, but causes damage to onions and bulbous flower crops. It also damages root crops of carrots and beets, potato tubers. Hoverflies, unlike the onion fly D. antiqua, are harmful in the second half of the growing season.

Together with the onion hoverfly, the tuberculate hoverfly is found, which differs from the first in that the males have a small tubercle at the base of the hind femora.

Signs of damage. Damaged plants are stunted; the ends of the leaves turn yellow and wither. The bulbs soften, and when they rot, they acquire a specific smell. With group feeding, the inner part of the bulb is destroyed, turning into a black rotting mass.

Description of the pest. Medium-sized stocky flies, female body length 5-7 mm, male 5-6 mm. In males, the apex of the abdomen is slightly swollen, in females it is flat. The color of the body is bronze-greenish, on the back there are two stripes of light gray. Antennae are black. The abdomen is metallic green, blue or black throughout. The femurs of the hind legs are thickened. The legs are black or black-brown.

Females lay up to 100 eggs on already weakened plants, often damaged by an onion fly or a stem nematode. Egg laying is carried out in small groups on bulbs.

shallot aphid

Basic information. Dangerous pest of forcing onions; hurts other bows as well. Can damage strawberries. The scientific name is derived from the main food plant, shallots.

The spread of aphids is carried out under the influence anthropogenic factor. The pest enters the greenhouses with planting material, on the bulbs and on the “underrun”, which is planted along with new batches of onions. In greenhouses, aphids cause the greatest harm to forcing onions in the autumn-winter and early spring period.

The shallot aphid is a non-full-cycle species. In the greenhouse, the aphid is experiencing an unfavorable period on the weeds and in the bulbs between the scales. In addition to greenhouses, it hibernates and also harms in vegetable stores. After planting onions in greenhouses, aphids begin to feed on succulent scales and leaf bases. There are usually no winged females. The main reserve of the pest is the underdog onion, which did not have time to form a marketable feather. It is from him that aphids move to new plantings. Aphids are known to carry some viruses.

Signs of damage. The shallot aphid is found on scaly leaves under the outer involucre of the bulb and on young leaves. Affected plants are stunted, the leaves are twisted and wither. The feather going to the greenery is polluted with honeydew and molting skins.

Description of the pest. The body is ovoid, brown or red-brown. Larvae are greenish-brown or dull yellow. The eyes are blackish brown. Antennal tubercles well developed, converging anteriorly. Antennae longer than body. 4th-5th segments and spitz of 6th antennal segment black. The remaining segments have body color. The tubules are cylindrical, light, tapering towards the apex, but ending in a small darkened funnel. The thickness of the tubules is 8 times less than their length.

Protection measures. Pesticide treatment of onions on a feather is prohibited. The use of biological agents is difficult and economically unprofitable. Therefore, agrotechnical methods play a special role in pest control.

• soaking the bulbs in hot water before planting;
• storage and cultivation of “underdone” separate from the main massif;
• removal of weeds and maintenance work between rotations.
• it is possible to use infusions from the tops of insecticidal plants.

Thrips tobacco, or onion

Basic information. Tobacco thrips severely damages onions, weaker -. Garlic suffers little from thrips damage. The pest damages both the feather and the bulbs themselves during storage. By the time the onions are harvested, most of the thrips migrate to other cultivated plants and to weeds, where adults feed before wintering. Part of the thrips gets under dry onion scales, and thus the pest is brought into the storage. The quality of commercial onions, as well as onion sets, is greatly reduced.

Distributed in the southern and middle lane in the open field, to the north it is found as a pest of greenhouse crops.

Signs of damage. Fleshy scales become rough, later they dry out. Whitish-silvery or whitish stripes and spots appear on green leaves, among which small dark dots are noticeable - dried excrement. The quality of the onion per feather is reduced - heavily damaged leaves become completely whitish in color, often bend, turn yellow, dry out.

Due to the suspension of growth, the bulb turns out to be small. Inflorescences of onion testicles, heavily populated with thrips, produce feeble seeds of low germination or dry out. Onion damage by thrips, together with solar exposure, is very dangerous for plants.

Description of the pest. Imago is elongated with narrow wings folded along the body. Body length 1.0-1.3 mm. The general color is yellowish. The eyes are red; antennae are usually yellow. The forewings are slightly darker than the hindwings, with a fringe of fine hairs. Antennae 7-segmented, i.e. their lead is 1-segmented; maxillary palpi 3-segmented.

The egg is kidney-shaped, whitish, 0.25-0.26 mm long and 0.15 mm wide. The larval stage has 2 instars. The hatched whitish or light yellow larva soon starts feeding on the plant. As they grow older, the greenish-yellow intestine begins to shine through in the abdomen. The body length of the second instar larva is 0.8-0.9 mm. They do not feed, usually found in the soil.

The imago of tobacco thrips overwinters in all kinds of plant debris in greenhouses and in the greenhouse area in the upper layer of the substrate, as well as under dry scales of bulbs in vegetable stores.

The female fecundity is about 100 eggs. She places them one by one under the skin in the tissue of the leaf. The larvae hatch after 3-6 days. The development of one generation in the southern regions takes 14-30 days; further north development is slower.

Protection measures. Effectively spraying plantings during the growing season with Aktara, VDG preparations - 2 times per season. Karate Zeon, ISS - 2 times per season, fluid consumption 200-300 l / ha. Waiting period 25 days.

The main thing in the fight against the onion pest is to carry out two treatments close in time with an interval of 5-7 days. This is due to the fact that some individuals at the stage of eggs and nymphs are highly resistant to drugs or inaccessible to them.

Basic information. It affects onions, onions, chives, garlic. It also feeds on, and other plants from the Amaryllis family. Distributed everywhere, but harmful in foci.

The onion rattle is often confused with the one that has a black head and legs, not red. In the middle lane, the leaf beetle develops in 1 generation, in the southern regions - in 2 generations.

Signs of damage. Onion ratchet beetles gnaw out in onion leaves through holes, causing the leaves to break. The larvae eat holes in the leaves of the onion and in the arrows, gnaw the pedicels of the flowers. Adult larvae usually penetrate inside the tubular leaf.

Description of the pest. Bright red beetles, 6-8 mm long. The legs are red, the antennae and the underside of the body, except for the tip of the abdomen, are black. Eggs are elongated, smooth, orange color, 1 mm long. The larva is thick, dirty-white in color, with black dots on the sides, six-legged. The head, thoracic shield and legs are black. The larvae cover themselves with their own excrement, resulting in a brownish slimy mass.

Basic information. Onion cracker damages onions, leeks and garlic during the growing season. Harmfulness is especially great on weakened, stunted plants. Distributed in the European part of Russia and the Far East.

Tick ​​four-legged onion, or tulip, or garlic

Basic information. Widespread pest - known from the Moscow region to Krasnodar Territory. It harms onions, garlic, and many ornamental crops of the Amaryllis family. The mite inflicts maximum damage during the period: weak plants with ugly or dwarf shoots and flowers develop from damaged bulbs. The garlic mite is a carrier of the Onion mosaic virus. The virus is acquired by the prelarvae of the mite in the process of feeding on the cells of the bulb for 15 minutes. After molting, it remains in the body of females for 9 days. The virus is not found in eggs.

The primary spread of the tick occurs with planting material; secondary - with the help of wind and insects.

Signs of damage. Green or yellow spots appear on the fleshy onion scales. During winter storage the damaged scales dry out, which makes the spots more noticeable. During the onion growing season, the tops of the leaves turn yellow. In spring, garlic mites migrate to the leaves and flower-bearing shoots, which become chlorotic with a whitish color. Seedlings damaged by the mite are deformed, often twisted in a loop-like manner; plants lag behind in development and growth.

Description of the pest. The female is about 0.2 mm long, the body is strongly elongated, whitish in color, with 2 pairs of legs located in front of the body. The shield is semicircular, without a visor. Skin with annular grooves. Dorsal semirings average 83-87, ventral half rings up to 76. Genital shield with longitudinal ribbing. On the tibiae of the legs of the first pair there is one strong seta. Larvae outwardly differ from adults in their smaller size and fewer semirings on a relatively short body.

The garlic mite hibernates in all phases of development between the scales in the bulbs. Most individuals concentrate in the neck area, wearing it down. Under conditions of cold storage, the development of mites slows down. Under favorable conditions in the storage, mites begin to reproduce, and when the temperature rises to 18 ... 25 ° C, they settle on neighboring bulbs.

Females lay 1 egg per day, but can lay up to 25 eggs over their entire life span. At a temperature of 9 ° C, eggs develop for 3-5 days. Under favorable conditions, the duration of generation is 9-10 days. In dry conditions, migratory ticks die, but in a humid environment they can live without food for up to 80 days.

onion mite

The most intensive accumulation on the onion turnip is observed during the storage period. Bulb damage usually starts at the bottom, but mites also enter bulbs damaged by insects, nematodes and molds. Through the eroded and rotten mass of the bottom, ticks settle inside the bulbs between the fleshy scales. Damaged bulbs rot.

This valuable vegetable crop is prone to a host of infections. About fifty species of fungi and pests cause all kinds of onion diseases. Moreover, they hit him both in open ground and in greenhouses. To combat this, it is necessary to approach the problem in a comprehensive manner, including the processing of plantings with special means, and the precise implementation of agricultural technologies. Very often, onions get sick on waterlogged clay soils saturated with mineral fertilizers and rotted manure containing a large amount of nitrogen.

Treatment of onion diseases

Until now, scientists have not found those reliable mechanisms that would prevent the development of epidemics, although the search for ways to destroy or at least weaken the activity of microorganisms that infect onions is ongoing. During the growing season, at the first signs of infection, fungicides are used. The effectiveness of the pesticides used, their doses and the number of treatments depend on how the disease develops. The most rational and popular way to use pesticides is dressing or processing planting material. How is it processed? Until now, as in the 20s of the last century, the use of Bordeaux mixture is relevant, especially in private households. Today there are its substitutes - contact zinc-containing fungicides. In the past, contact fungicides that were effective at high application rates were used to protect onions. Later, systemic drugs began to be used, showing high efficiency at high consumption rates initial stage their applications.

When growing onions in greenhouses, the risk of contracting some infections is reduced. In such rooms it is easier to regulate humidity and maintain the necessary temperature regime. With ventilation and constant air circulation, mold and fungus will not appear. However, it is not possible to completely get rid of diseases here. Downy mildew, for example, can be as harmful in a greenhouse as it is in a field.

See the infographic for general points on growing onions (including onions).

(click to enlarge)

The main diseases of onions

1. powdery mildew. This bacterial infection is also called downy mildew. It manifests itself in a change in the shape of the bulbs and the cessation of their development. The causative agent of peronosporosis is a fungus that infects the leaves of the plant, on which a yellow coating appears, after which they gradually begin to die off.

Treatment:

• Fertilizers from phosphorus and potassium. Thanks to them, the vegetable will increase resistance to infection, increase protection against disease.
• Preventive treatment with fungicides.
• Inadmissibility of planting thickening when growing onions. Also, weeds should not be allowed to grow.
• When the first signs of powdery mildew appear, it is necessary to stop watering the crop and feeding the soil with nitrogen fertilizers. Remove the bulbs formed by that time and dry them under the sun for two weeks. Peronosporosis develops under bad weather conditions.
• From this disease, such drugs are effective: Ordan, Alirin-B, Quadris, Abiga-Peak, Bravo, Revus, etc.

1. Gray (cervical) rot. Signs of this dangerous onion disease are the gradual damage to the scales near the neck. This occurs through the soil or after harvesting in the garden or in the greenhouse. The infection spreads after rains or when affected by pests.

Treatment:

• Use in the cultivation of exceptionally healthy material; choice for sowing early varieties.
• Fertilizing the soil with nitrogen fertilizers, and at the end of maturation, the use of potassium and phosphorus.
• The use of drugs "Bravo", "Kvadris", "Ridomil Gold", "Switch", etc.

It should be remembered: if during the growing season of plants they are subjected to constant treatment with systemic fungicides, then resistant strains of pathogens may appear and the effectiveness of the drugs will decrease.

1. Fusarium. This is a fungal disease in which the bottom of the bulb softens and the root system dies off. The leaves turn yellow, and the bulb gradually dies. Fusarium is provoked by an onion fly, which damages the bulb, and during storage it begins to rot.

Treatment:

Before sowing onions, it is necessary to cultivate the soil. Planting material should be used exclusively high quality. Affected plants must be destroyed immediately, and the rest should be treated with a special preparation.Before planting, onion sets must be dressed by immersing them for 20 minutes in a three percent suspension of TMDT fungicide.

It is important to follow the rules of crop rotation: for the second time, onions can be planted on former beds only after 3-4 years. It is good if cereals are its predecessors.You can carry out liming with chalk of the soil, feed it with dolomite flour. To protect against fusarium, potassium permanganate with the addition boric acid, these non-concentrated solution can be abundantly watered plants under the root. A decoction of horsetail and an infusion of ash helps well.Before putting the onion in storage, the bulbs are cleaned of scales. If there were patients among them, spray the remaining "Fitosporin" and dry.

Fighting methods. Before planting, the seedlings need to be warmed up. And before cleaning for storage for 18 hours, keep at a temperature of + 45 ° C.Should not be planted nearby different varieties Luke. Be sure to remove all weeds in the area in time. Observe the rules of crop rotation.

1. Onion mosaic. This disease is caused by a virus. Signs: small yellow-white spots in the form of stripes appear on the leaves. Then the leaves change their appearance, indicating a lack nutrients and then begin to wither and dry. On the testes, the inflorescences are sharply deformed. Instead of flowers, small bulbs appear. Bulbs affected by mosaic have an elongated shape, they do not reach maturity, and begin to germinate in autumn. Carriers of this virus are mites, nematodes, aphids living in the soil.

Fighting methods. It is necessary to isolate perennial onions and testes from turnips. Regularly remove plants affected by mosaics. After harvesting, heat the bulbs for 10 hours at a temperature of 40-42°C.

1. Onion jaundice. The leaves of the onion affected by this viral disease become spotty, the arrows turn yellow on the onion. Jaundice cannot be treated. The fight against it consists in the regular removal of diseased specimens, and at the same time all weeds. Plants are sprayed.
2. Stemfilia onion.Fungal disease. It begins with the fact that small light yellow or brown watery spots appear on the leaves, gradually developing into elongated tubercles. Then, along the edges, they darken, stick together over time, affecting the entire leaf.

Protection measures. Compliance with agricultural practices, pest control and causes leading to the death of onion leaves.

1. White rot of the bottom of the onion. This disease affects onions in the soil, and especially during storage. The leaves of young plants begin to turn yellow and die. Seedlings often die. On onion death comes from the tips of the leaves down. On the scales and roots of young onions, a white cottony coating and soft rot appear, on the surface of which tiny black rounded sclerotia form. Sometimes the disease can only be detected during cleaning.

Protection measures:

• alternate cultures;
• remove diseased bulbs, plant debris during harvesting and storage;
• maintain the required soil moisture;
• use high-quality planting material, disinfect it with preparations containing copper.

1. Gray neck rot. fungal disease. Especially manifested during the storage of onions. Sometimes when harvesting and growing testicles. Sign: the neck of the onion softens and weakens, a fluffy gray coating forms on it, which turns into a powdery mass. Later, tiny black sclerotia appear in it. If the disease develops, the entire bulb is covered with plaque. Onions become infected before or during harvesting (when cutting leaves).

Protection measures:

• removal of plant residues;
• sorting onion seedlings with signs of disease;
• compliance with crop rotation (onions can be planted in the old place only after 3 years);
• isolation of areas with onions of different ages;
• suitable storage conditions.

Video "Onion diseases"

An indicative video that will give answers to many questions about onion diseases.

Other fungal diseases of onions

Anthracnose	cercosporosis	Aspargillosis
Appears at the end of the growing season. Brown spots with a dark border appear on the leaves. On the shoots - light brown spots with a brown rim. The causative agent is a phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum capsici. They suffer from legumes, tomatoes, berry crops, grapes.	On the leaves of the onion appear chlorotic spots with a yellow rim. In wet weather, the affected tissues become covered with an olive coating. The causative agent is a fungus Cercospora duddiae welles. Occurs on soybeans, table beet, grapes.	This disease is also called "black onion rot". Onions are affected by improper storage. The bulbs gradually soften and mummify. fungus pathogen genus Aspergillus. Found on garlic.

How to protect onions from fungal diseases

• Thorough destruction of plant residues.
• Compliance with crop rotation.
• Rejection of planting material with symptoms of rot.
• Landing early.
• Fertilization of culture in compliance with the dose and timing.
• Harvesting onions in dry weather.
• Mandatory drying of onions before storage.

Diseases caused by pests

1. Onion fly. It penetrates the fruits in the form of larvae. From this, the onion stops its growth and begins to rot. Feathers turn yellow and dry.

Fighting methods:

• Spray the soil around the onion with a salt solution (300 g per 10 liters of water). Repeat the procedure every 10 days. You need to water under the root, but do not touch the leaves.
• Plant onions far from the place where you grew them before.

1. Root tick. When infected, the onion begins to rot, a fungus appears. Therefore, you will have to fight both the pest and the fungus.

Fighting methods:

• on a site infected with a tick, you should not grow onions for 3 years;
• onions should be thermally processed;
• spray the plants with a 0.2% solution of celtan.

1. onion moth

The butterfly gnaws the leaf, creating passages in the tissues, which causes the leaves to die.

Control measures:

• onions must be sprayed;
• remove plant residues;
• deep loosen and dig up the soil.

1. Stem nematode:

This is a small thread-like worm 1-1.5 millimeters long, which lays eggs in onion roots, after which its heads crack. Onion leaves are deformed.

Control measures:

• select uninfected seed;
• heal onion sets in hot (+45-46°C) water for 10 minutes, in water at a temperature of 50-52°C - 5-10 minutes, at a temperature of 55-57°C - 3-5 minutes. Or soak the onion for 3 days in water at a temperature of 16-18 ° C.

1. onion thrips . It is a light yellow or dark brown small insect with fringed wings, a narrow oblong body. Thrips, together with their larvae, suck the juice from the inflorescences and leaves, after which they become deformed, turn yellow and dry.

Fighting methods:

• it is necessary to alternate cultures;

• before planting, disinfect the bulbs in hot (45 ° C) water for 10 hours, then cool them in cold water;

• soak the bulbs for 24 hours in a 2% solution of sodium nitrate;

• after harvesting, dry the onion for 5-7 days at a temperature of 35-37°C.

• In autumn, carefully destroy plant debris, and dig up the soil.

1. Onion stalker. Black beetle with white scales 2-2.5 mm long. From the leaves, he gnaws small holes. The females lay their eggs inside the leaf. The larvae appear after 5-16 days and feed on the leaves. Then they pupate and at the beginning of July beetles emerge from them, feeding on onions.

Control measures:

It is necessary to cut and destroy the leaves affected by the larvae, while feeding and watering the onions. During the period of mass pupation of larvae, the soil should be loosened. And in a timely manner to collect plant residues with subsequent destruction.

1. Onion hoverfly. Greenish-bronze fly 6.5 -9 millimeters long. She eats the flesh of the onion. From July to September, two generations of hoverflies live, damaging the onions.

You need to fight it in the same way as with the onion fly.

Prevention of onion diseases

• Before you start growing onions, you should prepare a greenhouse or disinfect the soil in the garden.
• Observe crop rotation. After harvesting, ensure comfortable storage conditions for onions.
• Harvest when fully ripe. Harvested onions should be dried well before being stored.

Video "Folk way to deal with insects and diseases"

Demonstration video from good example use folk method to control pests and diseases of onions.

Question answer

1. What can be planted in the garden after onions?

Experts advise: If you mean a full annual crop rotation, then after onions you can plant cucumbers, zucchini, beets, carrots. And after harvesting the onion in August, it is good to sow lettuce, Chinese cabbage, spinach. And in September - radish, which does not like the "long day". So, he still has time to ripen and give you a new crop.

1. What diseases are onions contraindicated in?

With diseases of the kidneys, liver, as well as acute gastrointestinal diseases. With cardiovascular ailments, do not abuse onions in large quantities.