Comparison of the structure of tissues of multicellular organisms (for example: plants, fungi, animals and humans). Types of tissues and their functions

Laboratory work

Biology and genetics

Laboratory work No. 3 Topic: Comparison of the structure of tissues of multicellular organisms for example: plants, fungi, animals and humans. Types of tissues and their functions. Tissue is a group of cells and intercellular substance combined general structure function and origin...

Lab #3

Subject : Comparison of the structure of tissues of multicellular organisms (for example: plants, fungi, animals and humans).Types of tissues and their functions.

Textile is a group of cells and intercellular substance, united by a common structure, function and origin. There are four main types of tissues in the human body: epithelial (integumentary), connective, muscle and nervous.

Target : learn to find structural features of cells of various organisms, compare them with each other; study the structure various types tissues and determine their functions; master the terminology of the topic.

Equipment : microscopes, slides and coverslips, glass rods, micropreparations of cells of multicellular animals, microscopic preparations of epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous tissue.WITH tacany with water, elodea leaf, yeast, hay stick culture.

Safety: work carefully with a microscope; be responsible for the rules of working with him; when transferring the lens to a high magnification, carefully work with the screw so as not to crush the micropreparation.

PROGRESS

Work 1.

1. Prepare a preparation of elodea leaf cells. To do this, separate the leaf from the stem, put it in a drop of water on a glass slide and cover with a coverslip.
2. Examine the preparation under a microscope. Find chloroplasts in cells.
3. Sketch the structure of the Elodea leaf cell. Write captions for your drawing.

1. membrane
2.chloroplasts
3.cytoplasm
4.core
5.vacuole

4. Consider Figure 1.

5. Make a conclusion about the shape, size of cellsvarious plant organs

Rice. 1. Color, shape and size of cells of different plant organs

The structure of a watermelon cell

O - cell membrane; P - granular wall layer of protoplasm; T - strands of protoplasm; yak - nuclear pocket (accumulation of protoplasm, in which the nucleus lies ( I ) with nucleolus and plastids); V - vacuoles (according to Rostovtsev and Komarnitsky).

A living cell from a coconut shell with branched canals and a very thick lignified shell: 1 - pore canals filled with cytoplasm; 2 - core; 3 - layered cell membrane; 4 - cytoplasm.

plant leaf pulp cell

Stinging nettle leaf hair:

1 - hair base, 2 - stinging cell, 3 - nucleus, 4 - vacuole, 5 - cytoplasm, 6 - broken tip of stinging cell.

Work 2.

1. Remove a little mucus with a teaspoon inside cheeks.

2. Place the slime on a glass slide and tint with blue ink diluted in water. Cover the specimen with a cover slip.

3. Examine the preparation under a microscope.

Job 3

Consider a ready-made micropreparation of cells of a multicellular animal organism.

Compare what you saw in the lesson with the image of objects on the tables.

bacterial cell It has a dense capsid membrane, ribosomes, a free DNA helix.	plant cell It has a cellulose membrane, vacuole, plastids, a formed nucleus and other organisms.	animal cell It has a glycogen membrane, the absence of plastids and vacuoles, the storage substance is glycogen.

Compare these cells with each other.

Record the comparison results in table 1

Comparison Traits	bacterial cell	plant cell	animal cell	Functions of organelles (not necessary additionally)
Core	No	Eat	Eat	Storage of hereditary information, DNA synthesis
cell membrane	Eat mureic	Eat Cellulosic	Eat glycogenic	transport, barrier, Mechanical, receptor, energy
Capsule	Eat	No	No	Additional protection protection against phagocytosis
cell wall	Eat	Eat	Eat glycocalyx	Polysaccharide membrane above the cell membrane, regulation of water and gases in the cell
Contacts between cells	No	There are plasmodesmata	There are Desmosomes	Binds cells together nutrients between cells
Chromosome	Nucleotide	Eat	Eat	DNA nucleoprotein complex
Plasmids	Eat	No	No	Storage of genomic information DNA encoding
Cytoplasm	Eat	Eat	Eat	Contains organelles and a complex of nutrients
Mitochondria	No	Eat	Yes (except bacteria)	Carry out respiration and ATP synthesis
golgi apparatus	No	Eat	Eat	Synthesis of complex proteins and polysaccharides
Endoplasmic reticulum	No	Eat	Eat	Synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids
Centriole	No	Eat	Eat	Forms spindle during meiosis
plastids	No	Yes (leukoplasts chloroplasts chromoplasts)	No	Structures in which photosynthesis occurs and which give color
Ribosomes	Eat	Eat	Eat	Carry out protein synthesis
Lysosomes	No	Eat	Eat	Breakdown of various substances
Peroxisomes	No	Eat	Eat	Lipid transport
Vacuole	No	Eat	No	Water supply
cytoskeleton	Only some	Eat	Eat	Support propulsion system cells
drinking	Eat	No	No	Serve to attach to other organisms
Organelles to move	Eat	Eat	Eat	Cell movement

Answer the questions:

What are the similarities and differences between cells?

All these cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, hereditary material in the form of chromosomes, ribosomes, and inclusions. Eukaryotes (everyone except bacteria) have mitochondria, ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes, nucleus, centrioles. Plant cells, unlike animals, have vacuoles, plastids, and a cellulose membrane. Bacteria have the most primitive structure, consisting of a murein shell, capsule, and ribosome.

What are the reasons for the similarities and differences of cells different organisms?

The fact that any living organism consists of cells, but cells perform different functions.

Job 4

I. epithelial tissue

1. Consider a micropreparation of epithelial tissue. Sketch.

2. Name the types of epithelial tissue.

Classification of epithelial tissues:

1. integumentary epithelium- forming external and internal covers;
2. glandular epithelium- make up most of the body's glands.
3. Ciliated epitheliumforming the inner lining of the respiratory tract (detains dust and other foreign bodies with the help of mobile cilia).

Morphological classification of integumentary epithelium:

• single-layer squamous epithelium, endothelium - lines all vessels;
• mesothelium - lines the natural cavities of a person: pleural, abdominal, pericardial;
• single-layer cubic epithelium - the epithelium of the renal tubules;
• single-layer single-row cylindrical epithelium - the nuclei are located on the same level;
• Single-layer multi-row cylindrical epithelium - the nuclei are located at different levels (lung epithelium);
• stratified squamous keratinized epithelium - skin;
• stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium - oral cavity, esophagus, vagina;
• transitional epithelium - the shape of the cells of this epithelium depends on the functional state of the organ, for example, the bladder.

The glandular epithelium forms the vast majority of the body's glands. It consists of: glandular cells - glandulocytes; basement membrane.

Classification of glands by the number of cells:

1. unicellular (goblet gland);
2. multicellular - the vast majority of glands.

By the method of removing the secret from the gland and by structure:

• exocrine glands - have an excretory duct;
• endocrine glands - do not have an excretory duct and secrete hormones (hormones) into the blood and lymph.

According to the method of secretion from the glandular cell:

• merocrine - sweat and salivary glands;
• apocrine - mammary gland, sweat glands of the armpits;
• holocrine - sebaceous glands skin.

3. List the functions of epithelial tissue.

Functions of epithelial tissue:

• protective function against mechanical damage
• participates in metabolism, at the initial and final stages
• regulate the constancy of the internal environment of the body, metabolism, etc..

II. Connective tissue

1. Consider a preparation of connective tissue. Sketch.

2. Name the types of connective tissue.

Most of the hard connective tissue is fibrous (from lat. fiber fiber): consists of fibers collagen and elastin . The connective tissue is bone, cartilage, fat and others. Connective tissue also includes blood and lymph . Therefore, connective tissue is the only tissue that is present in the body in 4 types - fibrous (ligaments), solid (bones), gel-like (cartilage) and liquid (blood, lymph, as well as intercellular, cerebrospinal and synovial and other fluids).

3. List the functions of connective tissue.

Connective tissue functions:

1) gives strength to organs, forming the basis of tendons and skin

2) performs a supporting function

3) provides transport of nutrients and oxygen throughout the body.

4) contains a supply of nutrients

III. Muscle

1. Consider a micropreparation of muscle tissue. Sketch.

1. Name the types of muscle tissue.

Types of muscle tissue

• Smooth muscle tissuecells are mononuclear, arranged in layers in the walls blood vessels, airways, Bladder, digestive tract and other hollow internal organs.
• Cross-striped skeletal muscle tissuecells are multinucleated, form the muscles of the body, setting the human skeleton in motion.
• Cross-striated cardiac muscle tissueforms the heart muscle, which contracts involuntarily.

3. List the functions of muscle tissue.

Functions of muscle tissue:

Motor. Protective. Heat exchange. You can also highlight another function - mimic (social). The muscles of the face, controlling facial expressions, transmit information to others.

IV. nervous tissue

1. Consider a micropreparation of nervous tissue. Sketch.

1. Name the types of nervous tissue.

Neurons - perform the main function.
Neuroglia - perform an auxiliary function (surround neurons, protect them and provide them with support, protection and nutrition, there are 10 times more of them than neurons).

3. The function of the nervous tissue.

Functions of nervous tissue:

• excitability and conduction. Excitation that appears under the influence of various stimuli environment transmitted to the CNS. Then it provides the body's response to this irritation.

Questions

1. What tissue are glands?

Glands belong to epithelial tissue.

1. What is the structure of connective tissue?

Feature: there is much more intercellular substance than cellular elements.

1. What organs contain smooth muscle tissue?

They are located in layers in the walls of blood vessels, airways, bladder, digestive tract and other hollow internal organs.

4. Thanks to the contractions of which muscles, movement is carried out?

Due to the contraction of skeletal muscles.

5. What tissue is characterized by electrical signals?

for nervous tissue.

Problematic issues

1. What tissues are involved in wound healing?

connective tissue and epithelial

2. What tissues lack blood vessels?

epithelial tissues. The epithelium lines the surface of the human body, the inner surface of hollow organs and forms most of the body's glands. The epithelium is keratinized and non-keratinized. The epithelium is a layer of cells that are located on the basement membrane. They are devoid of blood vessels and have a high ability to regenerate.Cartilage, lens, cornea are devoid of blood and lymphatic vessels.

Conclusion:

Considered the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. We learned to find differences between cells of different organisms and highlight their similarities, studied the structure and functions of cell organelles and the cell itself as a whole.

Considered the structure various kinds tissues of the animal body. We studied the structure and functions of the nervous, epithelial, muscle and connective tissues and their location in the human body.

Behavior: an evolutionary approach Kurchanov Nikolai Anatolievich

7.7. Epithelial and connective tissues

epithelial tissue- This is a type of animal tissue, a derivative of all three germ layers. All kinds of epithelia are united by a strong connection of cells into a single layer located on basement membrane, and the resulting polarity of the reservoir. In the body, the epithelium performs barrier, excretory, secretory and other functions. Traditionally, they are divided into two groups: integumentary and glandular.

The first group is unusually diverse and includes tissues covering the body and abdominal organs (intestines, airways, ducts of the excretory and reproductive systems). The second group specializes in the secretory function, which causes the cells to have a high degree of development of ER and AH involved in the secretory process.

Secretory cells are usually part of multicellular glands, which are divided into glands of external secretion, or exocrine(excrete a secret through the ducts to the outside), and endocrine glands, or endocrine(excrete a secret into the blood). The functioning of the endocrine glands is largely related to behavior. Their activities are studied by the science of endocrinology, which is increasingly gaining general theoretical significance and will be considered by us in a special section.

Connective tissues(or tissues of the internal environment) represent the most diverse type of animal tissue. However, unlike epithelial and muscle tissues, all connective tissues have a common origin from mesenchyme(embryonic tissue of the mesoderm). Despite the morphological diversity, they all consist of cells and non-cellular substance. Like epithelium, connective tissues are traditionally also divided into two groups: stromal tissues and free cellular elements (FCEs).

The first group includes numerous tissues that perform trophic and support functions. Their structural feature is the presence of two types of fibers in the intercellular substance: collagen And elastic. The intercellular substance itself consists mainly of various mucopolysaccharides. The different ratio of these components causes different degrees of hardness, mechanical strength and elasticity in different types of stromal tissues. These include: reticular tissue, loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone. Some of these tissues are involved in the process of movement, which is the outward expression of behavior: bone and cartilage tissue form the basis of the skeleton, and dense connective tissue is part of the tendons and ligaments that attach the muscles to the skeleton. In addition, it forms sheaths for muscles, nerves and nerve ganglia.

The SKE system performs the functions of maintaining homeostasis, transporting substances throughout the body and protecting it from infection. Its cells circulate freely through the three fluid media of the body (tissue fluid, blood, lymph), and therefore it is very difficult to outline the boundaries of a particular tissue. In the tradition of Western science, it is customary to isolate blood into a special, 5th type of tissue. Given its sharp structural and functional differences from other types of connective tissues, such a classification seems justified. But SCEs can pass through the walls of blood vessels and integrate into the connective tissue. Moreover, some SCEs perform their main functions only after integration, and blood for them is just a transport system. Therefore, it is more logical to consider the SKE system as a liquid connective tissue that lacks fibers in the intercellular substance.

Among the SCEs of mammals and humans, there are seven varieties: erythrocytes, platelets, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes And lymphocytes. The first two species are non-nuclear, and the plates are "fragments" of the cytoplasm. The last five cell forms are usually combined into the group "leukocytes", but this division is more of a historical tradition. The study of the process of hematopoiesis (hematopoiesis) showed that its first stage is the differentiation of precursors lymphocytes from the predecessors of all other types of SCE.

The largest blood cells monocytes. They are capable of phagocytosis and perform protective functions. Monocytes can leave the bloodstream, penetrating into different tissues. There they give rise to the most diverse cells, which are united under the general name "macrophages". These include histiocytes connective tissue, osteoclasts bone tissue, cells microglia nervous tissue and many others.

The lymphocytes include populations T-lymphocytes And B-lymphocytes, which determine the cellular and humoral immunity of the body. The study of immunity is carried out by immunology, which, as already mentioned, is becoming one of the leading biological sciences. Its fundamental developments acquire general theoretical significance. There is no doubt that they will help to reveal many secrets of behavior.

The close relationship between immunology and neurophysiology is demonstrated by the phenomenon blood-brain barrier- the unique structure of the brain. It is based on cells endothelium, forming the walls of the capillaries. Endothelium different authors refer to either epithelial or connective tissues, depending on the classification principles taken as a basis. Usually endothelium misses various substances, including proteins, into the tissue fluid, from where they are removed through the lymphatic capillaries. In the CNS, where there are no lymphatic capillaries, endothelial cells are connected in a dense, continuous layer. This layer is surrounded by a layer of thick basement membrane, and she is surrounded by a layer astrocytes.

The blood-brain barrier serves as an insurmountable obstacle for large molecules. Many microbes, viruses, toxins, medications cannot overcome it, which explains the resistance of the brain to infections. The exception is the hypothalamus vulnerable spot brain.

The blood-brain barrier isolates the brain, which has a huge number of specific components, from its own immune system. Some authors believe that in the process of evolution it turned out to be easier for an organism to fence off the brain than to complicate the mechanism of recognition of “one's own or someone else's” (Saveliev S.V., 2005). However, there are data that do not support such a clear conclusion. The mechanisms of the relationship between the nervous and immune systems are not yet fully understood.

Structural- functional features various tissues and their cells are studied in detail in the courses of cytology and histology. Short review The diversity of cells that form different tissues was necessary for us to better understand the cellular mechanisms of behavior. It could be seen that all types of tissues take part in the implementation of behavior. The signaling function of nerve cells plays a decisive integrative role here.

From the book Fundamentals of Neurophysiology author Shulgovsky Valery Viktorovich

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Chapter 34 All types of connective tissue, despite their morphological differences, are built according to general principles: 1. Contains few cells compared to others

Animal tissue is a collection of cells that are connected by an intercellular substance and are intended for a specific purpose. It is divided into many types, each of which has its own characteristics. Animal tissue under a microscope can look completely different, depending on the type and purpose. Let's take a closer look at the different types.

Tissue of the animal body: varieties and features

There are four main types: connective, epithelial, nervous and muscular. Each of them is divided into several types, depending on the location and some distinctive features.

Connective animal tissue

It is characterized big amount intercellular substance - it can be both liquid and solid. The first type of this type of tissue is bone. The intercellular substance in this case is solid. It consists of minerals, mainly phosphorus and calcium salts. Also cartilaginous animal tissue belongs to the connective type. It differs in that its elastic. It, in turn, is divided into types such as hyaline, elastic and fibrous cartilage. The most common in the body is the first type, it is part of the trachea, bronchi, larynx, large bronchi. Elastic cartilages form the ears, medium-sized bronchi. Fibrous are included in the structure of intervertebral discs - they are located at the junction of tendons and ligaments with hyaline cartilage.

Connective refers to and in which they are stored. In addition, this includes blood and lymph. The first of these is characterized by specific cells called blood cells. They are of three types: erythrocytes, platelets and lymphocytes. The former are responsible for the transport of oxygen throughout the body, the latter for blood clotting in case of damage to the skin, and the third perform an immune function. Both of these connective tissues are special in that their intercellular substance is fluid. Lymph is involved in the metabolic process, it is responsible for returning various tissues from tissues back to the blood. chemical compounds such as all kinds of toxins, salts, some proteins. The connectives are also loose fibrous, dense fibrous, and the latter differs in that it consists of collagen fibers. It acts as a basis for such internal organs as the spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, etc.

Epithelium

This type of tissue is characterized by the fact that the cells are located very tightly to each other. The epithelium mainly performs a protective function: it consists of the skin, it can line the organs both from the outside and from the inside. It is of many types: cylindrical, cubic, single-layered, multi-layered, ciliated, glandular, sensitive, flat. The first two are named so because of the shape of the cells. The ciliary has small villi; it lines the intestinal cavity. All the glands that produce enzymes, hormones, etc. consist of the following type of epithelium. The sensitive one acts as a receptor, it lines the nasal cavity. is located inside the alveoli, blood vessels. Cubic is found in organs such as the kidneys, eyes, thyroid gland.

Nervous animal tissue

It is made up of spindle-shaped cells called neurons. They have a complex structure, built from a body, an axon (a long outgrowth) and dendrites (several short ones). These tissue formations are interconnected, signals are transmitted through them, like wires. Between them there is a lot of intercellular substance that supports the neurons in the right position and nourishes them.

Muscle tissues

They are divided into three types, each of which has its own characteristics. The first of these is smooth muscle tissue. It consists of long cells - fibers. This type of muscle tissue lines such internal organs as the stomach, intestines, uterus, etc. They are able to contract, but the person (or animal) himself is unable to control and manage these muscles on his own. The next type is striated fabric. It contracts many times faster than the first one, since it contains more actin and myosin proteins, thanks to which this happens.

Striated muscle tissue makes up skeletal muscle, which the body can control at its discretion. The last type - cardiac tissue - differs in that it contracts faster than smooth tissue, has more actin and myosin, but is not subject to conscious control by a person (or animal), that is, it combines some features of the two types described above. All three are made up of long cells, also called fibers, that usually contain large numbers of mitochondria (the organelles that produce energy).

Epithelium is the collection of cells that cover the surface of the body and line its cavities. Epithelial tissue plays a protective, receptor function. It provides the absorption of substances and their release, participates in gas exchange. Distinguish cubic, flat and cylindrical epithelium. Flat is located in the vessels of the circulatory and lymphatic systems, pulmonary alveoli, body cavities. The cuboidal epithelium is located in the retina, the cylindrical epithelium is located in the intestinal tract.

Connective tissue consists of fibers - well-developed intercellular structures (elastic, collagen and reticular), as well as of the main structureless substance. Types of connective tissue are: loose, dense (cartilaginous, bone), reticular. It performs storage, protective and feeding functions.

In cartilage tissue, chondrocytes are immersed in the ground substance. There are elastic, hyaline, fibrous cartilage. Hyaline cartilage lines the articular cavities and articular heads. Elastic cartilage is located in the auricles, fibrous - in the intervertebral discs. The functions of cartilage are mechanical and connective.

Bone tissue is formed from connective tissue or when cartilage is replaced. The composition of its main substance includes collagen fibers and protein-polysaccharide complexes. fully formed bone consists of bone plates, inside which lie osteocytes.

Reticular connective tissue is associated with large, branched, reticular cells that can transform into phagocytes or blood elements. Reticular cells and fibers form a supporting network within which there are free cells. The lymphatic organs and hematopoietic tissues have a similar structure.

Muscular and nervous tissues

Muscle tissue is divided into smooth and striated. The composition of smooth muscles includes spindle-shaped cells, it is characterized by slow contraction and slow relaxation. Smooth muscles form the muscles of internal organs: blood vessels, uterus, intestines, respiratory tract, ureters. Muscle tissue is innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

The striated tissue is formed by multinucleated cells called muscle fibers. It consists of skeletal muscles that are innervated by spinal nerves. The striated muscles can contract quickly and tire quickly.

Nervous tissue consists of nerve cells (neurons) and glial cells. Nerve cells receive signals from the environment, translate these signals into nerve impulses that are conducted to the nerve endings. Neurons exhibit secretory activity, they secrete mediators - physiologically active substances involved in the implementation of contacts between cells. Neurons can also release hormones.

Glial cells are necessary for the transfer of substances to nerve cells from the blood and vice versa. They form myelin sheaths, perform supporting and protective functions.